英语诗歌修辞手法简介Figuresofspeech

Some Common Forms of Figures of Speech宋德文（讲义）Figures of speech are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively. Now we are going to talk about some common forms of figures of speech.原文作者在文章中使用修辞手法，是为了使语言更加形象生动，鲜明突出；或者使语言更加整齐匀称，音调铿锵，以便更深入地阐明事件的意义或刻画人物的性格。

因此，译文中若不能正确表现原文的修辞格，就不能准确地表达作者的思想和文风，就不符合“忠实、通顺”的翻译标准。

修辞(figures of speech / rhetorical devices / rhetoric) 大体分为三类：音韵修辞格(phonological rhetorical devices)词义修辞格(semantic rhetorical devices)句法修辞格(syntactical rhetorical devices)（一）音韵修辞格(phonological rhetorical devices)1. Alliteration: (头韵) It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of words for effect. It is a device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals(间隔) and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also called "front rhyme". For instance, the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free.头韵与拟声修辞方式能使语言具有音韵美，可增加口头或书面表达的实际音感，给人以声情并茂的美感。

1.明喻（simile）明喻是直接把一物同某种与其具有同一性质或特点的另一物相比较，常用的比喻词有as，like，seem，as though等
2.暗喻（metaphor）暗喻是间接的把一物同与其具有某种相似点的另一屋相比较，不用比喻词
3.拟人（personification）拟人是指把非人的事物当作人来写，把人的特点赋予事物或某种抽象概念，用本来只适用于人的名词，形容词，动词来描写事物，使其具有人的某些属性
4.夸张（hyperbole）故意夸大事实，给人以深刻的印象，起强调作用。

夸张常与暗喻连在一起
5.委婉语（euphemism）使用委婉词来避免提及刺耳或不愉快的东西
6.反语（irony）讲反话，故意使用同本意相反的说法
7.对偶（antithesis）两个相同或相似的语言结构的对仗或对照
8.转喻（METONYMY）借用与某物相关
或关联的东西代称某物
Gray hair should be respected 老人应该受到尊重这里的gray hair代表老人
9.类比（ANALOGY）巴两种本质上不同的事物之间的共同点加以比较，来说明道理，把抽象的概念具体化，吧深奥的哲理浅显化
10.矛盾修饰法（oxymoron）修饰语与被修饰语之间看来似乎是矛盾的，但实则相反相成poor rich men 贫穷的富人
11.对照（contrast）把意义相反的字词、短语或句子等平行的排列起来，在结构上对称，揭示出事物间的对立或矛盾12.排比（parallelism）结构类似的句子成分或句子，几个单词连串。

Figures of speech (修辞)are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heigh ten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing fi guratively. Now we are going to talk about some common forms of figures of speec h.1) Simile：(明喻）It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. For example, As cold waters to a thirst y soul, so is good news from a far country.2) Metaphor：(暗喻）It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unli ke elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage.3) Analogy: (类比）It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parall el between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resem blance.4) Personification: (拟人）It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstraction s(抽象). For example, the wind whistled through the trees.5) Hyperbole: (夸张）： It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration t o achieve emphasis. For instance, he almost died laughing.6) Understatement: (含蓄陈述）It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, i mpressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance, It is no laughing matter.7) Euphemism: (委婉）It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to "die" as” pass away".8) Metonymy (转喻）It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. For instance, the pen (words) is mi ghtier than the sword (forces).9) Synecdoche (提喻）It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part. For instance, they say there's bread and work for all. She was dressed in silks.10) Antonomasia (换喻）It has also to do with substitution. It is not often mentio ned now, though it is still in frequent use. For example, Solomon for a wise man. Daniel for a wise and fair judge. Judas for a traitor.11) Pun: (双关语）It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meani ng of words. For instance, a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arm s. (Here "arms" has two meanings: a person's body; weapons carried by a soldier.)12) Solipsism: (一语双叙）It has two connotations. In the first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflection of a word, refers to two or m ore words in the same sentence, while properly applying to or agreeing with only o n of them in grammar or syntax(句法). For example, He addressed you and me, an d desired us to follow him. (Here we are used to refer to you and me.)In the second case, it a word may refer to two or more words in the same sente nce. For example, while he was fighting, and losing limb and mind, and dying, othe rs stayed behind to pursue education and career. (Here to losing one's limbs in liter al; to lose one's mind is figurative, and means to go mad.)13) Zeugma: (轭式搭配）It is a single word which is made to modify or to gover n two or more words in the same sentence, wither properly applying in sense to o nly one of them, or applying to them in different senses. For example, the sun shal l not burn you by day or the moon by night. (Here noon is not strong enough to burn)14) Irony: (反语）It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. For instance, we are lucky, what you said makes me feel realgood.15) Innuendo: (暗讽）It is a mild form of irony, hinting in a rather roundab out (曲折)way at something disparaging(不一致) or uncomplimentary(不赞美) to the person or subject mentioned. For example, the weatherman said it would be worm. He must take his readings in a bathroom.16) Sarcasm: (讽刺）It Sarcasm is a strong form of irony. It attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. For example, laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small f lies, but let wasps break through.17) Paradox: (似非而是的隽语）It is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary t oestablished fact or practice, but which onfurther thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point. For example more hast e, less speed.18) Oxymoron: (矛盾修饰）It is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoinin g(结合) of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous(不协调) terms as in bitter-s weet memories, orderly chaos(混乱) and proud humility(侮辱).19) Antithesis: (对照）It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or i deas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis. For example, speech is silver; silence is golden.20) Epigram: (警句）It states a simple truth pithily(有利地) and pungently(强烈地). It is usually terse and arouses interest and surprise by its deep insight into certain aspects of human behavior or feeling. For instance, Few, save the poor, feel for the poor.21) Climax: (渐进）It is derived from the Greek word for "ladder" and implies the progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or inte nsity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly. For example, I came, I saw, I co nquered.22) Anti-climax or bathos: (突降） It is the opposite of Climax. It involves stating one's thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous. For instance, But thousands die, without or this or that, die, and endow(赋予) a college, or a cat.23) Apostrophe：(顿呼）In this figure of speech, a thing, place, idea or perso n (dead or absent) is addressed as if present, listening and understanding what is being said.For instance, England! awake! awake! awake!24) Transferred Epithet: (转类形容词）It is a figure of speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly m odify(修饰) to another to which it does not really apply or belong. For instance, I s pent sleepless nights on my project.25) Alliteration: (头韵）It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of wo rds for effect. It is a device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals(间隔) and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also calle d "front rhyme". For instance, the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free.26) Onomatopoeia: (拟声）It is a device that uses words which imitate the soun ds made by an object (animate or inanimate), or which are associated with or sug gestive(提示的) of some action or movement。

