外刊经贸知识选读lesson2

外刊经贸知识选读Translate the following phrases into Chinese: Compensation trade补偿贸易Net exporter净出口国Department store百货商店Economic projection经济预测White Paper白皮书Spin off副产品Base metals贱金属Technology transfer技术转让Foreign-exchange reserves外汇储蓄Saturation point饱和点Trade balance贸易差额Areas of trade贸易区North America Free Trade Agreement北美自由贸易协定Current account常常项目Free trade zone自由贸易区European Union欧洲联盟Growth rate增加率Contractual conflict契约性的矛盾EEC欧洲经济一起体Portfolio investment证券投资Per capita income人均收入De-inflationary policies反通胀政策The Single Market统一大市场Business investment商业投资Exclusive contract独家代理协议The Gulf region海湾地域GNP国民生产总值Budget deficit贸易赤字Fiscal packages财政一揽子打算Barter trade易货贸易Foreign trade对外贸易The Special Economic Zone经济特区Natural resources自然资源Per capita income人均收入Trade priority贸易优先权Carbon tax双重税Import targets入口指标Credit guarantee货款担保人Accountancy service会计效劳National sovereignty国家主权Balance of payments国际收支差额Customs duties关税Punitive import tariff处惩性入口关税Primary commodity price低级产品价钱Trade surplus贸易顺差Top priority第一优先Hard currency硬通货Technology transfer技术转让Public funds国家资金Sliding price浮动价钱Debt restructuring债务调整Net exporter净出口国Wet market生肉、鱼、禽、蛋市场The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade关贸总协定Market forces市场力量Petrochemical complex石油化学企业Tax breaks税额优惠Import targets入口指标Trade reprisal贸易报复Trade barrier贸易壁垒Most-favored nation treatment最惠国待遇Imports of capital资本入口Gross national product国民生产总值Domestic demand国内需求Trade barrier贸易壁垒Current-account常常项目Domestic policy内政Debtor nations债务国Snack food小吃Financial instrument金融证券Foreign exchange reserves外汇储蓄Technical transformation技术改造Free market自由市场Holding company控股公司A chamber of commerce商会Bargain basement廉价部Trade fairs贸易展览会Trade volume贸易量Service industry效劳业Capital stock实际资本Capital equipment资本设备High-tech economy高科技经济Semiconductor chips半导体集成电路芯片Electronic commerce电子商务Process a loan办理贷款手续Retail sale零售Make way for为——让路Liquid assets流动资产Developing countries进展中国家Precious metals贵金属Discount rate贴现率Securities有价证券Spot market现货市场Transfers component资本转移部份Trade barrier贸易壁垒Net assets净资产Barrier-free market无壁垒市场Trade reprisal贸易报复Trade inventories贸易库存Nominal dollar terms名义美元价Unfair trade不平等交易Exclusive contract独家经销合同Per capita income人均收入Long-term strategy长期战略GATT关税及贸易总协定Financial crisis金融危机Trade representative商务代表Physical market现货市场Financial deregulation撤销金融管制规定Sovereignty dispute主权争端Most-favored nation treatment最惠国待遇Trade surplus贸易顺差Hard currency硬通货Merger of banks银行兼并Liquid assets易于变卖的资产/流动资金A hermit nation闭关自守的国家Trade negotiation贸易谈判At a rough estimate据粗略估量Chinese Export Commodities Fair中国出口商品交易会Foreign exchange reserves外汇储蓄Most-favored nation treatment最惠国待遇Trade surplus贸易顺差Hard currency硬通货Merger of banks银行兼并Liquid assets易于变卖的资产A hermit nation闭关自守的国家Trade negotiation贸易谈判At a rough estimate据粗略估量Chinese Export Commodities Fair中国出口商品交易会Foreign exchange reserves外汇储蓄Fiscal packages财政一揽子打算Countervailing duty反补助税Debt service利息付款Liquid assets易于变卖的资产Good resistance强阻力Current account常常项目Cash crops经济作物GNP国民生产总值De-inflationary policy反通货政策Equivalent value对等价值Industrialization programme工业化项目National income国民收入Volume of foreign trade对外贸易额Visible trade account有形贸易收支Invisible trade account无形贸易收支Growth rate增加率Foreign exchange外汇Trade fairs贸易展览会Production goods生产资料Customs duties关税Capital stock实际资本Infrastructure基础设施Foreign-exchange reserves外汇储蓄Customer goods消费品Saturation point饱和点Showpiece优秀样品Industrial crops经济作物Gross national product国民生产总值Economic power经济强国Punitive import tariff处惩性入口关税Securities and real-estate markets证券及房地产市场Conglomerate跨行业公司Commercial hub商业活动中心Per capita人均Portfolio investment证券投资Nominal terms名义价Constant terms不变价Debt restructuring债务调整Trade sanctions贸易制裁General Agreement on T ariffs and Trade关税及贸易总协定Trade surplus贸易顺差Trade agreement贸易协定Government procurement政府采购North America Free Trade Agreement北美自由贸易协定European Community欧洲一起体European Union欧洲联盟The Single Market统一大市场Free-trade zone自由贸易区Plant modernization工厂现代化European integration欧洲一体化Obtain access to a market取得进入一个市场的机遇Trade reprisal贸易报复Trade representative 贸易代表Import targets入口指标Fiscal packages财政一揽子打算Multilateral rules多边规那么Quantifiable results定量结果Conglomerate联合大企业Joint venture合伙企业Leviathan zaibatsu大财团Interest rates利率The lion’s share最大的份额Antidumping反倾销Loss leader赔本出售的商品Carbon tax双重税OPEC石油输出国组织The Gulf region海湾地域CECF中国出口商品交易会GATT关税及贸易总协定Market forces市场力量Countervailing duty反补助税Intellectual property right知识产权Trade in service效劳贸易Common Agriculture Policy一起农业政策Barter易货贸易Convertible currency可兑换货币Debt service归还贷款Countertrade对等贸易Counter purchase反向购买Debtor nations债务国Creditor nations债权国Reformulation从头配方Security有价证券Franchise特许经销权wholesaler批发商retailer零售商promote sales促销商品USDA美国农业部Luck draw幸运抽奖Spin-offs副产品，副作用Liquid assets流动资金Surplus produce生产多余Financial futures期货Currency movements货币流通Inflation通货膨胀Firm坚挺Buoyant活跃Steady坚稳Quiet清淡Stagnant停滞Heavy很呆滞Easy疲软Irregular涨落不定Erratic反复无常Irregular lower曲折下降Uncertain捉摸不定Translate the following phrases into English:贱金属base metals贵金属precious metals呆滞dull贴现率discount rate现货市场spot market欧共体European Economic Community期货市场futures market伦敦五金交易所London Metal Exchange超级市场supermarket增加出口打算Export Enhancement Program快餐店fast food shops贸易结构structure of trade咸鸭蛋preserved duck eggs茶鸡蛋eggs cooked in salt and tea leaves价钱指数price