(美音版)新概念英语第四册：Lesson 43 Are there strangers in

Lesson1We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write. But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas--legends handed down from one generation of story-tellers to another. These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago.But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first 'modern men' came from.Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint, because this is easier to shape than other kinds. They may also have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away. Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace.Lesson2Why, you may wonder, should spiders be our friends ? Because they destroy so many insects, and insects include some of the greatest enemies of the human race. Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals. We owe a lot to the birds and beasts who eat insects but all of them put together kill only a fraction of the number destroyed by spiders. Moreover, unlike some of the other insect eaters, spiders never do the least harm to us or our belongings.Spiders are not insects, as many people think, nor even nearly related to them. One can tell the difference almost at a glance for a spider always has eight legs and an insect never more than six.How many spiders are engaged in this work on our behalf ? One authority on spiders made a census of the spiders in a grass field in the south of England, and he estimated that there were more than 2,250,000 in one acre, that is something like 6,000,000 spiders of different kinds on a football pitch. Spiders are busy for at least half the year in killing insects. It is impossible to make more than the wildest guess at how many they kill, but they are hungry creatures, not content with only three meals a day. It has been estimated that the weight of all the insects destroyed by spiders in Britain in one year would be greater than the total weight of all the human beings in the country.Lesson3Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will give them good sport, and the more difficult it is, the more highly it is regarded. In the pioneering days, however, thiswas not the case at all. The early climbers were looking for the easiest way to the top because the summit was the prize they sought, especially if it had never been attained before. It is true that during their explorations they often faced difficulties and dangers of the most perilous nature, equipped in a manner which would make a modern climber shudder at the thought, but they did not go out of their way to court such excitement. They had a single aim, a solitary goal--the top!It is hard for us to realize nowadays how difficult it was for the pioneers. Except for one or two places such as Zermatt and Chamonix, which had rapidly become popular, Alpine villages tended to be impoverished settlements cut off from civilization by the high mountains. Such inns as there were were generally dirty and flea-ridden; the food simply local cheese accompanied by bread often twelve months old, all washed down with coarse wine. Often a valley boasted no inn at all, and climbers found shelter wherever they could--sometimes with the local priest (who was usually as poor as his parishioners), sometimes with shepherds or cheese-makers. Invariably the background was the same: dirt and poverty, and very uncomfortable. For men accustomed to eating seven-course dinners and sleeping between fine linen sheets at home, the change to the Alpsmust have been very hard indeed.Lesson4In the Soviet Union several cases have been reported recently of people who can read and detect colours with their fingers, and even see through solid doors and walls. One case concerns an 'eleven-year-old schoolgirl, Vera Petrova, who has normal vision but who can also perceive things with different parts of her skin, and through solid walls. This ability was first noticed by her father. One day she came into his office and happened to put her hands on the door of a locked safe. Suddenly she asked her father why he kept so many old newspapers locked away there, and even described the way they were done up in bundles.Vera's curious talent was brought to the notice of a scientific research institute in the town of UIyanovsk, near where she lives, and in April she was given a series of tests by a special commission of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federal Republic. During these tests she was able to read a newspaper through an opaque screen and, stranger still, by moving her elbow over a child's game of Lotto she was able to describe the figures and colours printed on it; and, in another instance, wearing stockings and slippers, to make out with her foot the outlines and colours of a picture hidden under a carpet. Other experiments showed that her knees and shoulders had a similar sensitivity. During all these tests Vera was blindfold; and, indeed, except when blindfold she lacked the ability to perceive things with her skin. It was also found that although she could perceive things with her fingers this ability ceased the moment her hands were wet.Lesson5The gorilla is something of a paradox in the African scene. One thinks one knows him very well. For a hundred years or more he has been killed, captured, and imprisoned, in zoos. His bones have been mounted in natural history museums everywhere, and he has always exerted a strongfascination upon scientists and romantics alike. He is the stereotyped monster of the horror films and the adventure books, and an obvious (though not perhaps strictly scientific) linkwith our ancestral past.Yet the fact is we know very little about gorillas. No really satisfactory photograph has ever been taken of one in a wild state, no zoologist, however intrepid, has been able to keep the animal under close and constant observation in the dark jungles in which he lives. Carl Akeley, the American naturalist, led two expeditions in the nineteen-twenties, and now lies buried among the animals heloved so well. But even he was unable to discover how long the gorilla lives, or how or why it dies, nor was he able to define the exact social pattern of the family groups, or indicate the final extent of their intelligence. All this and many other things remain almost as much a mystery as they were when the French explorer Du Chaillu first described the animal to the civilized world a century ago. The Abominable Snowman who haunts the imagination of climbers in the Himalayas is hardly more elusive.Lesson6People are always talking about' the problem of youth '. If there is one—which I take leave to doubt--then it is older people who create it, not the young themselves. Let us get down to fundamentals and agree that the young are after all human beings--people just like their elders. There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young man has a glorious future before him and the old one has a splendid future