英语修辞手法总结Figures of speech (修辞)are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively. Now we are going to talk about some common forms of figures of speech.1) Simile：(明喻）It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. For example, As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country.2) Metaphor：(暗喻）It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage. 3) Analogy: (类比）It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance.4) Personification: (拟人）It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象). For example, the wind whistled through the trees.5) Hyperbole: (夸张）It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. For instance, he almost died laughing.6) Understatement: (含蓄陈述）It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance, It is no laughing matter.7) Euphemism: (委婉）It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to "die" as " pass away".8) Metonymy (转喻）It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. For instance, the pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces). 9) Synecdoche (提喻）It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part. For instance, they say there's bread and work for all. She was dressed in silks.10) Antonomasia (换喻）It has also to do with substitution. It is not often mentioned now, though it is still in frequent use. For example, Solomon for a wise man. Daniel for a wise and fair judge. Judas for a traitor.11) Pun: (双关语）It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words. For instance, a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (Here "arms" has two meanings: a person's body; weapons carried by a soldier.)12) Syllepsis: (一语双叙）It has two connotations.In the first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflection of a word, refers to two or more words in the same sentence, while properly applying to or agreeing with only on of them in grammar or syntax(句法). For example, He addressed you and me, and desired us to follow him. (Here us is used to refer to you and me.)In the second case, it a word may refer to two or more words in the same sentence. For example, while he was fighting , and losing limb and mind, and dying, others stayed behind topursue education and career. (Here to losing one's limbs in literal; to lose one's mind is figurative, and means to go mad.)13) Zeugma: (轭式搭配）It is a single word which is made to modify or to govern two or more words in the same sentence, wither properly applying in sense to only one of them, or applying to them in different senses. For example, The sun shall not burn you by day, nor the moon by night. (Here noon is not strong enough to burn)14) Irony: (反语）It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. For instance, we are lucky, what you said makes me feel real good.15) Innuendo: (暗讽）It is a mild form of irony, hinting in a rather roundabout (曲折)way at something disparaging(不一致) or uncomplimentary(不赞美) to the person or subject mentioned. For example, the weatherman said it would be worm. He must take his readings in a bathroom. 16) Sarcasm: (讽刺）It Sarcasm is a strong form of irony. It attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. For example, laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small flies, but let wasps break through.17) Paradox: (似非而是的隽语）It is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary to established fact or practice, but which on further thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to containa succinct point. For example more haste, less speed.18) Oxymoron: (矛盾修饰）It is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoining(结合) of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous(不协调) terms as in bitter-sweet memories, orderly chaos(混乱) and proud humility(侮辱).19) Antithesis: (对照）It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis. For example, speech is silver; silence is golden.20) Epigram: (警句）It states a simple truth pithily(有利地) and pungently(强烈地). It is usually terse and arouses interest and surprise by its deep insight into certain aspects of human behavior or feeling. For instance, Few, save the poor, feel for the poor.21) Climax: (渐进）It is derived from the Greek word for "ladder" and implies the progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or intensity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly. For example, I came, I saw, I conquered.22) Anti-climax or bathos: (突降）It is the opposite of Climax. It involves stating one's thoughts ina descending order of significance or intensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous. For instance, But thousands die, without or this or that, die, and endow(赋予) a college, or a cat.23) Apostrophe：(顿呼）In this figure of speech, a thing, place, idea or person (dead or absent) is addressed as if present, listening and understanding what is being said. For instance, England! awake! awake! awake!24) Transferred Epithet: (转类形容词）It is a figure of speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify(修饰) to another to which it does not really apply or belong. For instance, I spent sleepless nights on my project.25) Alliteration: (头韵）It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of words for effect. It isa device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals(间隔) and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also called "front rhyme". For instance, the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free.26) Onomatopoeia: (拟声）It is a device that uses words which imitate the sounds made by an object (animate or inanimate), or which are associated with or suggestive(提示的) of some action or movementExplanation version1一、什么是修辞格修辞格(figures of speech)是提高语言表达效果的语言艺术。

