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CHAPTER 171. As illustrated in figure 17.2, the waste generation rates of people are directly related to their economic condition.Nation with high standards of living and productivity tend to have more municipal solid waste per person than less-developed countries.3.1)The remaining numbers of landfills in US are declining as some small, poorly run landfills areclosed as they fail to meet regulations. Others are closed due to full capacity. Therefore, new, modern landfills are in urgent need, especially in metropolitan cities(LA, NY, Toronto).However, it is difficult to find a geologically suitable site and building new ones often receive local opposition.2)What’s more, a modern landfill is becoming increasingly more complex and expensive, and itis sometimes no more cost effective compared to incineration. Experts also suggest that unless further steps are taken to detoxify landfilled materials, they will place burden on upcoming generations to address future impacts.3)Landfills may present long-term threats to groundwater and surface water that arehydrologically connected. Leachate is of particular concern, if the landfill system is not properly sealed, the rain or connected water source may leak through buried trash, dissolving and carrying hazardous materials with it, and pose the major threat to the current and future quality of groundwater.4)There is a problem about the air pollution too. Methane produced by decomposing wasteshould be collected and treated, and they can be used to produce heat or to generate electricity, or they might enter atmosphere and become a kind of greenhouse gas.5.1)Design changes to soft drink bottles and milk jugs can keep out more than one hundredmillion kg of plastic out of the waste stream per year.2)Manufacturing processes have been changed in many industries to reduce the amount ofwaste produced. This kind of change could be done by paying more attention to incidence like leaks, spills and accidents.3)Purchasing decisions can significantly reduce the amount of waste produced. Choosing topurchase things that have reduced packaging waste, not only could this reduce the amount of waste , but also might it encourage the producer to use less in packaging.4)Using materials in such a way that waste is not generated is an important means of curbingwaste. Using less-hazardous alternatives and sharing products that contains hazardous chemicals, following the label directions and using the smallest amount necessary are way to reduce waste or its toxicity5)Reusing items is a way to reduce waste at the source because it delays or prevents the entryof reused items into the waste collection and disposal system.7.Several kinds of program have contributed to the increase in recycling rate.Container laws and mandatory recycling laws in many states provide an incentive to recycle andcurbside recycling make it convenient to recycle. A prominent RecycleBank is a recent program of success.9.1)Electronic waste is a growing problem worldwide as obselete or broken computers andother electronic equipments are discarded. A major problem is the toxic heavy metals used as components, as estimations of 70 percent of heavy metals in US landfills come from discarded electronics, while e-waste account for 2 percent of total trash by volume.2)The amount of e-waste is expected to grow rapidly as people in developing countriespurchase a large number of cellphones and other electronics.3)Much of e-waste is exported to developing countries and laborers use crude techniquesincluding smashing, melting and adding acid or burning plastic coating, which often occur in open space where they release toxins into environment and endanger the health of workers.ndfill gas contain sufficient amount of methane, and can be utilized to generate electricity through the following steps:1)Anaerobic decomposition, as the bacteria feed on organic waste and produce methane andcarbon dioxide.2)Accessing the gas. Drill well into the landfill and insert perforated pipes filled with gravel andsealed on top, which allow gas to be collected from deep down the waste. After vacuumed out the gas, it will be piped to a nearby compression facility where it is dehydrated, filtered and pressurized.3)Becoming electricity. Processed methane gas is piped to an electricity-generating facility andworks as fuel to spin turbine/engine to produce current.4)Back to source. Landfill gas in utility transmission lines will be delivered to businesses orhomes where garbage collection starts or piped directly to where it may be needed as fuel.CHAPTER 181.There are several kinds by classifications of DOT:1)Explosives,which cause a rapid release of gas and heat;2)Gases that may be flammable, nonflammable or toxic;3)Oxidizing substances and organic peroxides;4)Poisonous materials and infectious materials;5)Radioactive materials;6)Corrosives.3.The EPA defines hazardous waste as those with four characteristics:Ignitability, corrosiveness, reactivity and toxicity.It has also compiled a list of hazardous wastes.5.The uranium miners are exposed to radioactive gases, while those who smoke tobacco and thusexposed to toxins in tobacco smoke have unusually high incidences of lung cancer. It is apparent that the radioactive gases in uranium mines interact synergistically with carcinogens found in tobacco smoke.7.It is hard to determine appropriate exposure limits as nearly all substances are toxic in sufficiently high doses.Typically the regulatory agency will determine the level of exposure at which none of the test animals is affected( threshold level) and then set the human exposure level lower to allow for a safety margin. The safety margin is important because threshold levels vary significantly among species and even members of the same species.9.Hazardous wastes enter the environment in several ways:1)Many molecules that evaporate readily are vented directly into the atmosphere. Many kindsof solvents used in paints and other industrial processes fall into such category.2)Other materials escape from faulty piping and valves, but they are often called fugitiveemissions.3)Uncontrolled or improper incineration of hazardous wastes whether on land or at sea, cancontaminate the atmosphere and the surrounding environment.11.CERCLA was enacted in 1980 to deal with financing the cleanup of large uncontrolled hazardous-waste sites. It has several key objectives:1)To develop a comprehensive program to set priorities for cleaning up the worst