英语诗歌修辞手法简介Figures_of_speech

Figures of speech (修辞格)are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively. Now we are going to talk about some common forms of figures of speech.1) Simile：(明喻）It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. For example, As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country.2) Metaphor：(暗喻;隐喻）It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage.3) Understatement: (低调陈述）It is the opposite of overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance, It is no laughing matter.4) Metonymy (借代，转喻）It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. For instance, the pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces).* In the last six years we have won twenty-nine international awards. But no one could accuse us of resting on our laurels. 5) Irony: (反语）It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. For instance, we are lucky, what you said makes me feel real good.6) Climax: (递进法）It is derived from the Greek word for "ladder" and implies the progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or intensity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly. For example, I came, I saw, I conquered.* Here. There. Everywhere. * One Ticket. One Airline. All of America. ( Delta Airline )* Fly the world via KLM’s super home base. Via Schiphol, the Gateway to Europe. And pick up the bargains on the way. Test us. Try us. Fly us. ( Royal Dutch Airline )7) Anti-climax or bathos: (突降）It is the opposite of Climax. It involves stating one's thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous. For instance, But thousands die, without or this or that, die, and endow(赋予) a college, or a cat.8) Alliteration: (头韵）It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of words for effect. It is a device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also called "front rhyme". For instance, the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free.9) Onomatopoeia: (拟声）It is a device that uses words which imitate the sounds made by an object (animate or inanimate), or which are associated with or suggestive of some action or movement.10）Repetition （重复）11）Parallelism （排比）Both parallelism and antithesis have parallel structure. But antithesis emphasize on contrasting words or ideas, while parallelism falls on word-to-word parallel structure. It usually extends the previous idea to reinforce its selling points. With its parallel, tidy and compact structure, parallelism reflects a clear image of the goods or company. Sentence of this structure are forceful and energetic, containing the power of confidence. * 20 Years Ago SEIKO started A Quartz Revolution Today We Start A New One. ( SETKO: watch ) * No need to down load. No need to fiddle with cables. * Buy Smart. Fly Free. * Twenty-one years in the cask. Twenty-six dollars the ounce. ( Glenlivet whisky ) * We provide the luxury. You enjoy the view. * What Makes US Better, Makes You Stronger. ( Nordic sports machine )Figures of Speech (修辞格)Review (本文中遇到并需要复习的修辞格）: metaphor, metonymy, alliteration, etcNew （本文出现的新修辞格）:1. antithesis (对偶句）: the difference between what people claim to and what they really are.a world which will lament them a day and forget them forever.2. euphemism （委婉）: ...who diligently avoided contact with the enemy.he commented with a crushing sense of despair on man's final release from earthly struggles3. personification (拟人): Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh4. transferred epithet (修饰语移位): Mark Twain hone and experimented with new writing muscles.5. hyperbole (夸张): America laughed with him.修辞格详解：1. Antithesis （对偶修辞格）is a counter-proposition and denotes a direct contrast to the original proposition. In setting the opposite, an individual brings out of a contrast in the meaning (e.g., the definition, interpretation, or semantics) by an obvious contrast in the expression.1) Man proposes, God disposes. (谋事在人，成事在天)2) Many are called, but few are chosen.3) "Love is an ideal thing, marriage a real thing." (Goethe)4) "Everybody doesn't like something, but nobody doesn't like Sara Lee." (advertising slogan)5) "We must learn to live together as brothers or perish together as fools." (Martin Luther King, Jr., speech at St. Louis, 1964)6) "You're easy on the eyes, hard on the heart." (Terri Clark)7) "The more acute the experience, the less articulate its expression." (Harold Pinter)8) "I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today!"9) "...although the surface appears to be...very, very fine-grained as you get close to it. It's almost like a powder...Okay, I'm going to step off the LEM now. That's one small step for a man; one giant leap for mankind."10) "We observe today not a victory of party but a celebration of freedom, symbolizing an end as well as a beginning, signifying renewal as well as change."11) "We find ourselves rich in goods but ragged in spirit, reaching with magnificent precision for the moon but falling into raucous discord on earth. We are caught in war, wanting peace. We're torn by division, wanting unity."12) "It has been my experience that folks who have no vices have very few virtues." ( Abraham Lincoln)13) "It can't be wrong if it feels so right" —Debbie Boone14) ― Give me liberty or give me death.‖15) ―The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here.‖ (1863, Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address )16) "Shallow understanding from people of good will is more frustrating than absolute misunderstanding from people of ill will." Martin Luther King, Jr. , Letter from Birmingham Jail17) "History proves that dictatorships do not grow out of strong and successful governments, but out of the weak and helpless ones." Franklin D. Roosevelt2. Euphemism （委婉）A euphemism is a substitution of an agreeable or less offensive expression in place of one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant to the receiver, or to make it less troublesome for the speaker. It may also substitute a description of something or someone to avoid revealing secret, holy, or sacred names to the uninitiated, or to obscure the identity of the subject of a conversation from potential eavesdroppers. Some euphemisms are intended to amuse.1) Dr. House: Who were you going to kill in Bolivia? My old housekeeper?Dr. Terzi: We don't kill anyone.Dr. House: I'm sorry--who were you going to marginalize?