Figures of speech (修辞)are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heigh ten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing fi guratively. Now we are going to talk about some common forms of figures of speec h.1) Simile：(明喻）It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. For example, As cold waters to a thirst y soul, so is good news from a far country.2) Metaphor：(暗喻）It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unli ke elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage.3) Analogy: (类比）It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parall el between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resem blance.4) Personification: (拟人）It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstraction s(抽象). For example, the wind whistled through the trees.5) Hyperbole: (夸张）： It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration t o achieve emphasis. For instance, he almost died laughing.6) Understatement: (含蓄陈述）It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, i mpressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance, It is no laughing matter.7) Euphemism: (委婉）It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to "die" as” pass away".8) Metonymy (转喻）It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. For instance, the pen (words) is mi ghtier than the sword (forces).9) Synecdoche (提喻）It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part. For instance, they say there's bread and work for all. She was dressed in silks.10) Antonomasia (换喻）It has also to do with substitution. It is not often mentio ned now, though it is still in frequent use. For example, Solomon for a wise man. Daniel for a wise and fair judge. Judas for a traitor.11) Pun: (双关语）It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meani ng of words. For instance, a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arm s. (Here "arms" has two meanings: a person's body; weapons carried by a soldier.)12) Solipsism: (一语双叙）It has two connotations. In the first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflection of a word, refers to two or m ore words in the same sentence, while properly applying to or agreeing with only o n of them in grammar or syntax(句法). For example, He addressed you and me, an d desired us to follow him. (Here we are used to refer to you and me.)In the second case, it a word may refer to two or more words in the same sente nce. For example, while he was fighting, and losing limb and mind, and dying, othe rs stayed behind to pursue education and career. (Here to losing one's limbs in liter al; to lose one's mind is figurative, and means to go mad.)13) Zeugma: (轭式搭配）It is a single word which is made to modify or to gover n two or more words in the same sentence, wither properly applying in sense to o nly one of them, or applying to them in different senses. For example, the sun shal l not burn you by day or the moon by night. (Here noon is not strong enough to burn)14) Irony: (反语）It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. For instance, we are lucky, what you said makes me feel realgood.15) Innuendo: (暗讽）It is a mild form of irony, hinting in a rather roundab out (曲折)way at something disparaging(不一致) or uncomplimentary(不赞美) to the person or subject mentioned. For example, the weatherman said it would be worm. He must take his readings in a bathroom.16) Sarcasm: (讽刺）It Sarcasm is a strong form of irony. It attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. For example, laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small f lies, but let wasps break through.17) Paradox: (似非而是的隽语）It is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary t oestablished fact or practice, but which onfurther thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point. For example more hast e, less speed.18) Oxymoron: (矛盾修饰）It is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoinin g(结合) of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous(不协调) terms as in bitter-s weet memories, orderly chaos(混乱) and proud humility(侮辱).19) Antithesis: (对照）It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or i deas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis. For example, speech is silver; silence is golden.20) Epigram: (警句）It states a simple truth pithily(有利地) and pungently(强烈地). It is usually terse and arouses interest and surprise by its deep insight into certain aspects of human behavior or feeling. For instance, Few, save the poor, feel for the poor.21) Climax: (渐进）It is derived from the Greek word for "ladder" and implies the progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or inte nsity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly. For example, I came, I saw, I co nquered.22) Anti-climax or bathos: (突降） It is the opposite of Climax. It involves stating one's thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous. For instance, But thousands die, without or this or that, die, and endow(赋予) a college, or a cat.23) Apostrophe：(顿呼）In this figure of speech, a thing, place, idea or perso n (dead or absent) is addressed as if present, listening and understanding what is being said.For instance, England! awake! awake! awake!24) Transferred Epithet: (转类形容词）It is a figure of speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly m odify(修饰) to another to which it does not really apply or belong. For instance, I s pent sleepless nights on my project.25) Alliteration: (头韵）It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of wo rds for effect. It is a device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals(间隔) and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also calle d "front rhyme". For instance, the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free.26) Onomatopoeia: (拟声）It is a device that uses words which imitate the soun ds made by an object (animate or inanimate), or which are associated with or sug gestive(提示的) of some action or movement。