existinghazardous-waste sites.2)To make responsible parties pay for those cleanups whenever possible.3)To set up a 1.6 billion dollars Hazardous Waste Trust Fund to support the identification andcleanup of abandoned hazardous-waste sites.4)To advance scientific and technological capabilities in all aspects of hazardous-wastemanagement, treatment and disposal.13.The National Priorities List are those hazardous-waste sites which require urgent attention by Superfund. It included 11000 in the initial evaluation of 40000 sites, while the number fluctuated as new sites are added and sites removed when they are cleaned up or deleted from the list.15.Metal Mining accounted for 31 percent of all toxic waste, which are deposited primarily on surface of land. Electric utilities (power generation) are responsible for 24 percent of releases, most of which into the atmosphere. chemical and metal processing industries are also significant sources.17.Prevent accidental spills, leaks from pipes and valves and loss from broken containers,etc. Other measures include:1)Changing a process so that a hazardous solvent is replaced with water.2)Using a waste produced in a process in another aspect of the process to reduce the amountof waste produced.3)Using a still to clean solvents so that they can used repeatedly4)Allowing water to evaporate from waste can reduce the total amount of waste produced,thus concentrating the hazardous material.19.1)Neutralization of dangerous acids and bases by reacting them with one another can convertthem to non-hazardous materials.2)Biodegradation of organic materials by microorganisms can convert hazardous chemicals toinnocuous substances, Such as in sewage treatment plants3)Air stripping is used to remove volatile chemical from water. Steam stripping works on thesame principle while the high temperature can force out chemicals that ordinary air can not.The volatile compounds can be captured or reused or disposed of.4)Carbon absorption tanks contain specifically activated particles of carbon to treat hazardouschemicals in gaseous and liquid waste. Carbon combines chemically with waste or catch hazardous particles like a fine wire mesh catches grains of sand.Contaminated carbon must then be disposed of or cleaned and reused.5)Precipitation involves adding special materials to a liquid waste. These bind to hazardouschemicals and cause them to precipitate out of the liquid and form large particles called floc.Floc that settles can be seperated as sludge; floc that remain suspended can be filtered and the concentrated waste can be sent to a hazardous-waste landfill.21.The Basel Convention was established in response to the debate over controlling hazardous-waste movements between countries in 1989. There is particular concern about rich, industrialized countries exporting such wastes to developing countries lacking administrative and technological resources to safely dispose of or recycle the waste.Its main objective is to minimize the generation of hazardous wastes and to control and reduce their transboundary movements to protect human health and the environment.23.Transuranic nuclear waste is highly radioactive waste that contains large numbers of atoms larger than uranium with half-lives greater than 20 years. Most of these come from processes involved in the production of nuclear weapons. As the clean-up of former nuclear weapons sites in US take place, transuranic waste is transported to the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant near Calsbad, New Mexico, for storage. （WIIP)25. Low-level radioactive waste can come from a variety of sources, in nuclear power facilities, hospitals and research institutions. Examples include radioactive materials used in medical field. Protective clothing worn by persons who work with radioactive materials, contaminated cleaning materials and other uses of radioactive isotopes.。
第I 篇 习题解答第一章 绪论1.1简要概述环境学科的发展历史及其学科体系。
解：环境学科是随着环境问题的日趋突出而产生的一门新兴的综合性边缘学科。
它经历了20世纪60年代的酝酿阶段，到20世纪70年代初期从零星的环境保护的研究工作与实践逐渐发展成为一门独立的新兴学科。
环境学科是一门正在蓬勃发展的科学，其研究范围和内涵不断扩展，所涉及的学科非常广泛，而且各个学科间又互相交叉和渗透，因此目前有关环境学科的分支学科还没有形成统一的划分方法。
图1-1是环境学科的分科体系。
图1-1 环境学科体系1.2 简要阐述环境工程学的主要任务及其学科体系。
解：环境工程学作为环境学科的一个重要分支，主要任务是利用环境学科以及工程学的方法，研究环境污染控制理论、技术、措施和政策，以改善环境质量，保证人类的身体健康和生存以及社会的可持续发展。
图1-2是环境工程学的学科体系。
图1-2 环境工程学的学科体系环境工程学 环境净化与污染控制技术及原理生态修复与构建技术及原理清洁生产理论及技术原理环境规划管理与环境系统工程环境工程监测与环境质量评价水质净化与水污染控制工程空气净化与大气污染控制工程固体废弃物处理处置与管理物理性污染控制工程 土壤净化与污染控制技术 废物资源化技术环境学科体系环境科学环境工程学环境生态学环境规划与管理1.3 去除水中的悬浮物，有哪些可能的方法，它们的技术原理是什么？解：去除水中悬浮物的方法主要有：沉淀、离心分离、气浮、过滤（砂滤等）、过滤（筛网过滤）、反渗透、膜分离、蒸发浓缩等。
上述方法对应的技术原理分别为：重力沉降作用、离心沉降作用、浮力作用、物理阻截作用、物理阻截作用、渗透压、物理截留等、水与污染物的蒸发性差异。
1.4 空气中挥发性有机物（VOCs）的去除有哪些可能的技术，它们的技术原理是什么？解：去除空气中挥发性有机物（VOCs）的主要技术有：物理吸收法、化学吸收法、吸附法、催化氧化法、生物法、燃烧法等。
第I 篇 习题解答第一章 绪论1.1简要概述环境学科的发展历史及其学科体系。
解：环境学科是随着环境问题的日趋突出而产生的一门新兴的综合性边缘学科。
它经历了20世纪60年代的酝酿阶段，到20世纪70年代初期从零星的环境保护的研究工作与实践逐渐发展成为一门独立的新兴学科。
环境学科是一门正在蓬勃发展的科学，其研究范围和内涵不断扩展，所涉及的学科非常广泛，而且各个学科间又互相交叉和渗透，因此目前有关环境学科的分支学科还没有形成统一的划分方法。
图1-1是环境学科的分科体系。
图1-1 环境学科体系1.2 简要阐述环境工程学的主要任务及其学科体系。
解：环境工程学作为环境学科的一个重要分支，主要任务是利用环境学科以及工程学的方法，研究环境污染控制理论、技术、措施和政策，以改善环境质量，保证人类的身体健康和生存以及社会的可持续发展。
图1-2是环境工程学的学科体系。
图1-2 环境工程学的学科体系1.3 去除水中的悬浮物，有哪些可能的方法，它们的技术原理是什么？解：去除水中悬浮物的方法主要有：沉淀、离心分离、气浮、过滤（砂滤等）、过滤（筛网过滤）、反渗透、膜分离、蒸发浓缩等。
上述方法对应的技术原理分别为：重力沉降作用、离心沉降作用、浮力作用、物理阻截作用、物理阻截作用、渗透压、物理截留等、水与污染物的蒸发性差异。
环境工程学 环境净化与污染控制技术及原理生态修复与构建技术及原理清洁生产理论及技术原理环境规划管理与环境系统工程环境工程监测与环境质量评价水质净化与水污染控制工程空气净化与大气污染控制工程固体废弃物处理处置与管理物理性污染控制工程 土壤净化与污染控制技术 废物资源化技术环境学科体系环境科学环境工程学环境生态学环境规划与管理1.4 空气中挥发性有机物（VOCs）的去除有哪些可能的技术，它们的技术原理是什么？解：去除空气中挥发性有机物（VOCs）的主要技术有：物理吸收法、化学吸收法、吸附法、催化氧化法、生物法、燃烧法等。
环境工程原理第二版课后答案文件编码（008-TTIG-UTITD-GKBTT-PUUTI-WYTUI-8256）第I 篇 习题解答第一章 绪论简要概述环境学科的发展历史及其学科体系。
解：环境学科是随着环境问题的日趋突出而产生的一门新兴的综合性边缘学科。
它经历了20世纪60年代的酝酿阶段，到20世纪70年代初期从零星的环境保护的研究工作与实践逐渐发展成为一门独立的新兴学科。
环境学科是一门正在蓬勃发展的科学，其研究范围和内涵不断扩展，所涉及的学科非常广泛，而且各个学科间又互相交叉和渗透，因此目前有关环境学科的分支学科还没有形成统一的划分方法。
图1-1是环境学科的分科体系。
图1-1 环境学科体系简要阐述环境工程学的主要任务及其学科体系。
解：环境工程学作为环境学科的一个重要分支，主要任务是利用环境学科以及工程学的方法，研究环境污染控制理论、技术、措施和政策，以改善环境质量，保证人类的身体健康和生存以及社会的可持续发展。
图1-2是环境工程学的学科体系。
环境学科体系环境科学环境工程学环境生态学环境规划与管理图1-2 环境工程学的学科体系去除水中的悬浮物，有哪些可能的方法，它们的技术原理是什么解：去除水中悬浮物的方法主要有：沉淀、离心分离、气浮、过滤（砂滤等）、过滤（筛网过滤）、反渗透、膜分离、蒸发浓缩等。
上述方法对应的技术原理分别为：重力沉降作用、离心沉降作用、浮力作用、物理阻截作用、物理阻截作用、渗透压、物理截留等、水与污染物的蒸发性差异。
空气中挥发性有机物（VOCs ）的去除有哪些可能的技术，它们的技术原理是什么解：去除空气中挥发性有机物（VOCs ）的主要技术有：物理吸收法、化学吸收法、吸附法、催化氧化法、生物法、燃烧法等。
上述方法对应的技术原理分别为：物理吸收、化学吸收、界面吸附作用、氧化还原反应、生物降解作用、燃烧反应。
简述土壤污染可能带来的危害及其作用途径。
解：土壤污染的危害及其作用途径主要有以下几个方面：①通过雨水淋溶作用,可能导致地下水和周围地表水体的污染;②污染土壤通过土壤颗粒物等形式能直接或间接地为人或动物所吸入;③通过植物吸收而进入食物链,对食物链上的生物产生毒害作用等。
