英语专业跨文化交际期末知识点整理summary

英语跨文化交际期末总结Introduction:Intercultural communication is the process of exchanging information and ideas between individuals from different cultural backgrounds. It involves understanding and respecting different cultural norms, beliefs, and values. As our final reflection, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the key concepts, lessons learned, and personal experiences gained during the course of studying intercultural communication.I. Overview of Intercultural Communication:1. Definition and Importance2. Challenges and Barriers3. Strategies for Effective Intercultural CommunicationII. Understanding Cultural Dimensions and Differences:1. Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions2. Individualism vs. Collectivism3. High-Context vs. Low-Context Cultures4. Verbal and Nonverbal CommunicationIII. Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination:1. Types of Stereotypes2. Ethnocentrism and its Impact on Communication3. Overcoming Stereotypes and Promoting Cultural SensitivityIV. Effective Communication in Diverse Contexts:1. Intercultural Communication in Business2. Intercultural Communication in Healthcare3. Intercultural Communication in EducationV. Case Studies:1. Miscommunication During a Business Negotiation2. Cultural Sensitivity in Multicultural Teams3. Communication Challenges in a Healthcare SettingVI. Personal Reflection:1. Cultural Identity and Self-Awareness2. Lessons Learned and Skills Developed3. Personal Growth and Future DirectionsConclusion:Intercultural communication is a complex and dynamic process that requires continuous learning and adaptation. Through this course, I have gained a deeper understanding of different cultural dimensions, communication styles, and the impact of stereotypes. I have also developed strategies for effective communication in various contexts, such as business, healthcare, and education. This knowledge has broadened my cultural sensitivity and self-awareness, allowing me to navigate intercultural interactions with more confidence and respect. Going forward, I intend to apply these learnings in my personal and professional life, fostering inclusivity and understanding in all my interactions.。

黑龙江大学跨文化交际英语复习总结（超全）第一篇：黑龙江大学跨文化交际英语复习总结(超全)跨文化考试总结考试构成：一、单选 1*10=10分。

（Choose the one that）其中有一部分是书中的概念。

二、判断 1*10=10分。

（A—>true,B—>false)课后习题所有概念关键词+考试范围内的CASE：Chapter 1 Culture Keywords(1)Culture(from intellectual perspective): Culture is “the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively”（从知性角度定义文化：作为整体的人类智力成就的艺术和其他表现。

）(2)Culture(from anthropologic perspective): Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts;the essential core of culture consists of traditional ideas and especially their attached values”（从人类学.角度定义文化：文化由清晰和模糊的行为模式构成，这些模式通过符号获得并传播，这些符号由人类群体的特别成就构成，包括具体的人工制品。

文化的基本核心由传统思想和与其相关的价值观构成。

U1:1.views on intercultural communicationTwo different views on intercultural communication: “people are people”VS. “contact is not equal to communication”2. 3 major socio-cultural elements influencing perception and communicationCultural value, world view , social organizations.3.What is globalization?Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and gover nments of different nations。