index软商品soft commodities削价战price-cutting war投资基金investment funds出口配额制度export quota system国际金融机构the international financial institution 货币贮存currency reserves国际货币基金the International Monetary Fund货币互换currency exchange 多边贸易multilateral trade清算协定Clearing Agreements补偿协定Compensation Agreements优惠券coupons独家经销合同exclusive contract试销市场test market独家代理协议exclusive contract基础设施infrastructure征收入口附加税impose import surcharge 商会chamber of commerce再出口reexports产地证明书certificate of origin据保守估量on a conservative estimate形成一种要挟pose a threat经济增大economic growth乌拉圭回合谈判the Uruguay round talk世界贸易组织the World Trade Organization 农业爱惜farm protection治理贸易managed trade贸易差额trade balance白皮书white paper双边顺差bilateral surplus年增加率annual growth rate投资资本investment capital税额优惠tax breaks金融体制financial system禁运embargo经济自由化economic liberalization贸易优先权trade priority贸易歧视trade discriminations贸易妥协trade concession经济一体化economic integration政治一体化political integration无壁垒市场barrier-free market经济利益economic benefits贸易顺差trade surplus资本转移部份transfers component预算赤字budget deficit利率interest rate低级产品价钱primary commodity price七国集团the Group of Seven工人侨汇worker’s remittance优先权preferred status关税及贸易总协定General Agreement on T ariffs and Trade国内生产总值Gross Domestic Product竞争优势competitive advantage贸易集团trade bloc新兴企业newly-rising enterprises集装箱工厂container plant 国际财团Consortium反弹bounce back自由市场free market补偿贸易compensation trade合伙企业joint venture常常项目current account打算经济planned economy出口定额export quota增加点growth point高科技产业high-tech industries经济特区the Special Economic Zone所得税税率income tax rate技术改造technical transformation技术转让technology transfer资本设备capital equipment优惠税率preferential tax rate资本密集型投资capital-intensive investment 合作企业cooperative enterprise资本入口imports of capital效劳业service industry外汇管制foreign exchange control反向贸易counter trade省会provincial capital竞争优势competitive advantage经济局面economic dimensions内部融资internal financing中波medium wave期货financial futures燃气轮机gas turbine资本货物capital goods资本密集型投资capital-intensive investment 政府采购government procurement优惠税率preferential tax rate贸易歧视trade discriminations贸易妥协trade concession贸易制裁trade sancitions核定资本authoried capital市场魅力market appeal广告词marketing messages利率interest rate竞争优势competitive advantage货币政策monetary policy曲折下降irregularly lower补偿贸易compensation trade出口定额export quota外汇管制foreign exchange control经济结构economic structure低级产品primary commodity工人侨汇workers’ remittance贸易体制trade framework 国家资金public funds国民收入national income入口限额import quota贸易公司trading companies硬通货hard currency固执己见stick by one’s guns自由贸易区free-trade zone产地证明书certificate of origin贸易差额trade balance合伙企业joint venture贸易集团trading block无形贸易收支invisible account所得税税率income tax rate证券及房地产市场securities and real estate markets 预算赤字budget deficit净资产net assets家用电器consumer electronics贸易逆差trade deficit入口指标import targets财政一揽子打算fiscal packages资本密集型投资capital-intensive investment知识产权intellectual property right效劳贸易trade in services经济封锁economic blockade贸易限制trade restrictions国内需求domestic demand优先权preferred status反倾销antidumping出口经济export economy最大份额the lion’s share有形贸易visible trade有形贸易收支visible trade account 消费品consumer goods经济强国economic power商品市场commodity market初步协定preliminary agreements 坏账bad debts冒充产品pirate good债权国creditor nations自动售货机vending machine贫困地域distressed region外汇业务foreign exchange business 税率tax rate私营企业private business首席执行官Chief Executive Officer 赔本出售的商品loss leader容易被骗被骗的人fall guy贸易协定trade agreement贸易顺差trade surplus生产方式means of production 优惠税率preferential tax rate利润汇款profit-remittance出口经济export economy高科技公司high technology firm电路板circuit board销售总额gross sales把握——的线索keep track of强行推销hard sell国际货币基金组织the International Monetary Fund 工业原料industrial material高增加率high growth rate处惩性入口关税punitive import tariff收入指数income index每一年per annum赤字in deficit顺差in surplus海关税customs duties国民收入national income有形贸易收支visible trade account反补助税countervailing duty无形贸易收支invisible account利息付款debt service / interest payment外商独资sole foreign-funded技术转让technology transfer国内需求domestic demand出口导向export-oriented贸易差额trade balance产地证书certificate of origin期货市场futures market市场份额market share入口税import duties独家经销合同exclusive contract常常项目current account清算协议clearing agreement人均收入per capita income无壁垒市场barrier-free market双重税carbon tax房地产real estate试销test market知识产权intellectual property right商业周期business cycle国民收入national income国际收支balance of payments收盘价closing level处惩性入口关税punitive import tariff证券投资portfolio investment商品市场commodity market自由市场（无壁垒市场）barrier-free market 智囊团/顾问班子brain trust产地证明书certificate of origin 对等价值equivalent value市场份额market share供给欠缺short supply世界银行the World Bank资本货物capital goods生产力productive forces国内需求domestic demand外汇收入foreign exchange earnings 入口税customs duties有形贸易收支visible trade account 利润汇款profit-remittanceIn return for: 作为对~的互换Permit: 许诺Run-down: 减少，减缩Accelerate: 加速，增速Reinforce: 增强，增强By means of: 通过，借助于Concessionary: 优惠的，减让的Substantial: 可观的，大量的，相当数量的Exacerbated: 加重Deepened: 加深Stagnated: 停滞Deteriorated: 加重、恶化SEZ: the Special Economic Zone经济特区Equipped with: 用~装备，具有Cope with: （成功）应付，（妥帖）处置Preferential: 优惠的It will be some time before~: ~还需要一段时刻Many economists believe a standard estimate of China’s per capita gross national product is already two to three times too low.许多经济学家以为，对中国人均国民生产总值的标准估量太低了，实际应该是这数字的2到3倍。