behind him: and maybe that is where the rub is.When I was a teenager, I felt that I was just young and uncertain--that I was a new boy in a huge school, and I would have been very pleased to be regarded as something so interesting as a problem. For one thing, being a problem gives you a certain identity, and that is one of the things the young are busily engaged in seeking.I find young people exciting. They have an air of freedom, and they have not a dreary commitment to mean ambitions or love of comfort. They are not anxious social climbers, and they have no devotion to material things. All this seems to me to link them with life, and the origins of things. It's as if they were in some sense cosmic beings in violent an lovely contrast with us suburban creatures. All that is in my mind when I meet a young person. He may be conceited, ill- mannered, presumptuous of fatuous, but I do not turn for protection to dreary cliches about respect for elders--as if mere age were a reason for respect. I accept that we are equals, and I will argue with him, as an equal, if I think he is wrong.Lesson7I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates goodwill between the nations, and that if only the common peoples of the world could meet one another at football or cricket, they would have no inclination to meet on the battlefield. Even if one didn't know from concreteexamples (the 1936 Olympic Games, for instance) that international sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred, one could deduce it from general principles.Nearly all the sports practised nowadays are competitive. You play to win, and the game has little meaning unless you do your utmost to win. On the village green, where you pick up sides and no feeling of local patriotism is involved, it is possible to play simply for the fun and exercise: but as soon as the question of prestige arises, as soon as you feel that you and some larger unit will be disgraced if you lose, the most savage combative instincts are aroused. Anyone who has played even in a school football match knows this. At the international level sport is frankly mimic warfare. But the significant thing is not the behaviour of the players but the attitude of the spectators: and, behind the spectators, of the nations. who work themselves into furies over these absurd contests, and seriously believe--at any rate for short periods--that running, jumping and kicking a ball are tests of national virtue.Lesson8Parents have to do much less for their children today than they used to do, and home has become much less of a workshop. Clothes can be bought ready made, washing can go to the laundry, food can be bought cooked, canned or preserved, bread is baked and delivered by the baker, milk arrives on the doorstep, meals can be had at the restaurant, the works' canteen, and the school dining-room.It is unusual now for father to pursue his trade or other employment at home, and his children rarely, if ever, see him at his place of work. Boys are therefore seldom trained to follow their father's occupation, and in many towns they have a fairly wide choice of employment and so do girls. The young wage-earner often earns good money, and soon acquires a feeling of economic independence. In textile areas it has long been customary for mothers to go out to work, but thispractice has become so widespread that the working mother is now a not unusual factor in a child's home life, the number of married women in employment having more than doubled in the last twenty-five years. With mother earning and his older children drawing substantial wages father is seldom the dominant figure that he still was at the beginning of the century. When mother workseconomic advantages accrue, but children lose something of great value if mother's employment prevents her from being home to greet them when they return from school.Lesson9Not all sounds made by animals serve as language, and we have only to turn to that extraordinary discovery of echo-location in bats to see a case in which the voice plays a strictly utilitarian role.To get a full appreciation of what this means we must turn first to some recent human inventions. Everyone knows that if he shouts in the vicinity of a wall or a mountainside, an echo will come back. The further off this solid obstruction the longer time will elapse forthe return of the echo. A sound made by tapping on the hull of a ship will be reflected from the sea bottom, and by measuring the time interval between the taps and the receipt of the echoes the depth of the sea at that point can be calculated. So was born the echo-sounding apparatus, now in general use in ships. Every solid object will reflect a sound, varying ac- cording to the size and nature of the object. A shoal of fish will do this. So it is a comparatively simple step from locating the sea bottom to locating a shoal of fish. With experience, and with improved apparatus, it is now possible not only to locate a shoal but to tell if it is herring, cod, or other well-known fish, by the pattern of its echo .A few years ago it was found that certain bats emit squeaks and by receiving the echoes they could locate and steer clear of obstacles--or locate flying insects on which they feed. This echo-location in bats is often compared with radar, the principle of which is similar.Lesson10In our new society there is a growing dislike of original, creative men. The manipulated do not understand them; the manipulators fear them. The tidy committee men regard them with horror, knowing that no pigeonholes can be found for them. We could do with a few original, creative men in our political life—if only to create some enthusiasm, release some energy--but where are they? We are asked to choose between various shades of the negative. The engine is falling to pieces while the joint owners of the car argue whether the footbrake or the handbrake should be applied. Notice how the cold, colourless men, without ideas and with no other passion but a craving for success, get on in this society, capturing one plum after another and taking the juice and taste out of them. Sometimes you might think the machines we worship make all the chief appointments, promoting the human beings who seem closest to them. Between mid-night and dawn, when sleep will not come and all the old wounds begin to ache, I often have a nightmare vision of a future world in which there are billions of people, all numbered and registered, with not a gleam of genius anywhere, not an original mind, a rich personality, on the whole packed globe. The twin ideals of our time, organization and quantity, will have won for ever.Lesson11Alfred the Great acted as his own spy, visiting Danish camps disguised as a minstrel. In those days wandering minstrels were welcome everywhere. They were not fighting men, and their harp was their passport. Alfred had learned many of their ballads in his youth, and could vary his programme