("Whatever It Takes," House, M.D.)2) Dan Foreman: Guys, I feel very terrible about what I'm about to say. But I'm afraid you're both being let go.Lou: Let go? What does that mean?Dan Foreman: It means you're being fired, Louie.(In Good Company, 2004)3) Paul Kersey: You've got a prime figure. You really have, you know.Joanna Kersey: That's a euphemism for fat.(Death Wish, 1974)3. Personification (拟人) is giving human traits (qualities, feelings, action, or characteristics) to non-living objects (things, colors, qualities, or ideas).1) Wind yells while blowing2) Necklace is a friend3) SNOWSnow speaks to the people its falling above in the glooming sunlight.Its white sparkling voice echoes as it falls through the air.By Jake4) STARSStars, bring me up with youBring me to the place you sleep.How do you do it?Bring me to your home.Bring your thoughts to me.Share them with me.By Alex5) The wind stood up and gave a shout.He whistled on his fingers andKicked the withered leaves aboutAnd thumped the branches with his handAnd said he'd kill and kill and kill,And so he will and so he will.(James Stephens, "The Wind")6) "The operation is over. On the table, the knife lies spent, on its side, the bloody meal smear-dried upon its flanks. The knife rests." (Richard Selzer, "The Knife")7) "Fear knocked on the door. Faith answered. There was no one there." (proverb quoted by Christopher Moltisanti, The Sopranos)8) "The only monster here is the gambling monster that has enslaved your mother! I call him Gamblor, and it's time to snatch your mother from his neon claws!" (Homer Simpson, The Simpsons)4. Hyperbole (夸张), is a rhetorical device in which statements are exaggerated. It may be used to evoke strong feelings or to create a strong impression, but is not meant to be taken literally.1) These books weigh a ton. (These books are heavy.)2) The path went on forever. (The path was very long.)3) I'm doing a million things right now. (I'm busy.)4) She ran quicker than a bullet. (She ran fast.)5) I could sleep for a year6) I nearly died laughing.7) My dog is so ugly we have to wait 'till midnight to take him on walks.8) He is older than the hills.9) I will die if she asks me to dance.10) I'm so hungry I could eat a horse.11) I have told you a million times not to lie!5. Transferred epithet (修饰语移位) An epithet is an adjective (or phrase containing an adjective) or adverb which modifies (describes) a noun. In a transferred epithet the adjective or adverb is transferred from the noun it logically belongs with, to another one which fits it grammatically but not logically.1) a sleepless pillow2) dreamless sleep3) restless night4) He drew his coward sword5) He steers the fearless ship.6) And the merry bells ring round.Sarcasm (讽刺挖苦)Sarcasm is the use of words to damage the reputation of, or hurt, another person. It is a sharp, bitter, or cutting expression or remark; a bitter jibe or taunt. Some authorities sharply distinguish sarcasm from irony, as in: ―Irony must not be confused with sarcasm, which is direct: sarcasm means precisely what it says, but in a sharp, caustic, ... manner.‖. However, others would argue that sarcasm may involve, or often does involve, irony. Thus: ―sarcasm does not necessarily involve irony. But irony, or the use of expressions conveying different things according as they are interpreted, is so often made the vehicle of sarcasm…‖; and ―The essence of sarcasm is the intention of giving pain by (ironical or other) bitter words.‖There is some doubt about that.1. Well, this day was a total waste of makeup.2. Well, ar en’t we just a ray of frigging sunshine?3. Make yourself at home! Clean my kitchen.4. Not the brightest crayon in the box now, are we?5. A hard-on doesn’t count as personal growth.6. Don’t bother me. I’m living happily ever after.7. Do I look like a frigging people person?8. This isn’t an office. It’s Hell with fluorescent lighting.9. I started out with nothing & still have most of it left.10. I pretend to work. They pretend to pay me.11. I’ve found Jesus. He was behind the sofa the whole time.12. You! Off my planet !!13. Therapy is expensive, popping bubble wrap is cheap! You choose.14. Practice random acts of intelligence & senseless acts of self-control.15. I like dogs too. Let’s exchange recipes.16. If I want to hear the pitter-patter of li ttle feet, I’ll put shoes on my cat.17. The Bible was written by the same people who said the Earth was flat.18. Did the aliens forget to remove your anal probe?19. I wish for a world of peace, harmony, & nakedness.20. Errors have been made. Others will be blamed.21. Let me show you how the guards used to do it.22. And your crybaby whiny-assed opinion would be…?23. I’m not crazy, I’ve just been in a very bad mood for 30 years.24. See no evil, hear no evil and date no evil.25. Allow me to introduce my selves.26. Sarcasm is just one more service we offer.27. Whisper my favorite words: ―I’ll buy it for you.