Comparison of sintering and compressive strength tendencies of a model coal mineral mixture

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Comparisonofsinteringandcompressivestrengthtendenciesofamodelcoal

mineralmixtureheat-treatedininertandoxidizingatmospheres

MarikaV.Nela,b,⁎,ChristienA.Strydoma,HaroldH.Schoberta,c,J.PaulBeukesa,JohnR.Bunta,b

aChemicalResourceBeneficiation,North-WestUniversity,PrivateBagX6001,Potchefstroom,2520,SouthAfricabSasolTechnology(Pty)Ltd,POBox1,Sasolburg,1947,SouthAfricacTheEnergyInstitute,ThePennsylvaniaStateUniversity,204ResearchEast,UniversityPark,PA16802-2323,USA

abstractarticleinfo

Articlehistory:

Received14July2010

Receivedinrevisedform2November2010

Accepted30December2010

Availableonline22January2011

Keywords:

Sintering

Minerals

CaSO4Compressivestrengthtest

TG/DTAThechemicalinteractionsresponsibleforsinteringinacoalmineralmixturewereinvestigatedinairandin

N2.Amineralmixturewasmadeupbymixingkaolin,pyrite,quartz,calcite,hydromagnesite,FeCO3and

anataseinafixedratio.Themineralmixturewaspelletizedandheat-treatedupto1100°Cinorderto

evaluatesinteringbyrecordingthecompressivestrengthvaluesandvisualassessmentwithscanningelectron

microscopy(SEM).Chemicalinteractionsresponsibleforthetrendsinthecompressivestrengthresults

wereinvestigatedwithsimultaneousthermogravimetricanddifferentialthermalanalysis(TG/DTA),aswell

asX-raydiffraction.Theresultsindicatedthattheformationofanhydrite(CaSO4)wasresponsible

forincreasedmechanicalstrengthinthemineralmixturepelletsheatedinairattemperatureshigherthat

400°C.CaSO4formedfromthereactionofthedecompositionproductsofpyriteandcalcite(SOxandCaO).The

TG/DTAresultsalsoindicatedthatthereactionwithpyriteinaircausedthedecompositionofcalciteinthe

mixtureatalowertemperaturethanwasobservedforcalciteonly.ThepelletsheatedinN2didnotincreasein

mechanicalstrengthduringheat-treatmentduetothelackofCaSO4formationintheinertatmosphere.

However,SEManalysisindicatedthatsinteringdidoccuratthehighertemperaturesinN2.Adecreasewas

observedinthecompressivestrengthvaluesobtainedinairattemperaturesfrom900°Cto1100°C.Reasons

forthedecreasedcompressivestrengthsmayincludeincreasedporosity,decompositionofCaSO4,and

changesinthecharacteristicsofthealuminosilicatephases.

©2011ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved.

1.Introduction

Coalconsistsoforganicandinorganicmatterinvaryingconcen-

trations,andhostsavarietyofdifferentmineralspecies.The

concentrationsandtypesofmineralsdifferfromonecoalsourceto

another.Themostcommonmineralspeciesfoundincoalinclude

quartz,kaolinite,illite,montmorillonite,gypsum,siderite,calcite,

dolomiteandfeldspars[1–10].Dependingonthetechnology,ash

producedincombustionandgasificationsystemsexitsthereactors

eitherasdryashoraslag.Differentcombustionandgasification

technologiesaredesignedtohandledifferentamountsofash.Mineral

matterincoalisnotdesired,butunavoidable.Itisminedwiththe

coal,butdoesnotcontributetothevalue[8].

Differencesinlocaltemperature,atmosphere,heatingratesand

othermineralsincloseproximitycauseincludedandexcluded

mineralstoreactdifferentlyduringcoalconsumption[11,12].

Includedmineralstendtocoalescewithassociatedmineralsinthe

charstructureasthecharisconsumed[11,13,14].Includedmineralsarethemajorsourceofglassphasesinash[15,16].Excludedminerals

generallyexperiencefragmentation[14,17–19].Fragmentationisa

resultofseveralmechanisms,includingthermalshock,mechanical

breakage,rapidgasreleaseandinorganicreactions[14,19].Several

researchershavereferredtolimitedinteractionamongexcluded

mineralsbasedonthelowprobabilityofcolliding[13,19].However,

Wangetal.[17,18]concludedthattheproposedlimitedinteractionis

inconsistentwhenconsideringthefluxingpromotioncausedby

calcium/iron-richadditivesinhigh-temperaturegasification.Itwas

suggestedthattheexcludedadditiveparticlespartlyscavengethe

inherentaluminosilicatespecies[17,18].Kuramotoetal.[20]also

foundthatincludedmineralsreactedwithaddedCa-basedCO2sorbentsduringthestudyofanovelsteamgasificationprocess.

Numerousmineralinteractionsparticipateinashformationduring

coalutilization,andexcludedmineralsoftenconsistofamixtureof

mineralsinasinglegrain[12].Severalstudieshaveillustratedthe

importanceofassociatedmineralsduringashformation[13,21,22].A

studybyLiuetal.[12]onAustraliancoalsrevealedthatillite

associatedwithkaolinitetendstoswellandformcenosphericalash

particles.Thetransformationsofexcludedmineralmatternotonly

affectashformation,butalsohaveaninfluenceontheparticlesize

distribution(PSD)oftheresultantash[17,19,23].The

temperature-FuelProcessingTechnology92(2011)1042–1051

⁎Correspondingauthor.SasolTechnology(Pty)Ltd,POBox1,Sasolburg,1947,South

Africa.Tel.:+27169606592;fax:+27112193304.

E-mailaddress:marika.nel@sasol.com(M.V.

Nel).

0378-3820/$–seefrontmatter©2011ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved.

doi:

10.1016/j.fuproc.2010.12.030ContentslistsavailableatScienceDirect

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