ACCA P3知识要点汇总(下)
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ACCA P3知识点:PESTEL分析模型在ACCA P3考试中分析企业外部环境时,常用PESTEL模型,PESTEL分析模型又称大环境分析,是分析宏观环境的有效工具,不仅能够分析外部环境,而且能够识别一切对组织有冲击作用的力量。
它是分析组织外部影响因素的方法,其每一个字母代表一个因素,可以分为6大因素:政治因素(Political)、经济因素(Economic)、社会因素(Social)、技术要素(Technological)、环境因素(Environmental)和法律因素(Legal)。
The PESTEL framework (sometimes also called "SLEPT" framework) analyses external forces under the headings:·Political;·Economic;·Socio-Cultural;·Technological;·Environmental; and·Legal.(1)政治因素(Political):是指对组织经营活动具有实际与潜在影响的政治力量和有关的政策、法律及法规等因素。
(2)经济因素(Economic):是指组织外部的经济结构、产业布局、资源状况、经济发展水平以及未来的经济走势等。
(3)社会因素(Social):是指组织所在社会中成员的历史发展、文化传统、价值观念、教育水平以及风俗习惯等因素。
(4)技术因素(Technological):技术要素不仅仅包括那些引起革命性变化的发明,还包括与企业生产有关的新技术、新工艺、新材料的出现和发展趋势以及应用前景。
(5)环境因素(Environmental):一个组织的活动、产品或服务中能与环境发生相互作用的要素。
(6)法律因素(Legal):组织外部的法律、法规、司法状况和公民法律意识所组成的综合系统。
ACCA P3、P5新知识点Big Data 的探讨2016年,Big data (大数据技术)作为新的知识点纳入P3,P5的知识体系。
这一知识体系上的调整,正确地反映了在互联网信息技术时代,以云计算技术为支撑的大数据技术在组织发展中的日益重要的背景。
本文就Big Data作一基本的探讨。
——基本定义DefinitionBig Data is a term for a collection of data which is so large that it becomes difficult to store and process using traditional databases and data processing applications.大数据就是一种归集的数据;这些数据涉及的资料量规模巨大,无法通过传统的主流软件工具管理、处理、整理。
Extremely large collections of data (data sets) that may be analysed to reveal patterns, trends, and associations, especially relating to human behaviour and interactions.'超级强大的数据归集,对此分析以揭示某种模式、趋势和关联;尤其是人类社会行为方面的模式、趋势和关联。
基于如上的释义,可以看出:1)Big Data应时而生。
当今社会数据量井喷式的增长是大数据的存在的理由。
这种井喷式的数据增长,可以分为有意识的(主动性的)或无意识的(被动性的)。
有意识的,可理解为组织自发地主动地制造了大数据。
Delivery company UPS equips its delivery vehicles with sensors which monitor data on speed, direction, braking performance and other mechanical aspects of the vehicle. UPS公司自发在其运输车辆上安装传感器以检测车辆的各项参数,以此制造大量数据。
P3 Business Analysis背诵:★★★ 理解:★★ 知道:★Part A. Strategic position1.Strategy根据Johnson, Scholes & Whittington ("JSW"),战略就是公司着眼长期的发展方向和范畴,通过整合内部资源和能力,在变化的环境中获得优势,目标是满足利益相关者的预期。
“The direction and scope of an organisation over the long term, which achieves advantage in a changing environment through its configuration of resources and competences with the aim of fulfilling stakeholder expectations.”(目前的潮流:顾客第一,员工第二,股东第三)✓Long‐term direction:通常考虑了若干年✓Scope:决定公司到底做什么行当✓Achieving advantage over competitors获得竞争优势✓External changes (the environment) 外部变化(行业大环境)✓Resources & competences:挖掘企业自身的资源,做得更好✓Stakeholders:了解利益相关者的诉求,取得好结果✓Corporate strategy: 公司整体的overall 目标和范畴,关于如何增加企业不同业务单元的价值✓Business‐level strategy: 关于在特定市场如何成功竞争particular markets✓Operational strategy: 关于公司的不同部门parts of an organisation,如市场部,财务部,IT部门是怎样支持整体战略的有序进行●The strategy lenses战略棱镜✓Design: 战略的设计应该是理性的rational,自上而下的top‐down process,中级管理层根据战略设定来分析信息,确认一个清晰的行动方案。
国际知名的ACCA(特许公认会计师)因为其权威性让许多人望而生畏,很多考生因为处理不好考试中思维方式、法律制度和答题技巧等方面的与国内考试的差异,使考试成了艰苦而漫长的过程。
其实,国际职业资格考试并不像一般人想象的那样可望而不可及,再难也是有规律可循的。
记者近日专门请教了有关专家,探寻到ACCA考试的一些规律和秘密。
经验1:鼓励人们以乐观态度看待未来据专家介绍,ACCA鼓励人们从战略的角度去思考问题,以乐观态度看待未来,提倡考生自己对问题有独到的见解。
由于其培养的是高级管理人才,面对的许多问题并不仅局限于会计的领域,因此需要站在更高的角度去拓展自己的思路。
在学习过程中一方面要培养自己用英语进行思维的习惯、发散性分析能力和归纳能力,另一方面要从最基本的要义和逻辑分析入手,培养自己在复杂环境下的决策、判断能力和心理承受能力。
这些能力的培养可通过对其提供的大量案例的反复研究、分析和体会,逐渐使自己形成灵活、独立、辩证地分析问题、解决问题的能力。
经过一段学习之后,你可能会发现这些能力在实际生活中也是十分有益的。
经验2:尝试分析历年考试内容ACCA考题规律性比较强,重点的内容会反复出现在历年的考题中。
尽管教材提供的内容很多,信息量大,而每次实际考试不会超过教材内容的三分之一,更不会出偏题和怪题。
