大学跨文化交际期末总结word打印版
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跨文化交际个人总结报告一、跨文化交际是在不同文化背景下进行交流和合作的过程。
我在过去的一段时间里,有幸参与了跨文化交际的项目和活动,深刻体验到了文化差异对交流和合作的影响。
本报告将对我个人在跨文化交际中的体验和成长进行总结。
二、文化差异的认知在跨文化交际中,我深切感受到了文化差异的存在。
首先,语言差异成为了沟通的一大挑战。
不同国家和地区的语言风格、表达方式各异,可能导致理解上的困难。
其次,价值观和习惯的差异也是一大阻碍。
在一些文化中,某些行为可能被视为礼貌,而在另一些文化中可能被解读为不尊重。
三、学习他人文化为了更好地融入跨文化环境,我努力学习和理解他人的文化。
我主动参与当地的文化活动,尝试传统食物,了解当地的习俗和传统。
通过这些亲身体验,我更好地理解了他人的生活方式和价值观,建立了更加深厚的人际关系。
四、尊重和接纳差异在跨文化交际中,我深知尊重和接纳差异的重要性。
不同的文化有着各自独特的优势和价值,而不是谁高谁低的关系。
我在交往中始终保持开放心态,尊重他人的文化传统,接纳多元化的观点。
这不仅有助于构建和谐的人际关系,也促进了团队的合作。
五、沟通技巧的提升在跨文化交际中,良好的沟通技巧尤为关键。
我学习采用简明扼要的语言表达自己的意思,避免使用可能产生歧义的词汇。
同时,我更注重倾听,努力理解对方的观点。
通过提升沟通技巧,我能够更有效地与不同文化背景的人建立联系,达成共识。
六、解决文化冲突文化冲突是跨文化交际中常见的问题。
我在实践中学到,及时的沟通和解释是解决文化冲突的有效途径。
当出现误解或不适应时,我会主动寻求对话,解释自己的观点,同时倾听对方的看法。
通过开放的沟通,我成功化解了一些潜在的文化冲突,保持了合作关系的稳定。
七、个人成长和收获通过参与跨文化交际,我不仅拓宽了自己的视野,还提升了许多软技能。
我学到了更灵活的沟通技巧、更广泛的人际交往能力,更重要的是培养了更高的文化敏感度。
这些在职业发展和个人生活中都起到了积极的作用。
跨文化交际经验总结引言跨文化交际是人们在不同文化背景下的交流和互动过程。
在这个互联互通的时代,跨文化交际变得越来越重要。
本文总结了我在跨文化交际中的经验和教训,旨在帮助他人更好地理解和应对跨文化交际的挑战。
技巧与策略主动研究跨文化交际需要我们主动研究不同文化的俗、价值观和行为规范。
了解对方的文化背景可以帮助我们更好地理解他们的思维方式和行为方式。
尊重和开放尊重他人的文化差异是跨文化交际的基本原则。
我们应该以开放的心态接纳不同的观点和方式,避免对他人的文化做出评判或刻板印象。
注意非语言沟通在跨文化交际中,非语言沟通比语言交流更具有挑战性。
我们应该学会观察和解读对方的身体语言、面部表情和姿态,以更准确地理解对方的意图和情感。
适应和调整在跨文化交际中,我们需要灵活适应不同的文化环境和方式。
我们应该注意自己的言行举止,尽量避免冒犯他人或触犯当地的文化俗。
教训与启示尊重文化差异尊重他人的文化差异是跨文化交际的关键。
我曾经在与他人交流时过于强调我自己的文化观点,结果造成了误解和冲突。
因此,我认识到了重视他人文化的重要性,学会了更好地倾听和理解对方的观点。
学会调整与妥协在跨文化交际中,不同文化之间存在一定的冲突和差异。
我学会了灵活调整和妥协,适应不同的文化背景和方法。
这样不仅能够减少冲突,还能建立更好的沟通和合作关系。
持续研究和提升跨文化交际是一个不断研究和提升的过程。
我会继续深入研究和研究不同文化的知识,以提升自己在跨文化交际中的能力和水平。
结论跨文化交际是一项全球性的挑战,但同时也是一种宝贵的学习和成长机会。
通过主动学习、尊重和开放、非语言沟通、适应和调整等策略,我们可以更好地应对跨文化交际的挑战,建立和谐的跨文化关系。
英语跨文化交际期末总结Introduction:Intercultural communication is the process of exchanging information and ideas between individuals from different cultural backgrounds. It involves understanding and respecting different cultural norms, beliefs, and values. As our final reflection, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the key concepts, lessons learned, and personal experiences gained during the course of studying intercultural communication.I. Overview of Intercultural Communication:1. Definition and Importance2. Challenges and Barriers3. Strategies for Effective Intercultural CommunicationII. Understanding Cultural Dimensions and Differences:1. Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions2. Individualism vs. Collectivism3. High-Context vs. Low-Context Cultures4. Verbal and Nonverbal CommunicationIII. Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination:1. Types of Stereotypes2. Ethnocentrism and its Impact on Communication3. Overcoming Stereotypes and Promoting Cultural SensitivityIV. Effective Communication in Diverse Contexts:1. Intercultural Communication in Business2. Intercultural Communication in Healthcare3. Intercultural Communication in EducationV. Case Studies:1. Miscommunication During a Business Negotiation2. Cultural Sensitivity in Multicultural Teams3. Communication Challenges in a Healthcare