‖28. Better living through denial.29. Whatever kind of look you were going for, you missed.30. Suburbia: where they tear out the trees & then name streets after them.31. Do they ever shut up on your planet?32. I’m just working here till a good fast-food job opens up.33. Are those your eyeballs? I found them in my cleavage.34. I’m not your type. I’m not inflatable.35. I’m trying to imagine yo u with a personality.36. A cubicle is just a padded cell without a door.37. Stress is when you wake up screaming & you realize you haven’t fallen asleep yet.38. Here I am! Now what are your other two wishes?39. Back off! You’re standing in my aura.40. I can’t remember if I’m the good twin or the evil one.41. Don’t worry. I forgot your name, too!42. One of us is thinking about sex… OK, it’s me.43. How many times do I have to flush before you go away?44. I have a computer, a vibrator, & pizza delivery. Why should I leave the house?45. I just want revenge. Is that so wrong?46. It’s sick the way you people keep having sex without me.47. I work 40 hours a week to be this poor.48. You say I’m a bitch like it’s a bad thing.49. Can I trade this job for what’s behind door #2?50. Okay, okay, I take it back! Un-Screw You!51. Macho Law forbids me from admitting I’m wrong.52. Nice perfume. Must you marinate in it?53. Not all men are annoying. Some are dead.54. Too many freaks, not enough circuses.55. J ust smile and say ―Yes, Mistress.‖56. Chaos, panic, & disorder – my work here is done.57. Mommy, I wanna grow up to be a neurotic bitch just like you.58. A woman’s favorite position is CEO.59. Ambivalent? Well, yes and no.60. You look like shit. Is that the style now?61. This is a mean and damned cruel world & I want my nappy & medication right now!62. Everyone thinks I’m psychotic, except for my friends deep inside the earth.63. Earth is full. Go home.64. Is it time for your medication or mine?65. Aw, did I step on your poor little bitty ego?66. Did I mention the kick in the groin you’ll be receiving if you touch me?67. I plead contemporary insanity.68. And which dwarf are you?69. I refuse to star in your psychodrama.70. I thought I wanted a career, turns out I just wanted pay checks.71. How do I set a laser printer to stun?72. It ain’t the size, it’s… no, I’m sorry, it really is the size.73. I’m not tense, just terribly, terribly alert.74. I majored in liberal arts. Will that be for here or to go?75. Gene Police!!! Get out of the pool!!窗体底端Ridicule:Mock the other person's claim and argument. Make fun of it. Get people to laugh at it.Alternatively, mock the alternatives that they might choose, giving them only one option that you have not mocked. Ridicule, mock, taunt twit, deride These verbs refer to making another the butt of amusement or mirth. Ridicule implies purposeful disparagement: ―My father discouraged me by ridiculing my performances‖ (Benjamin Franklin) To mock i s to poke fun at someone, often by mimicking and caricaturing speech or actions: ―Seldom he smiles, and smiles in such a sort/As if he mock'd himself, and scorn'd his spirit‖ (Shakespeare) Taunt suggests mocking, insulting, or scornful reproach: ―taunting him with want of courage to leap into the great pit‖ (Daniel Defoe) To twit is to taunt by calling attention to something embarra ssing: ―The schoolmaster was twitted about the lady who threw him over‖ (J.M. Barrie) Deride implies scorn and contempt: ―Was a ll the world in a conspiracy to deride his failure?‖ (Edith Wharton)Example1) Supporting that cause would take several surgical trusses!2) Those other cars look ridiculous. This is the only man's car here.3) Those clothes would make you look like a overdressed donkey.4) Well, Tony will tell you something else, but then he always lived on the other side of the tracks.5) Mike doesn't have a degree, but he does speak nicely, doesn't he.6) Only an idiot would consider Didactus to have any useful opinion.7) Everybody knows that cold fusion is a proven impossibility. Jack: did you have something to say on this.8) "Sure my worthy opponent claims that we should lower tuition, but that is just laughable."9) "Equal rights for women? Yeah, I'll support that when they start paying for dinner and taking out the trash! Hah hah! Fetch me another brewski, Mildred."Antithesis(对偶句)Figure of balance in which two contrasting ideas are intentionally juxtaposed, usually through parallel structure; a contrasting of opposing ideas in adjacent phrases, clauses, or sentences.1）"He is no fool who gives what he cannot keep to gain that which he cannot lose" -- Jim Elliot2）Lloyd Braun: "Serenity now; insanity later." -- from Seinfeld episode "The Serenity Now"3）"It has been my experience that folks who have no vices have very few virtues." —Abraham Lincoln4）"It can't be wrong if it feels so right" —Debbie Boone5）"One small step for a man, one giant leap for all mankind."6）"Love is an ideal thing, marriage a real thing." (Goethe)7）"Hillary has soldiered on, damned if she does, damned if she doesn't, like most powerful women, expected to be tough as nails and warm as toast at the same time." (Anna Quindlen, "Say Goodbye to the Virago."8）"I would rather be ashes than dust! I would rather that my spark should burn out in a brilliant blaze than it should be stifled by dryrot. I would rather be a superb meteor, every atom of me in magnificent glow, than a sleepy and permanent planet. The proper function of man is to live, not to exist. I shall not waste my days in trying to prolong them. I shall use my time." (Jack London)9) "Everybody doesn't like something, but nobody doesn't like Sara Lee." (advertising slogan)10) "We must learn to live together as brothers or perish together as fools." (Martin Luther King, Jr., speech at St. Louis, 1964)11) "You're easy on the eyes. Hard on the heart." (Terri Clark)12) "The more acute the experience, the less articulate its expression." (Harold Pinter)A. Metaphor:1) a new Clovis, loving what I have despised … （相当于I am a new Clovis, …）2) an Endymion young and strong (相当于I am an Endymion young and strong: 一个Endymion般的年轻和壮健)3) looking at the sea, rippled with little white ponies, or with no ripples at all but only the lazy satin of blue4) Protests about … froze me with contempt.5) We wait for it while the red ball, cut in half as though by a knife, sinks to its daily doom.… .隐喻的一个主要特征是：用于构建隐喻的词汇可以是名词，动词，形容词，副词，甚至介词等等，隐喻在句子中的位置可以是主语，谓语，宾语，甚至定语和状语。