with acrobatic tricks and simple conjuring.While Alfred's little army slowly began to gather at Athelney, the king himself set out to penetrate the camp of Guthrum, the commander of the Danish invaders. These had settled down for the winter at Chippenham: thither Alfred went. He noticed at once that discipline was slack: the Danes had the self-confidence of conquerors, and their security precautions were casual. They lived well, on the proceeds of raids on neighbouring regions. There they collected women as well as food and drink, and a life of ease had made them soft.Alfred stayed in the camp a week before he returned to Athelney. The force there assembled was trivial compared with the Danish horde. But Alfred had deduced that the Danes were no longer fit for prolonged battle : and that their commissariat had no organization, but depended on irregular raids.So, faced with the Danish advance, Alfred did not risk open battle but harried the enemy. He was constantly on the move, drawing the Danes after him. His patrols halted the raiding parties: hunger assailed the Danish army. Now Alfred began a long series of skirmishes--and within a month the Danes had surrendered. The episode could reasonably serve as a unique epic of royal espionage!Lesson12What characterizes almost all Hollywood pictures is their inner emptiness. This is compensated for by an outer impressiveness. Such impressiveness usually takes the form of truly grandiose realism. Nothing is spared to make the setting, the costumes, all of the surface details correct. These efforts help to mask the essential emptiness of the characterization, and the absurdities and trivialities of the plots. The houses look like houses, the streets look like streets; the people look and talk like people; but they are empty of humanity, credibility, and motivation. Needless to say, the disgraceful censorship code is an important factor in predetermining the content of these pictures. But the code does not disturb the profits, nor the entertainment value of the films; it merely helps to prevent them from being credible. It isn't too heavy a burden for the industry to bear. In addition to the impressiveness of the settings, there is a use of the camera, which at times seems magical. But of what human import is all this skill, all this effort, all this energy in the production of effects, when the story, the representation of life is hollow, stupid, banal, childish ?Lesson13Oxford has been ruined by the motor industry. The peace which Oxford once knew, and which a great university city should always have, has been swept ruthlessly away; and no benefactions and research endowments can make up for the change in character which the city has suffered. At six in the morning the old courts shake to the roar of buses taking the next shift to Cowley and Pressed Steel, great lorries with a double deck cargo of cars for export lumber past Magdalen and the University Church. Loads of motor-engines are hurried hither and thither and the streets are thronged with a population which has no interest in learning and knows no studies beyond servo-systems and distributors, compression ratios and camshafts.Theoretically the marriage of an old seat of learning and tradition with a new and wealthy industry might be expected to produce some interesting children. It might have been thought that the culture of the university would radiate out and transform the lives of the workers. That this has not happened may be the fault of the university, for at both Oxford and Cambridge the colleges tend tolive in an era which is certainly not of the twentieth century, and upon a planet which bears little resemblance to the war-torn Earth. Wherever the fault may lie the fact remains that it is the theatre at Oxford and not at Cambridge which is on the verge of extinction, and theonly fruit of the combination of industry and the rarefied atmosphere of learning is the dust in the streets, and a pathetic sense of being lost which hangs over some of the colleges.Lesson14Some old people are oppressed by the fear of death. In the young there is a justification for this feeling. Young men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that they have been cheated of the best things that life has to offer. But in an old man who has known human joys and sorrows, and has achieved whatever work it was in him to do, the fear of death is somewhat abject and ignoble. The best way to overcome it- so at least it seems to me----is to make your interests gradually wider and more impersonal, until bit by bit the walls of the ego recede, and your life becomes increasingly merged in the universal life. An individual human existence should be like a river--small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls. Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being. The man who, in old age, can see his life in this way, will not suffer from the fear of death, since the things he cares for will continue. And it, with the decay of vitality, weariness increases, the thought of rest will be not unwelcome. I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do, and content in the thought that what was possible has been done.Lesson15When anyone opens a current account at a bank, he is lending the bank money, repayment of which he may demand at any time, either in cash or by drawing a cheque in favour of another person. Primarily, the banker-customer relationship is that of debtor and creditor--who is which depending on whether the customer's account is in credit or is overdrawn. But, in addition to that basically simple concept, the bank and its customer owe a large number of obligations to one another. Many of these obligations can give rise to problems and complications but a bank customer, unlike, say, a buyer of goods, cannot complain that the law is loaded against him.The bank must obey its customer's instructions, and not those of anyone else. When, for example, a customer first opens an account, he instructs the bank to debit his account only in respect of cheques drawn by himself. He gives the bank specimens of his signature, and there is a very firm rule that the bank has no right or authority to pay out a customer's money on a cheque on which its customer's signature has been forged. It makes no difference that the forgery may have been a very skilful one: the bank must recognize its customer's signature. For this reason there is no risk to the customer in the modern practice, adopted by some banks, of printing the customer's name on his cheques. If this facilitates forgery it is the bank which will lose, not the customer.Lesson16The deepest holes of all are made for oil, and they go down to as much as 25,000 feet. But we do not need to send men down to get the oil out, as we must with other mineral deposits.The holes are only borings, less than a foot in diameter. My particular experience is largely in oil, and the search for oil has done