绝密★考试结束前全国2020年8月高等教育自学考试外刊经贸知识选读试题课程代码:00096 请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂㊁写在答题纸上㊂选择题部分注意事项: 1.答题前,考生务必将自己的考试课程名称㊁姓名㊁准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上㊂ 2.每小题选出答案后,用2B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑㊂如需改动,用橡皮擦干净后,再选涂其他答案标号㊂不能答在试题卷上㊂一㊁单项选择题:本大题共15小题,每小题2分,共30分㊂在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个可以替代句中划线的单词或词组,请将其选出并将答题卡(纸)的相应代码涂黑㊂错涂㊁多涂或未涂均无分㊂1.We can see no justifications for an increase in the price.A.reasonsB.resultsC.explanationsD.disputes2.Multinational companies reaped great rewards of their foreign investment in developing countries.A.appealedB.offeredC.earnedD.rejected3.The aim is to modernize the moribund state-owned enterprises that threatened China’s economic progress.A.strongB.stagnantC.poorD.monopolistic4.The structure of the fund management industry and stock market may also exacerbate the problem.A.reduceB.worsenC.attributeD.develop5.Stock-taking of the open policy will come this year when the National People’s Congress discusses the next five-year plan.A.InquiryB.AcceptanceC.StatisticD.Assessment6.From the onset of the crisis,international organizations have been coordinating emergency activities.A.endingB.sunsetC.beginningD.growth7.The government plans to curtail economic growth to avoid speculative bubbles.A.enlargeB.continueC.assistD.restrict8.The America’s formidable capital and technological resources would be utilized to meet its objectives.A.powerfulB.availableC.vastD.different9.The law banned discrimination against people with physical disabilities in the workplace.A.equalityB.fairnessC.differentiationD.protection10.Investment funds have moved out of commodities and into liquid assets.A.water resourcesB.current assetsC.real estateD.fixed assets11.With unemployment rate at9.7%,the president is pressing the Congress to approve financial incentives for small businesses to add workers.A.controlB.capitalC.toolsD.stimulation12.9%of listed firms are technically insolvent and have stopped paying their debts.A.privateB.publicC.bankruptD.unsuccessful13.A substantial proportion of loans from the World Bank is still to be disbursed.A.borrowedB.paidC.declinedD.recovered14.This marks the first time in history that these companies will be subject to federal supervision.A.be free fromB.be exchanged byC.be occupied inD.be subordinated to15.Online education is a fledgling sector where no perfect model has been created.A.inexperiencedB.matureC.unfinishedD.uncertain二㊁判断题:本大题共10小题,每小题2分,共20分㊂判断下列各题,在答题卡(纸)相应位置正确的涂 A”,错误的涂 B”㊂Passage1Force of the Multinationals Direct investment by multinational companies is becoming a hugely important force in the world economy.In essence,a combination of factors,such as the development of global communications and a change in the political climate towards multinationals,is bringing in an era of true global manufacturing.A company such as Siemens may now start making a product in Germany then ship itto Malaysia for the labor⁃intensive final stages of manufacture.The strategy by Japanese companies of locating production in cheaper Far Eastern countries such as Thailand has done much to integrate the economies of the companies were setting up production in Mexico,for similar reasons,before negotiations on the NAFTA had even started.There is an important distinction to be made between the kind of integration based on trade,which is relatively simple,and the far more complex links involved in global manufacturing.The report says that as integration moves from shallow trade-based linkages to deep international production-based linkage under the common governance,the traditional division between integration at the corporate and country levels begins to break down.” Foreign direct investment tends to transfer assets from the developed world to the developing world.But the pattern is not entirely simple.Big shifts have occurred in the composition of foreign direct investment by sector.Increasing investment is going into services and high⁃tech manufacture, rather than basic manufacture and natural resources.As might be expected,foreign direct investment in the developed world is mostly in the former category,whereas in the developing world the emphasis is on the latter.It seems countries have to reach a basic level of sophistication before they can get in the act.Simple cash incentives to set up production in a country have little effect, other than on margin.In addition,the increasing sophistication of global production means that cheap labor is often not a deciding factor either.16.International production⁃based integration is better than trade⁃based integration.bor⁃intensive manufacture is the production mainly depend on the use of a large number of labor. companies set up production in Mexico for its cheaper labor and cost.19.Cash incentive is a deciding factor in global production.20.Foreign direct investment in the developed countries is mostly in services and high⁃tech sector.Passage2Asia,You Cost Too Much The Asian economic miracle can be best summed up as the biggest price undercut in history. Asia grew because it was the cheapest source for the low⁃tech consumer goods that the West craves. Hong Kong and Korea didn’t invent new or more efficient manufacturing techniques,they simply bought market share with low wages.But now Asia is beginning to cost too much.If you still thinkAsia is cheap or even a bargain,compare office rents in Shanghai with those in Chicago and Paris. Or try to hold a qualified manager in China against the almost weekly job offers he receives due to the shortage of Chinese professionals.No wonder companies are voting with their feet in response to Asia’s rising cost.Germany’s Siemens is dumping Singapore in favor of lower cost locations in the region.The way things are going,Siemens may have to move again before too long. The competition facing Asia is not going to let up,either Local council representatives from Britain are running all over the world advertising tax cuts,giving away state land and slashing bureaucracy in an effort to attract industry.Technological innovations and cost reduction in communications and transport mean that location isn’t as important as it once was.Only Singapore seems to understand that keeping up isn’t good enough and that being competitive means forging ahead.The Lion City made a concerted effort to open market,cut government regulations and create transparency.But most Asian government just don’t seem to understand the relationship between high costs and low competitiveness.Otherwise why would tariffs on agricultural imports be crippling the Korean and Japanese food processing industries?The oligarchical nature of trucking in Malaysia guarantees that high transport costs will drive business away.n economic growth was primarily based on cheap exports rather than high technology.22.Siemens is satisfied with Singapore’s low cost and will stay there all the time.23.High rents and shortage of professionals became China’s disadvantage in Business.24.The importance of location is weakened by technology and communication innovations.25.Most Asian government learned from Singapore to open markets and cut tariffs.非选择题部分注意事项: 用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔将答案写在答题纸上,不能答在试题卷上㊂三㊁将下列中文词组译成英文:本大题共10小题,每小题1分,共10分㊂26.经济特区27.出口配额制28.消费品29.批发商30.贸易差额31.服务部门32.垄断33.最惠国待遇34.硬通货35.经常项目四㊁将下列英语单词或词组译成中文:本大题共10小题,每小题1分,共10分㊂36.market forces37.countertrademercial hub39.intellectual property right40.brain trust41.austerity programmes42.the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade43.discount rate44.countervailing duty45.dumping五㊁简答题:本大题共6小题,每小题3分,共18分㊂Passage1 Once,when Japan faced pressure from abroad,it would either give in reluctantly or keep quiet and hope that the fuss would die down.No longer it seems.America wants Japan to meet import targets for some American goods,but far from capitulating to the thrust of American trade policy, Japan is taking a stand that could lead to a trans-Pacific confrontation.The annual white paper on trade development published by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry will reject the argument that Japan needs special trade sanctions.It is Japan’s persistent surplus,more than anything,that has provoked anger in Washington.This year the surplus has been growing fast.With the economy still barely growing,despite two fiscal packages in the past nine months,Japan’s critics say that the country is once more exporting its way out of recession.46.Which word can give in”be replaced by?47.Explain the fuss would die down”.48.Paraphrase exporting its way out of recession”.Passage2 The price of tin on the European spot market rose to4,400pounds per ton,reflecting widespread production cuts in the world tin industry,at a two-day meeting in Indonesia,theassociation of tin-producing countries,whose members represent70percent of world tin output, decided to strengthen their co-operation in a bid to stabilize tin prices and to call on the United States to limit sales of tin from its strategic stockpile.Platinum progressed at the outset on concern about strike action in South African mines but quickly fell victim to profit-taking as work resume.49.What is strategic stockpile”?50.What does progress”mean in the context?51.What is profit-taking in business?六㊁翻译题:本大题12分㊂52. Commerce among nations entered a modern era;the constrained trading between imperial powers and their colonies began to break down.World markets opened to all countries,and multilateral trade flourished.Generally,a country could sell its goods in the best market it could find and buy what is needed from the least expensive supplier.Moreover,since currencies were convertible,most transactions could be completed with cash.Barter was as antiquated as the horse⁃soldier.During the past few years,however,the international monetary system has begun to strain under a variety of economic changes.One important cause is the enormous burden of debt carried by Third World countries.A professor at Harvard University says, The plain fact is that many countries are broken.”绝密★启用前2020年8月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试外刊经贸知识选读试题答案及评分参考(课程代码　00096)一㊁单项选择题:本大题共15小题,每小题2分,共30分㊂1.A2.C3.B4.B5.D6.C7.D8.A9.C10.B 11.D12.C13.B14.D15.C二㊁正误判断题:本大题共10小题,每小题2分,共20分㊂16.B17.A18.A19.B20.A 21.A22.B23.A24.A25.B三㊁将下列中文词组译成英文:本大题共10小题,每小题1分,共10分㊂26.The Special Economic Zone27.export quota system28.consumer goods29.wholesaler30.trade balance31.the service sector32.monopolize33.most⁃favored nation treatment34.hard currency35.current account四㊁将下列英文单词或词组译成中文:本大题共10小题,每小题1分,共10分㊂36.市场力量37.对等贸易(反向贸易)38.商业活动中心39.知识产权40.智囊团41.紧缩计划42.关贸总协定43.贴现率44.反补贴税45.倾销五㊁简答题:本大题共6小题,每小题3分,共18分㊂Passage146.surrender or yield47.nervous activities become weaker48.get through the recession by exportingPassage249.Strategic stockpile is the stock for future use when faced with extremely difficult situations.50.Price goes up.51.to profit in a price fluctuation on an exchange by selling what one has bought at a lower pricewhen the price goes up.六㊁翻译题:本大题12分㊂52.国家间商贸进入了新的纪元;帝国主义列强及其殖民地间的强制性贸易开始崩溃㊂(2分)世界市场向所有国家开放,多边贸易开始繁荣㊂(2分)一般来说,一个国家可以在其能找到的最有利的市场上销售其货物,也能从最廉价的供应商那里购得它所相应的货物㊂(2分)而且,因为货币可以兑换,大部分交易可以用现金支付,易货贸易就像骑兵一样时过境迁了㊂(2分)然而,在过去的几年里,国家货币体系在种种经济变化影响下,开始承受着巨大的压力㊂(2分)一个重要的原因是第三世界国家的巨大债务负担㊂哈佛大学一位教授说: 显而易见,许多国家都已经破产了㊂”(2分)。