figuresofspeech1. 比喻(metaphor)比喻就是打比方。

可分为明喻和暗喻：明喻(simile)：用like, as, as...as, as if(though) 或用其他词语指出两个不同事物的相似之处。

O my love's like a red, red rose. 我的爱人像一朵红红的玫瑰花。

The man can't be trusted. He is as slippery as an eel. 那个人不可信赖。

他像鳗鱼一样狡猾。

He jumped as if he had been stung.他像被蜇了似的跳了起来。

Childhood is like a swiftly passing dream. 童年就像一场疾逝的梦。

暗喻(metaphor)：用一个词来指代与该词所指事物有相似特点的另外一个事物。

例如：He has a heart of stone. 他有一颗铁石心肠。

The world is a stage. 世界是一个大舞台。

2. 换喻(metonymy)用某一事物的名称代替另外一个与它关系密切的事物的名称，只要一提到其中一种事物，就会使人联想到另一种。

比如用the White House 代替美国政府或者总统，用the bottle 来代替wine 或者alcohol，用the bar 来代替the legal profession，用crown代替king等。

His purse would not allow him that luxury. 他的经济条件不允许他享受那种奢华。

The mother did her best to take care of the cradle. 母亲尽最大努力照看孩子。

He succeeded to the crown in 1848. 他在1848年继承了王位。

The kettle is boiling. (water in the kettle)He took to the bottle.他爱上了喝酒。

Figures of speech (修辞)are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heigh ten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing fi guratively. Now we are going to talk about some common forms of figures of speec h.1) Simile：(明喻）It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. For example, As cold waters to a thirst y soul, so is good news from a far country.2) Metaphor：(暗喻）It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unli ke elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage.3) Analogy: (类比）It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parall el between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resem blance.4) Personification: (拟人）It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstraction s(抽象). For example, the wind whistled through the trees.5) Hyperbole: (夸张）： It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration t o achieve emphasis. For instance, he almost died laughing.6) Understatement: (含蓄陈述）It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, i mpressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance, It is no laughing matter.7) Euphemism: (委婉）It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to "die" as” pass away".8) Metonymy (转喻）It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. For instance, the pen (words) is mi ghtier than the sword (forces).9) Synecdoche (提喻）It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part. For instance, they say there's bread and work for all. She was dressed in silks.10) Antonomasia (换喻）It has also to do with substitution. It is not often mentio ned now, though it is still in frequent use. For example, Solomon for a wise man. Daniel for a wise and fair judge. Judas for a traitor.11) Pun: (双关语）It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meani ng of words. For instance, a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arm s. (Here "arms" has two meanings: a person's body; weapons carried by a soldier.)12) Solipsism: (一语双叙）It has two connotations. In the first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflection of a word, refers to two or m ore words in the same sentence, while properly applying to or agreeing with only o n of them in grammar or syntax(句法). For example, He addressed you and me, an d desired us to follow him. (Here we are used to refer to you and me.)In the second case, it a word may refer to two or more words in the same sente nce. For example, while he was fighting, and losing limb and mind, and dying, othe rs stayed behind to pursue education and career. (Here to losing one's limbs in liter al; to lose one's mind is figurative, and means to go mad.)13) Zeugma: (轭式搭配）It is a single word which is made to modify or to gover n two or more words in the same sentence, wither properly applying in sense to o nly one of them, or applying to them in different senses. For example, the sun shal l not burn you by day or the moon by night. (Here noon is not strong enough to burn)14) Irony: (反语）It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. For instance, we are lucky, what you said makes me feel realgood.15) Innuendo: (暗讽）It is a mild form of irony, hinting in a rather roundab out (曲折)way at something disparaging(不一致) or uncomplimentary(不赞美) to the person or subject mentioned. For example, the weatherman said it would be worm. He must take his readings in a bathroom.16) Sarcasm: (讽刺）It Sarcasm is a strong form of irony. It attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. For example, laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small f lies, but let wasps break through.17) Paradox: (似非而是的隽语）It is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary t oestablished fact or practice, but which onfurther thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point. For example more hast e, less speed.18) Oxymoron: (矛盾修饰）It is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoinin g(结合) of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous(不协调) terms as in bitter-s weet memories, orderly chaos(混乱) and proud humility(侮辱).19) Antithesis: (对照）It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or i deas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis. For example, speech is silver; silence is golden.20) Epigram: (警句）It states a simple truth pithily(有利地) and pungently(强烈地). It is usually terse and arouses interest and surprise by its deep insight into certain aspects of human behavior or feeling. For instance, Few, save the poor, feel for the poor.21) Climax: (渐进）It is derived from the Greek word for "ladder" and implies the progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or inte nsity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly. For example, I came, I saw, I co nquered.22) Anti-climax or bathos: (突降） It is the opposite of Climax. It involves stating one's thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous. For instance, But thousands die, without or this or that, die, and endow(赋予) a college, or a cat.23) Apostrophe：(顿呼）In this figure of speech, a thing, place, idea or perso n (dead or absent) is addressed as if present, listening and understanding what is being said.For instance, England! awake! awake! awake!24) Transferred Epithet: (转类形容词）It is a figure of speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly m odify(修饰) to another to which it does not really apply or belong. For instance, I s pent sleepless nights on my project.25) Alliteration: (头韵）It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of wo rds for effect. It is a device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals(间隔) and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also calle d "front rhyme". For instance, the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free.26) Onomatopoeia: (拟声）It is a device that uses words which imitate the soun ds made by an object (animate or inanimate), or which are associated with or sug gestive(提示的) of some action or movement。

