DIRECTIVE2006/42/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCILof17May2006on machinery,and amending Directive95/16/EC(recast)(Text with EEA relevance)THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EURO-PEAN UNION,Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Com-munity,and in particular Article95thereof,Having regard to the proposal from the Commission(1),Having regard to the opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee(2),Acting in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article251of the Treaty(3),Whereas:(1)Directive98/37/EC of the European Parliament and ofthe Council of22June1998on the approximation ofthe laws of the Member States relating to machinery(4)codified Directive89/392/EEC(5).Now that newsubstantial amendments are being made to Directive98/37/EC,it is desirable,in order to clarify matters,thatthat Directive should be recast.(2)The machinery sector is an important part of the engi-neering industry and is one of the industrial mainstaysof the Community economy.The social cost of the largenumber of accidents caused directly by the use ofmachinery can be reduced by inherently safe design andconstruction of machinery and by proper installationand maintenance.(3)Member States are responsible for ensuring the healthand safety on their territory of persons,in particular ofworkers and consumers and,where appropriate,ofdomestic animals and goods,notably in relation to therisks arising out of the use of machinery.(4)In order to ensure legal certainty for users,the scope ofthis Directive and the concepts relating to its applicationshould be defined as precisely as possible.(5)The Member States'mandatory provisions governingconstruction site hoists intended for lifting persons orpersons and goods,which are often supplemented by defacto compulsory technical specifications and/or byvoluntary standards,do not necessarily lead to differentlevels of health and safety but,because of their dispari-ties,do nevertheless constitute barriers to trade withinthe Community.Moreover,the national systems for theconformity assessment and certification of thesemachines diverge considerably.It is therefore desirablenot to exclude from the scope of this Directive construc-tion site hoists intended for lifting persons or personsand goods.(6)It is appropriate to exclude from the scope of this Direc-tive weapons,including firearms,that are subject toCouncil Directive91/477/EEC of18June1991oncontrol of the acquisition and possession of weapons(6);the exclusion of firearms should not apply to portablecartridge-operated fixing and other impact machinerydesigned for industrial or technical purposes only.It isnecessary to provide for transitional arrangementsenabling Member States to authorise the placing on themarket and putting into service of such machinerymanufactured in accordance with national provisions inforce upon adoption of this Directive,including thoseimplementing the Convention of1July1969on theReciprocal Recognition of Proofmarks on Small Arms.Such transitional arrangements will also enable the Euro-pean standardisation organisations to draft standardsensuring the safety level based on the state of the art.(7)This Directive does not apply to the lifting of persons bymeans of machines not designed for the lifting ofpersons.However,this does not affect the right ofMember States to take national measures,in accordancewith the Treaty,with respect to such machines,with aview to implementing Council Directive89/655/EEC of30November1989concerning the minimum safety andhealth requirements for the use of work equipment byworkers at work(second individual Directive within themeaning of Article16(1)of Directive89/391/EEC)(7).(1)OJ C154E,29.5.2001,p.164.(2)OJ C311,7.11.2001,p.1.(3)Opinion of the European Parliament of4July2002(OJ C271E,12.11.2003,p.491),Council Common Position of18July2005(OJ C251E,11.10.2005,p.1)and Position of the European Parlia-ment of15December2005(not yet published in the OfficialJournal).Council Decision of25April2006.(4)OJ L207,23.7.1998,p. 1.Directive as amended by Directive98/79/EC(OJ L331,7.12.1998,p.1).(6)OJ L256,13.9.1991,p.51.(8)In relation to agricultural and forestry tractors,the provi-sions of this Directive concerning the risks currently notcovered by Directive2003/37/EC of the European Parlia-ment and of the Council of26May2003on type-approval of agricultural or forestry tractors,their trailersand interchangeable towed machinery,together withtheir systems,components and separate technicalunits(1)should no longer apply when such risks arecovered by Directive2003/37/EC.(9)Market surveillance is an essential instrument inasmuchas it ensures the proper and uniform application ofDirectives.It is therefore appropriate to put in place thelegal framework within which market surveillance canproceed harmoniously.(10)Member States are responsible for ensuring that thisDirective is effectively enforced on their territory andthat the safety of the machinery concerned is,as far aspossible,improved in accordance with its provisions.Member States should ensure their capacity to carry outeffective market surveillance,taking account of guide-lines developed by the Commission,in order to achievethe proper and uniform application of this Directive.(11)In the context of market surveillance,a clear distinctionshould be established between the disputing of a harmo-nised standard conferring a presumption of conformityon machinery and the safeguard clause relating tomachinery.(12)The putting into service of machinery within themeaning of this Directive can relate only to the use ofthe machinery itself for its intended purpose or for apurpose which can reasonably be foreseen.This doesnot preclude the laying down of conditions of useexternal to the machinery,provided that it is not therebymodified in a way not specified in this Directive.