英语修辞figures of speech (中文版),修辞格(figures of speech) 大体分为三类：音韵修辞格(phonological rhetorical devices ) ；词义修辞格(semantic rhetorical devices)和句法修辞格(syntactical rhetorical devices) 。

（一）音韵修辞格(phonological rhetorical devices)Alliteration就是在一个词组或一个诗行中，有两个以上彼此靠近的词，其开头的音节（或其他重读音节）具有同样的字母或声音。

Peter Piper picked a peck of picking pepper.（alliteration）皮特.派特咽下了一口腌菜用的胡椒粉。

Assonance是在一句话或在一个诗行中间，有两个或更多的词具有相同的元音。

With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope.怀着这个信念，我们能把绝望的大山凿成希望的磐石。

沁园春－雪北国风光，千里冰封，万里雪飘。

望长城内外，维余茫茫；大河上下，顿失滔滔。

山舞银蛇，原驰蜡象，欲与天公试比高。

SnowTo the tune of Spring Beaming in GardenWhat a scene is in the north found!A thousand li of the earth is ice-clad aground,The thousand li of the sky is snow-bound.Behold! At both sides of the Great WallAn expense of whiteness conquers allIn the yellow river, up and down,The surging waves are gone!Like sliver snakes the mountains dance,Like wax elephants the highlands bounce,All try to be higher than heaven even once!Onomatopoeia是模仿事物发出的声响的修辞手法，与汉语的拟声辞格完全相同。

