英语诗歌鉴赏知识
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英国诗人经典诗歌鉴赏英语诗歌往往寄托着作者浓烈的情感,有些诗歌既唯美动人,又感人肺腑,今天店铺在这里为大家介绍一些英国诗人经典诗歌鉴赏,希望大家会喜欢这些英语诗歌!英国诗人经典诗歌:爱情的坟墓I dug, beneath the cypress shade,What well might seem an elfin’s grave;And every pledge in earth I laid,That erst* thy false affection gave.I pressed them down the sod beneath;I placed one mossy stone above;And twined the rose’s fading wreathAround the sepulchre of love.Frail as thy love, the flowers were dead,Ere* yet the evening sun was set:But years shall see the cypress spread,Immutable as my regret.我在柏树下掘着坟墓,就象要把一个小精灵埋葬;放进往日的定情之物,这些虚情假意的馈赠我一直珍藏。
我把它们深深埋进土里,一块生苔的石碑竖在墓旁;再用凋谢的玫瑰编成花环,将这爱情的坟墓围在中央。
这些玫瑰与你的爱情一样脆弱,夕阳尚未西沉就已干枯死亡;但柏树还会把你经年荫蔽,恰如我终生难以排解的惆怅。
英国诗人经典诗歌:美好愉快的夏天Simmer’s a pleasant time,Flow’rs of ev’ry colour;The water rins* o’er the heugh*,And I long for my true lover.Ay waukin O,Waukin still and wearie:Sleep I can get naneFor thinking on my dearie.When I sleep I dream,When I wauk I’m eerie;Sleep I can get nane,For thinking on my dearie.Lanely night comes on,A’ the lave are sleepin’;I think on my bonnie lad,And I bleer my een* with greetin’.Ay waukin O,Waukin still and wearie;Sleep I can get naneFor thinking on my dearie.美好愉快的夏天美好愉快的夏天,百花盛开争奇斗艳;溪水流过峡谷,我把至爱思念。
Life is an Endless JourneyStopping by Woods on a snowy evening is written by Robert Frost,one of one of themost popular American poets in the 20th century. He has won four Pulitzer Prizes and many other honors and is known as "the poet laureate in American Literature".On the surface , this poem is simplicity itself . The speaker is stopping by some woods on a snowy evening . He or she takes in the lovely scene in near -silence , is tempted to stay longer , but acknowledges the pull of obligations and the considerable distance yet to be traveled before he or she can rest for the night .On the sound effect of it.Its rhymes are arranged in the following order: the first, second and fourth lines of each verse rhyme, while the third line of each verse rhymes with the next verse, echoing and connecting with each other; At the end of the passage, all the four lines have the same rhyme (aaba-bbcb-ccdc-dddd). And it's very natural. There's no far fetched feeling at all. It's really a masterpiece.And there is also a iambic tetrameter in this poem.On the figure of speech of it.At the end of the poem, "and miles to go before I sleep" is repeated twice. Using the rhetorical devices of repetition, the poet emphasizes at the end of the article that although he is attracted by the beautiful scenery, he must go on, which strengthens the theme of the poem.On the writing skill of it.The poet used many images in this poem.Such as "Woods", "farmhouse" and "frozen lake" are used to express the poet's inner loneliness and desolation. At the same