(13)It is also necessary to provide for an adequatemechanism allowing for the adoption of specificmeasures at Community level requiring Member Statesto prohibit or restrict the placing on the market ofcertain types of machinery presenting the same risks tothe health and safety of persons either due to shortcom-ings in the relevant harmonised standard(s)or by virtueof their technical characteristics,or to make suchmachinery subject to special conditions.In order toensure the appropriate assessment of the need for suchmeasures,they should be taken by the Commission,assisted by a committee,in the light of consultationswith the Member States and other interested parties.Since such measures are not directly applicable toeconomic operators,Member States should take allnecessary measures for their implementation.(14)The essential health and safety requirements should besatisfied in order to ensure that machinery is safe;theserequirements should be applied with discernment to takeaccount of the state of the art at the time of constructionand of technical and economic requirements.(15)Where the machinery may be used by a consumer,thatis to say,a non-professional operator,the manufacturershould take account of this in the design and construc-tion.The same applies where a machine is normallyused to provide a service to a consumer.(16)Although the requirements of this Directive do notapply to partly completed machinery in their entirety,itis nevertheless important that the free movement ofsuch machinery be guaranteed by means of a specificprocedure.(17)For trade fairs,exhibitions and such like,it should bepossible to exhibit machinery which does not satisfy therequirements of this Directive.However,interestedparties should be properly informed that the machinerydoes not conform and cannot be purchased in thatcondition.(18)This Directive defines only the essential health and safetyrequirements of general application,supplemented by anumber of more specific requirements for certain cate-gories of machinery.In order to help manufacturers toprove conformity to these essential requirements,and toallow inspection of conformity to the essential require-ments,it is desirable to have standards that are harmo-nised at Community level for the prevention of risksarising out of the design and construction of machinery.These standards are drawn up by private-law bodies andshould retain their non-binding status.(19)In view of the nature of the risks involved in the use ofmachinery covered by this Directive,procedures forassessing conformity to the essential health and safetyrequirements should be established.These proceduresshould be devised in the light of the extent of the dangerinherent in such machinery.Consequently,each categoryof machinery should have its appropriate procedure inconformity with Council Decision93/465/EEC of22July1993concerning the modules for the various phases ofthe conformity assessment procedures and the rules forthe affixing and use of the CE conformity marking,which are intended to be used in the technical harmoni-sation directives(2),taking account of the nature of the(20)Manufacturers should retain full responsibility for certi-fying the conformity of their machinery to the provi-sions of this Directive.Nevertheless,for certain types ofmachinery having a higher risk factor,a stricter certifica-tion procedure is desirable.(21)The CE marking should be fully recognised as being theonly marking which guarantees that machineryconforms to the requirements of this Directive.All othermarkings which are likely to mislead third parties as tothe meaning or the form of the CE marking,or both,should be prohibited.(22)In order to ensure the same quality for the CE markingand the manufacturer's mark,it is important that they beaffixed according to the same techniques.In order toavoid confusion between any CE markings which mightappear on certain components and the CE markingcorresponding to the machinery,it is important that thelatter marking be affixed alongside the name of theperson who has taken responsibility for it,namely themanufacturer or his authorised representative.(23)The manufacturer or his authorised representativeshould also ensure that a risk assessment is carried outfor the machinery which he wishes to place on themarket.For this purpose,he should determine which arethe essential health and safety requirements applicable tohis machinery and in respect of which he must takemeasures.(24)It is essential that,before drawing up the EC declarationof conformity,the manufacturer or his authorised repre-sentative established in the Community should prepare atechnical construction file.However,it is not essentialthat all documentation should be permanently availablein material form,but it must be possible to make itavailable on request.It need not include detailed plans ofsubassemblies used for the manufacture of machinery,unless knowledge of such plans is essential in order toascertain conformity with the essential health and safetyrequirements.(25)The addressees of any decision taken under this Directiveshould be informed of the reasons for such a decisionand of the legal remedies open to them.(26)Member States should provide for penalties applicable toinfringements of the provisions of this Directive.Thosepenalties should be effective,proportionateand dissuasive.with respect to those covered by Directive95/16/EC ofthe European Parliament and of the Council of29June1995on the approximation of the laws of the MemberStates relating to lifts(1).A redefinition of the scope ofthe latter Directive is thus deemed necessary.Direc-tive95/16/EC should therefore be amended accordingly.