Figures of Speech in the English Language1.SimileIt is a comparison between two distinctly different things and the comparison is indicated by the word as, like, as if, as though, as…as, (just)as … so, similar to, to bear a resemblance to, etc.In structure, simile consists of subject/tenor, reference/vehicle/ and indicator of resemblance/simile marker.Records fell like ripe apples on a windy day.It is with words as with sunbeams ---- the more they are condensed, the deeper they burn.She spoke hurriedly, as if her heart had leaped into her throat at the boy’s words.Habit may be likened to a cable; every day we weave a thread, and soon we cannot break it. Prepositional or other phrases can sometimes help to form a simile:He has no more idea of money than a cow.With the quickness of a long cat, she climbed up into the nest of cool-bladed foliage.2.MetaphorIt is the use of a word which originally denotes one thing to refer to another with a similar quality. It is also a comparison, but the comparison is implied, not expressed with the word as, like, etc. Cf:The news is as a dagger to his heart./ The news is a dagger to his heart.The gossip was like a net that strangled her. / She was strangled in the net of gossip.Metaphors are used not only after verb to be, and not only nouns can be used metaphorically. More examples:The picture of those poor people’s lives was carved so sharply in his heart that he could never forget it.The street faded into a country road with straggling houses by it.There were a few lordly poplars before the house.All his former joy was drowned in the embarrassment and confusion he was feeling at the moment.The charcoal fire glowed and dimmed rhythmically to the strokes of the bellows.Money is the lens in a camera.A house divided against itself can’t stand. (Lincoln)3.PersonificationIt is to treat a thing or an idea as if it were human or had human qualities.In poetry personification is very common:Youth is hot and bold,Age is weak and cold,Youth is wild, and Age is tame.---- William ShakespeareIdentify different figures of speech in the following sentences:a.The little goat was so fussy that he often cried for wolf.b.The little goat was like the shepherd who often cried for wolf.c.The little goat became a shepherd who often cried for wolf.More examples with personification:This time the fate was smiling to him.Thunder roared and a pouring rain started.Dusk came stealthily.The storm was raging and an angry sea was continuously tossing their boat.The night, like some great loving mother, gently lays her hand at our fevered head, and turns our little tear-stained face up to hers, and, though she does not speak, we know that she would say and lay our hot, flushed cheek against her bosom and the pain is gone.4.MetonymyIt is substituting the name of one thing for that of another with which it is closely associated. Sword and cross in hand, the European conquerors fell upon the Americas.The kettle is boiling.When the war was over, he laid down the sword and took up the pen.His purse would not allow him that luxury.We had dinner at ten dollars a head.He must have been spoilt from the cradle.More examples:Down Under: AustraliaBritish Lion: England / the English governmentIvan: the Russian peopleJohn Bull: the English peopleUncle Sam: the U.S.Capital Hill: the legislative Branch of the U.S.Downing Street: the British government/cabinetHollywood: American film-making industryFleet Street: the British pressFoggy Bottom: U.S. State DepartmentMadison Avenue: American advertising industryThe Pentagon: the U. S. military establishmentWall Street: U. S. financial circlesThe white House: the U. S. President/administrationThe bar: the legal professionThe bench: position of judge / magistrate5.SynecdocheWhen a part is substituted for the whole or the whole is substituted for a part, synecdoche is applied:He had to earn his daily bread by doing odd jobs.Germany beat Argentina 2 to 1 in this exciting football match.The poor creature could no longer endure her sufferings.The child is so curious of music is going to be a Beethoven, I dare say.There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of a Frenchman.6.EuphemismIt is the substitution of a mild or vague expression for a harsh or unpleasant one, e.g.To die: to pass away, to leave us, one’s heart has stopped beating, to kick the bucketMad: emotionally disturbed7.Overstatement and understatementIn overstatement the diction exaggerates the subject, and in understatement the words play down the magnitude or value of the subject. Overstatement is also called hyperbole.Both aim at the same effect: to make the statement or description impressive or interesting.From his mouth flowed speech sweeter than honey.The two sisters are different in a thousand and one ways.For she was beautiful ---- her beauty madeThe bright world dim, and everything besideSeemed like the fleeting image of a shade.(cf: 沉鱼落雁之姿，闭月羞花之貌)---- ShellyTV reporter: Do you think all the programs are good?One of the audience: Well, some are interesting, some could be better, and some are almost sort of rubbish.This is in fact more than I can promise.This piece of work is nothing to be proud of. (it is disgraceful.)8.PunA pun is a form of speech play in which a word or phrase unexpectedly and simultaneously combines two unrelated meanings.Then there was the man in the restaurant.“you’re not eating your fish,” the waitress said to him.“Anything wrong with it?”“Long time no sea,” the man replied.Why is an empty purse always the same?Because there is never any change in it.A professor tapped on his desk and shouted: “Gentlemen ----- order!”The entire class yelled: “Beer!”On Sunday they pray for you, on Monday they prey on you.9.IronyIrony is a figure of speech in which the meaning literally expressed is the opposite of the meaning intended and which aims at ridicule, humor or sarcasm. Sometimes irony is used to show people’s intimate feelings, but in most cases it is used to criticize or expose bad and ugly things. In certain context, it can hold the reader’s attention and deepen his impression.Irony can be classified into two categories:1)Antiphrases (words used obviously with meanings opposite to their literal ones, the simpleform of irony) :This hard-working boy seldom reads more than an hour per week.Robbing a widow of her savings was certainly a noble act.Blessed are the young, for they shall inherit the national debt.2)Situation irony (words used with implied meanings which can not be taken literally but fromthe context):Most of the abolitionists belong to nations that spend half their annual income on weapons of war and that honor research to perfect means of killing.“It’s no use going to see little Hans in winter, ” the Miller used to say to his wife,“When people are in trouble we must leave them alone and not bother them. That is my idea of friendship. and I am sure I am right. So I shall wait till spring comes, and then I shall visit him and he will give me a large bouquet of primroses, and that will make him very happy. ”----Oscar Wilde, The Devoted Friend10.SatireSatire is a literary genre in which ridicule is thrown upon something by stressing its worst features, often by the use of irony, thus assuming or affirming a norm by which aberrations are judged. As a rhetorical device, it often uses sharp and acrimonious words and tone to expose and mock at people’s faults, stupidity or ugliness, etc.I have been assured by a very knowing American of my acquaintance in London that a young healthy child well nursed is a year old a most delicious, nourishing, and wholesome food, whether stewed, roasted, baked, or boiled, and I make no doubt that it will equally serve in a fricassee, or a ragout.11.OxymoronOxymoron is a figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms are combined to produce an epigrammatic (警句的) effect. It is a kind of flexible employment of antonyms or quasi-antonyms.Adj + N. creative destruction, living death, tearful joyAdj + Adj cold pleasant manner, sour-sweet days, poor rich guysAdv + adj dully bright, mercifully fatalV + Adv hasten slowly, shine darkly, groan loudlyN + N love-hate relationship, the sound of silenceThe rhetorical functions of oxymoron can be summarized as follows:1)for sharp contrast:No light, only darkness visible.