time, it also shows that although the poet's environment was beautiful, it was also desolate.In conclusion, it is possible to read the entire poem as embodying a moment of hesitation, wavering between two poles but never leaning toward one or the other.And our life is an endless journey,we need to go on.Pay Attention to Details and Return to Our LifeThe red wheel barrow is a famous work of imagist W.C.Williams got a great reputation according to this poem.His poems deeply influenced the works of postmodern American Poetry.This poem describes a scene when taking shelter from the rain. The shelter may be too small for people to hide in, but the red cart is wet. Compared with the things delivered by the poet, the red trolley is very small, which causes a lot of emotion of the poet On the sound effect of it.Generally speaking, poetry is composed of three words andone word line, equal in number, rather neat, catchy to read, with a light sense of rhythm On the figure of speech of it.There is no obvious figure of speech in this poem, but it includes enjambment.Enjambment is the breaking of a syntactic unit by the end of a line or between two verses.The segmentation of each line of the poem depends on a red wheelbarrow glazed with rain water beside the white chickens.On the writing skill of it.The poem used sharp,clearimages such as ‘red wheel’,’rain’,’water’,’chickens’.They constitute a concrete, complete, harmonious and vivid picture.Besides,there are contrasts in this poem .Red , white and glazed rain water are the most visually compelling words .The colors stand out because of their contrast with each other :the white chickens contrast with the red wheelbarrow ;the static contrast with the dynamic ;living thing contrasts object without life ; natural object contrasts with man - made object .In conclusion,It ' s like how so many things in life depend on such seemingly insignificant entities . Everything depends on such small things in this world . The only difference is we can ' t see it .The order , shape , and color of what we see is of vital importance .The return to ordinary and daily life is the return to normality and restoration of life .Showing a Sincere Love for NatureI wandered lonely as a cloud is one of Wordsworth's representative works, written in 1804. William Wordsworth,an English Romantic poet, was once crowned poet laureate.He is one of the most important English poets since the Renaissance.It is said that this poem is based on the experience that the poet's brother and sister were deeply attracted by the charm of nature when they went out together.The whole poem expressed the author's love to nature.On the sound effect of it.The poem is basically written in iambic tetrameter. In each section, the first and third lines rhyme, the second