第一部分导言一、内容梗概《外刊经贸知识选读》这本教材以课文为核心，选文题材包括与我国经贸研究与实际工作有关的几个主要方面：中国对外贸易与吸收外资的概况以及其改革开放的大背景，国际经贸的宏观形势，世界经济和贸易大国的贸易政策和问题，亚洲新兴经济的状况和问题，日益激烈的市场竞争，从关贸总协定到世界贸易组织，初级产品市场的前景预测和市场变化的微观报导等。

这些课程内容的表达上语言上则提供了大量的、丰富的经贸研究与实际工作经常需用的词语、句式和文体及其应用的范例。

二、课程目标学习本课程，要求学生初步掌握使用英语从西方报刊或相类的材料中直接了解并获取经贸信息的基本知识和技巧。

为了实现这一最终目的，必须在学习过程中切实达到下列目标：1、熟悉并掌握课文中出现的经常用于报刊经贸文章（或相类材料）的词、片语和句型；2、能比较熟练地运用这些语言知识并结合所学的经贸业务和背景知识正确地理解教材中的课文练习用文、补充阅读材料等，并能得其要旨。

三、课程性质《外刊经贸知识选读》课程是全国高等教育自学考试国际贸易专业的必考课和英语专业的选修课，是为培养和检验自学应考者的阅读和理解西方报刊经贸文章所需的专业英语的基本知识和应用能力而设置的一门专业英语课程。

这一课程是英语阅读和理解课的一个专业分支。

其特点是：阅读材料以当代国际经贸活动为主要内容和背景；文章是用相关的英语表达的课程的设计和教材的编写着力于提示和总结这类材料的语言运用规律的启发有关经贸知识的应用。

由于课程内容的高度经贸专业化，学习本课程之前应完成经济学和其他国际贸易基础课程的学习。

四、学习方法1、首先要反复认知和记忆教材中出现的在西方经贸报刊文章（英语）中经常使用的词、片语和句型，了解其含义，掌握其用法，能够熟练地运用在阅读理解之中；2、在初步掌握了有关语言知识的基础上，在阅读中要结合所学文章的上下文和内容背景运用这些基本语言知识去正确、深入、灵活地理解。

这里所谓“灵活”，就是说一个词，片语或句型具体用在一句一段一篇里时其含义以至其用法经常有所变化，报刊文字尤其如此，而读者在理解上也要有随和应变之巧，不可一味墨守而不得其真义。

《外刊经贸知识选读》复习资料第一章、术语制成品manufactured goods资本货物capital goods国际收支balance of payments经常项目current account有形贸易项目visible trade account无形贸易项目invisible trade account贸易顺差trade surplus贸易逆差trade deficit易货贸易barter补偿贸易comp ensation trade反向贸易counter-trade组装生产assembly manufacturing工商统一税industrial and commercial consolidated tax合资企业joint venture延期付款deferred p ayment买方信贷buyer credit卖方信贷supp lier credit软贷款（低息贷款）soft loan最惠国待遇MFN treatment ( Most Favored nation treatment )永久性正常贸易关系PNTR( Permanent Normal Trading Relations )国民收入 NI ( National Income )国民生产总值 GNP (Gross National Product )国内生产总值 GDP (Gross Domestic Product ) 国际复兴和开发银行IBRD (International Bank forReconstruction and Devel opm ent ) 国际开发协会 IDA (International Development Association国际金融公司 IFC (International Finance Comporation 经济合作和发展组织 OECD (Organization for EconomicCoop eration and Devel opm ent )国际清算银行 BIS (Bank for International Settlement 欧洲经济共同体 EEC ( European Economic Community 欧洲联盟 EU ( European Union )外商直接投资 FDI (Foreign Direct Investment ) 、词语释义::dramatically ，significantly ，considerablywithdraw : cancellation theme ： p rinc iplein return for : in exchange for disr upt : interru pt destined : designed pronounced : markedsubstantially subsequentlyafterwardsexacerbate : deteriorate worsen ； aggravate ； make worsein the wake of : following after withundue : too much ； unbearable reverse :change to the opposite buoyant : brisk outcome : result boost : stimulate ； pro mote ； devel op recover : rebound facilitate : make easy run-down : reductioninsofar as : to the extent bottlenecks : obstacles三、句子翻译1. During the 1950s China exp orted agricultural p roducts to the USSR and East Europ ean countries in return for manufactured goods and the cap ital equipm ent required for the country industrialization p rogramme which pl aced emp hasis on the devel opm ent of heavy industry.重工业的发展。