CHAPTER 11 three ways that humans directly alter ecosystems.1)In the past, prehistoric men used human-induced fire to capture game animals or clean landfor agriculture, thus destroying climax communities. The harvesting of tropical forests today works in the same way.2)The conversion of natural land into agricultural land and even urban land in cities , whichcontinues today, has greatly undermined the biodiversity.3)The overexploitation of fishery resources, coupled with the introduction of exotic species,have spawned a series of problems that alter the local water environment.2.Why is the impact of humans greater today than at any time in the past?As the technology advanced, the ability of people to modify their surroundings has increased significantly, the agricultural revolution and modern agricultural technologies, for example, have efficiently turned large parts of the earth into agricultural land.The growing number of human population contributed to the draining of natural resources, as well as the extinctions of many species.3. Describe three factors that influence the genetic diversity of a population.Several things can influence the genetic diversity of a population.1)Mutations are changes in the genetic information of an organism, which introduce newgenetic information into a population by modifying genes that are already present. The DDT-tolerance of insects and the evolution of human resistance to antibiotic medication are such examples.2)Migration of individuals of a species from one place to another is also an important way. Itresults in the reduction of genetic information in the former population and the addition in the new population. This can have a significant effect on both populations if the migrating individual possess rare characteristics.3)Sexual reproduction is another process that influence genetic diversity. Rather than creatingnew genetic information, it tends to generate new genetic combinations when genetic information from two individuals mixes during fertilization, forming a unique individual, which may have a combination to out-compete its peer by being more successful in producing offspring, thus influence the genetic diversity.5.What are the major causes of loss of biodiversity in marine ecosystems?1)Habitat loss is a problem in marine ecosystems, as much of the harvest is restricted toshallow parts of the ocean where bottom dwelling fish can be easily harvested. It involved the use of trawls which are nets that can be dragged along the bottom. The trawls can disturb the sea floor and create conditions that make it harder for the fish population to recover. It captures various other species (25%) that are not commercially valuable and often left dead on board. Their removal further alter the ecological nature of the seafloor. 2)Overexploitation has driven some species to extinction and threaten many others.Organisms can be harvested for various reasons, food, ornaments or other aesthetic uses, and uncrupulous people often poach the already endangered species for quick profit. It isalso common in marine fisheries, and efforts are made to develop aquaculture methods and market new fish species which levitate the problem.3)Climate change has a great effect on the survival of species with limited physiologicaltolerance, such as corals in oceans and amphibians. The warming of water are leading to the declining of coral reefs.7.What is desertification? What causes it?Desertification is the process of converting arid and semiarid land to desert because of improper use by humans.Rangelands are too dry to support crops and grazing of domesticated animals is the only viable solution. But in areas where human population pressure is great, overgrazing is seemingly unavoidable, as people graze too many animals and cut down more trees for firewood. These would expose soil to wind erosion and lead to loss in soil fertility. Cutting down legumes that fix nitrogen would worsen the case. The land would gradually turn into a desert-like ecosystem.9.List six techniques utilized by wildlife managers.Habitat management are modifications to the habitat to enhance their survival and reproduction. The first step is to understand the habitat need of target species, and identify the critical habitat requirements of it. Then, they can alter the habitat and improve the success of the species. Population assessment and management also requires careful planning and the techniques involved included:Population census to keep the numbers of animals in check.Regulating hunting seasons, i.e. In fall so as to take the surplus animals, can ensure adequate and sustainable reproduction of animals.Artificially introduction of certain species when their population is below the desired number or extinct from the local area.Refuges for waterfowls can be built to provide resting places, food and protection from hunting. Transboundary parks can accommodate the movements of migratory animals across different countries.11.What is extinction? Why does it occur?Extinction is the death of a species, the elimination of all individuals of a particular kind. Extinction is a natural and common process through out the evolution, yet human activity has sped up its rate by a factor of 1000-10000. Some species with low population density and low reproductive rate, in specialized niche are prone to extinction. As technology advanced, human populations grew, we have increasingly huge influence on our surroundings. Consequently, many species have gone extinct.15.List three actions that be taken to prevent extinctions.IUCN lists over 19000 species as threatened with extinction in the Red List of Threatened Species, this can encourage countries to protect the related species and to build natural reserves.The Convention on Biological Diversity are adopted by many countries to preserve the biological diversity.The Endangered Species Act demands all government agencies to do whatever necessary to preserve the endangered species and the following amendment in 1978 saw the “god squad”to exempt some projects from the Act.16.Describe the role of the red list of threatened species in species preservation.IUCN is a highly visible international preservation organization, but has very little power to effect change. It generally seeks to protect species in danger by encouraging countries to complete inventories of plants and animals within their borders and encourage the training of plant and animal biologists within countries involved and the establishment of preservers to protect species in danger of extinction.CHAPTER 121. List three reasons why