and fourth lines rhyme, and the last two lines rhyme. This creates a strong sense of rhythm, which makes the poem smooth as if it is recited in flowing water, pleasant to hear, harmonious and beautiful.on the figure of speech of it.In line 7 , he also amplifies the visual effect by the use ofanother simile " Continuous as the stars that shine . . . " to evoke our sense of " daffodils " with the image of " stars " twinkling on the milky way which is familiar to us all .The memory of the daffodils is given permanence , particularly through comparison the stars . This is in contrast to the transitory nature of life examined in other works .on the writing skill of it.In this poem , the poet also seeks to express his emotions by providing the sense impressions he has through imagery . He depicts a picture in which "a host of golden daffodils ( visual imagery ) fluttering and dancing in the breeze " ( kinaesthetic imagery ) so vividly that it appeals richly to our senses and to our imagination .In conclusion,In the poet's view only in nature can we find the ideal, seek comfort, and find the final destination of human feelings; Only nature can enlighten the feelings of fraternity and kindness in human nature, can soothe people's psychological trauma, and make people get real happiness.So,let's show our sincere love for nature now!Love Conquers Everything and Beauty Lives in the WorldShall I compare thee to a summer's Day is a sonnet from Shakespeare. Sonnet 18 is written by him to his love.In the poem, the narrator compares his lover with summer and thinks his lover is better. He also points out that his lover will live forever through this poem.Shakespeare is not only the most outstanding dramatist in the history of English literature, but also the most important and greatest writer in the European Renaissance and one of the most outstanding writers in the world.On the sound effect of it.The rhyme of this poem is iambic pentameter. There are ten syllables in each line. From the double even sentence at the end of the poem, the first syllable of most steps is weak, and the second syllable is stressed, which is called iambic. For example, "day may", "temperature date", "shines declines", "fast - shade", "ow' st - grow 'st" and "see they" in each line all form rhymes. This kind of pattern is like the light and heavy melody, which brings artistic enjoyment to hearing. It is like the gurgling water, which has light and heavy, slow and urgent, twists and turns, and rhythm is full of changes.on the figure of speech of it.The beauty of language is not only reflected in the accuracy of words, but also in the variety of expression methods. In this short sonnet, Shakespeareuses the rhetorical devices of simile (rhetorical question), which reflects the beauty