SettingVI. Personal Reflection:1. Cultural Identity and Self-Awareness2. Lessons Learned and Skills Developed3. Personal Growth and Future DirectionsConclusion:Intercultural communication is a complex and dynamic process that requires continuous learning and adaptation. Through this course, I have gained a deeper understanding of different cultural dimensions, communication styles, and the impact of stereotypes. I have also developed strategies for effective communication in various contexts, such as business, healthcare, and education. This knowledge has broadened my cultural sensitivity and self-awareness, allowing me to navigate intercultural interactions with more confidence and respect. Going forward, I intend to apply these learnings in my personal and professional life, fostering inclusivity and understanding in all my interactions.。
黑龙江大学跨文化交际英语复习总结(超全)第一篇:黑龙江大学跨文化交际英语复习总结(超全)跨文化考试总结考试构成:一、单选 1*10=10分。
(Choose the one that)其中有一部分是书中的概念。
二、判断 1*10=10分。
(A—>true,B—>false)课后习题所有概念关键词+考试范围内的CASE:Chapter 1 Culture Keywords(1)Culture(from intellectual perspective): Culture is “the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively”(从知性角度定义文化:作为整体的人类智力成就的艺术和其他表现。
)(2)Culture(from anthropologic perspective): Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts;the essential core of culture consists of traditional ideas and especially their attached values”(从人类学.角度定义文化:文化由清晰和模糊的行为模式构成,这些模式通过符号获得并传播,这些符号由人类群体的特别成就构成,包括具体的人工制品。
文化的基本核心由传统思想和与其相关的价值观构成。
跨文化期末反思与总结随着全球化的不断发展,跨文化交流和合作成为当今社会中的重要组成部分。
作为一名大学生,我有幸能够参与跨文化交流和学习跨文化知识,这对于我的个人发展和未来职业发展都有着积极的影响。
在这门跨文化课程中,我学到了很多有关不同文化之间的差异和联系的知识。
通过课堂上的讲解和案例分析,我深入了解了不同文化之间的价值观、习俗、沟通方式等方面的差异。
这些知识对我以后在国际工作环境中的适应十分重要。
在课程中,我参与了许多跨文化交流的活动。
最令我难忘的是一次模拟商务洽谈的活动。
在这次活动中,我被分配到一个小组,和其他来自不同国家的同学一起扮演商务代表,进行模拟的跨文化商谈。
通过与来自不同文化背景的同学交流和合作,我不仅学到了如何在跨文化环境中适应和沟通,也学到了如何处理不同文化间可能出现的冲突和误解。
这个经历对我以后在跨国公司工作时的沟通和合作能力有着很大的帮助。
此外,在课程中我也学到了如何分析和理解不同文化之间的冲突。
通过对不同文化间的案例分析,我逐渐意识到文化冲突的根源往往是对方的价值观和习俗与自己的不同。
而要解决这些冲突,我们需要展示尊重和包容的态度,同时也要学会通过有效沟通解决分歧。
在这个过程中,我认识到了跨文化交流和合作不仅是一种学问,更是一种艺术,需要我们不断学习和提升。
此外,在课程中我还学到了如何在跨文化环境中进行有效的领导和管理。
在一个跨国公司中,不同国家的员工和管理层之间可能存在着文化差异和认知偏差。
作为一名领导者,我们需要学会理解和尊重不同文化的员工,同时也需要站在整个团队的角度来协调各方的利益和需求。
通过课程中的案例分析和课堂讨论,我深刻认识到了跨文化领导和管理的复杂性和挑战性。
综上所述,跨文化课程给予我很多宝贵的知识和经验。
通过参与课程中的活动和学习,我不仅深入了解了不同文化之间的差异和联系,也提升了自己的跨文化沟通和合作能力。
这将对我的个人发展和未来的职业发展起到积极的影响。
Chapter 1 CultureDefinitions:1 Culture is the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, hierarchies, religions, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving. 文化是个人和群体在种族发展过程中所获得的知识、经验、信仰、价值观、行为、态度、阶级、宗教、时间观、角色、空间观、宇宙观和艺术品的集合。
(P12/P29)2 Cultural Identity refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.文化身份:认为自己归属于某一文化或民族群体的感觉。
(P19/29)3 Subculture exist within dominant cultures and are often based on economic or social class, ethnicity, race, or geographic region.指存在于主流文化中的文化,其划分通常基于经济地位、社会阶层、民族、种族或地理区域.(P23/29)4 Subgroups usually do not involve the same large number of people and are not necessarily thought of as accumulating values and patterns of behavior over generations in the same way as culture do.相对于亚文化和共文化群体,亚群体通常规模不大,也不一定有文化群体世代相传积累的价值观念和行为模式。