浙江省2018年7月高等教育自学考试外刊经贸知识选读试题课程代码：00096Ⅰ.常用词语的英译汉(每个词组1分，共10分)Put the following phrases into Chinese.1.trade fairs and exhibitions2.intellectual property right3.trade procedure4.export quota5.(government)procurement6.European integration7.Export Commodity Fair8.countervailing duty9.fledgling industries10.deinflationary policiesⅡ.常用词语的汉译英(每个词组1分，共10分)Put the following phrases into English.1.外商独资2.自然资源3.国内生产总值4.供需5.市场导向6.商业周期7.质量证书8.贸易逆差9.市场力量10.经常项目Ⅲ.正误判断题(每题2分，共10分)Read the following passage and decide whether the satements are ture or false.What Is MarketThe world market is used in a number of ways.There is a stock market and an automobile market,a retail market for furniture and a wholesale market for furniture.One person may be going to the market;another may plan to market a product.What,then is market?A market may be defined as a place where buyers and sellers meet,goods or services are offered for sale,and transfers of ownership occur.A market may also be defined as the demand made by a certain group of potential buyers for a good or service.For instance,there is a farm marker for petroleum(石油)products.The terms market and demand are often used interchangeably;they may also be used jointly as market demand.These definitions are not sufficiently precise to be useful to us here.For business purposes we define a market as people or organizations with wants(needs) to satisfy,money to spend, and the willingness to spend it.Thus in the market demand for any given product or service,there are three factors to consider—people or organizations with wants(needs),their purchasing power,and theirbuying behavior.We shall employ the dictionary definition of needs:the lack of anything that is required,desired,or useful.We do not limit needs to the narrow physiological(生理的)requirements of food,clothing and shelter essential for survival.In our discussion the words needs and wants are used synonymously and interchangeably.In strict interpretation,however,needs would refer to such basic physiological requirements as food,clothing,and shelter,while wants would be nonbasic preferences.However,in our affluent society,little is to be gained by trying to differentiate between the two.Many of us would see as needs some items that are far beyond food,clothing,and sheltter. 1.According to the passage,the word“market”can be used in different occasions and thereforeacquire different meanings.( )2.The sentence“…there is a farm market for petroleum products.”indicates that “market”and“demand”are sometimes synonyms.( )3.In the commercial field,the concept of market involves only people with wants.( )4.The words “needs”and “wants”can be used synonymously and interchangeably because theyboth suggest the lack of something.( )5.The passage is mainly about why people are confused with needs and wants.( )Ⅳ.单项选择题(每题2分，共20分)Choose one answer that best explains the underlined part or what is required in the following statements.1.In April,the EC imposed a ban on livestock,meat,and dairy products from 18 eastern countries following an outbreak of hoof and mouth disease in Croatia.( )A.levied a high tariffB.adopted quota systemC.limited the import volumeD.shut out imports2.Hire a commission buying agent who finds sources abroad on behalf of the principal.( )A.head of an educational institutionB.person who commits a crimeC.main actor or performerD.one who employs another to act as his agent3.An in-ouse service gives managers direct contact with foreign suppliers, an advantage to a firm that has a large volume of overseas purchasing.( )A.a business carried on in shelter,not in openB.a deal concluded in one's own countryC.an entertainments given to suppliersD.a negotiation with the supplier in one's own company4.But it often allows the purchaser a say in product specifications.( )A.revision to his requirementsB.room for bargainingC.right to decideD.presentation of complaint5.It is also the only way to ensure product exclusivity.( )A.right of only sale of a product,not shared by othersB.a competitive edge in sale of a productC.an advantage over other firms in sale of a productD.a small number of a product only6.Direct buying enables companies to do a better job of product development with key vendors.( )A.producersB.sellersC.consumersD.buyers7.Officials on both sides were optimistic that a deal on farming,which would unlock the rest of the round,was within reach.( )A.solveB.openC.tightenD.close8.Sony had to shrink 2,000 components into a space one quarter the size they occupy in a conventional camcorder.( )A.condenseB.add up toC.leave offD.make lighter9.With a target to aim at,the coverers know that the innovation is at least technically feasible.( )A.strongB.stableC.advancedD.possible10.Tourists enterprises and any other service industry outside the zone are not entitled to any special status.( )A.have no power toB.are not interested inC.have no right toD.are not obliged toⅤ.英译汉(每题4分，共40分)Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1.We will also implement the “going out”strategy,encouraging viable enterprises to invest abroad.This will enable us to take advantage of both the domestic and international markets.2.After China joins the WTO,consumers on the mainland will start to find more choices in their shops,including many new items from overseas.3.International marketing is important because the world has become globalized.International marketing takes place all around us every day, and has a major effect on our lives.4.Technology transfer is the transfer of systematic knowledge for the manufacture of a product,for the application of a process,or for the rendering of a service.The elements of the transfer are “human ware”,“soft ware”and “hard w\are”.5.Foreign direct investment tends to transfer assets from the developed world to the developing world.But the pattern is not entirely simple.6.We are not safely beyond a backlash against the new world of competition.7.Hong Kong and Korea didn't invent new or more efficient manufacturing techniques.They simply bought market share with low wages.8.Globalisation has aroused worries in many rich countries that free trade with much poorer countries threatens jobs and prosperity.This was plain in last year's debate in the United States over expanding the North American Free Trade Agreement.9.The world economy has sneezed,the mainland's export sector has caught a cold,and Hong Kong is suffering from influenza.There is no quick cure medication.10.The company's new formula was designed partly to keep Coke's sales growing overseas. Compared with Americans,who guzzle more soda than water,the rest of world is still in the sipping stage.Ⅵ.短文提问(每题2分，共10分)Read the following passage and answer the questions in English.Given the stakes involved,it's not surprising that the issue has become politically volatile.The outspoken opposition leaders of the National Assembly routinely criticize the government forgranting special tax breaks to the chaebol,which they argue have impeded the growth of small businesses and stymied entrepreneurship.1.What does “given”mean here?2.What is “the stakes”?3.Why was the government criticized by the outspoken opposition leaders?4.Give one synonym for “businesses”.5.What is the meaning of “involved”here?。