more to improve deep drilling than any other mining activity. When it has been decided where we are going to drill, we put up at the surface an oil derrick. It has to be tall because it is like a giant block and tackle, and we have to lower into the ground and haul out of the ground great lengths of drill pipe which are rotated by an engine at the top and are fitted with a cutting bit at the bottom.The geologist needs to know what rocks the drill has reached, so every so often a sample is obtained with a coring bit. It cuts a clean cylinder of rock, from which can be seen he strata the drill has been cutting through. Once we get down to the oil, it usually flows to the surface because great pressure, either from gas or water, is pushing it. This pressure must be under control, and we control it by means of the mud which we circulate down the drill pipe. We endeavour to avoid the old, romantic idea of a gusher, which wastes oil and gas. We want it to stay down the hole until we can lead it off in a controlled manner.Lesson17The fact that we are not sure what 'intelligence' is, nor what is passed on, does not prevent us from finding it a very useful working concept, and placing a certain amount of reliance on tests which 'measure' it.In an intelligence test we take a sample of an individual's ability to solve puzzles and problems of various kinds, and if we have taken a representative sample it will allow us to predict successfully the level of performance he will reach in a wide variety of occupations.This became of particular importance when, as a result of the 1944 Education Act, secondary schooling for all became law, and grammar schools, with the exception of a small number of independent foundation schools, became available to the whole population. Since the number of grammar schools in the country could accommodate at most approximately 25 per cent of the total child population of eleven-plus, some kind of selection had to be made. Narrowly academic examinations and tests were felt, quite rightly, to be heavily weighted in favour of children who had had the advantage of highly-academic primary schools and academically biased homes. Intelligence tests were devised to counteract this narrow specialization, by introducing problems which were not based on specifically scholastically-acquired knowledge. The intelligence test is an attempt to assess the general ability of any child to think, reason, judge, analyse and synthesize by presenting him with situations, both verbal and practical, which are within his range of competence and understanding.Lesson18Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific in industry. One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is carried out, the other the lack of freedom of the individual research worker. In so far as any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out from effective contact with their fellow scientists either in other countries or in universities, or even , often enough , in other departments of the same firm. The degree of secrecy naturally varies considerably. Some of the bigger firms are engaged in researches which are of such general and fundamental nature that it is a positiveadvantage to them not to keep them secret. Yet a great many processes depending on such research are sought for with complete secrecy until the stage at which patents can be taken out. Even more processes are never patented at all but kept as secret processes. This applies particularly to chemical industries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part than they do in physical and mechanical industries. Sometimes the secrecy goes to such an extent that the whole nature of the research cannot be mentioned. Many firms, for instance, have great difficulty in obtaining technical or scientific books from libraries because they are unwilling to have their names entered as having taken out such and such a book for fear the agents of other firms should be able to trace the kind of research they are likely to be undertaking.Lesson19A gentleman is, rather than does. He is interested in nothing in a professional way. He is allowed to cultivate hobbies, even eccentricities, but must not practise a vocation. He must know how to ride and shoot and cast a fly. He should have relatives in the army and navy and at least one connection in the diplomatic service. But there are weaknesses in the English gentleman's ability to rule us today. He usually knows nothing of political economy and less about how foreign countries are governed. He does not respect learning and prefers 'sport '. The problem set for society is not the virtues of the type so much as its adequacy for its function, and here grave difficulties arise. He refuses to consider sufficiently the wants of the customer, who must buy, not the thing he desires but the thing the English gentleman wants to sell. He attends inadequately to technological development. Disbelieving in the necessity of large-scale production in the modern world, he is passionately devoted to excessive secrecy, both in finance and method of production. He has an incurable and widespread nepotism in appointment, discounting ability and relying upon a mystic entity called 'character,' which means, in a gentleman's mouth, the qualities he traditionally possesses himself. His lack of imagination and the narrowness of his social loyalties have ranged against him one of the fundamental estates of the realm. He is incapable of that imaginative realism which admits that this is a new world to which he must adjust himself and his institutions, that every privilege he formerly took as of right he can now attain only by offering proof that it is directly relevant to social welfare.Lesson20In the organization of industrial life the influence of the factory upon the physiological and mental state of the workers has been completely neglected. Modern industry is based on the conception of the maximum production at lowest cost, in order that an individual or a group of individuals may earn as much money as possible. It has expanded without any idea of the true nature of the human beings who run the machines, and without giving any consideration to the effects produced on the individuals and on their descendants by the artificial mode of existence imposed by the factory. The great cities have been built with no regard for us. The shape and dimensions of the skyscrapers depend entirely on the necessity of obtaining the maximum income per square foot of ground, and of offering to the tenants offices and apartments that please them. This caused the construction of gigantic buildings where too large masses of human beings are crowded together. Civilized men like such a way of living. While they enjoy the comfort and banal luxury of their dwelling, they do not realize that they are deprived of the necessities of life. The modern city consists of monstrous edifices and of dark, narrow。