(28)Since the objective of this Directive,namely,to laydown the essential health and safety requirements inrelation to design and manufacture in order to improvethe safety of machinery placed on the market,cannot besufficiently achieved by the Member States and can bebetter achieved at Community level,the Communitymay adopt measures,in accordance with the principle ofsubsidiarity as set out in Article5of the Treaty.Inaccordance with the principle of proportionality,as setout in that Article,this Directive does not go beyondwhat is necessary in order to achieve that objective.(29)In accordance with point34of the InterinstitutionalAgreement on better law-making(2),Member States areencouraged to draw up,for themselves and in the inter-ests of the Community,their own tables illustrating,asfar as possible,the correlation between this Directiveand the transposition measures,and to make thempublic.(30)The measures necessary for the implementation of thisDirective should be adopted in accordance with CouncilDecision1999/468/EC of28June1999laying downthe procedures for the exercise of implementing powersconferred on the Commission(3),HAS ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE:Article1Scope1.This Directive applies to the following products:(a)machinery;(b)interchangeable equipment;(c)safety components;(d)lifting accessories;(e)chains,ropes and webbing;(f)removable mechanical transmission devices;(g)partly completed machinery.(1)OJ L213,7.9.1995,p.1.Directive as amended by Regulation(EC)2.The following are excluded from the scope of this Direc-tive:(a)safety components intended to be used as spare parts toreplace identical components and supplied by the manufac-turer of the original machinery;(b)specific equipment for use in fairgrounds and/or amuse-ment parks;(c)machinery specially designed or put into service for nuclearpurposes which,in the event of failure,may result in an emission of radioactivity;(d)weapons,including firearms;(e)the following means of transport:—agricultural and forestry tractors for the risks covered by Directive2003/37/EC,with the exclusion ofmachinery mounted on these vehicles,—motor vehicles and their trailers covered by Council Directive70/156/EEC of6February1970on theapproximation of the laws of the Member Statesrelating to the type-approval of motor vehicles andtheir trailers(1),with the exclusion of machinerymounted on these vehicles,—vehicles covered by Directive2002/24/EC of the Euro-pean Parliament and of the Council of18March2002relating to the type-approval of two or three-wheelmotor vehicles(2),with the exclusion of machinerymounted on these vehicles,—motor vehicles exclusively intended for competition, and—means of transport by air,on water and on rail networks with the exclusion of machinery mounted onthese means of transport;(f)seagoing vessels and mobile offshore units and machineryinstalled on board such vessels and/or units;(g)machinery specially designed and constructed for militaryor police purposes;(h)machinery specially designed and constructed for researchpurposes for temporary use in laboratories;(i)mine winding gear;(j)machinery intended to move performers during artistic performances;(k)electrical and electronic products falling within the following areas,insofar as they are covered by Council Directive73/23/EEC of19February1973on the harmoni-sation of the laws of Member States relating to electrical equipment designed for use within certain voltage limits(3):—household appliances intended for domestic use,—audio and video equipment,—information technology equipment,—ordinary office machinery,—low-voltage switchgear and control gear,—electric motors;(l)the following types of high-voltage electrical equipment:—switch gear and control gear,—transformers.Article2DefinitionsFor the purposes of this Directive,‘machinery’designates the products listed in Article1(1)(a)to(f).The following definitions shall apply:(a)‘machinery’means:—an assembly,fitted with or intended to be fitted with a drive system other than directly applied human oranimal effort,consisting of linked parts or components,at least one of which moves,and which are joinedtogether for a specific application,—an assembly referred to in the first indent,missing only the components to connect it on site or to sources ofenergy and motion,—an assembly referred to in the first and second indents, ready to be installed and able to function as it standsonly if mounted on a means of transport,or installed ina building or a structure,—assemblies of machinery referred to in the first,second and third indents or partly completed machineryreferred to in point(g)which,in order to achieve thesame end,are arranged and controlled so that theyfunction as an integral whole,—an assembly of linked parts or components,at least one of which moves and which are joined together,intended for lifting loads and whose only power sourceis directly applied human effort;(1)OJ L42,23.2.1970,p.1.Directive as last amended by Commission(b)‘interchangeable equipment’means a device which,afterthe putting into service of machinery or of a tractor,is assembled with that machinery or tractor by the operator himself in order to change its function or attribute a new function,in so far as this equipment is not a tool;(c)‘safety component’means a component:—which serves to fulfil a safety function,—which is independently placed on the market,—the failure and/or malfunction of which endangers the safety of persons,and—which is not necessary in order for the machinery to function,or for which normal components may besubstituted in order for the machinery to function.An indicative list of safety components is set out in Annex V,which may be updated in accordance with Article8(1)(a);(d)‘lifting accessory’means a component or equipment notattached to the lifting machinery,allowing the load to be held,which is placed between the machinery and the load or on the load itself,or which is intended to constitute an integral part of the load and which is independently placed on the market;slings and their components are also regarded as lifting accessories;(e)‘chains,ropes and