考生不妨尝试分析历年考试内容,找出考官的出题规律,针对这些重点反复练习,这样有利于把握考试要点,同时提高学习效率,对考过关会有极大的帮助。
但这种分析是须建立在对书本内容全面理解的基础上的。
经验3:充分利用学员简讯扩大知识面除了要掌握课本和习题上提供的知识外,还要充分利用学员简讯,不断扩大自己的知识面,了解最新信息和接受不同的观点。
有条件的考生不妨浏览ACCA的网站,上面提供了许多专家甚至主考官的文章和历年考试分析,从中可以了解最新考试信息,不至于盲人摸象。
也可参加一些培训机构提供的相关培训提高对学习内容的认识。
据介绍,在最后几门难度较大的管理策划和财务策划等课程中,专家认为,课本似乎只提供了一个知识框架,应不断地补充知识面.例如,企业核心竞争力的不断培育、竞争优势、绩效评价体系、全球经济一体化对企业的影响等均可以和当前我国的一些知名企业相联系,这些理念在跨国公司的实际运作中有许多贴切的运用,有助于对课本知识的理解和应用。
acca考试知识点总结ACCA全称为Association of Chartered Certified Accountants,是全球最有影响力的专业会计师协会之一。
ACCA会员遍布全球180个国家,是世界上最大的国际专业会计师组织。
ACCA证书不仅在英国和欧洲有很高的认可度,而且在亚洲、非洲和中东等地区也备受青睐。
ACCA证书是一个标志,是对专业能力、行业经验和国际视野的认可。
ACCA考试是全球专业会计师考试,它涵盖了财务管理和会计领域的所有知识点,需要考生具备相当的知识储备和能力。
下面我们来总结一下ACCA考试的知识点。
第一部分:核心基础知识1.管理会计管理会计是一门研究如何为组织做决策和分配资源的学科,主要包括成本管理、预算管理、绩效评价和风险管理等知识点。
2.财务报告财务报告是组织向外部利益相关者提供的关于其财务状况和经营业绩的信息,主要包括财务报表分析、财务信息披露和国际财务报告准则等知识点。
3.税收税收是政府为了筹集财政收入而向纳税人征收的一种收费,主要包括个人所得税、公司所得税、增值税和财产税等知识点。
4.审计与保险审计是一种独立的评价活动,用来评估组织内部控制的有效性和财务报告的可靠性,主要包括内部审计、外部审计和信息系统审计等知识点。
第二部分:商业专业化知识1.企业法企业法是一门研究组织和企业在商业活动中的法律关系的学科,主要包括合同法、公司法、竞争法和知识产权法等知识点。
2.财务管理财务管理是一种为组织提供资金和资本的管理活动,主要包括投资决策、资金成本、风险管理和财务市场等知识点。
3.商业伦理商业伦理是一种研究商业活动中道德规范和价值观的学科,主要包括道德决策、企业社会责任和道德风险管理等知识点。
4.财务分析财务分析是一种评估组织财务状况和经营业绩的方法,主要包括财务比率分析、现金流量分析和经济附加值分析等知识点。
以上就是ACCA考试的知识点总结,希望对考生有所帮助。
在备考过程中,考生需要充分理解和掌握这些知识点,并且进行大量的练习和模拟考试,才能在考试中取得好成绩。
ACCA P1P2P3复习以及答题技巧汇总ACCA P1《公司治理,风险和道德》是ACCA专业核心模块的第一门课程,它总共分为四个部分。
1.介绍在代理关系的环境下,企业的整个治理。
这个部分主要是董事的角色和责任以及外部审计师和内部审计师的角色和责任;2.介绍内部监察、内部控制以及实施有效的治理得到的反馈,包括关于决策和决策支持部门的合规问题;3.介绍管理层如何识别、评估和控制风险;4.介绍在会计师责任的背景下个人的以及职业道德和道德框架-职业价值观以及在各种各样的情况下的职业行为。
ACCA P1学习方法首先大家注意公司治理来自于F4中的agency thoery也就是我们经常说的代理理论。
正因为公司的投资人不直接参与公司的管理,从而导致管理者与持有人之间产生一些利益上的冲突,所以上市公司通过完善公司治理来增强监督、减少冲突、降低风险,从而达到股东投资回报最大化。
其次,大家要关注NED(非执行董事)在公司治理中的重要作用,以及他们发挥监督作用具备的条件,这其中要求NED要充分独立。
虽然NED不是公司雇员,和公司之间没有雇佣关系,但是他们对完善和实施公司的发展战略有着重要的作用,另外NED要有足够的时间参与公司的日常经营。
再次,我请同学们关注TURNBULL REPORT和COMBINED CODE中对internal control和risk management的要求。
什么样的internal control system是完善而且有效的,如何进行risk assessment以及如何进行风险处理。
需要强调的五点:第一、考官的历年考题中只有两种格式:Memo 和letter。
烦请大家注意这两种格式第二、大家注意自己写出来的句子要专业,比如有效的内部控制要写sound internal control system, risk embedded等等第三、答题要有逻辑性,适当的通过分段,分层次来讲述自己的观点第四、要注意senario中引号的句子,这些句子一般是考点最后,希望大家多动笔,少用眼睛考虑问题。
ACCA P3重要知识点DEADL Y SIN ONETHE STRATEGY IS NOT WORTH IMPLEMENTINGIn too many cases, what is referred to as business strategy, is deficient in analytical rigor, creative insight, ambition or practicality. If the strategy is going to get the active support of management and staff, it needs to be specific, realistic and give the organisation something to strive for. Strategy making is often considered to be easy. It is easy if the strategy development process limits the scope of discovery, the breadth of involvement and the amount of intellectual effort expended. The strategy should not just be more of the same, incremental or comfortable. It needs to be stretching or innovative.DEADL Y SIN TWOPEOPLE ARE NOT CLEAR HOW THE STRA TEGY WILL BE IMPLEMENTEDWhen the strategy has been developed and evaluated, it then requires a plan to prepare the organisation for its implementation. There is always a strong desire to get started and make the strategy happen. The time spent on implementation planning is often seen as time wasting. However, there are a number of important issues