land-use planning is necessary.1)In modern world, significant amounts of land is covered with buildings, streets and otherproducts of society. But in many cases, cities are established before there is an understanding of the challenges presented by the location, when these cities grew and technology and society changed, the shortcomings of the location become apparent.Therefore, we should understand that each piece of land has its specific qualities based on its location and physical make-up.2)The land should be considered a nonrenewable resource nowadays as the land and theresources it supports(soil, vegetation and watersheds, etc) are not being created today. We need to plot carefully about the use of it. Once it is converted from natural ecosystems or agriculture to intensive human use, it is generally unavailable for other purposes.3)As the human population continues to boom, competition for the use of land wouldundoubtedly increase and systematic land-use planning would be important. Furthermore, as the population becomes more urbanized and cities grow, urban planning becomes critical.3. List three factors that encourage people to move from rural farms to cities in 1800s.4)First, the Industrial Revolution led to improvements in agriculture that required less farmlabor at the same time industrial jobs became available in the city, leading to the rural-to-urban migration.5)Then, the second factor that affected the growth of cities was the influx of immigrants fromEurope. They settled in towns and cities.6) A third reason for the growth was that they offered a greater variety of cultural, social, andartistic opportunities than did rural communities.Thus they were attractive for cultural as well as economic reasons.5.List three physical and three social consequences of urban sprawl.Physical:1)The automobile based society in US can cause serious traffic congestion for those who workin cities but live in the suburbs.2)The new housing or commercial development in suburbs would require the municipalservices to be extended to such areas, which is way more costly than supplying services to areas already in the city. The same is of energy costs because of low energy efficiency.3)Air pollution is also significant due to the reliance on automobiles as primary method oftransportation, and the infrastructure that support automobile travel is impervious to water, and the runoff are channeled directly into local water sources, bringing pollutants(oil, coolant and rubber pieces) into local streams.Social:1)The death of central city occurred as more people move to the suburbs and quality ofservices in urban center drops which starts a downward spiral of decay. This can deprive the remaining residents of basic services. It has a particular hard hit on the poor and elderly.2)Open fields, parks boulevards and similar land uses allow people to visually escape from thecongestion of the city. However, the urban sprawl have deprived a lot of land that could have been used as open space.3)Unpleasant odors, disagreeable tastes, annoying sounds and offensive sights are aggravating,and may be deemed harmful from an aesthetic point of view. Yet this are often the case of unplanned development in suburbs.7.What is a megapolis?As suburbs continued to grow, cities began to merge, and it became difficult to tell were one city ended and another began. This type of growth led to the development of regional cities. Although their cities maintain their individual names, they are really just part of one large urban area called a megalopolis.9.State three consequences of the dominance of the automobile as a means of transport in urban areas.1)The reliance on the automobile has required the constant building of new highways andaccording to DOT it costs 1 trillion per year on maintaining and building new ones.2)The average person in US travels about 260 kilometers per week in car and a person inmetropolitan area spends more than 40 hours per year stuck in traffic delays.3)It is hard to divert funding to establish mass transit besides the dispersed nature of suburbs.11.What characteristics of suburbs contribute to high infrastructure and high energy costs.1)Infrastructure include all physical, social and economic elements needed to support thepopulation, and it is often costly to extend it to the newly developed suburbs as everything need to be built from scratch.2)Energy costs are high due to low energy efficiency, and there are several reasons for this: Firstly, the automobiles are the least energy-efficient means of transporting people. Secondly, the separation of blocks of home from business and shopping areas require greater distance driven to meet basic needs.Thirdly, congested traffic routes result in hours being spent in stop-and-go traffic and wasting much fuel.Finally, the single-family homes require more energy for heating and cooling than multifamilydwellings.13. What land uses are suitable on floodplains?Floodplains are low areas near rivers that are subject to periodic floods, and it is often used for residential or commercial purposes due to its flat character. But flood-control structures need to be built which have detrimental downstream effects and could pose threats during floods.A better use of floodplains is for open space or recreation or agriculture.15. Why is a understanding of the geology and resources base of an area important in land use planning?1)The geologic status of an area must be considered in land-use decisions to prevent possibledisasters and hazards(i.e. Near volcanoes or earthquake-prone faults) or the lack of water, which will inevitably worsen as cities grow. To understand to resource base can lead to wise planning.2)Some land has unique features that should be preserved because of their special value tosociety( Grand Canyon and Yellowstone, etc) and should take precedence over other uses.17.What role do state and regional planning, purchasing of land, and use restrictions play in implementing land-use plans?1)State and regional planning is often more effective than local land-use planning since manyimportant geographic, geological and habitat characteristics cross local political boundaries.2)In addition, a regional approach is likely to prevent duplication of facilities and lead togreater efficiency.3)State or regional planning bodies are also more likely to have the financial resources to hireprofessional planners to assist in the planning process.4)Purchasing of land is the easiest way to protect them, and many environment