跨文化交际期末总结一、引言跨文化交际是指涉及不同文化背景的个人或团体之间的交流与互动。
随着全球化的发展,跨文化交际的重要性日益凸显。
在这门课程中,我们学习了跨文化交际的理论知识,积累了跨文化交际的实践技巧,并且还进行了一系列的实践活动和案例分析。
在期末总结中,我将总结我在这门课程中的收获和体会,并思考如何更好地运用这些知识和技巧。
二、理论知识的学习在本门课程中,我们学习了很多有关跨文化交际的理论知识,其中包括文化的定义、文化差异的特点、文化冲突的原因以及跨文化交际的策略等。
通过学习这些理论知识,我对跨文化交际的本质和挑战有了更清晰的认识。
我意识到不同文化之间的差异是不可避免的,我们需要用包容和尊重的态度去面对这些差异,并且学会通过有效的沟通和互动来解决文化冲突。
同时,我也认识到了跨文化交际的复杂性和多样性,每个文化都有其独特的价值观和世界观,我们需要具备开放的心态去理解和倾听他人。
三、实践技巧的积累除了理论知识的学习,我们还进行了一系列的实践活动和案例分析,通过这些活动,我积累了一些跨文化交际的实践技巧。
首先,我学会了如何观察和分析文化差异。
比如,通过比较不同文化的价值观和行为规范,我能够更好地理解他人的行为和思维方式,从而减少文化冲突的发生。
其次,我学会了如何适应和融入不同文化的环境。
在和其他文化背景的人交流时,我会尽量避免采用自己的文化习惯和形式,而是尊重和接纳对方的行为方式和习惯。
最后,我还学会了如何提高跨文化交际的能力。
通过参与跨文化交际的讨论和角色扮演等活动,我提高了自己的沟通和表达能力,增强了自信心和自觉性。
四、实践活动的反思在这门课程中,我们还进行了一些实践活动。
其中最让我印象深刻的是与来自不同国家的学生进行合作的项目。
在与这些同学共同完成项目的过程中,我面临了文化差异所带来的沟通困难和理解障碍。
但通过不断的交流和协商,我学会了如何与他人合作,如何处理文化冲突,并最终取得了很好的合作成果。
Unit 1 An IntroductionTerms/questions:1.Economic globalization 经济全球化: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology. 2.Global village 地球村: All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet.3.Melting-pot 大熔炉: a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities. 4.Cultural Diversity文化多样性: the mix of people from various backgrounds with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong.5.What are the four trends that lead to the development of the global village? (p8~9)全球化因素:1) Convenient transportation systems 便捷的交通系统2) Innovative communication systems 先进的通信系统3) Economic globalization 经济全球化4) Widespread migration 大规模移民6.The concept of cultureCulture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.7.What are the three ingredients of culture?1) Artifacts: the material and spiritual products people produce.2) Behavior: what they do3) Concepts: what they think (belief, values, world views……)8.Culture iceberg文化冰山(p7)Like an iceberg what we can see about culture is just the tip of the iceberg; the majority of it is intangible, beyond sight. and the part of culture that is visible is only a small part of a much bigger who le. It is said nine-tenth of culture is below the surface.Just as an iceberg which has a visible section above the waterline and a larger invisible section below the waterline, culture has some aspects that are observable and others that can only be s uspected and imagined. Also like an iceberg, the part of culture that is visible is only a small part of a much bigger whole. It is said nine-tenth of culture is below the surface.水面上: the aspect of culture that are explicit (明确的) , visible taught (可数的)水面下: intangible (无形的) , not taught directly9.Characteristics of culture1) Culture is shared: All communications take place by means of symbols.2) Culture is learned: Culture is learned, not inherited. It derives from one’s social environment, not fromone’s genes.•Enculturation文化习得: All the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation.3)Culture is dynamic: culture is subject to change. It’s dynamic rather than static constantly changingand evolving and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.