webbing’means chains,ropes andwebbing designed and constructed for lifting purposes as part of lifting machinery or lifting accessories;(f)‘removable mechanical transmission device’means a remo-vable component for transmitting power between self-propelled machinery or a tractor and another machine by joining them at the first fixed bearing.When it is placed on the market with the guard it shall be regarded as one product;(g)‘partly completed machinery’means an assembly which isalmost machinery but which cannot in itself perform a specific application.A drive system is partly completed machinery.Partly completed machinery is only intended to be incorporated into or assembled with other machinery or other partly completed machinery or equipment,thereby forming machinery to which this Directive applies;(h)‘placing on the market’means making available for the firsttime in the Community machinery or partly completed machinery with a view to distribution or use,whether for reward or free of charge;(i)‘manufacturer’means any natural or legal person whopartly completed machinery with this Directive with a view to its being placed on the market,under his own name or trademark or for his own use.In the absence of a manufac-turer as defined above,any natural or legal person who places on the market or puts into service machinery or partly completed machinery covered by this Directive shall be considered a manufacturer;(j)‘authorised representative’means any natural or legal person established in the Community who has received a written mandate from the manufacturer to perform on his behalf all or part of the obligations and formalities connected with this Directive;(k)‘putting into service’means the first use,for its intended purpose,in the Community,of machinery covered by this Directive;(l)‘harmonised standard’means a non-binding technical speci-fication adopted by a standardisation body,namely the European Committee for Standardisation(CEN),the Euro-pean Committee for Electrotechnical Standardisation (CENELEC)or the European Telecommunications Standards Institute(ETSI),on the basis of a remit issued by the Commission in accordance with the procedures laid down in Directive98/34/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of22June1998laying down a procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical stan-dards and regulations and of rules on Information Society services(1).Article3Specific DirectivesWhere,for machinery,the hazards referred to in Annex I are wholly or partly covered more specifically by other Community Directives,this Directive shall not apply,or shall cease to apply,to that machinery in respect of such hazards from the date of implementation of those other Directives.Article4Market surveillance1.Member States shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that machinery may be placed on the market and/or put into service only if it satisfies the relevant provisions of this Directive and does not endanger the health and safety of persons and,where appropriate,domestic animals or property, when properly installed and maintained and used for its intended purpose or under conditions which can reasonably be foreseen.2.Member States shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that partly completed machinery can be placed on the market only if it satisfies the relevant provisions of this Direc-tive.3.Member States shall institute or appoint the competent authorities to monitor the conformity of machinery and partly completed machinery with the provisions set out in para-graphs1and2.4.Member States shall define the tasks,organisation and powers of the competent authorities referred to in paragraph3 and shall notify the Commission and other Member States thereof and also of any subsequent amendment.Article5Placing on the market and putting into service1.Before placing machinery on the market and/or putting it into service,the manufacturer or his authorised representative shall:(a)ensure that it satisfies the relevant essential health andsafety requirements set out in Annex I;(b)ensure that the technical file referred to in Annex VII,part A is available;(c)provide,in particular,the necessary information,such asinstructions;(d)carry out the appropriate procedures for assessing confor-mity in accordance with Article12;(e)draw up the EC declaration of conformity in accordancewith Annex II,part1,Section A and ensure that it accom-panies the machinery;(f)affix the CE marking in accordance with Article16.2.Before placing partly completed machinery on the market,the manufacturer or his authorised representative shall ensure that the procedure referred to in Article13has been completed.3.For the purposes of the procedures referred to in Article12,the manufacturer or his authorised representative shall have,or shall have access to,the necessary means of ensuring that the machinery satisfies the essential health and safety requirements set out in Annex I.4.Where machinery is also the subject of other Directives relating to other aspects and providing for the affixing of the CE marking,the marking shall indicate that the machinery also conforms to the provisions of those other Directives.a transitional period,the system to be applied,the CE marking shall indicate conformity only to the provisions of those Direc-tives applied by the manufacturer or his authorised representa-tive.Particulars of the Directives applied,as published in the Official Journal of the European Union,shall be given on the EC declaration of conformity.Article6Freedom of movement1.Member States shall not prohibit,restrict or impede the placing on the market and/or putting into service in their terri-tory of machinery which complies with this Directive.2.Member States shall not prohibit,restrict or impede the placing on the market of partly completed machinery where the manufacturer or his authorised