英语修辞手法总结Figures of speech (修辞)are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively. Now we are going to talk about some common forms of figures of speech.1) Simile：(明喻）It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. For example, As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country.2) Metaphor：(暗喻）It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage. 3) Analogy: (类比）It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance.4) Personification: (拟人）It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象). For example, the wind whistled through the trees.5) Hyperbole: (夸张）It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. For instance, he almost died laughing.6) Understatement: (含蓄陈述）It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance, It is no laughing matter.7) Euphemism: (委婉）It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to "die" as " pass away".8) Metonymy (转喻）It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. For instance, the pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces). 9) Synecdoche (提喻）It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part. For instance, they say there's bread and work for all. She was dressed in silks.10) Antonomasia (换喻）It has also to do with substitution. It is not often mentioned now, though it is still in frequent use. For example, Solomon for a wise man. Daniel for a wise and fair judge. Judas for a traitor.11) Pun: (双关语）It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words. For instance, a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (Here "arms" has two meanings: a person's body; weapons carried by a soldier.)12) Syllepsis: (一语双叙）It has two connotations.In the first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflection of a word, refers to two or more words in the same sentence, while properly applying to or agreeing with only on of them in grammar or syntax(句法). For example, He addressed you and me, and desired us to follow him. (Here us is used to refer to you and me.)In the second case, it a word may refer to two or more words in the same sentence. For example, while he was fighting , and losing limb and mind, and dying, others stayed behind topursue education and career. (Here to losing one's limbs in literal; to lose one's mind is figurative, and means to go mad.)13) Zeugma: (轭式搭配）It is a single word which is made to modify or to govern two or more words in the same sentence, wither properly applying in sense to only one of them, or applying to them in different senses. For example, The sun shall not burn you by day, nor the moon by night. (Here noon is not strong enough to burn)14) Irony: (反语）It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. For instance, we are lucky, what you said makes me feel real good.15) Innuendo: (暗讽）It is a mild form of irony, hinting in a rather roundabout (曲折)way at something disparaging(不一致) or uncomplimentary(不赞美) to the person or subject mentioned. For example, the weatherman said it would be worm. He must take his readings in a bathroom. 16) Sarcasm: (讽刺）It Sarcasm is a strong form of irony. It attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. For example, laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small flies, but let wasps break through.17) Paradox: (似非而是的隽语）It is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary to established fact or practice, but which on further thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to containa succinct point. For example more haste, less speed.18) Oxymoron: (矛盾修饰）It is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoining(结合) of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous(不协调) terms as in bitter-sweet memories, orderly chaos(混乱) and proud humility(侮辱).19) Antithesis: (对照）It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis. For example, speech is silver; silence is golden.20) Epigram: (警句）It states a simple truth pithily(有利地) and pungently(强烈地). It is usually terse and arouses interest and surprise by its deep insight into certain aspects of human behavior or feeling. For instance, Few, save the poor, feel for the poor.21) Climax: (渐进）It is derived from the Greek word for "ladder" and implies the progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or intensity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly. For example, I came, I saw, I conquered.22) Anti-climax or bathos: (突降）It is the opposite of Climax. It involves stating one's thoughts ina descending order of significance or intensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous. For instance, But thousands die, without or this or that, die, and endow(赋予) a college, or a cat.23) Apostrophe：(顿呼）In this figure of speech, a thing, place, idea or person (dead or absent) is addressed as if present, listening and understanding what is being said. For instance, England! awake! awake! awake!24) Transferred Epithet: (转类形容词）It is a figure of speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify(修饰) to another to which it does not really apply or belong. For instance, I spent sleepless nights on my project.25) Alliteration: (头韵）It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of words for effect. It isa device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals(间隔) and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also called "front rhyme". For instance, the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free.26) Onomatopoeia: (拟声）It is a device that uses words which imitate the sounds made by an object (animate or inanimate), or which are associated with or suggestive(提示的) of some action or movementExplanation version1一、什么是修辞格修辞格(figures of speech)是提高语言表达效果的语言艺术。

常见英文修辞手法（Figures of Speech）英文的修辞手法种类繁多，功能多样，但总体说来，采用修辞手法，目的是为了使表达生动、形象，有感染力，给人以美感，即实现许渊冲先生所指的的语言的三美：“音美、形美和意美”。

1. figures of comparison: simile, metaphor. (resemblance of two identities) Simile: a figure involves an expressed comparison, always introduced by “like”, “as” or “as if”.e.g.:a. Hair is all over his head a foot long and hanging from his chin like a kinky mule tail. (Alice Walker: Everyday Use for Your Grandmama)b. Maggie’s hand is as limp as a fish. (Alice Walker: Everyday Use for Your Grandmama)Metaphor: the substitution of one thing for another because of the resemblance between them. It is an implied comparison without “as” or “like”. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be used metaphorically.e.g.:a. Little donkeys with harmoniously tinkling bells thread their way among the throngs of people entering and leaving the bazaar. (The Middle Eastern Bazaar)b. The dye-market, the pottery-market and the carpenters’ market lie elsewhere in the maze of the vaulted streets which honeycomb this bazaar. (The Middle Eastern Bazaar)c. Darrow walked slowly round the baking court. (The Trial that Rocked the World)d. H. L. Mencken wrote sulphurous dispatches sitting in his pants with a fan blowing on him…(The Trial that Rocked the World)2. Personification: a figure that endows objects, animals, ideas, or abstractions with human form, character, or sensibility.1）TO inanimate objects（把无生命的物体拟人化）e.g.:a. The thirsty soil drank in the rain.b. The mist, like love, plays upon the heart of the hills and brings out surprises of beauty.2) to inanimate living organisms (把有生物拟人化) e.g.a. He (the Fox) muttered as he retreated: “Well! What does it matter! The Grapes are sour!”….( Aesop’s Fables)b. Stray birds of summer come to my window to sing and fly away.And yellow leaves of autumn, which have no songs, flutter and fall there with a sigh.(Tagore: Stray Birds)3) To inanimate concepts or ideas (把抽象概念拟人化) e.g.:a. Wrong cannot afford defeat but Right can. (谬误经不起失败，但真理却不怕失败)(Tagore: Stray Birds)b. These little thoughts are the rustle of leaves; they have their whisper of joy in my mind.(这些微思，是绿叶的簌簌之声呀；他们在我的心里，愉快地微语着。