•Acculturation文化适应: the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.4) Culture is ethnocentric: the belief that your own cultural background is superior.※Ethnocentrism文化中心主义: the belief that your own cultural background is superior. 10.Communication: mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.11.Intercultural communication: communication between people whose cultural perception and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter their communication event.12.Components of communication1) Source交际邀请The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.2) Encoding编码Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.3) Message编码信息The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the messa ge is the resulting object.4) Channel交际渠道The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted.5) Noise干扰The term noise technically refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes.6) Receiver交际接受The receiver is the person who attends to the message.7) Decoding解码Decoding is the opposite process of encoding and just as much an active process. The receiver isactively involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received.8)Receiver response接受反应Receiver response refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message.9) Feedback反馈Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.10) Context场景The final component of communication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication. 13.Process of communication14.Characteristics of communication1) Communication is dynamic.2) Communication is irreversible.不可逆的3) Communication is symbolic.符号性的4) Communication is systematic. 系统的5) Communication is transactional. 交互式的6) Communication is contextual. 上下文的,受语境影响的15.相关案例与题目Case 1 (p1) Case2 (p2) Exercises A B2 C E (P12~13)Unit 2~4 Verbal CommunicationTerms/questions:1. Pragmatics语用学: the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behavior.2. Semantics语义学: a system that associates words to meaning. It is the study of the meaning of words.3. Denotation 字面意思: the literal meaning or definition of a word --- the explicit, particular, defined meaning.4. Connotation弦外之音: the suggestive meaning of a word --- all the values, judgment, and beliefs implied by a word the historical and associative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning.5. Taboo 禁忌语: refers to some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons.6. Euphemism委婉语: means the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive.7.How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing? Form of Address (p22~23)In Chinese the surname comes first and is followed by the given name/ but in English this order is reversed. Addressing by names:In China seniority is paid respect to. Juniors are supposed to address seniors in a proper way. The use of given names is limited to husband and wife, very close friends, juniors