a process driven by international trade and investment and aided b y information technology. This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political sys tems, on economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being in societies around the world.4.What are the stumbling blocks in intercultural communication?(1)assumption of similiarities: people expect that simply being human and having commonrequirements of food,shelter,security and so on makes everyone alike.(2)Language differences.: “yes”and “no” cause trouble.(3)Nonverbal misinterpretatons: misinterpretation of observable sians andsymbols—gesture ,postures, body movenment.(4)Preconceptions and stereotypes: Arabs are “inflammable”may cause U.S.students to keeptheir distance .(5)Tendence to evaluate: to approve or disapprove ,to statements and actions of other personor group.(6)High anxiety/ tension.U2:1.What is culture?Culture is a very extensive concept, it is very difficult to define it strictly and accurately, because culture involves too much. Culture is a complex system of behavior, values, beliefs, traditions and artifacts, which is transmitted through generations.What are the five basic needs for human beings?(1)physiological needs (things that make us alive,food water air)(2)safety needs (physical safe and psychologicallly secure)(3)belongingness needs (needs tobe accepted by others and to belong to a group )(4)esteem needs ( recognition, reputation,self respect )(5)self-actualization needs (actualize onself and to reach one’s full potential)2.What are values, attitudes, beliefs and behaviors? How are they linked?(1)Values are what people go to war over or conduct bussiness by. Values tell us how to weighthe worth of something, they can indicate a relative hierarchy.(2)Attitudes are feelings about things .it is a tendency to respond the same way to the sameobject or situation or idea. Attitudes is learned and can change.(3)Beliefs are convictions or certainties based on subjective and often personal ideas ratherthan on proof or fact.(4)Links: values underlie attitudes and also shape beliefs. Attitudes are based on beliefs as wellas values.values enable us to evaluate what matters to us or apply standars to our attitudes and beliefs.value→belief →attitude. For example , you have an attitude toward eating rawfish,which is positive and is based on the belief that expert prepararion of sushi and sashimi by Japanese chefs results in culinary delicacies ,or you have an attitude that is negative,based on the belief that raw fish can contain parasites that cause unpleasant consequences in the human digestive system. You can even have both attitudes at the same time.if you do ,then probably you value both fine eating experiences and physical health.3.What are the elements of communication?①context: physical setting, psychological ,historical,culture ,the communication norms②participants: senders who form messages and communicate with symbols, receiverswhoprocess and react the massages.③Massages: meanings, symbols ,encodings and decodings④Channels :a variety of sensory channels⑤Noise ;internal external and semantic noise.⑥Feedback : the verbal and nonverbal responses4.What are norms?Norms are the guildelines that we establish for conducting transactions. Norms tell us what kinds of messages and behavior are proper in a given context or with a particular person or group of people. People acquire communication norms from their experiences in life.5.What is the difference between encoding and decoding?Encoding is the process of transforming ideas and feelings into symbols and organizing them. Decoding is the process of tansforminf meeages backe into ideas and feelings.Transforming and organizing Transforming and intepretingideas and feelings--------------------→symbols/massages------------→ideas and feelings↓↓Encoding decoding6.What is the difference between external noise, internal noise and semantic noise? external noise : Sights and sounds and other stimuli in the environment that draw people’s attention away from intended meaning.internal noise : Thoughts and feelings that interfere with the communication process. Feelings of anger or anxiety ,stereotypeor prejudice in your mind.semantic noise: the meanings we assign to words depend on our own experience, other people may at times decode a word or phases differently from the way we intend.7.What is communication?Communication is a process involving the exchange of messages and the creation of meaning.U3:1.What are the five basic questions at the root of any culture’s value system?(1)what is the character of innate human nature?-----human nature(2)what is the relation of man to nature?------t he relationship of man to nature.(3)What is the temporal focus of human life?----sense of time /time orientation.(4)What is the mode of human activity?-------activity orientation.(5)What is the mode of human relationships?----social relationships2.What are the key principles of Confucianism?(1)social order and stability are based on uneqal relationships between peopleincluding leaders and followers ,father and son ,husband and wife , older brother and younger brother,and friends .(2)family :follow rules for ordering(3)proper social behavior consists of not treating others as you would not like to be treatedyouself.,learn to be sensitive to other’s feels(子所不欲勿施于人)(4)people should be skilled ,educated hardworking,thrifty ,modest, patient and persevering. 3.How do living situations account for value differences between different cultures?For example,Japanese live in a little of arable land ,even mainly valcanoes.thus,they built their homes together very closely in order to make use of every available land and they can work together in planting and harvesting of rice effectively . In this situation, japanenes’central social valuebecause of living close proximity that gave very little privacy was that an idividual does not matter. However, in the U.S. it is common to see a pattern of a single farmhouse surrounded by firelds.the nearnest neighbor was perhaphs two miles distant.inevitably, the central social values were self-reliance and independence.4.What are cultural values?The commonly held standards of what is acceptable or unacceptable, important or unimportant, right or wrong, good or bad, true or false, workable or unworkable, etc., in a community or society.Values represent a learned organization of rules for making choices and for resolving the conflicts.5.What are the five dimensions to consider when doing studies of cultural differences(culturevalue)?(1)Idividualism versus collectivism (involves people’s relationship sto the largersocial groups;social relationship)Idividualism;key words include independence,privacy,self,and all important ICollectivism believe in obligations to the group, we consciouceness and an emphasis on belonging.(2)uncertainty avoidance(how to adapt to changes and cope with uncertainties,) Greece(plan everything0 versus Singapore (like uncertainty)(3)power distance(all people in a culture do not have equals levels of status or socialpower.) Malaysia versus New Zealand(4)masculinity versus femininity(work harder to get achievement ,wealth versuscaring for the others and the quatity of life) Japan versus Thailand(5)orientation to time (a long-term orientation schedule for work and life versus ashort-term orientation toward changing events)6.What are the differences between a high-context culture and a low-context one?Low-context interaction emphasizes direct talk, person-oriented focus, self-enhancement mode, and the importance of “talk”: high- context interaction, in contrast stresses indirect talk, status-oriented focus , self- esffacement mode, and the importance of nonverbal signals and even silence.U4:1.What is the relationship between language and culture?Culture and language are interwined and shaped each other. Each time we select words ,form sentence, and send a message ,either oral or written,we also make cultural choices. Cultural literacy(特定领域的能力或知识) is necessary to understand the language being used.(1)all languages have social questions and information questions.For exemple: in Ameirca English ,the question “How are you” is a social question,the Americans register the phrase as “hello”. But in Germany and Russia ,the phase is an imformation qustion .the speaker atually wants to get an answer to it.(2) language reflects the environment in which we live .For exemple, in the Amazon area snow is not part of the environment. Therefore , people in that region do not have a word for snow . however , most Americans ,who live an environment where Iit snows most months of the year, use terms such as snow , sleet , slush, blizzard and ice. (3)language reflects cultural values. a way of thinking .when we translate concepts from a foreign language and cultural with words ,we have to choose the priority words in oder to communicate effectively. Cultural kowledge is impotant as linguistic knowledge.For example ,Amerians are frustrated with the manana mentality(西班牙语的明天心态) of Spanish-speaking countries : for American tomorrow means midnight to midnight ,a very precise time period , To Mexicans ,manana means in the future,soon.（4,）Different cutures use identical words that have rather different meanings.For example, for Amercans ,adminisration in the university context means department chair or dean,for Frenches adminisration means upper level clerical staff . What Americans consider to be an adminstrator, Frenches consider faulty.（5）language changes overtime.words and prases that are used commonly at one time may be discontinued or their meaning my change overtime.For example, the word gay means happy lightened. In recent decades ,however the word has taken on the meaning” homosexual”.English speaking countries do n’ t use the original meaning anymore..Communication across cultures and language is difficult and full of hurdles and pitfalls. Even if two people from different countries spesk a common language ,they may misinteptet the cutural signal. If that happens ,in all likelihood , there will be a cutural problem rhather than a language problem.2.What is the relationship between environment and language?(2) language reflects the environment in which we live .For exemple, in the Amazon area snow is not part of the environment. Therefore , people in that region do not have a word for snow . however , most Americans ,who live an environment where Iit snows most months of the year, use terms such as snow , sleet , slush, blizzard and ice.3.How does language change over time?language changes overtime.words and prases that are used commonly at one time may be discontinued or their meaning my change overtime.For example, the word gay means happy lightened. In recent decades ,however the word has taken on the meaning” homosexual”.English speaking countries do n’ t use the original meaninganymore..4.Denotations and connotationsDenotations: denotations of a word or phrase are the meanings that relate it to the objects or concepts referred to the actual or fictional “things”that are symbolized.For example, the denotation of the English word “bird”is a tow –legged,winged,egg-laying creature.Connnotations: connnotations refer to the additional meanings that a word or phrase has beyond its central meaning .These meanings show people’s attitudes or feelings toward what the word or phase refers to.For example: consider the word “dog” in English and 狗in Chinese. They can be said to have the same denotative meaning；however,people from different cutures may have different connotative reactions to these words ,compare “a homeless dog” (流浪狗) with 丧家之犬5.What are the ways of expressing “no”? Why do people in countries like Japan and Chinaoften refuse to say “no” directly?