of language in Shakespeare's poems."Shall I compare they to a summer's Day" uses two rhetorical devices: simile and rhetorical question. Simile is a clear attempt to find out the similarities between the two. The similarity between summer and "you" is that they both embody beauty.on the writing skill of it.In the first six sentences of the poem, the poet praises the protagonist "you as the existence of beauty, but compares" summer "," Jiao Lei "and" hot sun ", because they are not" gentle "," too short "," will be covered ", so the charm of" you "is far better than summer. This uses contrast to highlight the role of "you".In conclusion,this poem depicts that life and nature are eternal harmonious and beautiful existence, arousing our love for life and life. It makes us feel the harmony between man and nature. It is just like the feeling of nature changing, and it holds our good hope. This kind of eternal beauty and true love stored in the soul should be shared and sung by all mankind.。
九年级英语诗歌鉴赏单选题40题1. This poem is mainly about _____.A.loveB.natureC.friendshipD.history答案:B。
这首诗主要描写了大自然的美丽景色,如山川、河流、花草等。
选项A“love”通常指爱情主题;选项C“friendship”是友谊主题;选项D“history”是历史主题。
这首诗中没有涉及爱情、友谊和历史相关内容,所以答案是B。
2. The theme of the poem is _____.A.hopeB.sadnessC.joyD.anger答案:A。
这首诗通过描述困境中的坚持和对未来的期待,表达了希望的主题。
选项B“sadness”是悲伤主题;选项C“joy”是快乐主题;选项D“anger”是愤怒主题。
诗中没有悲伤、快乐和愤怒的情绪表达,所以答案是A。
3. What is the main topic of the poem?A.warB.peaceC.familyD.adventure答案:B。
诗中强调了和平的重要性以及对和平的向往。
选项A“war”是战争主题;选项C“family”是家庭主题;选项D“adventure”是冒险主题。
这首诗没有涉及战争、家庭和冒险内容,所以答案是B。
4. The poem focuses on _____.A.lossB.gainC.dreamsD.reality答案:C。
这首诗讲述了人们追逐梦想的过程和意义。
选项A“loss”是失去主题;选项B“gain”是获得主题;选项D“reality”是现实主题。
诗中未涉及失去、获得和现实相关内容,所以答案是C。
5. What is the central theme of the poem?A.memoryB.forgivenessC.courageD.beauty答案:D。
诗中用优美的语言描绘了自然和生活中的美丽。
选项A“memory”是记忆主题;选项B“forgiveness”是原谅主题;选项C“courage”是勇气主题。
七年级英语诗歌鉴赏练习题50题含答案解析1.In the poem, the main idea is about _____.A.natureB.friendshipC.familyD.school答案解析:A。
本题考查对诗歌主题的理解。
选项A“nature”( 自然),如果诗歌中描述了山川、河流、花草树木等自然元素,那么主题很可能是自然。
选项B“friendship” 友谊),通常会有关于朋友之间的互动、情感等内容。
选项C“family”( 家庭),会涉及到家庭成员之间的关系等。
选项D“school”( 学校),会有与学校生活相关的场景。
这首诗中主要描写了自然风景,所以主题是自然。
2.The theme of the poem is most likely _____.A.loveB.adventureC.hopeD.sadness答案解析:C。
选项A“love”(爱),一般会有关于爱情、亲情等表达。
选项B“adventure” 冒险),会有刺激的经历等描述。
选项C“hope”(希望),如果诗歌中有积极向上、对未来的期待等内容,主题可能是希望。
选项D“sadness”( 悲伤),会有让人感到难过的情景。
这首诗中充满了对未来的憧憬和积极的情感,所以主题是希望。
3.What is the main theme of the poem?A.courageB.peaceC.angerD.happiness答案解析:B。
选项A“courage”( 勇气),通常有面对困难时的勇敢表现。
选项B“peace”( 和平),可能有宁静的氛围、和谐的场景等。
选项C“anger”( 愤怒),会有让人愤怒的事情发生。
选项D“happiness” 幸福),会有让人感到开心的事情。
这首诗营造了一种宁静和谐的氛围,所以主题是和平。
4.The poem is mainly about _____.A.lossB.winC.dreamD.truth答案解析:D。