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E5FR:/ waterlogged/ /scent/ sent/ensue/ in5sju:/ intrigue/ in5tqi:g/ indignity/ in5digniti/ snout/ snaut/shove/ FQv/aquaplane/ 5AkwEplein/ oceanarium/ 5ouFEn5VEqi-swoop/ swu:p/belly/ 5beli/ equilibrium/ i:kwi5libqiE butt/ bQt/crack/ kqAk/$第19课0 speculation/ 5spekju5leiF literally/ 5litEqEli/odd/ Rd/tissue/ 5tisju:/ plausible/ 5plR:zEbl/ hypothesis/ hai5pRWisi:z electroencephalograph/ /electrode/ i5lektqEud/ scaly/ 5skeili/ psychiatrist/ sai5kaiEtqis punctuate/ 5pQNktjueit/ jerky/ dVE:ki/ disorder/ dis5R:dE/ implication/ impli5keiFEn $第20课0 saliva/ sE5laivE/ digestive/ di5dVestiv/ defy/ di5fai/analysis/ E5nAlEsis/prey/ pqei/fierce/ fiEs/tussle/ 5tQsl/carnivore/ 5ka:nivR:/ vertebrate/ 5vE:tibqit/ lizard/ 5lizEd/concoct/ kEn5kRkt/ potency/ 5pEutEnsi/ conversion/ kEn5vE:FEn/ arsenic/ 5a:snik/ strychnine/ 5stqiknin/ mamba/ 5mRmbE/cobra/ 5kEubqE/venom/ 5venEm/ neurotoxic/ 5njuEqou5tRk viper/ 5vaipE/ rattlesnake/ 5qAtlsneik/ haemolytic/ /viperine/ 5vaipEqin/ $第21课0 supreme/ sju:5pqi:m/ 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5EuvE5hwelmi patronage/ 5pAtqEnidV/ sauerkraut/ 5sauEkqaut/ vie/ vai/municipality/ mju:5nisi5pAl itinerant/ i5tinEqEnt/ heath/ hi:W/alienate/ 5eiljEneit/ eternal/ i5tE:nl/$第48课0 portfolio/ pR:t5fouljou tipster/ 5tipstE/Las Vegas/ /fritter/ 5fqitE/ reputable/ 5qepjutEbl/ broker/ 5bqEukE/ finance/ fai5nAns, fi mortgage/ 5mR:gidV/ pension/ 5penFEn/priority/ pqai5Rqiti/ gilt/ gilt/convertible/ kEn5vE:tEbl/ sanguine/ 5sANgwin/heady/ 5hedi/alongside/ E5lRN5said/ pedestrian/ pi5destqiEn/a.化石人v.叙述n.英雄故事n.传说，传奇n.迁移，移居n.人类学家n.考古学家n.祖先a.波利尼西亚(中太平洋之一群岛)的n.印度尼西亚n.燧石v.烂掉n.野兽n.统计数字n.英亩a.满足的n.马特霍恩峰(阿尔卑斯山峰之一)n.登山运动员v.开辟，倡导;n.先锋，开辟者n.顶峰v.到达a.危险的v.不寒而栗v.追求a.唯一的v.使贫困a.阿尔卑斯山的a.布满跳蚤的a.粗劣的v.自恃有n.教区居民n.牧羊人n.亚麻布n.阿尔卑斯山脉a.坚实的n.保险柜n.乌里扬诺夫斯克n.委员会a.不透明的n.一种有编号的纸牌n.拖鞋a.& ad.被蒙上眼睛的n.允许n.基本原则a.光辉灿烂的a.灿烂的n.难题n.身份a.沉郁的n.信奉a.吝啬，小气追求更高社会地位的人，向上爬的人n.热爱a.宇宙的a.见识不广的，偏狭的a.自高自大的a.自以为是的，放肆的a.愚蠢的n.陈词滥调0 n.友好n.板球n.意愿n.比赛n.无节制，放荡v.推断a.竞争性的n.地方观念，爱国主义v.使丢脸a.野性的a.好斗的n.模拟战争n.行动，举止a.