Figures of speech (修辞)are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively. Now we are going to talk about some common forms of figures of speech.1) Simile：(明喻）It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. For example, As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country.2) Metaphor：(暗喻）It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage.3) Analogy: (类比）It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance.4) Personification: (拟人）It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象). For example, the wind whistled through the trees.5) Hyperbole: (夸张） It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. For instance, he almost died laughing.6) Understatement: (含蓄陈述） It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance, It is no laughing matter.7) Euphemism: (委婉） It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to "die" as " pass away".8) Metonymy (转喻） It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. For instance, the pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces).9) Synecdoche (提喻） It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part. For instance, they say there's bread and work for all. She was dressed in silks.10) Antonomasia (换喻）It has also to do with substitution. It is not often mentionednow, though it is still in frequent use. For example, Solomon for a wise man. Daniel for a wise and fair judge. Judas for a traitor.11) Pun: (双关语） It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words. For instance, a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (Here "arms" has two meanings: a person's body; weapons carried by a soldier.)12) Syllepsis: (一语双叙） It has two connotations.In the first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflection of a word, refers to two or more words in the same sentence, while properly applying to or agreeing with only on of them in grammar or syntax(句法). For example, He addressed you and me, and desired us to follow him. (Here us is used to refer to you and me.)In the second case, it a word may refer to two or more words in the same sentence. For example, while he was fighting , and losing limb and mind, and dying, others stayed behind to pursue education and career. (Here to losing one's limbs in literal; to lose one's mind is figurative, and means to go mad.)13) Zeugma: (轭式搭配） It is a single word which is made to modify or to govern two or more words in the same sentence, wither properly applying in sense to only one of them, or applying to them in different senses. For example, The sun shall not burn you by day, nor the moon by night. (Here noon is not strong enough to burn)14) Irony: (反语） It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. For instance, we are lucky, what you said makes me feel real good.15) Innuendo: (暗讽） It is a mild form of irony, hinting in a rather roundabout (曲折)way at something disparaging(不一致) or uncomplimentary(不赞美) to the person or subject mentioned. For example, the weatherman said it would be worm. He must take his readings in a bathroom.16) Sarcasm: (讽刺） It Sarcasm is a strong form of irony. It attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. For example, laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small flies, but let wasps break through.17) Paradox: (似非而是的隽语） It is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary to established fact or practice, but which on further thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point. For example more haste, less speed.18) Oxymoron: (矛盾修饰） It is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoining(结合) of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous(不协调) terms as in bitter-sweet memories, orderly chaos(混乱) and proud humility(侮辱).19) Antithesis: (对照） It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis. For example, speech is silver; silence is golden.20) Epigram: (警句） It states a simple truth pithily(有利地) and pungently(强烈地). It is usually terse and arouses interest and surprise by its deep insight into certain aspects of human behavior or feeling. For instance, Few, save the poor, feel for the poor.21) Climax: (渐进） It is derived from the Greek word for "ladder" and implies the progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or intensity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly. For example, I came, I saw, I conquered.22) Anti-climax or bathos: (突降）It is the opposite of Climax. It involves stating one's thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous. For instance, But thousands die, without or this or that, die, and endow(赋予) a college, or a cat.23) Apostrophe： (顿呼） In this figure of speech, a thing, place, idea or person (dead or absent) is addressed as if present, listening and understanding what is being said. For instance, England! awake! awake! awake!24) Transferred Epithet: (转类形容词） It is a figure of speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify(修饰) to another to which it does not really apply or belong. For instance, I spent sleepless nights on my project.25) Alliteration: (头韵） It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of words for effect. It is a device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals(间隔) and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also called "front rhyme". For instance, the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free.26) Onomatopoeia: (拟声） It is a device that uses words which imitate the sounds made by an object (animate or inanimate), or which are associated with or suggestive(提示的) of some action or movement.英语中所有19种修辞手法的全部解释和例句来源：张震的日志1.Simile 明喻明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性.标志词常用like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等.例如:1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud.3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale.2.Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成.例如:1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper.2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.3.Metonymy 借喻,转喻借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称.I.以容器代替内容,例如:1>.The kettle boils. 水开了.2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着.II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如:Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说.III.以作者代替作品,例如:a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如:I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱.4.Synecdoche 提喻提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般.例如:1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory.(部分代整体)他的厂里约有100名工人.2>.He is the Newton of this century.(特殊代一般)他是本世纪的牛顿.3>.The fox goes very well with your cap.（整体代部分）这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配.5.Synaesthesia 通感,联觉,移觉这种修辞法是以视.听.触.嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物.通感就是把不同感官的感觉沟通起来，借联想引起感觉转移，“以感觉写感觉”。