----- John Milton, Paradise Lost2)for emphasis:An atmosphere of dangerous calm could be felt throughout the mining region.3)for summarizing:He called it a victorious defeat.4)for humor:I like a smuggler. He is the only honest thief.12.AntithesisAntithesis means contrasting ideas sharpened by the use of opposite noticeably different meanings.It is a figure of speech in which the writer deliberately uses opposite or different words, phrases or clauses in parallel structures so as to disclose and emphasize the contrast or contradiction between two things. It can result in linguistic brevity and rhythmic harmony.1)Contrasting one aspect of one thing with the other aspect of the same thing.We find ourselves rich in goods, but ragged in spirit, reaching with magnificent precision for the moon, but falling into raucous discord on earth.----- Richard Nixon2)Contrasting one thing with something else to see their difference:Any man or state who fights on against Nazidom will have our aid. Any man or state who marches with Hitler is our foe.------ Winston ChurchillThe coward does it with a kiss, the brave man with a sword.------ O. Wilde13.ParodyParody, in rhetoric, refers to an imitation of the characteristic style of a writer, or of a literary work, designed to amuse or ridicule. The imitation is usually manifested in the form of given words, sentences, tones, or even the whole piece of writing. Parody is characterized by flexibility, sarcasm, humor, uniqueness and vividness.1)in the form of wordsQuality breeds success. / Familiarity breeds contempt.2)in the form of sentencesBeauty that’s more than skin deep. / Beauty is but skin deep.3)in the form of a poemTwinkle, twinkle, little bat,How I wonder what you’re at!Up above the world you flyLike a teatray in the sky.Twinkle, twinkle, little star,How I wonder what you are!Up above the world so high,Like a diamond in the sky.14.Syllepsis (一语双叙)Syllepsis refers to the use of any part of speech comparably related to two other words or phrases, correctly with respect to each taken separately, as to both syntax and meaning, but in different ways so as to produce a witty effect. One is in literary meaning; the other is in figurative meaning. She looked at the faded photo with suspicion and a magnifying glass.We sell clothes that fit the figures and the times.She braved it for a moment or two with an eye full of love and stubbornness, and murmured a phrase or two vaguely of Gen. Pinkney; but at length down went her head and out came the truth and tears.15.ChiasmusIn rhetoric, chiasmus is the figure of speech in which two or more clauses are related to each other through a reversal of structures in order to make a larger point; that is, the clauses display inverted parallelism. Chiasmus was particularly popular in the literature of the ancient world, including Hebrew, Greek, and Latin, where it was used to articulate the balance of order within the text. As a popular example, many long and complex chiasmi have been found in Shakespeare and the Greek and Hebrew texts of the Bible.The elements of simple chiasmus are often labelled in the form A B B A, where the letters correspond to grammar, words, or meaning. For example John F. Kennedy said "Ask not what your country can do for you— ask what you can do for your country."•It is not how old you are but how you are old.•I say what I like and I like what I say.•"I mean what I say" and "I say what I mean" Lewis Carroll Alice in Wonderland •"Oh, you haven't, haven't you?" Charles Dickens Oliver Twist.•“Lust is what makes you keep wanting to do it, Even when you have n o desire to be with each other. Love is what makes you keep wanting to be with each other, Even when you have no desire to do it.” (Judith Viorst)•"...ask not what your country can do for you — ask what you can do for your country."John F. Kennedy Inaugural Address, January 20, 1961.•"Mankind must put an end to war or war will put an end to mankind." John F. Kennedy •"Let's make sure that the Supreme Court does not pick the next president, and this president does not choose the next Supreme Court." Albert Gore Jr. at the 2004Democratic National Convention.•"People the world over have always been more impressed by the power of our example than by the example of our power." Bill Clinton at the 2008 Democratic NationalConvention.•"America did not invent human rights. In a very real sense, it is the other way round.Human rights invented America." Jimmy Carter Farewell Address•"What counts is not necessarily the size of the dog in the fight — it's the size of the fight in the dog." Dwight D. Eisenhower January 1958 speech to the Republican NationalCommittee•"Well, it's not the men in your life that counts, it's the life in your men." Line spoken by Mae West in I'm No Angel (1933)•An earlier example, from Croesus dates back to the 6th century BC: "In peace sons bury their fathers, but in war fathers bury their sons."•"In America, you can always find a party. In Soviet Russia, the Party can always find you!" Yakov Smirnoff (See Russian Reversal)•"By failing to prepare, you are preparing to fail." Benjamin Franklin•"When the going gets tough, the tough get going!" Anon.•"They say money don't make the man but man, I'm makin' money." Tupac Shakur in the song "Thug Passion"•"Laid back, with my mind on my money and my money on my mind." Snoop Dogg in the song "Gin and Juice"•"They don't care about how much you know until they know how much you care." Jim Calhoun•"Many that live deserve death. And some that die deserve life." J.R.R Tolkien through the character Gandalf16.Transferred epithetA figure of speech in which an epithet (or adjective) grammatically qualifies a nounother thanthe person or thing it is actually describing. Also known in rhetoric as hypallage.A transferred epithet often involves shifting a modifier from the animate to the inanimate, asin the phrases "cheerful money," "sleepless night."•"We're coming close to those little creeks now, and we keep a discreet silence."(Henry Hollenbaugh, Rio San Pedro. Alondra Press, 2007)•"[Peggotty] rubs everything that can be rubbed, until it shines, like her own honest forehead, with perpetual friction."(Charles Dickens, David Copperfield, 1850)•"The new man wrote a question at which I stared in wide-eyed amazement: WHO W AS BUCKEYE THE RABBIT?"(Ralph Ellison, The Invisible Man, 1952)•"There I was, smoldering, as though someone had set fire to my quiet family home with a careless match. "(Sándor Márai, Portraits of a Marriage (1941), trans. by George Szirtes. Vintage, 2011) 17.SynesthesiaThe word "synesthesia" comes from the Greek "syn-"(union), and "aisthesia"("sensation"), thus meaning something akin to "a union of the senses".As a rhetorical term, synesthesia refers to the mixing of sensations or the stimulation of one sense (or "modality") that produces a mental impression associated with a different sense.• 1.Sense of vision mixed with sense of hearing(1)Dean can hlep illuminate elusive music.As Stravinsky once said after watching hisMovements for Piano and orcheatra:"To see balanchine's choreography is to hear music with one's eyes.The choreography emphasizes relationship of which I had hardly been aware."(2)What a noisy scarf it is!好艳丽的一条围巾!(3)Aril, April,laguh thy golden laughterBut, the moment after,Weep thy golden tear!• 2.Sense of vision mixed with sense of touch(1)The rooms on the first floor are decrated with cold color.(2)I caressed the darkness with cool fingers.• 3.Sense of touch mixed with sense of hearing(1)That is a tart reply.(2)"listen, where is the sharp cry?"• 4.Sense of taste mixed with sense of hearing(1)As I tasted it, a tune came into my head.(2) That's a sour joke.5.Sense of vision mixed with sense of touch(1)He gave me a sour look.(2)And all man kill the thing they loveBy all let this be heard,Some do it with a bitter look（有人用苦涩的一瞥扼杀）Some do it with a flattering word ...• 6.Sense of smell mixed with other sense of modalities.(1)Smell how it tastes!(2)Johson's Baby Powder: The soft smell.(3)But, in embalmed darkness, guess each sweetWherewithin the reasonable month endows。