representative makes a declaration of incorporation,referred to in Annex II,part1, Section B,stating that it is to be incorporated into machinery or assembled with other partly completed machinery to form machinery.3.At trade fairs,exhibitions,demonstrations,and such like, Member States shall not prevent the showing of machinery or partly completed machinery which does not conform to this Directive,provided that a visible sign clearly indicates that it does not conform and that it will not be made available until it has been brought into conformity.Furthermore,during demon-strations of such non-conforming machinery or partly completed machinery,adequate safety measures shall be taken to ensure the protection of persons.Article7Presumption of conformity and harmonised standards1.Member States shall regard machinery bearing the CE marking and accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity, the content of which is set out in Annex II,part1,Section A, as complying with the provisions of this Directive.2.Machinery manufactured in conformity with a harmo-nised standard,the references to which have been published in the Official Journal of the European Union,shall be presumed to comply with the essential health and safety requirements covered by such a harmonised standard.3.The Commission shall publish in the Official Journal of the European Union the references of the harmonised standards.4.Member States shall take the appropriate measures toArticle8Specific measures1.The Commission,acting in accordance with the proce-dure referred to in Article22(3),may take any appropriate measure to implement the provisions relating to the following points:(a)updating of the indicative list of safety components inAnnex V referred to in point(c)in Article2;(b)restriction of the placing on the market of machineryreferred to in Article9.2.The Commission,acting in accordance with the proce-dure referred to in Article22(2),may take any appropriate measure connected with the implementation and practical application of this Directive,including measures necessary to ensure cooperation of Member States with each other and with the Commission,as provided for in Article19(1).Article9Specific measures to deal with potentially hazardousmachinery1.When,in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article10,the Commission considers that a harmonised stand-ard does not entirely satisfy the essential health and safety requirements which it covers and which are set out in Annex I, the Commission may,in accordance with paragraph3of this Article,take measures requiring Member States to prohibit or restrict the placing on the market of machinery with technical characteristics presenting risks due to the shortcomings in the standard or to make such machinery subject to special condi-tions.When,in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article11,the Commission considers that a measure taken by a Member State is justified,the Commission may,in accordance with paragraph3of this Article,take measures requiring Member States to prohibit or restrict the placing on the market of machinery presenting the same risk by virtue of its technical characteristics or to make such machinery subject to special conditions.2.Any Member State may request the Commission to examine the need for the adoption of the measures referred to in paragraph1.3.In the cases referred to in paragraph1,the Commission shall consult the Member States and other interested parties Taking due account of the results of this consultation,it shall adopt the necessary measures in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article22(3).Article10Procedure for disputing a harmonised standardWhere a Member State or the Commission considers that a harmonised standard does not entirely satisfy the essential health and safety requirements which it covers and which are set out in Annex I,the Commission or the Member State shall bring the matter before the committee set up by Directive98/ 34/EC,setting out the reasons therefor.The committee shall deliver an opinion without delay.In the light of the commit-tee's opinion,the Commission shall decide to publish,not to publish,to publish with restriction,to maintain,to maintain with restriction or to withdraw the references to the harmo-nised standard concerned in the Official Journal of the European Union.Article11Safeguard clause1.Where a Member State ascertains that machinery covered by this Directive,bearing the CE marking,accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity and used in accordance with its intended purpose or under conditions which can reasonably be foreseen,is liable to compromise the health and safety of persons and,where appropriate,domestic animals or property, it shall take all appropriate measures to withdraw such machinery from the market,to prohibit the placing on the market and/or putting into service of such machinery or to restrict free movement thereof.2.The Member State shall immediately inform the Commis-sion and the other Member States of any such measure,indi-cating the reasons for its decision and,in particular,whether the non-conformity is due to:(a)failure to satisfy the essential requirements referred to inArticle5(1)(a);(b)incorrect application of the harmonised standards referredto in Article7(2);(c)shortcomings in the harmonised standards themselvesreferred to in Article7(2).3.The Commission shall enter into consultation with the parties concerned without delay.The Commission shall consider,after this consultation,whether or not the measures taken by the Member State are justified,。