Lesson 1 China in the Market Place市场经济中的中国(Excerpts)（摘录）Barry Coulthurst examines the development of China’s trade policy and the present state of the overseas links--巴里库尔塞斯特对中国贸易政策的演变和当前与海外经济往来状况的研究自从中华人民共和国成立以来，中国对外贸易的模式发生了巨大的变化。

20世纪50年代，中国向苏联和东欧国家出口农产品换取制造品和资本设备，用于侧重于重工业发展所必须的工业化项目。

1958~1959年的“大跃进”最初在工农业生产上带来收益，但随后又导致了严重的经济平衡。

三年自然灾害(1959-1961)加剧了经济问题，造成1960-1962年间的国民收入和对外贸易额的减少。

20世纪60年代，苏联经济和技术援助撤走，导致了中国与苏联及经互会成员国的贸易转向于日本和西欧国家的贸易。

中国对外贸易政策的一贯宗旨是重视与第三世界国家发展贸易关系。

“文化大革命”期间（1966-1976）工农业生产一落千丈，交通运输限制更加严重，中国对外贸易的增长再次中断。

The Sino-USA agreement on trade relations, which came into force（解释：施行）in February 1980, accords China most-favoured nation treatment.（最惠国待遇）在实现四个现代化中起着很大作用的对外贸易在近几年发展很快。

1978年2月于日本签订了一个主要贸易协定，根据这个协定，中国向日本出口每盒石油换取工业设备和技术。

1978年中国也与欧共体签订了长期贸易协定，继1979年初与美国的外交关系正常化以后，中美贸易发展迅速。

美国遵照1980年1月25日生效的中美贸易关系协定给与中国最惠国待遇。

自考外刊经贸知识选读真题答案课程代码：00096一、单项选择题(本大题共15小题，每题2分，共30分)在每题列出的四个备选项中只有一个可以替代句中划线的单词或词组，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。

错选、多项选择或未选均无分。

1. There’s not much prospect of Mr Smith’s being elected as Congressman. ( )A. abilityB. possibilityC. capabilityD. specialty2. The Islamic Development Bank (IDB) is to pay out $356 million for project financing and trade operations. ( )A. disburseB. displayC. demonstrateD. distribute3. China has the most dynamic economy in the world today. ( )A. motiveB. passiveC. activeD. massive4. The expert argued that China could surpass both Japan and the United States to become the world largest economy in 202X. ( )A. expendB. extendC. expandD. exceed5. His robust strength was a counterpoise to the disease. ( )A. vigorousB. excessiveC. moderateD. lackluster6. There is an amazing amount of economic friction up and down the real estate industry.( )A. flashB. clashC. brushD. crash7. It is evident that China’s economy is one of the fastest growing in the world. ( )A. cleanB. flatC. clearD. dour8. The Government Printing Office provides free public access to full-text federal documents. ( )A. excessB. exitC. extraD. entry9. The news slowly passed through to everyone in the office. ( )A. filteredB. rivetedC. formedD. delved10. The only sour note has been struck by new energy tax proposals in the US and the EC. ( )A. introductionsB. destinationsC. accommodationsD. suggestions11. US protectionist measures helped wreck the world economy in the 1930s. ( )A. diminishB. deliverC. destroyD. detatch12. Make-up experts steer girls toward light colors, fragrances. ( )A. tendB. guideC. endureD. strain13. The advertisement itself will pull your attention and immediately you will feel that you need it for your lifestyle. ( )A. segmentB. trademarkC. reformulationD. commercial14. The Chinese, who constitute 95 per cent of Hong Kong’s population, prefer brown eggs over white. ( )A. composeB. competeC. combineD. compile15. Generally, the first stage in the extraction of crude oil is to drill a well into the underground reservoir. ( )A. grimB. strictC. rawD. severe二、将以下词组译成中文〔本大题共10小题，每题1 分，共10分〕16. exclusive contract 17. current account18. clearing agreement 19. per capita income20. barrier-free market 21. carbon tax22. real estate 23. test market24. intellectual property right 25. business cycle三、将以下词组译成英文〔本大题共10小题，每题1分，共10分〕26. 供给过剩 27. 收盘价28. 初级产品 29. 市场份额30. 双边条约 31. 产地证明书32. 中国出口商品交易会 33. 资本货物34. 优先权 35. 直接投资四、简答题〔本大题共6小题，共18分〕Passage 1In 1961, when Gen. Park Chung Hee seized power in a military coup, yearly per capita income hovered at a bare-bones $100. Park committed Korea to exporting its way out of poverty, and his strategy was as simple as it was effective: shower the country’s fledging conglomerates with huge subsidies, government-based loans and official favors and turn them into the world’s suppliers of bargain-basement textiles, footwear and light industrial goods.The results have been dazzling. For two decades, Korea has sizzled along at an 8 per cent annual growth rate. Exports have surged from $119 million in 1964 to $29 billion last year. Per capita income, now $2,000, could reach $5,000 by the end of the century. Korea boasts a literacy rate of 95 per cent, a standard met by only a few of the most advanced Western nations. The once provincial capital of Seoul teems with energy and sophistication.36. What do “hover〞and “ba re-bones〞 mean in the passage37. Which countries in the world besides Korea have a literacy rate of 95 per cent38. In what sense is the underlined word “sophistication〞 used here What might it refer to specifically and what does it have to do with energyPassage 2International trade by barter is, in fact, an inefficient and expensive means of doing business compared to trading with money. Observes David Yoffie, “To cover the additional costs it incurs in handling goods it is forced to take in countertrade, a multinational company simply boosts the price of the goods it sells.〞Yoffie sees countertrade as a form of protectionism. “It can help one group and hurt another,〞 he says.On the other hand, Daniel Cecchin, director of Countertrade Services for Bank America World Trade Corp., asserts that the rise of countertradeprovides practical solutions to the debt problems of the international monetary system.39. What is the meaning of “barter〞 in its traditional form40. In what sense is countertrade seen as a form of protectionism41. According to Cecchin, what is the benefit of countertrade五、正误推断题〔本大题共10小题，每题2分，共20分〕Passage 1The term “quality〞 is one of the most misused in the business world. What exactly does it mean Our grandparents would have been in no doubt. Quality meant excellence: a thing was the best of its kind, and that was that.In business, however, the word has acquired a very different meaning: consistency, a lack of defects.Around 1970, it is said, a group of investment analysts visited a world-famous UK engineering company. They