organizationsopt to purchase lands with special historic, scenic or environmental value. In some cases, the landowners may sell the right to develop the land or place restrictions on the future uses of land.5)Many kinds of l and-use restrictions involve some form of zoning, that designates specificareas within a community for certain kinds of land use. But it has both positive and negative impacts on good land-use planning. Sometimes it help in preserving important historic or cultural sites while in many ways it also contributed to the segregation found in urban sprawl.19.List ten common smart growth principles.The smart growth approach has the following guidelines:1)Preserve open space. Farmland, natural beauty and critical environmental areas.2)Direct development toward existing urban areas, which encourages the reuse of abandonedor poorly used urban space.3)Take advantage of compact building design, so more people can be housed, and a smallercarbon footprint can be achieved. It can also reduce the need to develop new land4)Create a range of housing opportunities and choices, to accommodate people with differentlifestyles, desires and income levels.5)Foster distinctive, attractive communities with a strong sense of place. Pay attention to thedesign of buildings and their relationship with open space and cultural attractions to createa pleasing urban setting.6)Mix land uses, so that people need not drive somewhere to fulfill their basic needs.7)Create walkable neighborhoods, provide pedestrian walks to separate vehicle traffic frompedestrians.8)Provide a variety of transportation choices.9)Encourage community and stakeholder collaboration in development decisions.10)Make development decisions predictable, fair and cost-effective.21.Give examples of conflict over the use of federally owned property.One of the major conflict is between those who prefer to use motorized vehicles and those who prefer to use muscle power over the outdoor recreation activities. They both paid taxes and wish the land can be used as they wish.Conflicts also arise between business interests and recreational users of public lands. The grazing and skiing are hard to reconciliate, and as the regulatory agencies are often understaffed, the ranchers tend to overgraze the land.A particular sensitive issue is the designation of certain areas as wilderness areas. Many people argue it’s unfair because they are paying tax but their access to the wilderness is restricted. While others fear too many people would destroy the charm and unique character.。
环境学概论第一周作业1.Environmental problems are complex and interrelated.Within the ecosystem every component seems to be interconnected and interacted with each other as illustrated in the Darwin's theory of the relation between the production of seeds in red clover and numbers of catsEnvironmental problems often involve social, ethical, political and economic issues. It 'snot easy to achieve acceptable solutions to environmental issues; an environmental decision that is supportable from an economic point of view may not be plausible from the political perspective. As the reintroduction of wolves into Yellowstone manifested, the solution has an ethical side and influence not only natural but also economic and social realms. What's more, environmental problems do not necessarily coincide with political boundaries, thus require the collaboration of multiple states or even nations.It's gettin more complicated as the globalization accelerates and the scale of environmental problems expands and requires better governance to ensure sustainable developments.2.The ecosystem approach is the comprehensive and integrated management of human activities, based on the scientific knowledge about ecosystem and its dynamics, and achievesustainable use of ecosystem goods and services and maintenance of ecosystem integrity.It is the right approach because an ecosystem involves not only all organisms but also the abiotic environment, and they form a complex network of interrelationships. Only by thinking systematically, can we understand the dynamics of the ecosystem and take the right action which satisfies human needs while preserving health of the ecosystem.3.The security consists of economic, political, cultural, social andenvironmental aspects.Urbanization and human migration can put great pressure on environment, leading to land degradation and eutrophication, which destroyed the aquatic ecosystem. These would affect the economic and environmental security.The environmental change also threatens environmental resources and caused social instability or even conflicts and wars, thus posing a threat to social and political security.4.Defining human well-being is difficult due to differing views onits definition.first is the resources that people possess, including money and other assets. Such view implies weak sustainability, in which the environment can contribute to development merely by promoting economic growth.second is how people feel about their lives. It means people value the environment for its traditional or cultural aspects.third is what people are able to be and to do. The impacts that the environment have on human well-being are regarded as multidimensional.Above all, human well-being and the quality of the environment are strongly interrelated, and the impact is prominent in various ecosystem services, including provisioning services, regulating services cultural services and supporting services.5.There is difference in how social, political and environmental decisions are made. Most social and political decisions are made with respect to political jurisdictions, while environmental problems do not necessarily coincide with these artificial political boundaries. The problem between Mexico and United States showed that tackling the environmental problem often requires thinking on a ecosystem level instead of as a single nation.There shouldn't be a difference as the economic and political decisions are supposed to adjust to environmental needs and emphasize the environmental concerns. In fact, there should be integrated decision-making that takes in all the above factors, which gives us the best solution.6.The disease has a close relationship with the environment. According to WHO, almost a quarter of all diseases are caused byenvironmental exposure. Environmental risks including pollution, hazards in the workplace, UV radiation, noise and climate and ecosystem change could lead to many diseases, such as malaria, cancer, diarrhea and