荒唐的0 n.蝙蝠ad.明确地a.实用的n.理解n.障碍物v.消逝n.船体n.间隔n.收到n.仪器n.鱼群n.鲱鱼n.鳕鱼n.尖叫声0 v.屠宰a.适合v.给…增光n.关税n.标准n.分离，分解；透析，渗析v.使触电身亡v.消灭n.协议n.仪器，器械v.推敲n.合同，条约，公约n.间谍活动a.丹麦的，丹麦人的，丹麦语的n.中世纪的吟游歌手a.漫游的n.竖琴n.民歌a.杂技的n.魔术n.阿塞尔纳(英国一个小岛)n.切本哈姆(英国一城市)ad.向那里n.丹麦人a.涣散的n.征服者a.马虎的，随便的n.预防，警惕n.所得v.集合a.微不足道的a.持久的n.军粮供应n.一个事件，片断n.史诗v.骚扰v.袭击n.小规模战斗n.硅a.综合的n.线路，电路n.加利福尼亚(美国州名)n.工作站n.芯片，集成电路片，集成块n.时事通讯n.苹果机，一种个人电脑v.处罚，惩罚v.按顾客具体需要制造v.引起，酿成v.兴旺，繁荣n.无政府状态，混乱n.东方人v.构成n.群n.改革者v.发展n.内存条美国电话电报公司(American Telephone and Telegraph) n.堪萨斯(美国州名)n.密苏里(美国州名)v.忧郁，压抑n.正当理由ad.无可非议地v.欺骗a.可怜的a.不体面的，可耻的a.超脱个人感情影响的n.自我v.退去ad.日益，不断ad.激昂地ad.毫无痛苦地n.精力n.疲惫感0 a.通用的，流行的n.账户n.现金n.支票n.借方n.贷方n.义务n.纠纷v.把…记入借方n.样本v.发展n.伪造(文件，签名等) v.采用v.使便利0 a.矿物的n.钻孔n.井架滑轮组v.拖，拉v.使转动钻头n.地质学家取芯钻头n.圆柱体n.岩层［复］(［单］stratum) v.注入，环流n.喷油井n.预报a.推测的n.暴风雪v.变坏，恶化v.增加v.瀑布似地落下a.狂暴的小尘暴，尘旋风n.暴风n.旋涡n.坐标方格n.传感器n.湿度n.气象学家n.普林斯顿(美国城市名)n.新泽西(美国州名)n.起伏，波动n.偏差n.秘密n.成效，效力n.调查研究a.确实的n.过程n.专利 v.得到专利权n.情报人员a.生理的a.最大限度的n.考虑n.子孙，后代a.人工的v.强加n.直径n.摩天大楼n.租户a.文明的a.平庸的n.豪华v.剥夺a.畸形的n.大厦a.有毒的ad.不停地v.挤满，壅塞n.新拓居地a.有事业心的n.移居者n.(the～)新西兰和澳大利亚(英) a.杂乱的n.放任，纵情v.蔓延，泛滥n.破坏，劫掠v.挖、掘a.易受感染的n.病毒n.多发性粘液瘤v.传染n.流行病n.蚊虫n.带菌者v.消灭ad.具有讽刺意味地v.把…传给n.害虫，有害动物n.瘟疫n.范围v.驯养0 n.海豚n.水手n.鲨鱼n.队形n.海豚科动物a.不省人事的n.海狸ad.上岸a.浸满水的n.香味v.接着发生v.引起兴趣n.侮辱n.口鼻部v.硬推n.驾浪滑水板n.水族馆v.猛扑n.腹部n.平衡v.碰撞n.重击0 n.推测ad.确实a.奇特的n.组织a.似乎有理的n.假说n.脑电图仪n.电极n.头发n.精神病学家v.不时介入a.急动的n.失调n.表明0 n.唾液a.助消化的v.使不可能n.分析n.被捕食的动物a.凶猛的n.扭打n.食肉动物n.脊椎动物n.蜥蜴v.调制n.效力n.转变n.砒霜n.马钱子碱n.树眼镜蛇n.眼镜蛇n.毒液a.毒害神经的n.蝰蛇n.响尾蛇a.溶血性的a.毒蛇的0 a.首屈一指的n.主角n.逃犯，亡命之徒a.遭到陷害的a.恶毒的n.神话a.消失了的ad.荒诞地n.竞技场地a.渐渐渗入的n.印第安人v.使手足无措a.外来的n.戒律v.剥夺…继承权a.未经宣布的n.伪善n.诈骗a.迫近的，迫在眉睫的n.杀戮n.准则0 v.赫然耸起a.明显的n.道德v.交流，交际v.增进n.速率n.涓涓细流n.滔滔洪流n.人类ad.不在乎地ad.可怖地a.怪诞的v.毁坏a.双重的0 n.信天翁n.支撑力n.滑翔者v.利用v.赋有v.不断地供给n.大风n.鹧鸪a.类似的n.推进力a.完全的v.滑行a.逆的，相反的n.预兆0 a.强烈的a.审美的n.世界n.静谧a.不可否认的a.模糊不清的n.发光n.暗示a.不可言传的v.赋予0 a.听觉的a.不适当的n.要求n.减少v.怀疑n.断言n.插图说明n.残废人n.疑难之处，障碍n.轶闻v.诽谤v.迫害n.中队a.精神病学的n.诊断n.孤儿院0 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a.有天才的n.心理学家n.一阵(感情)发作a.无用的v.使潜入，暗示a.起痉挛的n.启发，照明a.不适当的n.紧张n.休息v.临时作成ad.孜孜不倦地v.使生气勃勃v.加剧a.微小的v.使满意n.任性n.满足ad.狂乱地v.替…报复n.厌烦n.喧闹的谈话n.支撑力n.欲望v.怨恨。