asked the questions of their trade: about profit margins, stock control and balance sheets. The company’s executives did not see the point of all this. Their products were the finest inthe world. Why all these detailed questions about numbersRolls Royce, the company in question, duly went bust in 1973. The trouble with old-style quality was that it encouraged supply-driven management. The engineers would make the product to the highest possible standard and price it accordingly. If the public was so uncultured that they turned it down, so much the worse for the public. It was all very well for artists to produce masterpieces. The job of companies was to please the market.Quality has a third meaning: that of value for money. To qualify for that meaning, a product must be of certain standard; and it should convey a sense, not of outright cheapness, but of being sold at a fair price.The US fast foods group McDonald’s, for instance, talks of its ‘high quality food’. But at 99c or 99p, its hamburgers are as close to absolute cheapness as any person in the developed world could desire. They are alsohighly consistent. Eat a McDonald’s anywhere around the world and the results will be roughly similar. But as anyone who has eaten a really good American hamburger knows, a McDonald’s is also a long way from quality in its original sense.42. Quality used to mean that a product was well-made and high-priced. ( )43. Nowadays, quality means consistency and cheap price. ( )44. The investment analysts who visited a UK engineering company were from Rolls Royce.( )45. Companies should learn from artists and produce masterpieces. ( )46. The writer thinks that McDonald’s hamburgers a re not worth the money. ( )Passage 2The numbers are surprising: millions of people getting off poverty in a generation, billions of dollars in wealth created every year. In the past two decades, two out of five Indonesians escaped poverty. Asian exports went from less than one-seventh of the world total to almost 30%. No wonder people call it the Asian Economic Miracle. But to the workers and 14-hour-a-day entrepreneurs, it was nothing magical. Just plain hard work, business sense, a taste for risks, and a bit of luck.Today, China, Japan, India, Indonesia and South Korea are among the world’s 12 largest economies. High-profile Asian businesses like Toyota, Samsung, Hongkong Bank and Singapore Airlines are now also global giants. And the growth formula of enterprise, investment and exports has crossed borders and waters. China and other socialist economies of Asia are following the trail blazed by Japan, the newly industrialized countries (NICs) and ASEAN.Now Asia is re-inventing the miracle. The affluent middle class created by the boom is taking over from exports as the main engine of growth. Also adding to the thrust is infrastructure spending to support future expansion. Asian investment and trade are developing new markets and production centers right inside Asia. Japan and the NICs are passing labor-intensive sectors like garment-making over to less developed nations and moving into advanced technology and services.Greater wealth has brought a down side. Many Asians have abandoned their traditional diets for many types of fat-laden foods. So, in addition to becoming taller, they are also becoming fatter. And they are growing more susceptible to diseases such as diabetes. Bad eating habits combined with stress have made cancer, heart disease and strokes into major killers.47. The workers and entrepreneurs in Asia work 14 hours a day. ( )48. The economic development modes of the Asian countries are very different. ( )49. The two driving forces of the new cycle of development in Asia are the rich middle class and infrastructure spending. ( )50. The newly-industrialized countries are moving away from the labor-intensive sweatshops to the computer-aided workplaces. ( )51. One of the next challenges Asia will face is to cope with the down side of wealth. ( )六、翻译题〔本大题12分〕52. Once, when Japan faced pressure from abroad, it would either give in reluctantly or keep quiet and hope that the fuss would die down. No longer, it seems. The Clinton administration strongly believes in exerting such pressure. Its policy is to open some Japanese markets by setting import target—an approach to trade policy that supporters call “results-oriented〞. This ugly term foreshadows uncertain consequences. Far from capitulating to this newthrust of American trade policy, Japan is taking a stand that could lead to a trans-Pacific confrontation.外刊经贸知识选读真题答案及评分参考一、单项选择题〔本大题共15小题，每题2分，共30分〕1. B2. A3. C4. D5. A6. B7. C8. D9.A 10. D 11. C 12.B 13. D 14. A 15. C二、将以下词组译成中文〔本大题共10小题，每题1分，共10分〕16. 独家经销合约 17. 经常工程 18. 清算协议 19. 人均收入 20. 无壁垒市场 21. 双重税22. 房地产 23. 试销市场 24. 知识产权 25. 商业周期三、将以下词组译成英文〔本大题共10小题，每题1分，共10分〕26. glut of supplies 27. closing level/closing price 28.soft commodity 29. market share30. bilateral pacts 31. certificate of origin 32. Chinese Export Commodity Fair 33. capital goods34. preferred status 35. direct investment四、简答题〔本大题共 6小题，共 18分〕36.“Hover〞means “stay〞. “Bare-bones〞means “very low〞 or “inadequate〞. (2分)37. Only a few of the most advanced Western nations. (2分)38. In the given context, it means the advancement of technology. (2分)It refers specifically to their (technically) modernized municipal facilities, which helps give people the impression that it’s a place full of “energy〞. (3分)39. It means the direct exchanging of goods of equivalent value rather than using money. (3分)40. Countertrade involves conditional buying or allows no free choice in importing. That’s both against competition and free trade. (3分)41. It provides practical solutions to the debt problems of the international monetary system. / I can relieve the massive debts of developing countries. (3分)五、正误推断题。