(1)be vague(2)be silent or ask a question(3)change the topic or leave(4)tell a white lie or refuse to answer the question. Say one cannot answer(5)put the reaponsibility to the trird party or offering an alternative.The reason: In Japan and China’s culture ,to refuse an invitation or request with “no”, or a similar phrase, is felt to be impolite. It is thought to be selfish and unfriendly.6.How does language affect people’s perception and experiences?The language we use may to some exten determine the way we perceive and experience the world.(!)in japan language varies substantially in different social situatons like sddressing superior peers and inferiors.(2) the Thailand language（3）splanish language reveals male dominance through use of gendered nouns and pronouce. A group of man referred to as ello, agroup of wemen referred to as ellas7.What are the five intended types of equivalence when doing translation?(1)lexical equivalence 例子;there is no equivlent to the English color word blue in Russian.Russia only have the according words of light blue and dark blue that an be translated into English.(2)Idiomatic equivalence : “raining cats and dogs”(3)Grammatical equivalence ；’in Filipino language ,there is no equivalent of the english verb“to be”.(4)Experience equivalence(5)Conceptual equivalence8.Why do people say language is always ambiguous?(1)we can never fully control the meanings of the things we say and write in the way ofpaticipants interpret(2)language can never fully express our meanings whether in writing or speaking(3)whether the participants share the same assumptions and knowledge about the world ornot.U5:1.What is a rich point?Conversation is a rich point ,a rich point is something in one culture that makes it difficult to be connected with another culture.2.What basic differences can we still find between the English-speaking people and theChinese people concerning compliment and response?In English countrries, the “best way “to respond to a compliment is to accept it. Rejection of compliments is often regarded as a symptom of problem, such as low self-esteem. In contrast to english ,the best way rasponse to compliments in Chinese is traditionally thought to be a rejection or denial. A denial is the routinized response to a compliment.3.What are the differences between “high involvement”style and “high considerateness”style?High involvement styles tend to : (1) talk more ；（2）interrupt more ; (30 expect to to be interrupted (4) talk more loudly at times and (5) talk more quickly than those from cultures favoring “high considerateness styles.High considerateness styles；(1) speak one at times (2)use polite listening sounds;(3) refrain from interrupting; and (4) give plenty of positive and respectful responses to their conversation partners ;4.Directness & indirectness‘get to the point! Don’t beat around the bush” & have many ways to say “no” directly5.Different communication patternsPeople’s communication patterns differ the way people converse.Americans hold a conversation, it seems like they are having a PingPong game.one person has the ball and then hits it to the other side of the table. The other player hits the ball back the game continutesJapanes conversationstyle is like a bowling game,answer to questions are carefully thought out rather than blurted out ,enven long silences are tolerated. Give a answer to a question must be given enough time .6.Cross-cultural verbal communication stylesOur verbal communication styles reflects our cultural and personal values and sentiments.(1)diect and indirect verbal interaction styles,in the direct verbal styles, statements clearlyreveal the speaker’s intention. Say what you mean “don no beat around the bush(2)person-oriented(treat other people with casualness and informality )and status-orientedverbal styles(uphold formality in the human relationship)(3)self-enhancement (boast one’s accomplishments and ablilities) and self-oriented verbal styles(signal modesty or humanity)7.What cultural implications are there underlying the difference betweenspeaker-responsibility and listener-responsibility in organizational structure?187In Speaker-responsible language, the speaker provides the structure and therefore much of the specific meaning of the statement. Because the speaker want to tell the listener exactly what is goning to be talked about,and what the speaker wants the listener to know. Prior knowledge of the speaker’s intent is necessary.In listener-responsible language, speakers need to indicate only indirectly what they are discussing. The listener is forced to construct the meaning and usually does so ,based on shared kownledge between the speaker and the listener.U6:1.Values shown in nonverbal communication: intonation, body language (hand movement,eye contact, smile, touch)2.Baptics (touch)There are many kinds of touch to commonly used in the western world. The study of how we use touch in communication is called baptic.3.Gender and nonverbal communicationWhat we know as gender is a set of “acts”or social performences that people are repearedly compelled to enact.Touch, in the us,wemen friends and relatives may walk arm-in-arm, dance together and hug one another .touch between heterosexual males is generally more restricted.Height ,height equels power and wemen are not supposed to be more powerful than man, taller women may attempt to diminsh themselves,so as to retreat as little space as possible.Gaze, looking directly into person’s eyes can connote an aggressive threat, a sexual invitation,or a desire for honest and open communication. in some culture, children are taught that to look adults in the eyes is a sign of disrespect. In mixed-sex paries,women are more likely than men to avert their eyes.Gesture and demeanor ,or “act like a lady”.Artifactual (objects)message , when worn ,they have beed used to signify a wear’s gender, culture, and socioeconomic class. From the moment at which families or hospital assign infants pink or blue blankets,artifacts annouce and contribute to the shaping of children’s experience of gender.. maant of us have our notions of masculine and femininity resting on the nonverbal message we display.4.Functions of nonverbal communicationOur nonverbal communication haves many uses and functions in communication. Repeating: a nonverbal message can repeat a verbal one. Eg; place fingers to his lips to mean “stop”Complementing : using of the voice and facial expression to express appology. Subsituting, regulating ,contradictiing5.ParalanguageParalanguage (辅助性语言) lies between verbal and nonverbal communication. It involves sounds but not words. (语音和语调，感叹词的使用，美国中的插入语：you know ,okay, well ,the wors simply build a bridge to what the speaker says next.U7:1.Private space & public space2.Conversational distance3.The layout of a city reflects its social structure and cultural values.美国NewYork is arrranged in a grid pattern of right-angled street,any corner can becomen a center ,reflect more equality and independence.French is star pattern everthing should be surrounded the center of highly centrealized government.4. 3 perspectives on a culture’s conception of time(1)Informal time :,conception of late and attitutude to the conversation time.(2)Past ,present ,and future: behavior and time are linked.Chinese proverb ；consider the past and you will know the present.Americans are constanly planning for the future.(3)monochronic and polychronicM-time people: do one thing at atime ,concentrate on the job,take the deadline,schedules seriously , adhere to plans,show great respect for privacy.P-time people；do many things at once ,change the plans ofen easily and often,5.German use of space美国与德国的比较，germans sense their own space as an extension of the egoU8:1.perceptions/images related to the term “gaijin” in Japaneseblond hair and blue eyes outgoning.2.ethnocentrism & ethnorelativismethnocentrism (民族中心主义)is nagetively judging aspects of another culture by the standars of one’s own culture. It is the technical name for the view of things in whivh one’s own group is the center of everything,and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it.Ethnorelativism involves the view that all cultures areof equal value and the values and behaviors of a culture can only be judged using that culture as a frame of reference..no one cultural trait is right or wrong ,it is merely diferent from alternative cultural traits.3.stereotype : a tereotype is over simplified idea about a person ,group,.cultural stereotypeabout americans “we and they “.many american view jew and arab as a menace and demon and they may avoid to talk to them and escape them when they meet them on the way.4.What is perception? The three-step process of perceptionPerception is the means by which you make sense of your physical and social world.(1)selection,(2) organazation (3)interpretation5.What are cultural patterns?6.Racial prejudice7.the 3 ways in which stereotypes are formed(1)we may categorize people or things by the most obvious characteristics they possess.(2)We may apply a set of characteristics to a whole group of people..(3)We may give the same treatment to each member of the group.8.the 4 dimensions of stereotypesA rereotype is an overgeneralized and oversimplified belief we use to categorize a group of people.（1）direction (positive or negative statements, american honest, ambitious)（2）intensity ：the strenth of a belief about agroup of people（3）accuracy(4)content9.What is prejudice? The five common forms of prejudiceAn attitude based on erroneous beliefs or preconceptions is called prejudice.Vebal abuse,. Physical avoidance, discrimination, physical attack and massacre.U9:1.What is cultural shock? What are the symptoms?cultural shock refers to the transition period and the accompanying feelings of stress and anxietya person experiences during the early period unpon entering a new culture.(1)physiological such as headache and sleeplessness(2)emotional such as anxiety,and feeling helpless and loneliness(3)communication such as frustration and excessive complainting,withdrawal from relationshipand conversation.2.model that explains the normal cycles or stages of early adaptation and culture shock predeparture stage :everything is beatiful ,awful, okadaption and reentry3.What is reverse culture shock?The shock suffered by expatriates returning home after lengthy overseas assignments. It is caused by the fact that the cultural norms of the ex-pat's overseas assignment become natural to them, over their home country's own traditions and customs.suggestions for culture shock adaptationcontrol emotion be patient meet people try new things give youself period of rest and thought, work on your self-concept observe bady language ,learn the verbal language4.5. 2 major views of culture shock: the disease view (hepless victim leave the cuture quickly)&self-awareness view (positive learning experience)6.7.positive cross-cultural learning experiences8.9.overcoming ethnocentrism in communication10.Who are “sojourners”? What is cross-cultural adaptation? What are challenges to sojourneradaptation?People who cross cultural boundaries are referred to as sojourners.including immigrants ,refugees ,studentsCross-cutural adaptation refers to how a sojourner chooses to cope with cutural changes. Challenges to sojourner adaptation include ethnocentrism, language barriers, disequilibrium(fit into the host culture0，length of stay, level of knowledge11.key qualities of a mindful state of being(`1) creation of new categories (2)openness to new information (3)awareness of more than one perspective.U101.2.betweenness of identity3.metaphors of US cultural diversity4.5.steps to improve intercultural communication6.7.attributes of a competent intercultural communicator 8.9. 3 cognitive processes of perceptiondescription, interpretation, evaluation。