【导语】新概念英语之所以经久不衰是因为以其全新的教学理念，有趣的课⽂内容和全⾯的技能训练，为英语学习者排忧解难，深受⼴⼤英语学习者的欢迎和喜爱。

想要学好英语的你，怎能错过？快来加⼊学习吧！为您提供了以下内容，希望能够为⼤家学习新概念英语提供帮助!新概念英语第四册惯⽤语整理Lesson43 1.behind adv.在…后⾯ prep.在…的后⾯ n. 臀部 be behind in 在…落后 例句：I'm way behind in my writing, I've got to get started. 我写信已经拖了很久了，我得开始写信了。

A:Hey, Larry. Wanna meet a few of us for coffee in a little while? A:嘿，拉⾥!⼀会⼉我们⼏个⼀起去喝点⼉咖啡吗? B:Hmm. I would if I weren't so far behind in this reading I'm doing for history. B:嗯。

如果我历史课的阅读任务不差这么多的话，我就会跟你们⼀块⼉去的。

fall behind 落后;不能按期⽀付(be left behind, move back behind; fail to maintain a schedule) 例句：The country has fallen behind its competitors in the manufacture of computers 这个国家在计算机制造⽅⾯已经落后于其竞争者了。

A:Joe's car was repossessed by the finance company. A:乔的汽车被⾦融公司收回了。

B:Yes, He's fallen behind in the payments. B:是的，他没能按期付款。

新概念英语第四册Lesson43单词学习手册Mars [mɑz] 水星vammonia ['mn] 氨气【派生词】prevailing流行的【单词搭配】prevail on劝说 prevail against压倒【单词例句】A： The main color of our new series of cars is red, the color of frre.A：找们的新系列车的主打色是红色，火的颜色。

B：I bet our booth will prevail.B：我敢打赌我们的展位会很火!radio astronomer ['strnm] 射电天文学家【派生词】uniquely独特地【单词搭配】unique to只有……才有的【单词例句】A： This kind ofproduct sells very well.A：这种商品卖得非常好。

B：I believe so, because it is unique.B：这个点我信，因为这种商品确实很独特。

【派生词】rationale基本原理【单词扩充】reasonable合理的【单词例句】A：I like the clients who are professional, responsible, and rational most.A：我最喜欢那种有专业知识的、负责的、理性的客户。

B：But that kind ofcustomer isa dying breedB：但是那种顾客越来越少。

radio frequency ['frikw()ns] 无线电频率centimetre ['sentmit] n. 厘米;公分。

新概念英语第四册第43课In Lesson 43 of New Concept English Book Four, the story revolves around a discussion between a man and a woman about the woman's views on marriage and career. The man expresses his belief that women should prioritize their roles as wives and mothers, while the woman argues that women should also have the opportunity to pursue their own careers and dreams. This topic is particularly relevant in today's society, where women's rights and gender equality are major issues.在新概念英语第四册第43课中，故事围绕一个男人和一个女人讨论女性对婚姻和事业的看法展开。

这位男士表达了他的观点，认为女性应该把成为妻子和母亲作为重中之重，而女性则认为她们也应该有追求自己事业和梦想的机会。

这个话题在今天的社会尤为重要，女性权利和性别平等是主要议题。

The man's traditional views on gender roles are reflective of societal norms that have been ingrained for generations. In many cultures, women are expected to prioritize their families and household duties over their own ambitions. However, the woman's perspective challenges this belief and advocates for gender equality andopportunities for women to pursue their passions and careers. This debate highlights the ongoing struggle for women's rights and empowerment in the face of entrenched patriarchal values.男士对性别角色的传统观念反映了几代人深植于社会规范中的观念。

【导语】新概念英语作为家喻户晓的经典之作，它有着全新的教学理念，有趣的课⽂内容及其全⾯的技能训练，为⼴⼤的英语学习者提供帮助！如果你也想学好英语，⼜怎能错过新概念英语？下⾯为您提供了相关内容，希望对您有所帮助！新概念第四册Lesson46课⽂翻译及学习笔记 【课⽂】 First listen and then answer the following question. 听录⾳，然后回答以下问题。

Who, according to the author, are 'Fortune's favoured children'? A gifted American psychologist has said, 'Worry is a spasm of the emotion; the mind catches hold of something and will not let it go.' It is useless to argue with the mind in this condition. The stronger the will, the more futile the task. One can only gently insinuate something else into its convulsive grasp. And if this something else is rightly chosen, if it really attended by the illumination of another field of interest, gradually, and often quite swiftly, the old undue grip relaxes and the process of recuperation and repair begins. The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is therefore a policy of the first importance to a public man. But this is not a business that can be undertaken in a day or swiftly improvised by a mere command of the will. The growth of alternative mental interests is a long process. The seeds must be carefully chosen; they must fall on good ground; they must be sedulously tended, if the vivifying fruits are to be at hand when needed. To be really happy and really safe, one ought to have at least two or three hobbies, and they must all be real. It is no use starting late in life to say: 'I will take an interest in this or that.' Such an attempt only aggravates the strain of mental effort. A man may acquire great knowledge of topics unconnected with his daily work, and yet get hardly any benefit or relief. It is no use doing what you like; you have got to like what you do. Broadly speaking, human beings may be divided into three classes: those who are toiled to death, those who are worried to death, and those who are bored to death. It is no use offering the manual labourer, tired out with a hard week's sweat and effort, the chance of playing a game of football or baseball or Saturday afternoon. It is no use inviting the politician or the professional or business man, who has been working or worrying about serious things for six days, to work or worry about trifling things at the weekend. As for the unfortunate people who can command everything they want, who can gratify every caprice and lay their hands on almost every object of desire -- for them a new pleasure, a new excitement if only an additional satiation. In vain they rush frantically round from place to place, trying to escape from avenging boredom by mere clatter and motion. For them discipline in one form or another is the most hopeful path. It may also be said that rational, industrious, useful human being are divided into two classes: first,those whose work is work and whose pleasure is pleasure; and secondly those whose work and pleasure are one. Of these the former are the majority. They have their compensations. The long hours in the office or the factory bring with them as their reward, not only the means of sustenance, but a keen appetite for pleasure even in its simplest and most modest forms. But Fortune's favoured children belong to the second class. Their life is a natural harmony. For them the working hours are never long enough. Each day is a holiday, and ordinary holidays, when they come, are grudged as enforced interruptions in an absorbing vocation. Yet to both classes, the need of an alternative outlook, of a change of atmosphere, of a diversion of effort, is essential. Indeed, it may well be that those work is their pleasure are those who and most need the means of banishing it at intervals from their minds. WINSTON CHURCHLL Painting as a Pastime 【New words and expressions ⽣词和短语】 gifted adj. 有天才的 psychologist n. ⼼理学家 spasm n. ⼀阵(感情)发作 futile adj. ⽆⽤的 insinuate v. 便潜⼊，暗⽰ convulsive adj. 起痉挛的 illumination n. 启发，照明 undue adj. 不造当的 grip n. 紧张 recuperation n. 休息 improvise v. 临时作成 sedulously adv. 孜孜不倦地 vivify v. 使⽣⽓勃勃 aggravate v. 加剧 trifling adj. 微⼩的 gratify v. 便满意 caprice n. 任性 satiation n. 满⾜ frantically adv. 狂乱地 avenge v. 替…报复 boredom n. 厌烦 clatter n. 喧闹的谈话 sustenance n. ⽣计 appetite n. 欲望 grudge v. 怨恨 absorbing adj. 引⼈⼊胜的 banish v. 排除，放弃 【课⽂注释】 1.catch hold of 抓住…… let ... go 放掉…… 2.The stronger the will, the more futile the task 这种意志越是强烈，这种尝试越是徒劳。