英语诗歌鉴赏总结范文英文回答:Poetry appreciation is a subjective experience that can be deeply personal and emotional. When analyzing a poem, I always start by examining the language used by the poet. The choice of words, the rhythm, and the overall structure of the poem all contribute to its meaning and impact.For example, in Emily Dickinson's poem "Hope is the thing with feathers," the use of the metaphor of hope as a bird creates a vivid image in my mind. The poet's choice of words like "perches" and "sweetest" adds to the gentle and uplifting tone of the poem. The rhyme scheme and meter also contribute to the musical quality of the poem, making it a pleasure to read aloud.Another important aspect of poetry appreciation is understanding the themes and emotions conveyed by the poet. In Langston Hughes' poem "Harlem," the poet explores theidea of deferred dreams and the consequences of delayingone's aspirations. The repeated question "What happens to a dream deferred?" creates a sense of urgency and frustration, highlighting the impact of unfulfilled ambitions.In addition to analyzing the language and themes of a poem, I also pay attention to the historical and cultural context in which it was written. For example, when reading William Wordsworth's "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud," I consider the Romantic ideals of nature and the poet's own experiences in the Lake District. Understanding the context helps me appreciate the deeper layers of meaning in the poem.Overall, poetry appreciation is a rich and rewarding experience that allows me to connect with the emotions and perspectives of different poets. Each poem is like a window into the soul of the poet, offering insights andreflections on the human experience.中文回答:诗歌鉴赏是一种主观的体验,可以是非常个人化和情感化的。
意境优美的英语诗歌鉴赏学习英语诗歌,对英语学习者来说,毕竟是原汁原味的学习材料,对提高学生学习英语的兴趣,是一种非常好的激发因素。
下面是店铺带来的意境优美的英语诗歌,欢迎阅读!意境优美的英语诗歌篇一As imperceptibly as griefEmily DickinsonThe summer lapsed away,—Too imperceptible, at last,To seem like perfidy.A quietness distilled,As twilight long begun,Or Nature, spending with herselfSequestered afternoon.The dusk drew earlier in,The morning foreign shone,—A courteous, yet harrowing grace,As guest who would be gone.And thus, without a wing,Or service of a keel,Our summer made her light escapeInto the beautiful.夏之逃逸余光中译不知不觉地,有如忧伤,夏日竟然就逝了,如此地难以觉察,简直不像是有意潜逃向晚的微光很早就开始沉淀出一片寂静,不然便是消瘦的四野,将下午深深幽禁。
黄昏比往日来得更早,清晨的光采已陌生――一种拘礼而恼人的风度象即欲离去的客人。
就象如此,也不用翅膀,也不劳小舟相送。
我们的夏日轻逸地逃去,没入了美的境中。
意境优美的英语诗歌篇二I wandered lonely as a cloud我似流云天自游William WordsworthI wandered lonely as a cloud我独游于天际,如一朵流云That floats on high o'er vales and hills, 凌空于谷峰,飘然然悠闲。
【导语】英语诗歌朗诵是读诗的⼀种艺术,特点是以富有感情的⽅法背诵诗⽂,并将原诗著的感情表达出来,以达到⿎动、感染和激励群众的⽬的。