that need to be addressed including:▎priorities for management;▎timescale;▎lessons learnt from previous strategy implementations;▎impact on structure and staff at all levels;▎participation; and▎risks.DEADL Y SIN THREECUSTOMERS AND STAFF DO NOT FULL Y UNDERSTAND THE STRA TEGYThere is a tendency for chief executives and senior management to communicate the business strategy on a ''need to know'' basis. If you don't put in the effort to sell and explain the strategy, how can you hope to have it implemented? Your front-line supervisory staff must understand what the strategy is about, why it is important and how it will affect them. The strategy implementation plan should include a communications plan, which sets out who needs to be told about the strategy. The plan should not only include senior management but also middle management, supervisors,staff, customers, suppliers and other key stakeholders.DEADL Y SIN FOURINDIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITIES FOR IMPLEMENTING THE CHANGE ARE NOT CLEARIt is not sufficient just to develop a very insightful and relevant strategy and hope that the logic behind the strategy will be enough to make it a reality. People should be given clear and specific responsibilities for making strategy work. The more people you directly involve in the implementation process the better. This will create a wider sense of ownership, commitment and responsibility for making the strategy happen. Accountability must go hand in hand with responsibility. If someone has been given an implementation task, make sure they do it. Part of assigning staff responsibility is giving clear, understandable instructions and tasks and reviewing progress at regular intervals.DEADL Y SIN FIVECHIEF EXECUTIVES AND SENIOR MANAGERS STEP OUT OF THE PICTURE ONCE IMPLEMENTATION BEGINSIt is very important that strong leadership is provided during the implementation phase. People will be looking for clues. If staff feel that senior management are not fully committed to the strategy, their commitment and enthusiasm for it will wane. Staff must believe that implementing the strategy is one of the organisation's top priorities. From the time the strategy is developed, senior management must sell and continue to sell the strategy to the organisation and to the other stakeholders. They need to explain the vision and communicate the importance of the strategy for the future of the organisation.DEADL Y SIN SIXTHE 'BRICK WALLS' ARE NOT RECOGNISEDNothing ever goes exactly according to plan. Organisations operate in an ever changing and dynamic environment. It is important that those brick walls, which inevitably will be encountered along the way, are acknowledged and addressed. When those moments of crisis or uncertainty occur, staff should be encouraged to develop creative and innovative solutions to surmount these obstacles.DEADL Y SIN SEVENFORGETTING TO 'MIND THE SHOP'There is a risk that the process of developing and implementing strategy becomes theconsuming concern of senior management. They forget that they have a business to run, targets to meet, a service to provide and customers to serve. Both management and staff must believe that implementing the strategy is as important as doing the day job. One