emerging diseases. Typically, the lack of clean water and sanitation in poor countries and the unhealthy diet and lifestyle in rich countries are both related to diseases.7.Environment is everything that affects an organism during its lifetime. Examples are like a fishpond to a fish or the grassland to a cricket.Ecosystem is a region in which the organisms and the physical environment form an interacting unit, for example the wetlands in Chongming Island.8.In resolving environmental conflicts, we need to take the ecosystem approach, call for better governance, involve related political jurisdictions to arrive at the best available compromise-- the sustainable development strategies.9.Smog is the most severe problem nowadays. There are meteorological, industrial, geographical as well as economical factors.The pollutants are mainly emitted by big factories burning fuel, and then dispersed into atmosphere. Once the weather gets moist and windless, smog is easily formed. Besides, the booming traffic emissions and burning of straws also play an important role in the smog. Specifically, the many high buildings and skyscrapers in Shanghai has curbed the effective diffusion of PM 2.5 particles.However, this is almost inevitable since shutting down big companies that emit pollutants or stopping the traffic growth will do harm to the economy of China.Solving smog would require new and clean energy sources be developed and applied as well as substitute the former techniques with more eco-friendly, although costly techniques. Therefore, there should be more financial aids and policy supports from our governments.。
环境监测第二章部分习题答案第二章水和废水监测3.对于工业废水排放源，怎样布设采样点？怎样测量污染物排放总量？（1）在车间或车间处理设施的废水排放口布设采样点，监测第一类污染物；在工厂废水总排放口布设采样点，监测第二类污染物。
（2）已有废水处理设施的工厂，在处理设施的总排放口布设采样点。
如需了解废水处理效果和调控处理工艺参数提供依据，应在处理设施进水口和部分单元处理设施进、出口布设采样点。
（3）用某一时段污染物平均浓度乘以该时段废（污）水排放量即为该时段污染物的排放总量。
4.水样有哪几种保存方法？试举几个实例说明怎样根据被测物质的性质选用不同的保存方法。
(1)冷藏或冷冻方法(2)加入化学试剂保存法加入生物抑制剂、调节pH、加入氧化剂或还原剂如：在测定氨氮、硝酸盐氮、化学需氧量的水样中加入HgCl2，可抑制生物的氧化还原作用；测定氰化物或挥发酚的水样中加入NaOH 溶液调pH至12，使之生成稳定的酚盐。
5.水样在分析测定之前，为什么要进行预处理？预处理包括哪些内容？（1）被污染的环境水样和废（污）水样所含组分复杂，多数污染祖坟含量低，存在形态各异，共存组分的干扰等，都会影响分析测定，故需预处理。
（2）预处理包括悬浮物的去除、水样的消解、待测组分的浓缩和分离。
14.说明原子吸收光谱法测定金属化合物的原理，用方块图示意其测定流程。
（1）利用待测元素原子蒸汽中基态原子对光源发出的特征谱线的吸收来进行分析。
（2）原子吸收光谱法测定金属化合物测定流程光源—单色器—样品室—检测器—显示光源—原子化系统—分光系统—检测系统16.石墨炉原子吸收光谱法与火焰原子吸收光谱法有何不同之处？两种方法各有何优缺点？（1）石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定，其测定灵敏度高于火焰原子吸收光谱法，但基体干扰较火焰原子吸收光谱法严重。
（2）火焰原子吸收光谱法温度高，准确度高，精密度低，石墨炉原子吸收光谱法温度较低，准确度低，精密度高。
18.怎样用分光光度法测定水样中的六价铬？六价铬用二苯碳酰二肼分光光度法测定，总铬用原子分光光度法。
第I 篇 习题解答第一章 绪论1.1简要概述环境学科的发展历史及其学科体系。
解：环境学科是随着环境问题的日趋突出而产生的一门新兴的综合性边缘学科。
它经历了20世纪60年代的酝酿阶段，到20世纪70年代初期从零星的环境保护的研究工作与实践逐渐发展成为一门独立的新兴学科。
环境学科是一门正在蓬勃发展的科学，其研究范围和内涵不断扩展，所涉及的学科非常广泛，而且各个学科间又互相交叉和渗透，因此目前有关环境学科的分支学科还没有形成统一的划分方法。
图1-1是环境学科的分科体系。
图1-1 环境学科体系1.2 简要阐述环境工程学的主要任务及其学科体系。
解：环境工程学作为环境学科的一个重要分支，主要任务是利用环境学科以及工程学的方法，研究环境污染控制理论、技术、措施和政策，以改善环境质量，保证人类的身体健康和生存以及社会的可持续发展。
图1-2是环境工程学的学科体系。
图1-2 环境工程学的学科体系环境工程学 环境净化与污染控制技术及原理生态修复与构建技术及原理清洁生产理论及技术原理环境规划管理与环境系统工程环境工程监测与环境质量评价水质净化与水污染控制工程空气净化与大气污染控制工程固体废弃物处理处置与管理物理性污染控制工程 土壤净化与污染控制技术 废物资源化技术环境学科体系环境科学环境工程学环境生态学环境规划与管理1.3 去除水中的悬浮物，有哪些可能的方法，它们的技术原理是什么？解：去除水中悬浮物的方法主要有：沉淀、离心分离、气浮、过滤（砂滤等）、过滤（筛网过滤）、反渗透、膜分离、蒸发浓缩等。
上述方法对应的技术原理分别为：重力沉降作用、离心沉降作用、浮力作用、物理阻截作用、物理阻截作用、渗透压、物理截留等、水与污染物的蒸发性差异。
1.4 空气中挥发性有机物（VOCs）的去除有哪些可能的技术，它们的技术原理是什么？解：去除空气中挥发性有机物（VOCs）的主要技术有：物理吸收法、化学吸收法、吸附法、催化氧化法、生物法、燃烧法等。
第I篇习题解答第一章绪论1.1简要概述环境学科的发展历史及其学科体系。
解：环境学科是随着环境问题的日趋突出而产生的一门新兴的综合性边缘学科。
它经历了20世纪60年代的酝酿阶段，到20世纪70年代初期从零星的环境保护的研究工作与实践逐渐发展成为一门独立的新兴学科。
环境学科是一门正在蓬勃发展的科学，其研究范围和内涵不断扩展，所涉及的学科非常广泛，而且各个学科间又互相交叉和渗透，因此目前有关环境学科的分支学科还没有形成统一的划分方法。
图1-1是环境学科的分科体系。
图1-1 环境学科体系1.2 简要阐述环境工程学的主要任务及其学科体系。
解：环境工程学作为环境学科的一个重要分支，主要任务是利用环境学科以及工程学的方法，研究环境污染控制理论、技术、措施和政策，以改善环境质量，保证人类的身体健康和生存以及社会的可持续发展。
图1-2是环境工程学的学科体系。
环境工程学环境净化与污染控制技术及原理生态修复与构建技术及原理清洁生产理论及技术原理环境规划管理与环境系统工程环境工程监测与环境质量评价水质净化与水污染控制工程空气净化与大气污染控制工程固体废弃物处理处置与管理物理性污染控制工程土壤净化与污染控制技术废物资源化技术环境学科体系环境科学环境工程学环境生态学环境规划与管理图1-2 环境工程学的学科体系1.3 去除水中的悬浮物，有哪些可能的方法，它们的技术原理是什么？解：去除水中悬浮物的方法主要有：沉淀、离心分离、气浮、过滤（砂滤等）、过滤（筛网过滤）、反渗透、膜分离、蒸发浓缩等。
上述方法对应的技术原理分别为：重力沉降作用、离心沉降作用、浮力作用、物理阻截作用、物理阻截作用、渗透压、物理截留等、水与污染物的蒸发性差异。
1.4 空气中挥发性有机物（VOCs）的去除有哪些可能的技术，它们的技术原理是什么？解：去除空气中挥发性有机物（VOCs）的主要技术有：物理吸收法、化学吸收法、吸附法、催化氧化法、生物法、燃烧法等。
上述方法对应的技术原理分别为：物理吸收、化学吸收、界面吸附作用、氧化还原反应、生物降解作用、燃烧反应。
环境规划学课后答案第一章绪论1、什么是环境规划，如何理解其内涵？答：环境规划指为使环境与社会经济协调发展，把“社会－经济－环境”作为一个复合生态系统，依据社会经济规律、生态规律和地学原理，对其发展变化趋势进行研究而对人类自身活动和环境所作的时间和空间的合理要求环境规划内涵研究对象：“社会－经济－环境”复合生态系统任务：系统协调发展，谋求系统最佳发展理论基础：社会经济原理、生态原理、地学原理、系统理论和可持续发展主要内容：在环境资源约束条件下，寻求社会经济发展和环境保护的时间、空间合理安排。
2、环境规划在规划体系中的作用和地位如何？答：作用：（一）促进环境—经济—社会可持续发展；（二）保障环境保护活动纳入国民经济和社会发展计划；（三）合理分配排污消减量、约束排污者的行为；（四）以最小的投资获取最佳的环境效益；（五）实行环境管理目标的基本依据。
地位：环境规划担负着从整体和战略层次上的统筹规划、研究和解决环境问题的任务，对于可持续发展战略的顺利实施起着十分重要的作用。
3、环境规划的特征和基本原则是什么？答：基本特征：系统整体性综合交叉性区域分异性动态响应性信息集成性政策应用性基本原则：经济建设、城乡建设和环境建设同步遵循经济规律，符合国民经济计划总体要求遵循生态规律，合理利用环境资源预防为主，防治结合系统优化与依靠科技强化环境管理，促进可持续发展4、如何划分环境规划的类型？按时间规划答：（1）按规划期划分包括长远环境规划、中期环境规划、以及年度环境保护计划⏹长远规划一般跨越10年以上，着重对长远环境目标和战略措施的制定。
⏹中期环境规划一般跨越时间为5－10年，5年环境规划一般称五年计划，便于纳入国民经济社会发展计划并同步实施。
⏹年度环保计划是五年计划的年度安排，是分年度实施的具体部署，也可以对五年计划进行修正和补充。
是每一个措施、工程、项目以及任务的具体安排。
⏹五年环境规划也是各种环境规划的核心。
第二章环境规划学的理论基础1、什么是环境容量？从环境规划学上如何认识？答：（1）定义：是一个复杂的反映环境净化能力的量，其数值应能表征污染物在环境中的物理、化学变化及空间机械运动性质。
CHAPTER TWO1. The rate, scale and complexity of interactions between people and environment have seen unprecedented increases. We are beginning to realize our interrelatedness with our environment, as the environmental changes becomes obvious due to technology advance and the public awareness increased in the importance of natural environment. Therefore a new ethic is called for to meet the challenges.2.Ideally, the laws of a particular nation or community should match the ethical commitments of those living there, but it may take a long period of struggle and debate in reality, as the abolition of slavery, women’s equality with men.However, not every ethically right action has a supporting law. In case of environmental issues, sometimes is appropriate is legislate something, like emission of pollutants, while sometimes action should be left up to the personal ethical commitment, which is determined by certain social/economic pressures and works better on the individual level.3. Anthropocentrism (human centered ethic) is the view that all environmental responsibility is derived from human interests alone.Biocentrism (life-centered ethic) is that all forms of life have an inherent right to exist.Ecocentrism maintains the environment deserves direct moral consideration, instead of what is merely derived fromhuman/animal interests. The environment itself has moral worth.4.Thedevelopment