修辞手法figures of speech明喻simile 暗喻metaphor对偶antithesis 重复repetition拟人personification 转喻metonymy提喻synecdoche 委婉手法euphemism矛盾修辞oxymoron 夸张手法hyperbole双关语pun移就格transferred epithet (我们老师讲的是移情移就)押头韵alliteration1.Simile 明喻明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性.标志词常用like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等.例如:1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.2>.I wandered lonely as c cloud.3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale.2.Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成.例如:1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper.2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.3.Metonymy 借喻,转喻借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称.I.以容器代替内容,例如:1>.The kettle boils. 水开了.2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着.II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如:Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说.III.以作者代替作品,例如:a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如:I had the muscle, and they made money out of it.我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱.4.Synecdoche 提喻提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般.例如:1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory.他的厂里约有100名工人.2>.He is the Newton of this century.他是本世纪的牛顿.3>.The fox goes very well with your cap.这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配.5.Synaesthesia 通感,联觉,移觉这种修辞法是以视.听.触.嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物.例如:1>.The birds sat upon a tree and poured forth their lily like voice.鸟儿落在树上,倾泻出百合花似的声音.2>.Taste the music of Mozart.品尝Mozart的音乐.6.Personification 拟人拟人是把生命赋予无生命的事物.例如:1>.The night gently lays her hand at our fevered heads.2>.I was very happy and could hear the birds singing in the woods.7.Hyperbole 夸张夸张是以言过其实的说法表达强调的目的.它可以加强语势,增加表达效果..例如:1>.I beg a thousand pardons.2>.Love you. You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars.3>.When she heard the bad news, a river of tears poured out.8.Euphemism 委婉,婉辞法婉辞法指用委婉,文雅的方法表达粗恶,避讳的话.例如:1>.He is out visiting the necessary.他出去方便一下.2>.His relation with his wife has not been fortunate.他与妻子关系不融洽.3>.Deng Xiaoping passed away in 1997.9.Irony 反语反语指用相反意义的词来表达意思的作文方式.如在指责过失.错误时,用赞同过失的说法,而在表扬时,则近乎责难的说法.例如:1>.It would be a fine thing indeed not knowing what time it was in the morning.2>"Of course, you only carry large notes, no small change on you. "the waiter said to the beggar.10.Pun 双关双关就是用一个词在句子中的双重含义,借题发挥.作出多种解释,旁敲侧击,从而达到意想不到的幽默.滑稽效果.它主要以相似的词形.词意和谐音的方式出现.例如:1>.She is too low for a high praise, too brown for a fair praise and too little for a great praise.2>.An ambassador is an honest man who lies abroad for the good of his country.3>.If we don't hang together, we shall hang separately.11.Antithesis 对照,对比,对偶这种修辞指将意义完全相反的语句排在一起对比的一种修辞方法.例如:1>.Not that I loved Caeser less but that I loved Romemore.2>.You are staying; I am going.3>.Give me liberty, or give me death.12.Oxymoron 反意法,逆喻这也是一种矛盾修辞法,用两种不相调和的特征形容一个事物,以不协调的搭配使读者领悟句中微妙的含义.例如:1>.No light, but rather darkness visible.2>.The state of this house is cheerless welcome.。