is not more important than the other and the strategy, if it is relevant and meaningful, should become an integral part of the day job.Shareholders will not thank senior management for developing and implementing a very well crafted strategy while at the very same time, letting profitability fall significantly or customer service to deteriorate.It is important that strategy is a continuous activity and not a once-off event. Periodic checks are necessary. Check that the assumptions are still valid. Identify and anticipate events or developments, both internal and external, which may require a revision or addition to the strategy. Make the changes quickly and communicate them to all concerned; however make sure that the changes are really required and the strategy is not being adjusted in a frivolous manner.Strategy implementation is always going to be difficult and fraught with danger of being abandoned through inertia or resistance. Change is never easy. However, the task of putting strategy to work can be made much easier and have greater chances of success by avoiding the seven deadly sins outlined above.。
1.FrameworkThe value chain describes the activities within and around an organisation that create a product or service.The value chain provides a framework for analysing an organisation by breaking it down into"strategically significant"activities that add value to the product or service in the eyes of the customer.2.Activities2.1.Primary Activities*Primary activities directly create or deliver a product or service.(a)Inbound logistics are activities concerned with receiving,storing and distributing inputs to the product or service including materials handling, inventory control,transport,etc.(b)Operations transform these inputs into the final product or service (e.g.machining,packaging,assembly,testing,etc)。
(c)Outbound logistics collect,store and distribute the product to customers(e.g.warehousing,materials handling,distribution,etc)。
20.Business process change●Business processesThe value chain analyses the organisation as a collection of activities, but these activities are also joined together in processes. “A process is a bounded set of activities that are undertaken, in response to some event, in order to generate an output” (Harmon) 价值链分析了公司是由一系列活动构成的,而这些活动也充斥在各个流程中。
Harmon定义:流程是一组能够为客户创造有价值的结果的相互关联的活动。
Organisations may seek to improve their processes in order to:提高流程是为了实现:✓reduce costs, particularly during an economic downturn降低成本,尤其经济衰退时✓provide a scaleable platform for expanding production, or entering new markets建立可拓展的平台,拓展生产或进入一个新市场✓offer better products or services in order to be more competitive提供更好的产品或服务,提高竞争力✓exploit opportunities offered by technology (e.g. cheaper communication)通过新技术开拓机遇✓execute a new strategic direction 实行新战略●Process – strategy matrixHarmon’s process‐strategy matrix uses two criteria to categorise processes, and the best approach to improving them:哈默的过程战略矩阵使用了2个要素来分类流程Complexity – simple processes are fairly straightforward, with clearly defined rules to follow and little change over time. Complex processes require high levels of judgement and may changefrequently.复杂性:单一的过程相对简单明了,长期来看变化也少;复杂的过程需要很高的自主判断,而且会频繁变化。