UNIT1ObjectivesThis course aims at leading students to a general understanding of the complexities of intercultural communication and providing them with a cultural perspective in dealing with the common problems in intercultural communication. With the help of the this course the learners will:11. Come to see how culture influences our interaction with people of different cultural groups;2. Increase their cross-cultural awareness;3. Learn to predict and solve possible problems in intercultural communication;4. Overcome cultural barriers in EFL learning and teaching;5. Better understand and appreciate the Chinese people, Chinese language and Chinese culture.2课程的目的和主要任务本课程主要介绍跨文化交际学的基本概念和基本理论，重点学习东西方文化在感知方面（包括价值观、世界观、和宗教观等）、言语方面（包括言语交际模式、交际风格、交际策略及思维方式）和非言语交际方面（包括体态语言等）异同。

宗旨是培养学生跨文化交际意识，了解和掌握跨文化交际基本理论和基本内容，提高跨文化交际能力。

跨文化英语期末总结范文Introduction:The study of cross-cultural communication has provided me with an opportunity to explore and understand the complexity of societal differences across the globe. Throughout this course, I have gained invaluable insights into the diverse cultures, practices, and communication styles of various countries. This paper aims to summarize and reflect upon the key lessons learnt during this cross-cultural English course.1. Understanding Cultural Differences:Cultural differences play a vital role in shaping one's perception, behavior, and communication style. Through this course, I have learned that it is crucial to approach cultural differences with an open mind, without prejudice or stereotypes. Cultures are multifaceted, and generalizations can lead to misunderstandings and miscommunications. Learning to appreciate and respect cultural differences allows for better cross-cultural interactions.2. Non-verbal Communication:Non-verbal communication plays a significant role in cross-cultural interactions. The use of gestures, facial expressions, and body language may vary across cultures. Misinterpretation of non-verbal cues can lead to misunderstandings. For instance, while a thumbs-up gesture may be perceived as a positive sign in Western cultures, it can be considered offensive in some Middle Eastern countries. It is important to be aware of these differences and adapt one's body language accordingly.3. High-Context vs Low-Context Cultures:Understanding the distinction between high-context and low-context cultures is important in effectively communicating with individuals from different cultural backgrounds. High-context cultures, such as Japan or China, rely on implicit communication, emphasizing context, and non-verbal cues. On the other hand, low-context cultures, like the United States or Germany, emphasize explicit and direct communication. Recognizing these cultural nuances allows for better comprehension and effective communication.4. Direct vs Indirect Communication:Different cultures have varying communication styles – direct or indirect. Cultures such as the United States and Germany value direct and straightforward communication. In contrast, cultures like Japan and Thailand prefer indirect and diplomatic approaches. Understanding these cultural preferences helps tailor communication styles to avoid misunderstandings and maintain relationships.5. Language Barriers:Language barriers are a common challenge in cross-cultural communication. It is important to recognize that language proficiency varies among individuals, and fluency in English cannot be assumed. Simple gestures, visual aids, and clear enunciation can aid in overcoming language barriers. Sensitivity and patience towards non-native English speakers can bridge the communication gap.6. Cultural Sensitivity in Business:Businesses operating across borders necessitate an understanding of cultural nuances in order to succeed in foreign markets. Cultural sensitivity in marketing, product localization, and business etiquette can enhance a company's reputation and build strong relationships with international clients. This course has emphasized the importance of adapting to local customs, language, and values when conducting business in different countries.7. Ethical Considerations:Cross-cultural communication also requires ethical considerations. It is important to respect cultural norms, traditions, and beliefs of different societies. Ethical dilemmas may arise when cultural values clash, and it is important to handle such situations with sensitivity, empathy, and understanding. Recognizing and appreciating cultural diversity promotes ethical behavior in cross-cultural interactions.Conclusion:This cross-cultural English course has provided me with a comprehensive understanding of the nuances and challenges faced in cross-cultural communication. I have learned to approach different cultures with an open mind, to be adaptable in my communication style, and to appreciate the diversity that exists across the globe. These insights will prove invaluable in my personal and professional interactions with individuals from different cultural backgrounds. Moving forward, I will strive to further develop my cultural sensitivity and enhance my cross-cultural communication skills for a more harmonious global society.。