Figures of speech (修辞)are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heigh ten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing fi guratively. Now we are going to talk about some common forms of figures of speec h.1) Simile：(明喻）It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. For example, As cold waters to a thirst y soul, so is good news from a far country.2) Metaphor：(暗喻）It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unli ke elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage.3) Analogy: (类比）It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parall el between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resem blance.4) Personification: (拟人）It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstraction s(抽象). For example, the wind whistled through the trees.5) Hyperbole: (夸张）： It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration t o achieve emphasis. For instance, he almost died laughing.6) Understatement: (含蓄陈述）It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, i mpressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance, It is no laughing matter.7) Euphemism: (委婉）It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to "die" as” pass away".8) Metonymy (转喻）It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. For instance, the pen (words) is mi ghtier than the sword (forces).9) Synecdoche (提喻）It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part. For instance, they say there's bread and work for all. She was dressed in silks.10) Antonomasia (换喻）It has also to do with substitution. It is not often mentio ned now, though it is still in frequent use. For example, Solomon for a wise man. Daniel for a wise and fair judge. Judas for a traitor.11) Pun: (双关语）It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meani ng of words. For instance, a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arm s. (Here "arms" has two meanings: a person's body; weapons carried by a soldier.)12) Solipsism: (一语双叙）It has two connotations. In the first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflection of a word, refers to two or m ore words in the same sentence, while properly applying to or agreeing with only o n of them in grammar or syntax(句法). For example, He addressed you and me, an d desired us to follow him. (Here we are used to refer to you and me.)In the second case, it a word may refer to two or more words in the same sente nce. For example, while he was fighting, and losing limb and mind, and dying, othe rs stayed behind to pursue education and career. (Here to losing one's limbs in liter al; to lose one's mind is figurative, and means to go mad.)13) Zeugma: (轭式搭配）It is a single word which is made to modify or to gover n two or more words in the same sentence, wither properly applying in sense to o nly one of them, or applying to them in different senses. For example, the sun shal l not burn you by day or the moon by night. (Here noon is not strong enough to burn)14) Irony: (反语）It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. For instance, we are lucky, what you said makes me feel realgood.15) Innuendo: (暗讽）It is a mild form of irony, hinting in a rather roundab out (曲折)way at something disparaging(不一致) or uncomplimentary(不赞美) to the person or subject mentioned. For example, the weatherman said it would be worm. He must take his readings in a bathroom.16) Sarcasm: (讽刺）It Sarcasm is a strong form of irony. It attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. For example, laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small f lies, but let wasps break through.17) Paradox: (似非而是的隽语）It is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary t oestablished fact or practice, but which onfurther thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point. For example more hast e, less speed.18) Oxymoron: (矛盾修饰）It is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoinin g(结合) of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous(不协调) terms as in bitter-s weet memories, orderly chaos(混乱) and proud humility(侮辱).19) Antithesis: (对照）It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or i deas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis. For example, speech is silver; silence is golden.20) Epigram: (警句）It states a simple truth pithily(有利地) and pungently(强烈地). It is usually terse and arouses interest and surprise by its deep insight into certain aspects of human behavior or feeling. For instance, Few, save the poor, feel for the poor.21) Climax: (渐进）It is derived from the Greek word for "ladder" and implies the progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or inte nsity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly. For example, I came, I saw, I co nquered.22) Anti-climax or bathos: (突降） It is the opposite of Climax. It involves stating one's thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous. For instance, But thousands die, without or this or that, die, and endow(赋予) a college, or a cat.23) Apostrophe：(顿呼）In this figure of speech, a thing, place, idea or perso n (dead or absent) is addressed as if present, listening and understanding what is being said.For instance, England! awake! awake! awake!24) Transferred Epithet: (转类形容词）It is a figure of speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly m odify(修饰) to another to which it does not really apply or belong. For instance, I s pent sleepless nights on my project.25) Alliteration: (头韵）It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of wo rds for effect. It is a device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals(间隔) and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also calle d "front rhyme". For instance, the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free.26) Onomatopoeia: (拟声）It is a device that uses words which imitate the soun ds made by an object (animate or inanimate), or which are associated with or sug gestive(提示的) of some action or movement。

修辞手法figures of speech明喻simile 暗喻metaphor对偶antithesis 重复repetition拟人personification 转喻metonymy提喻synecdoche 委婉手法euphemism矛盾修辞oxymoron 夸张手法hyperbole双关语pun移就格transferred epithet (我们老师讲的是移情移就)押头韵alliteration1.Simile 明喻明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性.标志词常用like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等.例如:1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.2>.I wandered lonely as c cloud.3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale.2.Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成.例如:1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper.2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.3.Metonymy 借喻,转喻借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称.I.以容器代替内容,例如:1>.The kettle boils. 水开了.2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着.II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如:Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说.III.以作者代替作品,例如:a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如:I had the muscle, and they made money out of it.我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱.4.Synecdoche 提喻提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般.例如:1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory.他的厂里约有100名工人.2>.He is the Newton of this century.他是本世纪的牛顿.3>.The fox goes very well with your cap.这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配.5.Synaesthesia 通感,联觉,移觉这种修辞法是以视.听.触.嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物.例如:1>.The birds sat upon a tree and poured forth their lily like voice.鸟儿落在树上,倾泻出百合花似的声音.2>.Taste the music of Mozart.品尝Mozart的音乐.6.Personification 拟人拟人是把生命赋予无生命的事物.例如:1>.The night gently lays her hand at our fevered heads.2>.I was very happy and could hear the birds singing in the woods.7.Hyperbole 夸张夸张是以言过其实的说法表达强调的目的.它可以加强语势,增加表达效果..例如:1>.I beg a thousand pardons.2>.Love you. You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars.3>.When she heard the bad news, a river of tears poured out.8.Euphemism 委婉,婉辞法婉辞法指用委婉,文雅的方法表达粗恶,避讳的话.例如:1>.He is out visiting the necessary.他出去方便一下.2>.His relation with his wife has not been fortunate.他与妻子关系不融洽.3>.Deng Xiaoping passed away in 1997.9.Irony 反语反语指用相反意义的词来表达意思的作文方式.如在指责过失.错误时,用赞同过失的说法,而在表扬时,则近乎责难的说法.例如:1>.It would be a fine thing indeed not knowing what time it was in the morning.2>"Of course, you only carry large notes, no small change on you. "the waiter said to the beggar.10.Pun 双关双关就是用一个词在句子中的双重含义,借题发挥.作出多种解释,旁敲侧击,从而达到意想不到的幽默.滑稽效果.它主要以相似的词形.词意和谐音的方式出现.例如:1>.She is too low for a high praise, too brown for a fair praise and too little for a great praise.2>.An ambassador is an honest man who lies abroad for the good of his country.3>.If we don't hang together, we shall hang separately.11.Antithesis 对照,对比,对偶这种修辞指将意义完全相反的语句排在一起对比的一种修辞方法.例如:1>.Not that I loved Caeser less but that I loved Romemore.2>.You are staying; I am going.3>.Give me liberty, or give me death.12.Oxymoron 反意法,逆喻这也是一种矛盾修辞法,用两种不相调和的特征形容一个事物,以不协调的搭配使读者领悟句中微妙的含义.例如:1>.No light, but rather darkness visible.2>.The state of this house is cheerless welcome.。