Strategic importance – how much value does the process add to an organisation’s products and services. A high strategic importance process is a core competency and a source of competitiveadvantage. A low strategic importance process simply needs to be done so that a company can do something else that adds value.战略重要性:这个过程会给产品和服务增加多少价值?战略重要性高,意味着关系核心竞争力和竞争优势的资源。
对于低战略重要性的过程,公司宁愿做些其他事来提高价值。
Based on this, processes can be categorised as follows:a)Low complexity‐low strategic importance processes need to be carried out as efficiently as possiblebut there is little scope for improving them. These should be automated as far as possible usingstandard off‐the‐shelf software and may be best outsourced, e.g. purchase ledger.这类流程要提高效率,但提升空间可能不大,考虑自动化(现成软件/系统)或外包,比如财务记账。
b)Low complexity‐high strategic importance processes are key to the organisation’s success.Automation should be used to reduce costs and gain efficiency. We should also be aiming to improve these processes, e.g. product assembly. 此类流程对公司成败很重要。
自动化可以有助于降低成本,提高效率,比如产品装配。
c)High complexity‐low strategic importance these processes will cause problems they aren’t done butdon’t add much value. Because they are complex, they may be hard to automate. Organisations may decide to outsource these processes to a specialist, e.g. large‐scale logistics and distribution这类流程不做的话会对公司造成麻烦,但做了的话,价值也不大。
这类通常有专业技能要求,所以最好外包,比如物流。
d)High complexity‐high strategic importance These are critical and involve a lot of human expertise.These processes will be a priority for major improvements, e.g. negotiating partnerships, newproduct development对公司至关重要,需要经验判断和专业技能。
如何提升这些流程是首要考量,比如谈判的合伙关系,新产品开发等。
Tips: Bear in mind that the same process may be in a different category for different companies. For a company that provides payroll services, efficient and accurate payroll processing is a core competenceand key to competitive advantage, but it is unlikely to be strategically important for other organisations.同一流程在不同公司有不同的意义,比如对于专业提供薪酬服务的公司,有效率和精准的薪酬流程是核心竞争力,但对于其他公司而言,战略上就没这么重要。
●OutsourcingIf processes are outsourced to an external provider, this may bring the following benefits:✓The provider should have economies of scale which will lead to cost reductions利用他人的规模经济来达到降低成本的目的✓Management time is freed up to focus on core competencies 集中精力提高核心竞争力✓The specialist provider may bring greater expertise than the organisation can supply internally 借助外包商的专家专业技能>胜于自己内部的能力On the other hand, some of the problems with outsourcing are:✓It leads to a reduction of control, particularly in relation to quality. Firms try to mitigate this by having clear service level agreements in place and devoting resources to relationship management失去控制,尤其是质量方面。
企业要有明确的服务水平协议来缓解这一关系,并将资源投入到关系管理中去。
✓Firms may be tied in to long‐term contracts and find it hard to change suppliers even if their supplier is unsatisfactory可能存在长期合同,即使不满意也很难轻易更换供应商✓Outsourcing can mean a firm loses competencies and becomes dependent on suppliers, giving them increased bargaining power even when the contract ends公司这方面能力不足,过度依赖供应商,提高对方议价能力Tips: When processes are outsourced they cannot be a basis of competitive advantage as any companycan use the same provider. These processes therefore become commodities and companies need to focus on their truly core processes.当流程外包时,它们不能成为公司竞争优势的基础,任何公司都可以使用相同的供应商来获得这种能力。