Comparison of sintering and compressive strength tendencies of a model coal mineral mixture
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Comparisonofsinteringandcompressivestrengthtendenciesofamodelcoal
mineralmixtureheat-treatedininertandoxidizingatmospheres
MarikaV.Nela,b,⁎,ChristienA.Strydoma,HaroldH.Schoberta,c,J.PaulBeukesa,JohnR.Bunta,b
aChemicalResourceBeneficiation,North-WestUniversity,PrivateBagX6001,Potchefstroom,2520,SouthAfricabSasolTechnology(Pty)Ltd,POBox1,Sasolburg,1947,SouthAfricacTheEnergyInstitute,ThePennsylvaniaStateUniversity,204ResearchEast,UniversityPark,PA16802-2323,USA
abstractarticleinfo
Articlehistory:
Received14July2010
Receivedinrevisedform2November2010
Accepted30December2010
Availableonline22January2011
Keywords:
Sintering
Minerals
CaSO4Compressivestrengthtest
TG/DTAThechemicalinteractionsresponsibleforsinteringinacoalmineralmixturewereinvestigatedinairandin
N2.Amineralmixturewasmadeupbymixingkaolin,pyrite,quartz,calcite,hydromagnesite,FeCO3and
anataseinafixedratio.Themineralmixturewaspelletizedandheat-treatedupto1100°Cinorderto
evaluatesinteringbyrecordingthecompressivestrengthvaluesandvisualassessmentwithscanningelectron
microscopy(SEM).Chemicalinteractionsresponsibleforthetrendsinthecompressivestrengthresults
wereinvestigatedwithsimultaneousthermogravimetricanddifferentialthermalanalysis(TG/DTA),aswell
asX-raydiffraction.Theresultsindicatedthattheformationofanhydrite(CaSO4)wasresponsible
forincreasedmechanicalstrengthinthemineralmixturepelletsheatedinairattemperatureshigherthat
400°C.CaSO4formedfromthereactionofthedecompositionproductsofpyriteandcalcite(SOxandCaO).The
TG/DTAresultsalsoindicatedthatthereactionwithpyriteinaircausedthedecompositionofcalciteinthe
mixtureatalowertemperaturethanwasobservedforcalciteonly.ThepelletsheatedinN2didnotincreasein
mechanicalstrengthduringheat-treatmentduetothelackofCaSO4formationintheinertatmosphere.
However,SEManalysisindicatedthatsinteringdidoccuratthehighertemperaturesinN2.Adecreasewas
observedinthecompressivestrengthvaluesobtainedinairattemperaturesfrom900°Cto1100°C.Reasons
forthedecreasedcompressivestrengthsmayincludeincreasedporosity,decompositionofCaSO4,and
changesinthecharacteristicsofthealuminosilicatephases.
©2011ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved.
1.Introduction
Coalconsistsoforganicandinorganicmatterinvaryingconcen-
trations,andhostsavarietyofdifferentmineralspecies.The
concentrationsandtypesofmineralsdifferfromonecoalsourceto
another.Themostcommonmineralspeciesfoundincoalinclude
quartz,kaolinite,illite,montmorillonite,gypsum,siderite,calcite,
dolomiteandfeldspars[1–10].Dependingonthetechnology,ash
producedincombustionandgasificationsystemsexitsthereactors
eitherasdryashoraslag.Differentcombustionandgasification
technologiesaredesignedtohandledifferentamountsofash.Mineral
matterincoalisnotdesired,butunavoidable.Itisminedwiththe
coal,butdoesnotcontributetothevalue[8].
Differencesinlocaltemperature,atmosphere,heatingratesand
othermineralsincloseproximitycauseincludedandexcluded
mineralstoreactdifferentlyduringcoalconsumption[11,12].
Includedmineralstendtocoalescewithassociatedmineralsinthe
charstructureasthecharisconsumed[11,13,14].Includedmineralsarethemajorsourceofglassphasesinash[15,16].Excludedminerals
generallyexperiencefragmentation[14,17–19].Fragmentationisa
resultofseveralmechanisms,includingthermalshock,mechanical
breakage,rapidgasreleaseandinorganicreactions[14,19].Several
researchershavereferredtolimitedinteractionamongexcluded
mineralsbasedonthelowprobabilityofcolliding[13,19].However,
Wangetal.[17,18]concludedthattheproposedlimitedinteractionis
inconsistentwhenconsideringthefluxingpromotioncausedby
calcium/iron-richadditivesinhigh-temperaturegasification.Itwas
suggestedthattheexcludedadditiveparticlespartlyscavengethe
inherentaluminosilicatespecies[17,18].Kuramotoetal.[20]also
foundthatincludedmineralsreactedwithaddedCa-basedCO2sorbentsduringthestudyofanovelsteamgasificationprocess.
Numerousmineralinteractionsparticipateinashformationduring
coalutilization,andexcludedmineralsoftenconsistofamixtureof
mineralsinasinglegrain[12].Severalstudieshaveillustratedthe
importanceofassociatedmineralsduringashformation[13,21,22].A
studybyLiuetal.[12]onAustraliancoalsrevealedthatillite
associatedwithkaolinitetendstoswellandformcenosphericalash
particles.Thetransformationsofexcludedmineralmatternotonly
affectashformation,butalsohaveaninfluenceontheparticlesize
distribution(PSD)oftheresultantash[17,19,23].The
temperature-FuelProcessingTechnology92(2011)1042–1051
⁎Correspondingauthor.SasolTechnology(Pty)Ltd,POBox1,Sasolburg,1947,South
Africa.Tel.:+27169606592;fax:+27112193304.
E-mailaddress:marika.nel@sasol.com(M.V.
Nel).
0378-3820/$–seefrontmatter©2011ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved.
doi:
10.1016/j.fuproc.2010.12.030ContentslistsavailableatScienceDirect
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