approach assumes that human race is and should be master of nature and that the Earth and its resources exist solely for our benefit and pleasure. It thinks highly of human creativity and ingenuity and holds that continual economic growth is a moral ideal for society.The preservationist approach strives to keep large portions of nature intact because nature is regarded to have intrinsic value apart from human uses. Nature is not a resource but a refuge from economic activity.The conservationist approach strikes the balance between unrestrained development andpreservationism. Conservationists tend to consider a wide range of long-term human goods in their about environmental management.5. Environmental justice is a critical component of environmental protection.It is closely related to civil rights, and no group of people, including racial, ethnic or socioeconomic groups, should bear a disproportionate share of the negative environmental consequences resulting from various programs or policies. EJ signifies that the participants of environment movement has shift from middle-class and affluent white people in America to minorities and indigenous people.6.Corporations are designed to operate at a profit, and in order to maximize its profit margin, corporation tends to cut investments in dealing with waste disposal and pollution. In this way, corporate behavior don’t take public and environmental well-being into considerations, often violating the environmental ethics.Some companies may publicly address their concerns for environment to the purpose of social marketing(called greenwashing). But they actually make no attempt to lower the environmental impact of its production.7. Individuals, as shareholders can demand the directors of corporation to run it ethically. As executives,they can wield massive corporate power and guide the corporation to adopt a better environmental approach.Whats more, the ethic of consumption can also affect the corporate behaviors.8. By choosing food that is produced locally, low in food chain and grown with least chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Buying durable consumer and reusing products. Conserving energy etc.9. Global environmental ethics address the widening gap between rich and poor countries, and call for them to set aside political differences to promote global action on environment. It also convince everyone of us that we have an obligation to minimize the harm we cause to ecological systems and the Earth.10. Yes.Triple bottom line is a green business concept, which allows executives to gauge on three fronts. It is more comprehensive as it not only takes economic costs but also environmental costs into consideration and helps companies survive. State laws will be established to grant tax breaks to businesses that comply with green business concept. More complex and stringent environmental and public safety demands will continue toinfluence corporate decisions. Triple bottom line may become the compulsory rule.CHAPTER THREE1.An environmental risk assessment could provide an orderly, clearly stated and consistent way to deal with scientific issues 1)whether a risk exists, 2)the magnitude of the risk and 3)the consequences of the negative outcome when accepting the risk.It can also state the uncertainty associated with alternative approaches to dealing with environmental issues, which helps institutions decide research priorities and plan in the way that protects environment and bureaus to set regulatory priorities and support regulatory action.Some tools are used to calculate the risks which is often hard to attain: estimations based on past experience or establish model for novel risk by laboratory studies (experimenting on other species e.g. rabbits) or computer stimulations.2. economic costs and benefits environmental costs and benefitsFour steps to take: identification of the project to be evaluated; determination of all impacts, favorable and unfavorable, present and future, on all of society; determination of the value of those impacts, by direct market values or indirect price estimates; calculation of the net benefits, which is the total value of positive impacts minus the total value of negative impacts.3. Some doubt if everything can be analyzed from an economic point of view, they fear if the economic value becomes the onlycriteria, many noneconomic values such as beauty and cleanlinesscannot be justified if they are not assigned to economic value.But difficulties exist when assigning specific value to environmental resources, while cultural and socioeconomic differences could cause the less developed country to opt for more jobs than less pollution.Moreover, it is crucial to decide during the process which preferences are most important, but sometimes it is neglected when cost is spread over a large population and when it concerned the benefits and costs for future generations.4.According to its definition, sustainable development reflects the objectives of economic development and environmental stewardship. It is composed of five characteristics: renewability, substitution, interdependence, adaptability and institutional commitment.While debates go over whether economic growth must be sacrificed in order to prevent further deterioration of environment, we should transform the approach to economic policy, and promote the transfer of modern and environmentally sound technology to developing countries.Another obstacle is the disparities of rich and poor people in a nation as well as rich and poor nations. Therefore, developed nations should act as pioneers: invest in related research and apply new techniques which promote sustainable development.5.Firstly, the logging operation may remove so many trees from hillside that runoff destroys streams and cause mudslides, but the cost is transferred to the public.Secondly, industries that no longer exist left thousands of hazardous waste sites, and the responsibility of cleanup fell on the government and the taxpayers.Strip mining is typical for the variety of external environmental costs.6. Pollution-prevention costs, one part of pollution control costs, are those incurred in private sector or by government toentirely or partially prevent the pollution that would otherwise result from production or consumption.7. When everyone shares ownership of a resource, there is a strong tendency to overexploit and misuse that resource. The common property resource has literally no owner, and if you do not use it, someone else