Chapter 1 CultureDefinitions:1 Culture is the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, hierarchies, religions, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving. 文化是个人和群体在种族发展过程中所获得的知识、经验、信仰、价值观、行为、态度、阶级、宗教、时间观、角色、空间观、宇宙观和艺术品的集合。

(P12/P29)2 Cultural Identity refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.文化身份：认为自己归属于某一文化或民族群体的感觉。

(P19/29)3 Subculture exist within dominant cultures and are often based on economic or social class, ethnicity, race, or geographic region.指存在于主流文化中的文化，其划分通常基于经济地位、社会阶层、民族、种族或地理区域.(P23/29)4 Subgroups usually do not involve the same large number of people and are not necessarily thought of as accumulating values and patterns of behavior over generations in the same way as culture do.相对于亚文化和共文化群体，亚群体通常规模不大，也不一定有文化群体世代相传积累的价值观念和行为模式。

跨文化交际期末总结一、引言跨文化交际是指涉及不同文化背景的个人或团体之间的交流与互动。

随着全球化的发展，跨文化交际的重要性日益凸显。

在这门课程中，我们学习了跨文化交际的理论知识，积累了跨文化交际的实践技巧，并且还进行了一系列的实践活动和案例分析。

在期末总结中，我将总结我在这门课程中的收获和体会，并思考如何更好地运用这些知识和技巧。

二、理论知识的学习在本门课程中，我们学习了很多有关跨文化交际的理论知识，其中包括文化的定义、文化差异的特点、文化冲突的原因以及跨文化交际的策略等。

通过学习这些理论知识，我对跨文化交际的本质和挑战有了更清晰的认识。

我意识到不同文化之间的差异是不可避免的，我们需要用包容和尊重的态度去面对这些差异，并且学会通过有效的沟通和互动来解决文化冲突。

同时，我也认识到了跨文化交际的复杂性和多样性，每个文化都有其独特的价值观和世界观，我们需要具备开放的心态去理解和倾听他人。

三、实践技巧的积累除了理论知识的学习，我们还进行了一系列的实践活动和案例分析，通过这些活动，我积累了一些跨文化交际的实践技巧。

首先，我学会了如何观察和分析文化差异。

比如，通过比较不同文化的价值观和行为规范，我能够更好地理解他人的行为和思维方式，从而减少文化冲突的发生。

其次，我学会了如何适应和融入不同文化的环境。

在和其他文化背景的人交流时，我会尽量避免采用自己的文化习惯和形式，而是尊重和接纳对方的行为方式和习惯。

最后，我还学会了如何提高跨文化交际的能力。

通过参与跨文化交际的讨论和角色扮演等活动，我提高了自己的沟通和表达能力，增强了自信心和自觉性。

四、实践活动的反思在这门课程中，我们还进行了一些实践活动。

其中最让我印象深刻的是与来自不同国家的学生进行合作的项目。

在与这些同学共同完成项目的过程中，我面临了文化差异所带来的沟通困难和理解障碍。

但通过不断的交流和协商，我学会了如何与他人合作，如何处理文化冲突，并最终取得了很好的合作成果。

Chapter 1 cultureThe nature of culture:1.culture is like an iceberg2.culture is our software3.culture is like the water a fish swims in4.culture is the grammar of our behaviorCharacteristics of culture:1.culture is learned (through proverbs, folklore, art, mass media)2.culture is dynamic 动态的3.culture is pervasive 普遍的4.culture is integrated 综合的5.culture is adaptiveCultural identity 文化认同1.cultural identity defined2.formation of cultural identity (unexamined, search, achievement)3.characteristics of cultural identityCultures within culture1.subculture亚文化群2.Co-culture 共文化3.Sub-group 亚群体SummaryMany of us take our culture for granted. The only time when we may ever think about it is when we leave our own country to travel abroad or when we encounter someone with a culture so different from ours that we have to examine our own beliefs. Much of what we think is the "right" or "correct" way to act or do something is actually part of the knowledge that we have learned from our culture.Culture is a large and inclusive concept. The first definition of culture, by the English anthropologist Edward B. Tylor, involves knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. Although this definition has tried to cover more aspects that may direct human behavior, more inclusive definitions continue to come into being. However, in this book, culture is defined from the intercultural communication perspective: culture is the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, hierarchies, religions, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.Compared with the different ideas on what culture is, scholars agree on thecharacteristics of culture. Generally speaking, culture is learned, dynamic, pervasive, integrated and adaptive.Cultural identity refers to one's sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group. People identify with being a member of a group. Being a member of a group helps to define who we are. We are all members of groups of different sizes. One of the largest groups that a person can belong to is a culture. Everyone belongs to a culture.Other groups that people may be a member of are subcultures (also called co-culture) and subgroups. Subcultures exist within dominant culture, and are often based on economic or social class, ethnicity, race, or geographic region.Co-culture refers to groups or social communities exh 如ting communication characteristics, perceptions, values, beliefs, and practices that are significantly different enough to distinguish them from the other groups, communities, and the dominant culture.Subgroups usually do not involve the same large number of people and are not necessarily thought of as accumulating values and patterns of behavior over generations in the same way as cultures do. Subgroups can be as small as a fewpeople or as large as a major religion. Subgroups provide their members with norms that tell people how to behave and think. Subgroups can be considered "deviant" forms of behavior. Subgroups can also be defined as "non-exclusive" and "temporary" forms of behavior.Chapter 2 intercultural communicationCommunicationmunication definedponents (组成) of communication(sender/message/encoding/channel/receiver/decoding 编码।/feedback/noise/context)Characteristics of communicationmunication is dynamicmunication is systematicmunication is symbolic 象征的munication is irreversible 不可逆的munication is transactional 相互作用的munication is self-reflective 自我反思的munication is contextual 前后关系的Culture and communicationCulture and communication, although two different concepts, are directly linked. They are so inextricably bound that some anthropologists believe the terms are virtually synonymous. Whenever people interact, they communicate. Culture is learned, acted out, transmitted, and preserved through communication.Although the concepts of communication and culture work together, we separate them here for purposes of our discussion, we begin by examining "communication" because to understand intercultural interaction, you must first recognize the role of communication in that process.Cultures inherently contain communication systems. Communication and culture are inseparable. One implication of this insight is that cultures generate symbols, rituals, customs, and formats. To use a simple example, every culture has rules for achievement and attainment. In Western culture, the symbols include degrees, promotions, certificates, material objects, technology, and other symbols of material wealth. However, nationals in rural Botswana take pride in the primary group and not just individual attainment. Cultural misunderstanding occurs when we fail to matchthe appropriate symbols and general communication system to the culture. Just witness the awkwardness of an expatriate who attends a gathering in a host culture, but fails to wear the appropriate clothes. One cannot escape this inseparability of culture and communication.Each culture encourages a particular communication style expected within it. This implies not only using correct symbols, but also applying the appropriate communication style for the occasion. Communication styles include mannerisms, phrases, rituals, and communication customs appropriate for various situations in a culture. For instance, in Saudi Arabia the correct interpersonal communication style upon meeting one's host is often language loaded with compliments and thanks. Public criticism of fellow workers in this culture is rare, for such a message would appear disrespectful. Some West Africans exhibit a friendly and warm interpersonal communication style. Some Asians are described as conscious of propriety, ceremony, and rules of respect and honor. Some U.S. culture members appear informal and uninhibited Some Britons display a reserved manner, preferring understatement and control in interpersonal interaction. These examples remind us of the importance of understanding intercultural communication style.Areas like loudness, pitch, rate, and certain stances and gestures characterize communication behaviors. A specific culture expects an "ideal" communication style. The contrasts are striking, such as when an American speaks in a "normal" conversational voice, a "quiet" Thai national may think the voice is too loud and interpret the American to be angry.Intercultural communication1.intercultural communication defined2.forms of intercultural communication (international communication/interracialcommunication 跨人种/interethnic communication 跨种族/intraculturalcommunication 同一文化内)SummaryCommunication is an element of culture. It is believed that every cultural pattern and every single act of social behavior involves communication. When a baby is just born, he usually cries. His crying communicates something. When you graduate, your friends usually say "Congratulations!" to you. When a driver sees the red light, he/she will stop. All these are cases of communication.Communication is derived from the Latin word communicate, meaning to share with or to make common, as in giving to another part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.However, like culture, the term "communication" has been defined from different perspectives. In fact, the way that people view communication - what it is, how to do it, and reasons for doing it - is part of their culture. Western culture emphasizes the instrumental function of communication and the prior consideration is to achieve the sender's personal goal, while in Eastern culture, in addition to sending and receiving messages simultaneously, communicators take their relationship into account.The process of communication has nine components: sender/source, message, encoding, channel, receiver, decoding, feedback, noise and context. The sender encodes a message (information that the sender wants to share with other people) by putting it into symbols (usually words or nonverbal gestures) and then sending it through a channel. A channel can be printed media such as magazines and newspapers; electronic media such as television, radio, and the Internet; or sounds traveling through the air when two people speak face to face. Sometimes, it is difficult for the message to reach the receiver. The difficulty is due to "noise". When receivers get the message, they must "decode" or try to understand it. For example, if the sender encodes a message using English, the receiver must use their knowledge of English language to understand it. Often, the sender pays attention to the feedbackof the receiver. The communication takes place within a setting or situation called context.Any communication process demonstrates several characteristics, that is, dynamic, systematic, symbolic, irreversible, transactional, self-reflective and contextual.When communicating with people from different cultures, it is important to remember that culture and communication are strongly connected. Culture is a code we learn and share, and learning and sharing require communication.Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose cultural perception and symbol system are distinct enough to alter the communication event. Intercultural communication as a term was first used in 1959 by Edward T. Hall—an American anthropologist. Intercultural communication includes international communication, interracial communication, interethnic commurucat10n and intracultural communication.Chapter 4 barriersEmotional problems as barriers1.anxiety and uncertainty (definition/strategies to overcome)2.assuming similarity instead of difference 假想相同点多于不同点Attitudinal problems as barriers1.ethnocentrism 种族或民族中心主义(defined/various forms)2.stereotyping(definition/categories)3.prejudice4.racism5.reasons for the persistence of ethnocentrism, stereotyping, prejudice and racism(socialization 社交化/social benefits/economic benefits/psychologicalbenefits)Translation problems as language barriersck of vocabulary equivalenceck of idiomatic equivalenceck of grammatical-syntactical equivalenceck of experiential equivalence 经验ck of conceptual equivalence 概念SummaryThere are several barriers to intercultural communication—anxiety and uncertainty,assuming similarity instead of difference, ethnocentrism, stereotyping, prejudice, racism and translation problems.Anxiety and uncertainty, as well as assuming similarity instead of difference belong to the emotional problems.Anxiety occurs because of not knowing what one is expected to do, and focusing on that feeling and not being totally present in the communication transaction. Anxiety may also affect your ability to communicate your ideas to others, for you pay too much attention to your uncomfortable feelings. Uncertainty refers to our cognitive inability to explain our own or other's feelings and behaviors in interactions because of an ambiguous situation that evokes anxiety.Assuming similarity instead of difference is a natural thing to do if you do not have any information about a culture. It refers to the idea that people coming from another culture are more similar to you than they actually are or that another person's situation is more similar to yours than it in fact is. Assuming that a culture is similar to your own can cause you to ignore important differences This assumption always leads to disrupted communication and even conflict.Ethnocentrism, stereotyping, prejudice and racism belong to the attitudinal problemsEthnocentrism is negatively judging another culture by your own culture's standards. To make ethnocentric judgments is to believe that the ways of your own culture are better than those of others.Stereotyping is used to refer to negative or positive judgments made about individuals based on any observable or believed group membership. It assumes that a person has certain qualities (good or bad) just because the person is a member of a specific group.Prejudice refers to the irrational dislike, suspicion or hatred of a particular group, race, religion, or sexual orientation. Prejudiced attitudes can take many forms.A specific kind of prejudice, racism refers to any policy, practice, belief, or attitude that attributes characteristics or status to individuals based on their race. Racism involves not only prejudice, but also the exercise of power over individuals based on their race.Ethnocentrism, stereotyping, prejudice, racism continue to exist because of socialization and the apparent social, economic, and psychological benefits that come from it.Due to language differences and cultural differences, translation can become a barrier to intercultural communication.Five elements that typically cause problems in translation are the lack of equivalences in vocabulary, idioms, grammar and syntax, experiences, and concepts.Chapter 5 verbal communicationSignificance of verbal communication"Verbal" means "consisting of words". Language, spoken or written, is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, verbal intercultural communication happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.Language and culturenguage as a reflection of the environmentnguage as a reflection of values3.the meaning of wordsVerbal communication styles1.direct and indirect styles2.self-enhancement and self-effacement styles 宣扬和谦逊3.elaborate, exacting and succinct styles 详尽的，确切的，简洁的4.personal and contextual styles 不同的称呼方式根据场合和地位5.instrumental and affective styles 理性与感性Language diversity1.dialects and sociolects 方言和社会方言2.pidgin and lingua franca洋泾浜语（汉语中夹杂外语）,混合语（母语不互通）3.taboo and euphemism 禁用语委婉语4.jargon 行话Cultural influence on written communication1.direct plan2.indirect planSummaryVerbal intercultural communication happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.It is agreed that language helps in communicating with people from different backgrounds. However, people may be less aware that cultural literacy is necessary in order to understand the language being used. Words in themselves do not carry the meaning. The meaning comes out of the context. Although people use the dictionary to explain one language with another language, words of differentlanguages don't mean the same thing because of the cultural influence on word meaning.There are mainly five verbal communication styles introduced in this chapter: direct / indirect; self-enhancement / self-effacement; elaborate / exacting / succinct; personal / contextual; and instrumental / affective.Language is a cultural phenomenon which is used to express different uses and to communicate different meanings. Language varies according to the communicative uses but also according to the users. In fact, users of the same language in a sense all speak differently and the kind of language each of them chooses to use is in part determined by their cultural background.In short, some language variations result from the language user, that is, his or her geographical origin (dialect), or his or her social condition (sociolect). However, some language variations result from the circumstances of communication, such as pidgin, Lingua Franca, jargon, taboo and euphemism. Dialect refers to geographical variation, while sociolect refers to variation in terms of social class or style. Pidgin refers to a mixed language that is used for trading purposes, while Lingua Franca refers to a specific language that is used as an international means of communication. Taboo refers to expressions that are considered impolite, while euphemism refers to polite expressions used to soften the offensive and disturbing language. Jargon refers to aspecial or technical vocabulary that is developed for professional purposes within professional groups like medicine or law.Furthermore, verbal communication involves both oral and written forms. Written communication is especially important in intercultural business communication. As the modem technological renovation (e-mail and ecommerce) calls for the written communication in business, businessmen should be more conscious about the written communication because mistakes made inwritten form are more serious and permanent.Cultural patterns influence not only oral communication but also written communication. Cultural impact on discourse patterns is to be classified into two categories: direct plan and indirect plan. In direct plans, clarity and conciseness are essential to a successful business writing style. The indirect plan has other priorities than the quick delivery of ideas, such as nurturing a relationship or developing some other context for the message. Direct plan is favored by results- oriented cultures Indirect plan is favored by relationship-oriented culture.Chapter 6 nonverbalSignificance of nonverbal communication1.nonverbal behavior accounts for much of the meaning we get from conversations.2.nonverbal behavior is significant because it spontaneou sly<D reflects thesubconsciousness.3.Nonverbal communication is significant is that we cannot avoid communicating. Definition and functions of nonverbal communication1.definition of nonverbal communication2.functions of nonverbal communication （repeating 重复/complementing 补充/substituting 代替/regulating/contradicting 反对）Paralanguage and silence1.paralanguage副语言（语音语调）2.silenceTime and space1.chronemics 时间行为学的2.proxemics 人际距离学（fixed features of space/semifixed features ofspace/personal space包括四种情况下的不同距离）Other categories of nonverbal communication1.oculesics 目光语2.olfactics 嗅觉3.haptics 触觉4.kinesics 人体动作学（gestures/posture/facial expressions/chromatics 色彩/attire 打扮）SummaryWhen we learn to communicate, we learn not only language but also various ways of communicating. Communicators use both verbal and nonverbal codes to communicate, listeners expect to receive both kinds of messages during a conversation. If a speaker uses nonverbal codes poorly or inappropriately, a listener may consider the person a poor speaker. However, misunderstandings may occur when the speakers and listeners are from different cultures and do not share the same nonverbal codes.In brief, the messages