S M U I N S T R U M E N T S• Lower cost alternative to potentiostats• Perform Cyclic, Squarewave, or Galvanic Voltammetry, Chronoamperometry, and Chronopotentiometry• Simplified user interface for faster test setup and analysis of results• Real-time plotting ofvoltammograms on the front The Keithley 2450-EC Electrochemistry Lab System: A Low Cost Alternative to the PotentiostatWhile potentiostats are excellent instruments for electrochemistry applications, they typically lack any front panel display and control knobs, often are 2-quadrant sys-tems only, and must be completely controlled by a computer with software that is not always open for users to customize tests beyond what the software can do. Keithley’s 2450-EC is a smart alternative as a DC/low frequency potentiostat. The 2450-EC has features that, in many cases, can perform as well as a potentiostat at lower cost including a wide range of voltages and currents for sourcing or measuring, nV / fA sensitivities, and high impedance sense leads with a typical input resistance of 50G ohms and only 1pA of input bias current, typically acceptable with a wide Electrochemical CellThe 2450-EC can be easily connected to a 3-electrode cell.2450-E C E l e c t r o c h e m i s t r y L a b S y s t e mLearn Faster; Work Smarter; Invent EasierUnlike traditional potentiostats that lack a user-interface front panel to interact with, the 2450-EC features a five-inch, full-color, high resolution touchscreen that facilitates ease of use, and optimizes overall speed and productivity. Built-in, context-sensitive help enables intuitive operation and minimizes the need to review a separate manual. These capa-bilities combined with its application versatility make the 2450-EC inherently easy to use for basic and advancedmeasurement applications, regardless of your experience level with electrochem-istry instruments.Convert Raw Data into InformationA full graphical plotting window converts raw data and displays it immediately asuseful information, such as cyclic voltam-mograms. The touch screen interface makes it easy to observe, interact with, and explore measurements with “zoom and pinch” simplicity. By using the built-in graphing cursors, you can immediately analyze your data without a computer. All graphic screens can be saved to a USB thumb drive for incorporation into reports and journals. Using the graphical sheet view, test data can also be displayed intabular form. The instrument supports exporting data to a spreadsheet for fur-ther analysis, dramatically improving productivity for research and development. Thiscombination of high performance and high ease of use offers unparalleled insight intoyour test results.Built-in real-time graphing, charting, scope-like cursors, and data display spreadsheet for exportsimplifies converting test results into useful information.2450-EC main home screen.View of 2450-EC menu.Graph view of results.2450S M U I N S T R U M E N T STest ApplicationsThe 2450-EC’s built-in open source scripting enables electro-chemists, chemists, and materials scientists to create libraries of reusable, customizable experimental software for running tests including cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, chro-nopotentiometry, and more. The following electrochemistry test scripts are loaded in the internal memory of the 2450-EC. • Cyclic Voltammetry: Potential is swept at a user programmable scan rate between two to four defined vertices while current is measured.• Linear Sweep Voltammetry: Potential is swept at a user programmable scan rate between two defined points while current is measured.• Open Circuit Potential: Measures the cell potential difference between two electrodes with high input impedance as a function of time.• Potential Pulse and Square Wave with Current Measure: The 2450-EC sources potential at programmable peak and base levels while current is recorded at a user-defined position on the pulse peak level.• Current Pulse and Square Wave with Voltage Measure: The 2450-EC sources current at programmable peak and base levels while potential is recorded at a user-defined position on the pulse peak level.• Chronoamperometry: The potential is stepped to aprogrammed value while the resulting current is measured as a function of time.• Chronopotentiometry: The current is stepped to aprogrammed value while the resulting potential is measured as a function of time.In addition to pre-loaded test scripts, the built-in open source scripting language enables the user to create their own library of electrochemistry test scripts that can be modified as the test and measurements evolve.All-in-One InstrumentThe 2450-EC offers a highly flexible, four-quadrant voltage and current source/load coupled with precision voltage and cur-rent meters. When not used in potentiostat type applications, this all-in one instrument can be repurposed as a general lab instrument, including use as a:• Precision power supply with V and I readback • True current source• Digital multimeter (DCV, DCI, ohms, and power with 6½-digit resolution)• Precision electronic load • Trigger controllerTYPICAL APPLICATIONSIdeal for electrochemical research and development in a wide variety of applications studies, including:• Basic Analytical Research –Electrochemical cells –Electrode studies –Solid electrolytes • Materials Research–Electrode compositions –Electrolyte solutions–Ceramics, polymers, ferro/piezoelectrics–Organic semiconductors –Low-k dielectrics –Biomaterials –Nanomaterials –Electrodesposition • Energy Systems and Storage –Dye-sensitized solar cells –Batteries–Fuel cells, flow batteries –Supercapacitors • Sensors–Environmental monitoring –Industrial process control –Healthcare/medical2450-EC power envelope.2450-E C E l e c t r o c h e m i s t r y L a b S y s t e mEase of Use Beyond the TouchscreenIn addition to its five-inch, color touch-screen, the 2450-EC front panel has many features that supplement itsspeed, user-friendliness, and learnability, including a USB 2.0 memory I/O port, a HELP key, a rotary navigation/control knob, a front/rear input selector button, and banana jacks for basic bench appli-cations. The USB 2.0 