by elders or superiors/ Nowadays, more and more English-speaking people address others by using the first name, even when people meet for the first time. (Intimacy and equality)Addressing by relationship:Chinese often extend kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage. These terms are used after the surname to show politeness and respect/ The English equivalents of the above kinship terms are not so used. Even with relatives, Americans tend to use just the first name and leave out the term of relationship. Addressing by title, office, profession:a nother common Chinese form of address is the use of a person’s title, office, profession to indicate the person’s influe ntial status. In English, only a few occupations or titles could be used. (P24) Americans tend to regard titles as trivial unless they have a clear idea of what kind of work a person does and what his responsibilities are.8.Social Functions of Compliments (p50)Compliments have a series of social functions: creating or reinforcing solidarity, greeting people, expressing thanks or congratulations, encouraging people, softening criticism, starting a conversation, or evenovercoming embarrassment.9.相关案例与题目Unit 2 Case 1 (p17) Case2 (p17~18) Case 4 (p19) Exercises A B2 C (P32~33)Unit 3 Case 3 (p45) Exercises A B1 C (P59~60)Unit 4 Case 1 (p67) Case2 (p69) Case 4 (p19) Exercises A C (P80~81)Unit 5 Nonverbal CommunicationTerms/questions:1.Chronemics 时间学:The study of how people perceive and use time.2.Monochronic time 一元时间观念: means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time. 3.Polychronic time 多元时间观念: means being involved with many things at once4.Proxemics 空间学: refers to the perception and use of space.5.Kinesics 肢体语言:the study of body language .6.Paralanguage 副语言: involving sounds but not word and lying between verbal and nonverbal communication.7.Nonverbal Communication, Its Study Areas (p95)1) Time language ; 2) Space language ; 3) Body language ; 4) Paralanguage8.Monochronic time VS Polychronic time (P97)Monochronic time is structured and often rigid everything is scheduled down to the minute and precautions are taken to guard against interruptions.People and cultures who run on Polychronic time multitask well. These people focus on maintainingpersonal relationships more than completing tasks.9.相关案例与题目Unit 5 Case 1 (p85) Case3 (p87) Case 6 (p90) Case 7 (p91) Exercises A B2 D E(P111~114)Unit 6 Cross-gender CommunicationTerms/questions:1.What has influenced the gender socialization? (p121)1) Family communicationParticularly between mothers and children, and recreational interaction among children2) Recreational interaction2.Gender and Sex are not synonymous. (p120)3.Differences between feminine and masculine communication cultures (p123)P123 Table 6.34.Understanding Cross-gender Communication. (p123~126)1)What counts as support?2)Tricky feedback.3)Expressing care.4)I’d rather do it myself.5.