sent without using words are called nonverbal communication. Nonverbal communication involves those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by the sender and his or her use of the environment—these have potential message value for both the sender and receiver.Nonverbal communication codes or symbols or stimuli in a communicating setting can be divided into different categories: paralanguage, silence, proxemics,chronemics, oculesics, olfactics, haptics, kinesics, chromatics and attire.Paralanguage is the set of audible sounds that accompany oral language to augment its meaning When the German poet Klopstock wrote "The tones of human voices are mightier than strings or brass to move the soul", he meant that sounds we generate often communicate more than the words that they produce. We have the experience of watching foreign movies: if we don't know the language they speak and there are no subtitles, we can still infer when performers are expressing anger, sorrow, joy, or any other emotions.Silence cues affect interpersonal communication by providing an interval in an ongoing interaction during which the participants have time to think, check or suppress an emotion, encode a lengthy response, or inaugurate another line of thought.Chronemics is the study of how people perceive and use time. People have different attitudes toward punctuality because they have different time orientations. People from monochronic cultures emphasize schedules, while people from polychronic cultures stress involvement of people and the completion of tasks as opposed to a strict adherence to schedules.Proxemics refers to the study of spatial relations. Cultures vary in such things as how living space is arranged and the distance between people in interaction.Oculesics refers to the study of communications sent by the eyes. Eyes play a central role in impression management. When people say that eyes talk, they mean that eyes convey messages. Although eye contact is a very important way of communication, direct eye-to-eye contact is not a custom throughout the world.Olfactics refers to the study of communication via smell. Americans feel uncomfortable with natural smells, so they spend millions of dollars to make themselves smell "good". However, many cultures regard natural smells as normal. Most 心abs perceive a person's smell as an extension of the person.Haptics or touch refers to communication through the use of bodily contact. There are different behavioral patterns regarding touch. We learn the rules, as we move from infancy into childhood. The wrong behavior of touching in strange cultures can create uncertainty and even ill feeling.Kinesics refers to gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, body position, body movement, and forms of greeting and their relations to communication. Although any part of the body can be used for communicating nonverbally, face, hands, and armsare the primary 灼nesic channels through which nonverbal messages are sent.Chromatics refers to the study of color in reference to people's perceptions, behaviors, and impressions of others. The same color may be interpreted differently in different cultures. The wrong color of your clothes may make people dislike you, or even hate you. It is quite important to watch what color is appropriate in certain settings, when you are in a foreign countryAttire refers to clothing and physical appearance. It also serves as nonverbal symbols. We often identify a person's culture by his or her physical appearance and dress. Communication with others is often perceived by visual observations of his or her physical appearance.Chapter 7 cultural patternsDefining cultural patterns1.ways of thinking2.ways of actingComponents of cultural patterns 组成1.beliefs 信仰2.values 价值观3.norms 行为准则4.social practices 社会行为Culture theory1.high-context culture高语境文化（很多信息在环境中是可见的，没有必要用语言过多描述）2.low-context culture (语言作为主要传递信息的方式)3.problems posed (高语境的会嫌弃低语境的人说的太多，给予了太多不需要的信息)Value orientation1.human nature orientation2.person-nature orientation(mastery-over-nature view/harmony-with-natureview/subjugation-to-nature view)3.time orientation(value-past/value-present/value-future)4.activity orientation(value-doing/value-being/value-being-in-becoming)5.relational orientationCultural variability1.individualism and collectivism 独立的集中的2.uncertainty avoidance3.power distance4.masculinity and femininity 男权主义女权主义SummaryAlthough individuals, even in the same culture, tend to have different value patterns, there are overall values shaped by one's culture which are shared by the members of the group. Understanding a culture's value pattern is of great significance in terms of understanding their behaviorsShared beliefs, values, norms, and social practices that are stable over time andthat lead to roughly similar behaviors across similar situations are known as cultural patterns.A belief is an idea that people assume to be true about the world.Values involve what a culture regards as good or bad, right or wrong, fair or unfair, just or unjust, beautiful or ugly, clean or dirty, valuable or worthless, appropriate or inappropriate, and kind or cruel.Norms are the socially shared expectations of appropriate behaviors.Social practices are the predictable behavior patterns that members of a culture typically follow.Context is defined as the information that surrounds an event; it is inextricably boundup with the meaning of the event. Edward T. Hall introduced the high context communication and low context communication. A high context (HC) communication or message is one in which most of the information is already in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicitly transmitted part of the message. A low context (LC) communication is just the opposite; i.e., the mass of the information is vested in the explicit code. It is verbalized.Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's Value Orientations are based on: human nature, person-nature interface, time, activity and human relationships. These five aspects define group cultures according to different categories:A s for human-nature orientation, cultures could be divided into six groups: (1) Humans are evil but changeable; (2) Humans are evil and unchangeable; (3)Humans are neutral with respect to good and evil; (4) Humans are a mixture of good and evil; (5) Humans are good but changeable; (6) Humans are good and unchangeable.The person-nature orientation consists of three categories: (1) Mastery over nature;(2) Harmony with nature; (3) Subjugation to nature.As far as time orientation is concerned, cultures may belong to (1) The past orientation; (2) The present orientation; (3) The future orientation.The activity orientation involves three groups: (1) The d, omg onentat10n; (2) The being orientation; (3) The being-in-becoming orientation.Geert Hofstede has identified four value dimensions that have a significant impact on behavior in all cultures. These dimensions are individualism and collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, power distance, and masculinity and femininity.Individualistic cultures give more importance to individuals' needs when they do things such as setting goals.Collectivism is characterized by a rigid social framework that distinguishes between in-groups and out-groups.Uncertainty avoidance deals with the degree to which members of a culture try to avoid uncertainty.Power distance is "the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations accept that power is distributed unequally". That is to say, how equal or unequal .the people in a particular culture think people should be.The major differentiation between masculine and feminine cultures is how gender roles are distributed in cultures.Those dimensions offer certain measurements for researchers to study a specificculture or do comparative research work from an intercultural perspective.Chapter 8 cultural influence on contextsThe business context1.culture influence on business context2.management不同国家方式不同3.business etiquette norms 商务礼仪(appointment seeking/the date forbusiness/greeting behavior/gift giving)The educational context1.culture influence on the educational context2.role behaviors of students and teachers3.classroom participation4.turn taking说话的方式时间和行为The health care context1.culture influence on the health care context2.family and gender roles in the health care context3.conversational structures and languageSummaryMeaning in communication is basically decided by context. Communication is notdevoid of external influence: all human interaction is influenced to some degree by the social, physical, and cultural settings in which it occurs. This is known as the communication context. Context may consist of the social, political, and historical structuresin which the communication occurs. Communication in three areas is most influenced by context: business, education and health care.In the business field, management has become a crucial issue and the managing styles vary from culture to culture. These differences are apt to cause troubles for intercultural communication. In add 山on to management, many concrete business practices such as appointment seeking, greeting, gift giving and negotiation are also posing problems for the business interaction. People need to understand and practice the rules in intercultural business context to be competent communicators.The educational context is another significant area where intercultural communication frequently occurs. All participants in the educational context—teachers, students, parents, school administrators, and other staff—bring their cultures' beliefs, values, norms, and social practices with them. All of these can influence behaviors on how students and teachers relate to each other in the classroom.。