memory port sup-ports easy data storing, saving instru-ment configurations, loading test scripts, and system upgrades. Plus, all front panel buttons are backlit to enhance vis-ibility in low-light environments.Comprehensive Built-in ConnectivityRear panel access to rear-input triax connectors, remote con-trol interfaces (GPIB, USB 2.0, and LXI/Ethernet), D-sub 9-pin digital I/O port (for internal/external trigger signals and handler control), instrument interlock control, and TSP-Link ® jacks enables easy configuration of multiple instrument test solu-tions and eliminates the need to invest in additional adapter accessories.Free Instrument Control Start-up SoftwareThe 2450-EC can be repurposed for applications beyond electrochemistry as a general purpose lab tool, e.g. I-V test-ing, leakage testing, battery charge/discharge profiling, etc. KickStart, Keithley’s instrument control non-programming start-up software, lets users start taking measurements in min-utes for typical current versus voltage applications. In most cases, users mere-ly need to make quick measurements, graph the data, and store the data to disk to perform analysis in software environments such as Excel.KickStart offers the following functionality:• Instrument configuration control to perform I-V characterization • Native X-Y graphing, panning, and zooming• Spreadsheet/tabular viewing of data • Saving and exporting data forfurther analysis• Saving of test setups• Screenshot capturing of graph • Annotation of tests• Command line dialog for sending and receiving data • HTML help• GPIB, USB 2.0, Ethernet compliantOnline HELP key USB 2.0memory I/OFront/rear input selectorRotarynavigation/control knob5˝ color graphical touchscreen displayModel 2450-EC front panel with high resolution, capacitive touchscreen.With KickStart start-up software, users are ready to take measurements in minutes.EthernetTriax inputsDigital I/O TSP-Link GPIBInterlockUSB Rear panel connections are optimized for signal integrity.2450Simplified Programming with Ready-to-Use Instrument Drivers For those who prefer to create their own customized application software,native National Instruments LabVIEW® drivers, as well as IVI-C and IVI-COM drivers are available at .Test Script SpecificationsCYCLIC VOLTAMMETRYPotential Range: ±5VVoltage Step Size During Ramping:100µV (0.1mV/s ≤ scan rate < 35mV/s)1mV (35mV/s ≤ scan rate < 350mV/s )10mV (350mV/s ≤ scan rate ≤ 3500mV/s)Scan Rate: 0.1mV/s to 3500mV/sCurrent Measurement Range (full scale): 100µA, 1mA, 10mA, 100mA, 1ANumber of Cycles: 1 to 100User Selectable Sampling Interval Units: Points/ Test, Points/Cycle, Seconds/Point, Points/Second, mV/Point, Points/mV, mA/Point, Points/mA Maximum number of readings: up to 100,000 OPEN CIRCUIT POTENTIALVrange: 0.02 V,0.2 V,2 V,20 VNumber of Samples: 1 ≤ n ≤ 100,000Measure Interval: 0.75s ≤ measurement interval ≤ 100s POTENTIAL PULSE AND SQUARE WAVE Peak Potential: Vpeak ≤ ±20 VBase Potential: Vbase ≤ ±20 VCurrent Ranges: 1 µA, 10 µA, 100 µA, 1 mA, 10 mA, 100 mA, 1APulse Period and Width:Irange = 1 µA200 ms ≤ period ≤ 3600 s100 ms≤ pulse width ≤ (0.99 × period)sIrange = 10 µA, 100 µA, 1 mA, 10 mA, 100 mA, 1 A4 ms ≤ period ≤ 3600 s2 ms ≤ pulse width ≤ (0.99 × period)s Number of Cycles: 1 ≤ n ≤ 100,000Program Time:10 ms ≤ program time ≤ (100,000 × period)s Sample Time: 0.01 PLC ≤ sample time ≤ 10 PLC & sample time ≤ (pulse width – 0.001)s CURRENT PULSE AND SQUARE WAVEPeak and Base Current: Ipeak ≤ ±1A, Ibase ≤ ±1APotential Ranges: 0.02 V, 0.2 V, 2 V, 20 VPulse Period and Width:Ipeak ≤ 1.05 µA200 ms ≤ period ≤ 3600 s100 ms ≤ pulse width ≤ (0.99 × period)s1.05 µA < Ipeak ≤ 1A4 ms ≤ period ≤ 3600 s2 ms ≤ pulse width ≤ (0.99 × period)sNumber of Cycles: 1 ≤ n ≤ 100,000Program Time:10 ms ≤ program time ≤ (100,000 × period)sSample Time: 0.01 PLC ≤ sample time ≤ 10 PLC &sample time ≤ (pulse width - 0.001)sCHRONOAMPEROMETRYStep Potential: Vstep ≤ ±20 VCurrent Ranges: 10 nA, 100 nA, 1 µA, 10 µA, 100 µA,1 mA, 10 mA, 100 mA, 1AStep Duration: 10 ms ≤ t ≤ 99,999 sMeasurement Interval:10 ms ≤ measurement interval ≤ 100 sSample Period: 0.01 PLC ≤ sample period ≤ 10 PLC &sample period ≤ (measurement interval – 0.005)s &sample period ≤ (t – 0.005)sCHRONOPOTENTIOMETRYStep Current: Istep ≤ ±1.05 APotential Ranges: 0.02 V, 0.2 V, 2 V, 20 VStep Duration: 10 ms ≤ t ≤ 99,999sMeasurement Interval:10 ms ≤ measurement interval ≤ 100sSample Period: 0.01 PLC ≤ sample period ≤ 10 PLC &sample period ≤ (measurement interval – 0.005)s &sample period ≤ (t – 0.005)sACCESSORIES AVAILABLETEST LEADS AND PROBES1754 2-wire Universal 10-Piece Test Lead Kit5804 Kelvin (4-Wire) Universal 10-Piece Test Lead Kit5805 Kelvin (4-Wire) Spring-Loaded Probes5806 Kelvin Clip Lead Set5808 Low Cost Single-pin Kelvin Probe Set5809 Low Cost Kelvin Clip Lead Set8605 High Performance Modular Test Leads8606 High Performance Modular Probe Kit8608 High Performance Clip Lead SetCABLES, CONNECTORS, ADAPTERS237-ALG-2 3-slot Male Triax Connector to 3 Alligator Clips237-BAN-3A Triax to Banana Plug2450-TRX-BAN Triax to Banana Adapter. Converts the 4 Triaxadapters on the rear panel to 5 banana jacks7078-TRX-* 3-slot, Low Noise Triax Cable7078-TRX-GND 3-slot Male Triax To BNC Adapter (guard removed)8607 2-wire, 1000V Banana Cables, 1m (3.3 ft)CA-18-1 Shielded Dual Banana Cable, 1.2m (4 ft)CAP-31 Protective Shield/Cap for 3-lug Triax ConnectorsCS-1546 Triax 3-lug Special Shorting Plug. Shorts centepin to outer shieldCS-1616-3 Safety Interlock Mating ConnectorCOMMUNICATION INTERFACES & CABLESKPCI-488LPA IEEE-488 Interface for PCI BusKUSB-488B IEEE-488 USB-to-GPIB Interface Adapter7007-1 Shielded GPIB Cable, 1m (3.3 ft)7007-2 Shielded GPIB Cable, 1m (6.6 ft)CA-180-3A CAT5 Crossover Cable for TSP-Link/EthernetUSB-B-1 USB Cable, Type A to Type B, 1m (3.3 ft)TRIGGERING AND CONTROL2450-TLINK DB-9 to Trigger Link Connector Adapter.8501-1 Trigger Link