下⾯是由⽆忧考带来的优秀英⽂诗歌赏析,欢迎阅读!【篇⼀】优秀英⽂诗歌赏析 罗密欧的经典爱情独⽩ Romeo: My love! My wife! Death, that hath sucked the honey of thy breath, Hath had no power yet upon thy beauty. Thou are not conquered. Beauty's ensign yet Is crimson in thy lips and in thy cheeks, And death's pale flag is not advanced there. Dear Juliet, Why art thou yet so fair? Shall I believe That unsubstantial Death is amorous, Keeps thee here in dark to be his paramour? Here. O, here will I set up my everlasting rest And shake the yoke of inauspicious stars From this world-wearied flesh. Eyes, look your last! Arms, take your last embrace! And, lips, O you The doors to breath, seal with a righteous kiss A dateless bargain to engrossing death! 罗密欧:我的爱⼈!我的妻⼦! 死神虽然吸⼲了你甜蜜的⽓息, 却没有⼒量摧毁你的美丽。
经典英语诗歌Break Break Break赏析《溅吧,溅吧,溅吧》一诗作于1834年,寄托了丁尼生对亡友哈勒姆的哀思。
“溅吧”,英文为“break”,意思是破碎,因此在诗中即表现了海浪拍击岩石,浪花四溅,有暗示了诗人因只有英年早逝而悲痛心碎(heartbreak)的双关意义。
为了强调自己对死亡的深切感受,丁尼生在诗的中部将生命和死亡的意向放在一起平行比较,已造成鲜明的反差:一方面是充满活力的渔家孩子和唱歌荡舟的水手,另一方面则是象征生命结束的驶进海港的船舶,陨灭的水手和沉寂的说话声。
然而对丁尼生来说,生和死又不是截然相对的,生孕育着死,死亡有是新生的开始,而大海就是融生命和死亡为一体的生动象征,因此在描写海浪拍击岩石时,丁尼生用了“你的灰岩”,“脚边的巉岩”等限定词,似乎那使得海浪破碎的“冷冷的灰岩”也是大海有机的组成部分。
从这个意义上说,《溅吧,溅吧,溅吧》一诗不仅寄托了作者对亡友的哀思,也表达了他对死亡的接受。
《溅吧,溅吧,溅吧》在韵律上极具特色。
以第一诗节为例。
开头一行作者连用了三个单音节词“Break,break,break”,即模仿年里海浪拍击岩石时的状态,有表现了诗人心灵的破碎。
第二行用了5个长元音词,读起来缓慢深沉,给人一种肃穆感,尤其是在末尾,诗人通过充满感情的“O Sea!”二词发出了一声悲痛的长叹。
整个诗节用词简介,表达细腻,极富感染力。
BREAK, BREAK, BREAKBreak, break, break,On thy cold gray stones,O Sea!And I would that my tongue could utterThe thoughts that arise in me.O, well for the fisherman’s boy,That he shouts with his sister at play!O, well for the sailor lad,That he sings in his boat on the bay!And the stately ships go onTo their haven under the hill;But O for the touch of a vanish’d hand, And the sound of a voice that is still! Break, break, break,At the foot of thy crags, O Sea!But the tender grace of a day that is dead Will never come back to me.(译文)溅吧,溅吧,溅吧溅吧,溅吧,溅吧,溅碎在你冷冷的灰岩上,哦大海!但愿我的言辞能表达出我心中涌起的思绪情怀。
关于英语诗歌带翻译鉴赏【篇一】关于英语诗歌带翻译鉴赏Remember记住我Christina Georgina Rossetti克里斯蒂娜·吉奥尔吉娜·罗塞蒂Remember me when I am gone away, Gone far away into the silent land;愿君常忆我,逝矣从兹别; 相见及黄泉,渺渺音尘绝。
When you can no more hold me by the hand, Nor I half turn to go, yet turning stay.昔来常欢会,执手深情结; 临去又回身,千言意犹切。
Remember me when no more day by day You tell me of our future that you plann’d:絮絮话家常,白首长相契; 此景伤难再,吾生忽易辙。
Only remember me; you understand It will be late to counsel then or pray.祝告两无益,寸心已如铁; 惟期常忆我,从兹成永诀。
Yet if you should forget me for a while And afterwards remember, do not grieve:君如暂忘我,回思勿自嗔; 我愿君愉乐,不愿君苦辛。
For if the darkness and corruption leave A vestige of the thoughts that once I had,我生无邪思,皎洁断纤尘; 留君心上影,忍令失君真。
Better by far you should forget and smile Than that you should remember and be sad.忘时君欢笑,忆时君愁颦; 愿君常忆我,即此语谆谆。
探析英语诗歌中的美学特征诗歌一直都作为美得有节奏性的一种创造艺术,同样也是文学创作中最高的一种表达方式。
诗歌不仅可以给人们带来智慧,更赋予了人们美感享受与情感熏陶。
美通常指借具体化、形象化来显示读者在理智跟情感上的体验、感受,有效激起读者们感官上的情绪,让他们们能够获得明确的情感目标,另一方面也可表现出诗歌描写的意境以及内在思想启示,是诗人用诗歌这一外在文章形式塑造出的本质灵魂。