跨文化交际英语知识点归纳跨文化交际是指在不同文化背景下进行的人际交往和沟通。

在全球化背景下，跨文化交际的重要性日益凸显。

了解并掌握跨文化交际的英语知识点对于有效地与不同文化背景的人进行交流和合作至关重要。

本文将详细介绍跨文化交际的英语知识点，包括文化差异、非语言交际、礼仪与礼貌等方面。

一、文化差异1. 时间观念：不同文化有不同的时间观念，如西方注重准时，东方则注重灵活性。

了解并尊重对方的时间观念，避免引起误会。

2. 社会等级：不同文化中对社会地位的看法不同，有些文化注重等级分明，有些文化则强调平等。

在交际中应注意尊重对方的社会地位和身份。

3. 个人主义与集体主义：西方文化注重个利和自由，而东方文化注重集体利益和团队协作。

了解并尊重不同文化的价值观念，有助于建立良好的跨文化交际关系。

二、非语言交际1. 肢体语言：不同文化对于肢体语言的解读和使用有所差异，如眼神接触、手势等。

了解并注意对方的肢体语言，避免产生误解。

2. 面部表情：不同文化对面部表情的解读也有所差异，如微笑、皱眉等。

了解并适应对方的面部表情，有助于推动交际进程。

3. 身体姿势：身体姿势也是非语言交际的一种形式，如坐姿、站姿等。

注意对方的身体姿势，尊重对方的个人空间，避免给对方带来不适。

三、礼仪与礼貌1. 问候礼仪：不同文化有不同的问候方式和习惯，如握手、鞠躬等。

了解并尊重对方的问候方式，展示友好和尊重。

2. 礼貌用语：不同文化有不同的礼貌用语和礼貌表达方式，如道歉、感谢等。

适当使用对方的礼貌用语，展示尊重和关注。

3. 社交礼节：不同文化有不同的社交礼节，如用餐礼仪、着装规范等。

了解并遵守对方的社交礼节，展示自己的文化素养。

四、语言交际1. 语言障碍：不同文化使用不同的语言，语言障碍是跨文化交际中常见的问题。

尽量使用简洁明了的词汇和表达方式，避免产生歧义和误解。

2. 文化障碍：语言与文化密切相关，不同文化对于词汇、语法和表达方式有不同的理解和运用。