Cable, DIN-to-DIN, 1m (3.3 ft)8501-2 Trigger Link Cable, DIN-to-DIN, 2m (6.6 ft)RACK MOUNT KITS4299-8 Single Fixed Rack Mount Kit4299-9 Dual Fixed Rack Mount Kit4299-10 Dual Fixed Rack Mount Kit. Mount one 2450and one Series 26xxB4299-11 Dual Fixed Rack Mount Kit. Mount one 2450and one Series 2400, Series 2000, etc.2450-BenchKit Ears and Handle for 2450-NFP-RACKand 2450-RACK modelsSERVICES AVAILABLE2450-EC-3Y-EW 1 Year Factory Warranty extended to 3 years fromdate of shipment2450-EC-5Y-EW 1 Year Factory Warranty extended to 5 years fromdate of shipmentC/2450-3Y-17025 KeithleyCare® 3 Year ISO 17025 Calibration PlanC/2450-3Y-DATA KeithleyCare 3 Year Calibration w/Data PlanC/2450-3Y-STD KeithleyCare 3 Year Std. Calibration PlanC/2450-5Y-17025 KeithleyCare 5 Year ISO 17025 Calibration PlanC/2450-5Y-DATA KeithleyCare 5 Year Calibration w/Data PlanC/2450-5Y-STD KeithleyCare 5 Year Std. Calibration PlanC/New Data Calibration Data for New UnitsC/New Data ISO ISO-17025 Calibration Data for New Units245Voltage Specifications1,7SourceMeasure 2Accuracy (23° ±5°C)1 YearNoise (RMS) Input Accuracy (23° ±5°C)1 Year Current Specifications1,7SourceMeasure 2Accuracy (23° ±5°C)31 YearNoise (RMS) Voltage Accuracy (23° ±5°C)1 Year TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT (0°–18°C and 28°–50°C): ±(0.15 × accuracy specification)/°C.1. Speed = 1 PLC.2. Accuracies apply to 2- and 4-wire mode when properly zeroed.3. For sink mode, 1µA to 100mA range accuracy is ±(0.15% + offset*4). For 1A range, accuracy is ±(1.5% + offset*8).4.Rear panel triax connections only.Resistance Measurement Accuracy (Local or Remote Sense)7Range Default Resolution Default Test CurrentNormal Accuracy (23°C ±5°C)1 Year, ±(% rdg. + ohms)Enhanced Accuracy 6(23°C ±5°C)1 Year, ±(% rdg. + ohms) < 2.000000 W 5 1 µW —Source I + Meas. V Meas. I + Meas. V TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT (0°–18°C and 28°–50°C): ±(0.15 × accuracy specification)/°C.SOURCE CURRENT, MEASURE RESISTANCE MODE:Total uncertainty = I source accuracy + V measure accuracy (4-wire remote sense).SOURCE VOLTAGE, MEASURE RESISTANCE MODE:Total uncertainty = V source accuracy + I measure accuracy (4-wire remote sense).GUARD OUTPUT IMPEDANCE: 0.5W (DC) in ohms mode.5. Source Current, Measure Resistance or Source Voltage, Measure Resistance only.6. Source readback enabled. Offset compensation ON.7. All specifications are guaranteed with output ON.OPERATING CHARACTERISTICSMAX. OUTPUT POWER: 20W, four-quadrant source or sinkoperation.SOURCE/SINK LIMITS:Vsource: ±20V @ ±1.00A, ±200V @ ±100mA.Isource: ±1.00A @ ±20V, ±100mA @±200V.REGULATION:sVoltage: Line: 0.01% of range. Load: 0.01% of range + 100µV.Current: Line: 0.01% of range. Load: 0.01% of range + 100pA.SOURCE LIMITS:Voltage Source Current Limit: Bipolar current limit set with single value. Min. 10% of range.Current Source Voltage Limit: Bipolar voltage limit set with single value. Min. 10% of range.OVERSHOOT:Voltage Source: <0.1% typical (full scale step, resistive load, 20V range, 10mA I-Limit.Current Source:<0.1% typical (1mA step, R Load = 10k W , 20V range).VOLTAGE SOURCE:Noise 10Hz–1MHz (RMS): 2mV typical into a resistive load.OVER VOLTAGE PROTECTION: User selectable values, 5% tolerance. Factory default = none.OUTPUT SETTLING TIME: Time required to reach 0.1% of final value, 20V range, 100mA I-Limit: <200µs typical.MAXIMUM SLEW RATE: 0.2V/µs.V/I-LIMIT ACCURACY: Add 0.3% of setting and ±0.02% of reading to base specification.RANGE CHANGE OVERSHOOT: Overshoot into a fully resis-tive 100k W load, 10Hz to 1MHz BW, adjacent ranges: 100mV typical.2450S M U I N S T R U M E N T SSystem Measurement Speeds 8Reading rates (readings per second) typical for 60Hz (50Hz), (TSP ®) programmed9NPLC Trigger Origin Measure to Memory Measure to GPIB/USB/LAN Source Measure to Memory Source Measure to GPIB/USB/LAN 0.01 NPLC Internal 3050 (2800)2800 (2500)1700 (1600)1650 (1550)NPLCTrigger Origin Measure to MemoryMeasure to GPIB/USB/LAN Source Measure to Memory Source Measure to GPIB/USB/LAN 0.01 NPLC Internal 3000 (2800)3000 (2790)1700 (1600)1550 (1500)9. 2450 SCPI programming mode. Speeds do not apply to 2400 SCPI mode.2450-E C S p e c i f i c a t i o n sContact Information:ASEAN / Australia (65) 6356 3900Austria 00800 2255 4835 Balkans, Israel, South Africa and other ISE Countries +41 52 675 3777Belgium 00800 2255 4835Brazil +55 (11) 3759 7627Canada180****9200Central East Europe and the Baltics +41 52 675 3777Central Europe & Greece +41 52 675 3777Denmark +45 80 88 1401Finland +41 52 675 3777France 00800 2255 4835Germany 00800 2255 4835Hong Kong 400 820 5835India 000 800 650 1835Italy 00800 2255 4835Japan 81 (3) 6714 3010Luxembourg +41 52 675 3777 Mexico, Central/South America & Caribbean 52 (55) 56 04 50 90Middle East, Asia, and North Africa +41 52 675 3777The Netherlands 00800 2255 4835Norway 800 16098People’s Republic of China 400 820 5835Poland +41 52 675 3777Portugal 80 08 12370Republic of Korea 001 800 8255 2835Russia & CIS +7 (495) 6647564South Africa +41 52 675 3777Spain 00800 2255 4835Sweden 00800 2255 4835Switzerland 00800 2255 4835Taiwan 886 (2) 2656 6688United Kingdom & Ireland 00800 2255 4835USA 1 800 833 9200Rev 0415For Further InformationTektronix maintains a comprehensive,constantly expanding collection ofapplication notes, technical briefs andother resources to help engineers workingon the cutting edge of technology.V isit or .Copyright © 2015, Tektronix. All rightsreserved. Tektronix products are coveredby U.S. and foreign patents, issued andpending. Information in this publicationsupersedes that in all previously publishedmaterial. Specification and price changeprivileges reserved. TEKTRONIX and TEKare registered trademarks of Tektronix, Inc.All other trade names referenced are theservice marks, trademarks or registeredtrademarks of their respective companies.111315 KI 1KW-60118-1A Tektronix Company。