相关案例与题目Exercises A B2 (P129)Unit 7 Cultural Variations in Negotiation StylesTerms/questions:1.High-context cultures VS Low-context cultures•High-context cultures assign meaning to many of the stimuli surrounding an explicit message. Inhigh-context cultures, verbal messages have little meaning without the surrounding context, which includes the overall relationship between all the people engaged in communication.•Low-context cultures exclude many of those stimuli and focus more intensely on the objective communication event, whether it be a word, a sentence, or a physical gesture. In low-context cultures, the message itself means everything.2.相关案例与题目Case 1 (p137) Exercises A B3 (P152~153)Unit 9 Intercultural Personhood:An Integration Of Eastern and Western PerspectivesTerms/questions:1.Planetary culture 行星文化: is explored, which integrates Eastern mysticism with Western science and rationalism.2.Intercultural personhood 跨文化人格: Represents someone whose cognitive, affective, and behavioral characteristics are not limited but open to growth beyond the psychological parameters of his or her own culture.3.Theories of cultural values.Cultural values affect people’s attitudes about the form of behavior considered more appropriate and effective in a given condition.Over the years, a number of cross-cultural dimensions were developed by scholars.•Kluckhohn and S trodtbeck’s theory of value orientation.•Hofsted’s cultural dimensions4. What are the American/Chinese cultural values like in terms of cultural orientation put forward by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck?Looking at the phenomenon of culture. They came up with five basic questions at root of any culture’s value system.1) What is the character of innate human nature?2) What is the relation of man to nature?3) What is the temporal focus of human life?4) What is the mode of human activity?5) What is the mode of human relationships?5.Hofsted’s cultural dimensions文化取向Hofsted’s work was one of the earliest attempts to use extensive statistical data to examine cultural values. He identified four dimensions that he labeled.•Individualism versus collectivism 个人/集体主义•Power distance 权利距离•Uncertainty avoidance 不确定性规避•Masculinity versus femininity 男性/女性主义6.American cultural valuesAs far as the human culture is concerned, America culture holds that it is evil but perfectible though hard work. As to the relation of human to nature, they think mankind can conquer nature. They also have a linear time concept and therefore they are future-oriented. They focus on doing and think that only actions can solve the problem. They are quite individualistic and therefore they focus less on the benefits of the group. 7.Chinese culture valuesAs far as the human culture is concerned, Chinese culture holds that it is good but corruptible without proper education. As to the relation of human to nature, they think mankind can live in harmony with nature. They also have a cyclical time concept and therefore they are past-oriented. They have a being-and-becoming attitude towards activity and think that man should keep an inner peace as nothing is eternal. They are quite collective and therefore they focus more on the benefits of the group.8.相关案例与题目Case 3 (p186) Exercises A (P198)。