Figures of speech:simile(明喻), metaphor（暗喻）, personification（拟人）, synecdoche（提喻）, anticlimax（突降法）, metonymy（转喻）, repetition（重复）, exaggeration（or Hyperbole夸张）, euphemism（委婉）, antonomasia（换称）, parody（讽刺），Parallelism（排比），Antithesis（对照），Alliteration（头韵）1) Little monkeys with harmoniously tinkling bells thread their way among the throngs of people entering and leaving thebazaar.(metaphor)-----Page1,Lesson1.2) It grows louder and more distinct ,until you round a corner and see a fairyland of dancing flashes ,as the burnishedcopper catches the light of innumerable lamps and braziers.(metaphor and personification)---------- P2,L1.3) The dye-market ,the pottery-market ,and the carpenters’ market lie elsewhere in the maze of vaulted streets whichhoneycomb this bazaar.(metaphor)-----P3,L14) Every here and there, a doorway gives a glimpse of a sunlit courtyard, perhaps before a mosque or a caravanserai,where cam els lie disdainfully chewing their hay, while… (personification)------P3, L1.5) It is a vast ,somber cavern of a room ,some thirty feet high and sixty feet square , and so thick with the dust of centuriesthat the mudbrick roof are only dimly visible.(metaphor)---P4,L16) There were fresh bows ,and the faces grew more and more serious each time the name Hiroshima wasrepeated .(synecdoche)------P15,L27) “Seldom has a city gained such world renown, and I am proud and happy to welcome you to Hiroshima, a town knownthroughout the world for its-oysters”. (anticlimax)----P15, L2.8) But later my hair began to fall out , and my belly turned to water .I felt sick ,and ever since then they have been testingand treating me .(alliteration)-----P17, L2.21) If Hitler invaded Hell and would make at least a favorable reference to the Devil in the House ofCommons.(exaggeration)----P79,L5.22) But all this fades away before the spectacle which is now unfolding.(metaphor)I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery plodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.(simile)24 ）I see the Russian soldiers standing on the threshold of their native land ,guarding the fields which their fathers havetilled from time immemorial.(Metaphor)----P79, L5.25 ）I see the German bombers and fighters in the sky ,street smarting from many a British whipping to find what theybelieve is an easier and a safer prey.(Metaphor)---P80, L5.26) We will never parley; we will never negotiate with Hitler or any of his gang. We shall fight him by land, we shall fighthim by sea, we shall fight him in the air. (Parallelism)27) Just as the industrial Revolution took over an immense range of tasks from men’s muscles and enormously expandedproductivity. (Metonymy)29. Mark Twain --- Mirror of AmericaMetaphor(暗喻):1.saw clearly ahead a black wall of night... 2.main artery of transportation in the young nation's heart 3.the vast basin drained three-quarters of the settled United States 4.All would resurface in his books...that he soaked up...5.Steamboat decks teemed...main current of...but its flotsam6.When railroads began drying up the demand...7....the epidemic of gold and silver fever...8.Twain began digging his way to regional fame...9.Mark Twain honed and experimented with his new writing muscles... 10....took unholy verbal shots...Simile（明喻）: 1.Most American remember M. T. as the father of... 2....a memory that seemed phonographic Hyperbole（夸张）: 1....cruise through eternal boyhood and ...endless summer of freedom... 2.The cast of characters... - a cosmos.Parallelism（排比）: 1.Most Americans remember ... the father of Huck Finn's idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer's endless summer of freedom and adventure.Personification（拟人）: 1.life dealt him profound personal tragedies... 2.the river had acquainted him with ... 3....to literature's enduring gratitude... 4...an entry that will determine his course forever... 5.the grave world smiles as usual... 6.Bitterness fed on the man... 7.America laughed with him. 8.Personal tragedy haunted his entire life.Antithesis（对照）: 1...between what people claim to be and what they really are.. 2...took unholy verbal shots at the Holy Land... 3...a world which will lament them a day and forget them foreverEuphemism（委婉）: ...men's final release from earthly struggleAlliteration（头韵）: 1....the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stayed at home 2....with a dash and daring... 3...a recklessness of cost or consequences...Metonymy（转喻）: ...his pen would prove mightier than his pickaxeSynecdoche （提喻）.Keelboats,...carried the first major commerce。