全国2011年4月自学考试外刊经贸知识选读试题课程代码:00096一、单项选择题（本大题共15小题，每小题2分，共30分）在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个可以替代句中划线的单词或词组，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。

错选、多选或未选均无分。

1. The authorities are willing to permit a run-down in the country’s international reserves over the next few years as means of accelerating the introduction of foreign technology. ( )A. speeding upB. speeding onC. speeding offD. speeding down2. Another 20% worked well, but the remaining 60% should have been scrapped. ( )A. scratchedB. renovatedC. stimulatedD. introduced3. Now Zhangjiagang is China’s seventh largest port and a tumultuous construction zone of half-built office buildings and hotels. ( )A. tremendousB. numerousC. noisyD. orderly4. Against this deteriorating global background, the improvement in economic performance in a few developing regions in 1991 was especially noteworthy. ( )A. determinatingB. toleratingC. improvingD. worsening5. Balanced against that criticism is the positive reaction in Latin America to Mr. Clinton’s embrace of the free-trade agreement. ( )A. hugB. embarrassmentC. acceptanceD. balance6. As Europe’s economy has soured, free-market ideas that are new to much of Europe face new challenges. ( )A. increasedB. declinedC. sky-rocketedD. tasted7. At the summit meeting, America insisted that Japan should come up with specific measures that would enable it to meet new import targets. ( )A. bring forthB. come acrossC. put offD. reach out8. Fearful that rapidly modernizing Korean rivals will intrude on its foreign and domestic markets, Japan has fought to keep the Koreans from appropriating its technologies. ( )A. competitorsB. representativesC. negotiatorsD. dealers9. International consultants who want to secure definite projects at lucrative fees are finding it harder and harder. ( )A. luxuriousB. lubricativeC. penetrativeD. profitable10. A separate, long-running dispute over oilseeds does still pose a threat. ( )A. possessB. presentC. provideD. purchase11. With barter, however, debtor nations can continue to import goods while, in effect, concealing export earnings from creditors. ( )A. loanersB. borrowersC. ownersD. believers12. However, Coca-Cola and PepsiCo still face a struggle in persuading bottlers across the nation to take the products. ( )A. dissuadingB. persistingC. encouragingD. discouraging13. Tractors and other agricultural machines greatly facilitate farming. ( )A. communicateB. subsidizeC. gradeD. ease14. You can use credit cards but it’s best to take some currency as well. ( )A. couponB. moneyC. coinD. dime15. Lead values moved up to their best level since April last year in the absence of a settlement at Australia’s broken hill lead-zinc-silver mines. ( )A. withoutB. withC. asD. through二、将下列词组译成中文（本大题共10小题，每小题1 分，共10分）16. exclusive contract17. preferred status18. spot market19. Bank for International Settlements20. means of production21. punitive import tariff22. GDP23. trade reprisal24. fledgling industries25. countervailing duty三、将下列词组译成英文（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）26. 双边条约27. 试销市场28. 原材料29. 收盘价30. 最惠国待遇31. 技术转让32. 高工资经济33. 人均收入34. 经济特区35. 自由贸易区四、简答题（本大题共6小题，共18分）Passage 1The US dollar value of Chinese exports increased at an average rate of almost 18 per cent per annum between 1978 and 1983, while imports increased by approximately 11 per cent per annum. As a result, the visible trade surplus rose sharply from US $1.4 billion in 1981 to US $4.4 billion in 1982 and US$3.7 billion in 1983. Exports grew much faster than imports during this period not only because of the strong emphasis placed on exporting by China’s economic planners, but also because a number of industrial projects were postponed in 1979. Official recognition that foreign technology could play a major role in modernising the Chinese economy had caused imports to rise by more than 50 per cent in 1978 placing undue strain on the national economy. Grain imports have fallen sharply over the past few years—China became a net grain exporter in 1984—and in 1983 the country started to export soyabeans and cotton.36. What do “per annum” and “approximately” mean?37. Why did the more than 50% rise in imports of 1978 place undue strain on China’s national economy?38. What is “a net grain exporter”? Does it mean one who has never done any import?Passage 2Korea, once known as the “Hermit Kingdom”, is plainly on the move. As with “Japan, Inc.” before it, the new label “Korea, Inc.” may be no more than a trendy buzzword. But South Korea aims to forge just such a national economic machine, using the might of its established giants backed by centralized planners who can mobilize the country’s banks and industrial infrastructure. The heady dreams of actually rivaling Japan may never come within reach; Korea’s economy, while large by Asian standards, is barely one-fifteenth the size of its island neighbor. And it faces a gantlet of other obstacles, ranging from an unwieldy bureaucracy and a volatile political climate to a chronic shortage of investment capital and heavy commitments to military spending. Still, the comparisons with Japan, Inc. are more than empty flattery; in fact, they signal Korea’s gathering clout.39. What is a “Hermit Kingdom”?40. What are the disadvantages of Korea’s economy when compared with Japan’s?41. What does “gathering clout” mean in the passage?五、正误判断题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）Passage 1In order to produce goods and services, businesses need to buy the required raw materials and equipment. Many firms need to order components or equipment to their own specifications which will later be used to produce a finished product. Firms need reliable suppliers who must be:Stable. Firms that can not supply goods in time to the purchasing company may mean delays and holdups for customers. Thus the purchasing company should check the financial background of its suppliers.Able. The purchasing company must investigate whether potential suppliers are able to make the goods required. This may mean looking at the firm’s equipment and staff expertise if a large or important order is being considered. Some purchasing departments may ask for evidence of the firm having done similar work for other organizations before placing an order. Trade directories and specialist magazines are a useful starting point in this research.Clear. What is required will usually be made clear in a specification. The specification or “spec” will give the exact technical details of what is needed in terms of size, shape, color and performance of the items to be purchased. The supplying firm must then meet this specification exactly.An important problem all purchasing companies have to deal with is whether to use one or two or several suppliers. By using several suppliers it is argued that competition between them will force prices down. And delays or disruption at one supplier will not affect too much. Arguments against this are that researching various suppliers is time-consuming and expensive, and low prices might mean reduced quality. Using fewer suppliers for larger orders can mean that the purchaser receives greater attention and discount for bulk purchases. The suppliers will be more involved in the firm’s business, too.42. Being “stable” means sticking to the same supplier with reliable financial background.( )43. Supplying firms with rich experience, good equipment and staff expertise can only be found in specialist magazines. ( )44. A “clear” supplying firm must initially give the purchaser its specifications clearly and in exact technical detail. ( )45. Having more than one supplier might bring lower price but searching for them might be time-consuming. ( )46. According to the passage, there exist different opinions whether or not a purchasing company should use more or fewer suppliers for large orders. ( )Passage 2Donegal is located in the windswept wilderness. It might seem an odd place to find one of Europe’s most dynamic companies. But a small assembly unit making a muscular stimulation product for leisure and healthcare is blazing a trail. BMR Teoranta—the company title in Irish—has quietly established a market for itself, making products for muscular therapy and body toning using the brand name Slendertone which it bought in 1989.Mr. Kevin McDonnell, the chairman, chief executive and owner of 95 per cent of the company, is a little vagueabout the source of his success. Part of it, he says, must be the strong work ethic in the area. He points out that half his employees are from Galswegian families with their Scottish attitudes of thrift and industry. Mr. McDonnell bought the company for $300,000 and BMR sales are now growing at around 50-60 per cent a year.The medical products business, where growth is less dramatic, but margins are attractive, is seen as the source of the company’s future earnings. In the US alone, the market for muscular stimulation products has jumped from $88m to more than $200m this year.Many BMR products are not available over the counter but through catalogues. The company is looking at special advertising on video shopping channels. In the US companies like BMR are prohibited from selling medical products over the counter. In Europe this situation is slightly different. BMR, for example, is starting to sell its consumer range in Carrefour superstores in France and its range is available in pharmacies. However, under a European Union ruling similar to US laws, companies that sell such products will have to reequip their factories to meet new health standards. “I know it sounds a bit smart, but our products have always been seen as industry standard,” says Mr. Kevin McDonnell.The company spends ￡1,000,000 a year on research and development, quite a large sum for a company of its size.47. A big company would normally set its manufacturing site in a more prosperous area than Donegal. ( )48. The brand name of this product for muscular therapy is BMR Teoranta in Irish. ( )49. Mr. McDonnell attributed the success of his company to his management and industry.( )50. It can be inferred that US laws for selling health products are stricter than the corresponding laws in Europe. ( )51. If you want to buy a BMR product in France, you may go to the pharmacies. ( )六、翻译题（本大题12分）Yet in its current dour mood, Europe risks almost overlooking the revolutionary step forward it has taken in creating the world’s largest and wealthiest barrier-free market—and on a continent where, for centuries, economic battles have led to some of history’s bloodiest wars. Moreover, a failure to reinforce the single market by pushing forward with European integration could lead to an unraveling of what the internal market program has achieved, some observers say.。