Figures of speech:simile(明喻), metaphor（暗喻）, personification（拟人）, synecdoche（提喻）, anticlimax（突降法）, metonymy（转喻）, repetition（重复）, exaggeration（or Hyperbole夸张）, euphemism（委婉）, antonomasia（换称）, parody（讽刺），Parallelism（排比），Antithesis（对照），Alliteration（头韵）1) Little monkeys with harmoniously tinkling bells thread their way among the throngs of people entering and leaving thebazaar.(metaphor)-----Page1,Lesson1.2) It grows louder and more distinct ,until you round a corner and see a fairyland of dancing flashes ,as the burnishedcopper catches the light of innumerable lamps and braziers.(metaphor and personification)---------- P2,L1.3) The dye-market ,the pottery-market ,and the carpenters’ market lie elsewhere in the maze of vaulted streets whichhoneycomb this bazaar.(metaphor)-----P3,L14) Every here and there, a doorway gives a glimpse of a sunlit courtyard, perhaps before a mosque or a caravanserai,where cam els lie disdainfully chewing their hay, while… (personification)------P3, L1.5) It is a vast ,somber cavern of a room ,some thirty feet high and sixty feet square , and so thick with the dust of centuriesthat the mudbrick roof are only dimly visible.(metaphor)---P4,L16) There were fresh bows ,and the faces grew more and more serious each time the name Hiroshima wasrepeated .(synecdoche)------P15,L27) “Seldom has a city gained such world renown, and I am proud and happy to welcome you to Hiroshima, a town knownthroughout the world for its-oysters”. (anticlimax)----P15, L2.8) But later my hair began to fall out , and my belly turned to water .I felt sick ,and ever since then they have been testingand treating me .(alliteration)-----P17, L2.21) If Hitler invaded Hell and would make at least a favorable reference to the Devil in the House ofCommons.(exaggeration)----P79,L5.22) But all this fades away before the spectacle which is now unfolding.(metaphor)I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery plodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.(simile)24 ）I see the Russian soldiers standing on the threshold of their native land ,guarding the fields which their fathers havetilled from time immemorial.(Metaphor)----P79, L5.25 ）I see the German bombers and fighters in the sky ,street smarting from many a British whipping to find what theybelieve is an easier and a safer prey.(Metaphor)---P80, L5.26) We will never parley; we will never negotiate with Hitler or any of his gang. We shall fight him by land, we shall fighthim by sea, we shall fight him in the air. (Parallelism)27) Just as the industrial Revolution took over an immense range of tasks from men’s muscles and enormously expandedproductivity. (Metonymy)29. Mark Twain --- Mirror of AmericaMetaphor(暗喻):1.saw clearly ahead a black wall of night... 2.main artery of transportation in the young nation's heart 3.the vast basin drained three-quarters of the settled United States 4.All would resurface in his books...that he soaked up...5.Steamboat decks teemed...main current of...but its flotsam6.When railroads began drying up the demand...7....the epidemic of gold and silver fever...8.Twain began digging his way to regional fame...9.Mark Twain honed and experimented with his new writing muscles... 10....took unholy verbal shots...Simile（明喻）: 1.Most American remember M. T. as the father of... 2....a memory that seemed phonographic Hyperbole（夸张）: 1....cruise through eternal boyhood and ...endless summer of freedom... 2.The cast of characters... - a cosmos.Parallelism（排比）: 1.Most Americans remember ... the father of Huck Finn's idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer's endless summer of freedom and adventure.Personification（拟人）: 1.life dealt him profound personal tragedies... 2.the river had acquainted him with ... 3....to literature's enduring gratitude... 4...an entry that will determine his course forever... 5.the grave world smiles as usual... 6.Bitterness fed on the man... 7.America laughed with him. 8.Personal tragedy haunted his entire life.Antithesis（对照）: 1...between what people claim to be and what they really are.. 2...took unholy verbal shots at the Holy Land... 3...a world which will lament them a day and forget them foreverEuphemism（委婉）: ...men's final release from earthly struggleAlliteration（头韵）: 1....the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stayed at home 2....with a dash and daring... 3...a recklessness of cost or consequences...Metonymy（转喻）: ...his pen would prove mightier than his pickaxeSynecdoche （提喻）.Keelboats,...carried the first major commerce。