would, therefore, even though everyone knows the eventual result, they all choose to make use of it as much as possible.The ecosphere is one big commons stocked with air, water and irreplaceable mineral resources, and each nation attempts to exploit and extract as much from “commons” as possible regardless of other nations.Another example is the shared fishing in Great Lakes region. Commercial fisheries, recreational fishers, Native American tribal fishing and regulatory agencies have tried hard to halt theoverexploitation of fishery resources. Worse still, the fishing zones are often not designed from an ecosystem approach.On an individual level, people are fully aware of air pollution, yet they continue to drive automobiles and don’t mind switching to bigger cars or purchasing more cars.8. Debt-for-nature exchanges are an innovative mechanism for addressing the debt issue while encouraging investment in conservation and sustainable development.It works like this: the conservation organization buys the debt from the creditor at a discount; although the creditor receives only partial payment of the initial loan, some return is better than a total loss; the debtor country has the debt removed and is relieved of the huge burden of paying interest on the debt; in exchange, the conservation organization requires the debtor country to spend money on appropriate conservation and sustainable development projects.9. Subsidies include consumer rebates for purchases of environmentally friendly goods, loans for businesses planning to implement environmental products.Government can pay farmers to encourage them to permanently take highly erodable land from production and reduce the erosion and build up sediment in local streams. The same is with purchasing fishermen’s fishing boats. However, some agricultural subsidies may distort the price of food and lead to overproduction.Market-based instruments include information programs (example: information tags on electric appliances that inform thepublic about the energy efficiency of the product) tradable emission permits, emission fees and taxes (the pollution tax system in China that imposes noncompliance fees on discharge that exceed standards and assesses fines and other charges on violations of regulations)deposit-refund programs and performance bonds.Life cycle analysis is to assess the environmental effects during all stages in product chain: acquisition of raw material, manufacturing processes, transportation, consumer use, disposal. Its extension is extended product responsibility, and the Responsible Care program is one of the best examples.10. People are often willing to accept risk from familiar death causes such as car accidents and flu than those dramatic and sensational causes. They tend to accept voluntary risks like drinking alcohol than involuntary ones like nuclear weapons, familiar technologies like dams than newer ones like genetic engineering.11. Renewable resources include soil, vegetation, animals, air and water. Nonrenewable resources include iron ore, fossil fuels and mountainous landscapes.12.It is because environmental costs may not be recognized immediately, as in the Colorado River dam shows, the ecosystem has a complex system of interrelationships and the damage on environment can take a relative long time to accumulate and become eminent on certain levels or indicators.13. A “take back” means taking the product back for disposal to the place it was manufactured and force the company to think hard and be environmentally responsible for production.14. SBLRBRA is the law that provided incentives for small businesses to develop brownfields, which are perceived to have environmental liabilities. It provided liability protection, funding and tax incentives to encourage small businesses to revitalize the brownfields.15. It is because they weigh the risks with the costs to eliminate those risks, and make decisions based on their distinct financial status. Sometimes they even have basic difference in defining the risk and therefore they tolerate difference levels of risks.16. It is a streamlined decision-making process for implementing corrective action in a consistent manner to protect ecological resources in chemical release sites. It provides a framework for sites that do not or cannot comply with regulatory programs or to form an integrated approach when various regulatory programs apply.17. Perception plays an important role in our understanding of environmental health and safety issues.The asbestos fear shows that the risk estimates are often different between experts and public. The people perceive the risk with different criteria and arrive at their own conclusion, yet they do not trust experts to make decisions alone.Governments need to decide whether to focus on where there is the most impact on human well-being or deal with the problemspeople are most worried about. People, on the other hand, should be supplied with more data to enable them to make more informed judgments. We should be wise and careful when forming our perception of risks as it may influence the research priorities or standards for regulation.18.DfE (Design for Environment) means a product is designed witha consideration of the environmental impacts or aspects that will result from manufacturing it. It means doing cost-benefit analysis prior to production so that the company can make rational decisions as to the environmental liabilities during its manufacturing. By doing so, the product would be more environmentally sound and cost effective, causing the least impact on our environment.19.The conventional way is to develop regulations that prohibit certain behaviors, called “command and control” program, but granting subsidies, giving liability protection and grants for small businesses, and several other market-based instruments (including emission fees and taxes) are also developed and used nowadays. The latter methods use the economic lever and encourage the individuals and companies to make sustainable use of natural resources at a lower cost.20. No, almost all human-induced environmental issues are connected to the human society as well as economics, however, exceptions exist. People may liter a place simply by ritual or norm and the environmental issue has nothing to do with economics.21. The diversified flora that shaped the landscape; TheChongming wetlands that purifies the flowing water.22. Yes. The company opt for an environment-friendly developing strategy and renovate its manufacturing processes.。