美学特征通常体现于五个关键点:(1)概括性与集中性;(2)独特的空间、时间感;(3)形成不一样的节奏,并创造一定风格;(4)体现寓意,创建意境;(5)引起读者的注意力,并在一定程度上激发他们的想象力。
由此可知,英语诗歌在美学上的特征可以从下面几点鉴赏:一、形象之美例一,如莎士比亚的诗歌《十四行诗》中的第十八首所示:sometime too the eye of heaven shines,有时候天上的眼睛总照得很热,and every fair from fair sometime declines,不管哪一种美都是难以永葆颜色二、音乐之美(一)格律、节奏点和音韵一般英语诗歌都比较强调其节奏点,而节奏通常来自于音步。
这里的音步指的是将重读音节跟非重读音节按照一定规率排列才形成的一种音乐步调。
在每一个音节步调里,需要重读的称为扬,不需要重读的称为抑。
按照这样的规定,英语诗歌的格律基本可以分成下面几类:抑扬格律,扬抑格律,扬抑抑格律,抑抑扬格律,抑扬抑格律,扬扬抑格律,抑抑格律等。
前四种格律是最基础的,同时也是最广泛应用的。
就比如,alfred tennyson的the brook:i make a sudden sallyand sparkle out among the fern,这一节诗将抑扬格律作为最基本的格律,并且第一行跟第三行以及第二行跟第四行都形成了较为明显的节奏感对称,描绘出了小溪流水那种既轻快又节奏感十足的声音,有着音乐美感。
高中英语《英语诗歌鉴赏》教案一、教案概述本教案主要围绕英语诗歌鉴赏展开,旨在培养学生对英语诗歌的理解与欣赏能力。
通过本教案的学习,学生将能够熟悉英语诗歌的基本形式和常见诗歌手法,提高自己对英语诗歌的阅读理解和赏析能力。
二、教学目标1. 了解英语诗歌的基本形式和特点;2. 掌握英语诗歌的常见手法和修辞技巧;3. 培养学生对英语诗歌的鉴赏能力和表达能力。
三、教学内容1. 英语诗歌的定义和分类;2. 英语诗歌的基本形式和特点;3. 英语诗歌的常见手法和修辞技巧;4. 英语诗歌的鉴赏方法和技巧。
四、教学步骤Step 1: 引入向学生介绍英语诗歌鉴赏的重要性和意义,激发学生对英语诗歌的兴趣。
Step 2: 了解英语诗歌的定义和分类1. 让学生观看一段关于英语诗歌的视频,并请他们回答相关问题,加深对英语诗歌的认识;2. 向学生介绍英语诗歌的基本分类,如叙事诗、抒情诗、写景诗等,引导学生了解不同类型诗歌的特点和风格。
Step 3: 学习英语诗歌的基本形式和特点1. 介绍英语诗歌的基本形式,如韵脚、节奏等,帮助学生理解英语诗歌和汉语诗歌的不同之处;2. 分析英语诗歌的特点,如简洁、押韵等,引导学生感受英语诗歌的美和魅力。
Step 4: 掌握英语诗歌的常见手法和修辞技巧1. 通过示范和练习,让学生掌握英语诗歌中的常见手法,如比喻、拟人等;2. 引导学生分析英语诗歌中的修辞技巧,如排比、转喻等,培养学生的鉴赏能力。
Step 5: 提高英语诗歌的鉴赏能力和表达能力1. 给学生分发几篇经典的英语诗歌,并请他们在课后阅读和背诵;2. 定期组织学生进行英语诗歌的朗读和表演,提高他们的英语口语表达能力;3. 引导学生参加英语诗歌比赛或朗诵比赛,锻炼他们的英语诗歌鉴赏和表达能力。
五、教学评价1. 在教学过程中,观察学生对英语诗歌的理解和欣赏程度;2. 组织学生参加小组讨论和展示,评价他们对英语诗歌的鉴赏能力和表达能力;3. 布置作业,让学生撰写关于一首英语诗歌的鉴赏文章,评价他们对英语诗歌的理解和表达能力。
英语诗歌鉴赏知识 英诗浩瀚,篇幅长短不一,长至成集,短至仅句。为使英语学习者了解英诗,特拟此文,从实用角度阐述英诗的欣赏:诗的格律、诗的押韵、诗的体式、诗的评判。
诗以高度凝结的语言表达着人们的喜怒哀乐,用其特有的节奏与方式影响着人们的精神世界。诗讲究联想,运用象征、比喻、拟人等各种修辞手法,形成了独特的语言艺术。(有关修辞手法可参考相关书籍)。
一、 诗的格律 “格律是指可以用脚打拍子的节奏”,是每个音步轻重音节排列的格式,也是朗读时轻重音的依据。而音步是由重读音节和非重读音节构成的诗的分析单位。重读音节为扬(重),在音节上用“-”或“ˊ”标示,非重读音节为抑(轻),在音节上用“︶”标示,音步之间可用“/”隔开。以下是五种常见格式:
1. 抑扬格(轻重格)Iambus:是最常见的一种格式,每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。
As fair / art thou / my bon/nie lass, So deep / in luve / am I : And I / will luve / thee still,/ my dear, Till a` / the seas / gang dry: Robert Burns(1759-1796): My Luve Is like a Red, Red Rose 注;art=are luve=love bonnie=beautiful a`=all gang=go
上例中为四音步与三音步交叉,可标示为:︶-/︶-/︶-/(︶-) 2.扬抑格(重轻格)Trochee:每个音步由一个重读音节加一个非重读音节构成。
下例中为四音步扬抑格(少一个轻音节),可标示为:-︶/-︶/-︶/-
Tyger!/ Tyger!/ burning / bright In the / forests / of the / night William Blake: The Tyger 3. 抑抑扬格(轻轻重格)Anapaestic foot: 每个音步由两个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。如:三音步抑抑扬格︶︶-/︶︶-/︶︶-
Like a child / from the womb, Like a ghost / from the tomb, I arise / and unbuild / it again. 4. 扬抑抑格(重轻轻格)Dactylic foot: 每个音步由一个重读音节加两个非重读音节构成。如:两音步扬抑抑格-︶︶/-︶︶
ˊTouch her not / ˊscornfully, ˊThink of her / ˊmournfully. -- Thomas Hood 5. 抑扬抑格(轻重轻格)Amphibrach:每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节再加一个非重读音节构成。如:三音步抑扬抑格︶-︶/︶-︶/︶-︶