新概念第四册课文新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记【Lesson40、41、42】新概念第四册课文新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记【Lesson40、41、42】【导语】新概念英语作为一套世界闻名的英语教程，以其全新的教学理念，有趣的课文内容和全面的技能训练，深受广大英语学习者的欢迎和喜爱。

为了方便同学们的学习，大为大家了最全面的新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记，希望为大家的新概念英语学习提供帮助!First listen and then answer the following question.What false impression does an ocean wave convey to the observer?Waves are the children of the struggle between ocean and atmosphere, the ongoing signatures of infinity. Rays from the sun excite and energize the atmosphere of the earth, awakening it to flow, to movement, to rhythm, to life. The wind then speaks the message of the sun to the sea and the sea transmits it on through waves -- an ancient, exquisite, powerful message.These ocean waves are among the earth"s most plicated natural phenomena. The basic features include a crest (the highest point of the wave), a trough (the lowest point), a height (the vertical distance from the trough to the crest), a wave length (the horizontal distance between two wave crests), and a period (which is the time it takes a wave crest to travel one wave length).Although an ocean wave gives the impression of a wall of water moving in your direction, in actuality waves move through the water leaving the water about where it was. If the water was moving with the wave, the ocean and everything on it would beracing in to the shore with obviously catastrophic results.An ocean wave passing through deep water causes a particle on the surface to move in a roughly circular orbit, drawing the particle first towards the advancing wave, then up into the wave, then forward with it and then -- as the wave leaves the particles behind -- back to its starting point again.From both maturity to death, a wave is subject to the same laws as any other "living" thing. For a time it assumes a miraculous individuality that, in the end, is reabsorbed into the great ocean of life.The undulating waves of the open sea are generated by three natural causes: wind, earth movements or tremors, and the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun. Once waves have been generated, gravity is the force that drives them in a continual attempt to restore the ocean surface to a flat plain.from World Magazine (BBC Enterprises)signature n. 签名，标记infinity n. 无穷ray n. 光线energize v. 给与...能量rhythm n. 节奏transmit v. 传送exquisite adj. 高雅的phenomena n. 现象crest n. 浪峰trough n. 波谷vertical adj. 垂直的horizontal adj. 水平的actuality n. 现实catastrophic adj. 大灾难的 particle n. 微粒maturity n. 成熟undulate v. 波动，形成波浪 tremor n. 震颤gravitational adj. 地心吸力的1.transmit vt.①传达例句：Gypsies frequently transmit recipes orally within the family.吉普赛人经常以口头形式把秘方世代相传。

新概念英语第四册31-40课（转）Lesson 31雕塑家的语⾔The sculptor speaks1、雕塑的鉴赏⼒Appreciation of sculpture取决于 depends upon反应能⼒ the ability to respond 对⽴体形状。

to form in there dimension.雕塑的鉴赏⼒取决于对⽴体形状的反应能⼒。

Appreciation of sculpture depends upon the ability to respond to form in there dimension.对雕塑的鉴赏⼒取决于对⽴体的反应能⼒。

2、这That 也许就是is perhaps 为什么why 雕塑sculpture ⼀直被描述为has been described as所有艺术中最难的； the most difficult of all arts;⽆疑地 certainly 它⽐那些艺术困难it is more difficult than the arts那些仅仅涉及到which involve欣赏平⾯形状，appreciation of flat forms, 平⾯形状只⽤平⾯造型。

shape in only two dimensions.这也许就是为什么That is perhaps why雕塑⼀直被描述为所有艺术中最难的艺术； sculpture has been described as the most difficult of all arts;⽆疑地 certainly 它⽐那些仅仅涉及到欣赏平⾯形状-也就是只是平⾯尺⼨造型的艺术困难。

it is more difficult than the arts which involve appreciation of flat forms, shape in only two dimensions.这也许就是为什么雕塑⼀直被描述为所有艺术中最难的艺术；⽆疑地，欣赏雕塑品⽐那些仅仅涉及到欣赏平⾯形状-也就是只是平⾯尺⼨造型的艺术困难。