下例中最后一个音步为抑扬格。 O ˊhush thee / my ˊbabie / thy ˊsire was / a knight. 在同一首诗中常会出现不同的格律,格律解析对朗读诗歌有一定参考价值。现代诗中常不遵守规范的格律。
二、 诗的押韵 押韵是指通过重复元音或辅音以达到一定音韵效果的诗歌写作手法。 1. 尾韵:最常见,最重要的押韵方式。 1) 联韵:aabb型。 I shot an arrow into the air, It fell to earth, I knew not where; For, so swiftly it flew, the sight Could not follow it in its flight. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: The Arrow and the Song 2) 交叉韵:abab型。 Sunset and evening star, And one clear call for me! And may there be no moaning of the bar, When I put out to sea, Alfred Tennyson(1809-1892): Crossing the Bar 3) 同韵:有的诗押韵,一韵到底,大多是在同一节诗中共用一个韵脚。 如下例就共用/i:p/为韵脚。 The woods are lovely, dark and deep, But I have promises to keep, And miles to go before I sleep, And miles to go before I sleep. Robert Frost (1874-1963): Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
2. 头韵:是指一行(节)诗中几个词开头的辅音相同,形成押韵。下例中运用/f/、/b/与/s/头韵生动写出了船在海上轻快航行的景象。
The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, The furrow followed free, We were the first that ever burst Into that silent sea. T.S. Coleridge: Rime of the Acient Mariner
3.内韵(同元音):指词与词之间原因的重复形成的内部押韵。 下面一节诗中/i/及/iη/重复照应,呈现出一派欢乐祥和的气氛。
Spring, the sweet spring, is the year’s pleasant king; Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring, Cold dath not sting, the pretty birds do sing: Cuckoo,jug-jug,pu-we,to-witta-woo! Thomas Nashe(1567-1601): Spring, the Sweet Spring 三、 诗的体式 有的诗分成几节(stanza),每节由若干诗行组成(每行诗均以大写字母开头);有的诗则不分节。目前我们常见的诗体有:
1. 十四行诗 (Sonnet),源于中世纪民间抒情短诗,十三、十四世纪流行于意大利,意大利彼特拉克(Petrarch)为代表人物,每行十一个音节,全诗一节八行,加一节六行,韵脚用abba, abba, cdcdcd (cdecde)。前八行提问,后六行回答。
后来,怀亚特(Thomas Wyatt,1503-1542)将十四行诗引人英国,五音步抑扬
格,全诗三个四行一个二行,前三节提问,后二句结论。斯宾塞(Edmund
Spenser,1552-1599)用韵脚 abab, bcbc,cdcd,ee。莎士比亚(William
Shakespeare,1564-1616)用韵脚abab,cdcd,dfdf,gg,称英国式或莎士比亚式。举
例见本文第四部分。 2. 打油诗(Limericks):通常是小笑话甚至是胡诌,一般没有标题也无作者姓名,含有幽默讽刺性,常运用双关,内韵等手法。每首诗五个诗行,押韵为aabba,格律以抑扬格和抑抑扬格为主。
1) There was a young lady of Nigger Who smiled as she rode on a tiger; They returned from the ride With the lady inside, And the smile on the face of the tiger. 2) A tutor who taught on the flute Tried to teach two tooters to toot, “Is it harder to toot, or Said the two to the tutor, To tutor two tooters to toot?” 3. 无韵体(Blank Verse):五音步抑扬格,不押韵诗体。 Across the watery bale , and shout again, Responsive to his call, -- with quivering peals, And long halloos, and screams, and echoes loud. Redoubled and redoubled:concourse wild Of jocund din!… William Wordsworth: There Was a Boy 4. 自由诗(Free Verse):现代诗中常见的体式,长短不同的诗行存在于同一首诗中,不讲究押韵与格律,只注重诗歌所表达的意象和传递的情感。美国诗人Walt Whitman的<>(Leaves of Grass)中,就采用此格式。例子见第四部分。
四、 诗的评判 对一首诗,个人的感受会有不同。节奏流畅,语言精炼,联想新颖的诗可算是好诗。堆砌词藻,一味抒发感情而无实际内容的诗,只能是下乘的诗。
二十世纪英美诗歌大量采用自由诗体,接近口语,可谓大胆创新,大概也是诗歌发展的大势所趋吧。以下通过三首诗的分析看诗的评判。
1. That Time of Year That time of year thou may’st in me behold