随着全球化进程的加速,跨文化交流已成为现代社会不可或缺的一部分。
在本学期的跨文化课程学习中,我深入了解了不同文化背景下的价值观、行为习惯和思维方式。
以下是对本学期跨文化学习的反思总结。
二、课程学习情况1. 课程内容丰富,涵盖了世界各地的文化、历史、宗教、艺术等多个方面。
通过学习,我对不同文化有了更加全面的认识。
2. 教学方式多样化,包括课堂讲授、案例分析、小组讨论、实地考察等。
这些方式使我能够更加生动地了解跨文化知识。
3. 同学之间交流互动频繁,通过小组讨论和课堂发言,我学会了倾听他人观点,尊重不同文化。
三、自我反思1. 提高了对跨文化知识的认识。
通过学习,我认识到跨文化沟通的重要性,以及在不同文化背景下,如何尊重和理解他人。
2. 增强了跨文化交际能力。
在学习过程中,我学会了如何在不同文化背景下进行有效沟通,处理文化差异带来的冲突。
3. 了解了自身的文化偏见。
在课程学习中,我发现自己在某些方面存在文化偏见,通过反思,我逐渐摒弃了这些偏见。
4. 拓宽了视野。
跨文化学习使我认识到,世界是多元化的,每个文化都有其独特的魅力和价值。
四、不足之处及改进措施1. 课堂参与度不足。
在课堂上,我有时会因为紧张或害羞而不敢发言。
为了提高课堂参与度,我将在今后的学习中积极发言,主动参与讨论。
2. 文化知识储备不足。
在课程学习中,我发现自己在某些文化领域的知识储备不足。
为了弥补这一不足,我将利用课余时间,阅读相关书籍,拓宽知识面。
3. 缺乏实际操作经验。
虽然我在课堂上掌握了跨文化交际的理论知识,但缺乏实际操作经验。
为了提高实际操作能力,我将在今后的学习和生活中,积极寻找实践机会。
本学期跨文化课程学习使我受益匪浅。
通过反思,我认识到自己在跨文化学习方面还存在不足,但我会继续努力,提高自己的跨文化交际能力,为今后的学习和生活打下坚实基础。
跨文化交际个人分析总结一、引言跨文化交际作为一种重要的交际模式,随着全球化的发展日益受到重视。
在进行跨文化交际过程中,个人的文化认知、语言能力、沟通技巧等都起着至关重要的作用。
本文将对自己的跨文化交际能力进行个人分析,并提出改进方案,以期提高自己的跨文化交际能力。
二、文化认知文化认知是跨文化交际中的基础。
个人在与他人交流时,要意识到自己的文化会对交流产生影响,并要尊重对方的文化差异。
在我个人的跨文化交际中,我意识到自己来自中国的文化会对我的思维方式、价值观和行为习惯产生影响。
在与外国人交流时,我会主动了解对方的文化背景,从而更好地理解他们的观点和想法。
然而,我也意识到在实际操作中,我还存在一些问题。
有时候我会有一些先入为主的观念,以为外国人都是类似的,这会导致我对他们的误解。
在未来的跨文化交际中,我需要更多地去了解每个个体的文化差异,以免因为片面的了解而影响了交流效果。
三、语言能力语言能力是跨文化交际的重要组成部分。
作为一种媒介,语言可以传递信息、表达情感,但在不同的文化背景下,语言的使用也会产生误解。
我的语言能力在跨文化交际中还有一些待提高的地方。
首先,我需要加强外语的学习,提高自己的语言水平。
只有掌握了足够的词汇量和语法知识,才能更准确地表达自己的观点和理解他人的意思。
其次,我需要学习一些常用的跨文化交际技巧,如适度使用委婉语、注意语调和语速等。
这些技巧可以帮助我更好地与外国人沟通,减少语言障碍。
四、沟通技巧良好的沟通技巧对于跨文化交际至关重要。
首先,我要学会倾听他人。
在交流过程中,我要耐心地听取对方的意见,不要急于表达自己的观点。
通过倾听,我可以更好地理解对方的观点和需求,并能够与对方建立起良好的关系。
其次,我需要掌握一些非语言沟通技巧。
不同的文化背景下,人们可能对非语言信号的理解有所不同。
我需要学会观察对方的肢体语言、面部表情和眼神等,并据此调整自己的表达方式。
同时,我也要注意自己的非语言沟通,在表达时要尽量保持真诚和亲和。
中日跨文化交际期末总结人类社会的发展导致了不同国家和地区之间的频繁交流和互动。
跨文化交际成为了现代社会中重要的一环,能够促进国际间的合作和理解。
而中日两国由于历史和地理的原因,具有特殊的关系。
作为邻国,中日跨文化交际尤为重要。
在这个期末总结中,我将回顾并探讨中日跨文化交际的一些重要方面,包括语言、礼仪、沟通方式和价值观等。
首先,语言是跨文化交际的重要组成部分。
中日两国拥有不同的语言系统和语音、词汇、语法等方面的差异。
作为中国人,我们通常说汉语,而日本人说日语。
尽管这两种语言有一些共同之处,但还是存在很多差异。
例如,日语中的敬语使用比较广泛,不同的场合和对话对象需要使用不同的敬语。
而在汉语中,虽然也有敬语的使用,但相对来说更加简单和直接。
这种语言差异在跨文化交际中容易导致误解和困惑。
因此,学习日语和了解日本的敬语体系对于中日之间的有效沟通至关重要。
礼仪是另一个重要的跨文化交际方面。
中日两国在礼仪方面也存在一些差异。
例如,日本人非常注重礼貌和尊重,尤其在公共场合中。
他们通常会行礼、鞠躬和使用敬语来表示尊重对方。
而中国人则更注重亲近和热情,可能更倾向于拥抱和握手等触碰方式。
这种差异可能会导致误解和文化冲突。
因此,了解对方的礼仪习惯,并尽量适应和尊重对方的文化习俗,是跨文化交际的关键。
另一个重要的跨文化交际方面是沟通方式。
中日两国的沟通方式也存在差异。
例如,日本人在表达意见时通常更加客观和间接,他们倾向于使用委婉的措辞和语气。
而中国人可能更加直接和主观,倾向于直言不讳。
这种差异可能会导致沟通不畅和争论的产生。
因此,在跨文化交际中,我们需要学会倾听和理解对方,尊重对方的意见,并有效地表达自己的观点。
最后,价值观是影响中日跨文化交际的重要因素。
中日两国具有不同的历史和文化背景,导致了不同的价值观和信仰体系。
例如,日本文化强调集体主义和社会和谐,注重团队合作和共同利益。
而中国文化则更注重个人主义和竞争,强调个人权利和自由。
什么是跨文化交际?跨文化交际,即本族语者与非本族语者的交际,也指任何在语言和文化背景方面有差异的人们之间的交际。
本学期通过本门课程的学习,让我学会了一下三点:一、如何正确的审视不同文化之间的差异,二、如何提高跨文化适应能力,三、如何提高跨文化的交流技能。
随着中国对外开放程度的逐渐深入,西方社会的人和事物越来越多地走进了我们的视野,在这种情况下,跨国域、跨民族、跨文化的经济和社会交往将会与日俱增,这就为我们提供了许多与西方接触和交流的机会,这对于我们加深对的西方社会的理解是一件好事,但这却并不是一件简单的事情,因为我们所面对的是陌生的国家和文化,思维方式、生活习惯和行为方式与我们迥然不同的人,在与之交往的过程中不可避免的会出现文化冲突的现象,这时在跨文化交际课堂中学到的东西便起了大用!我总结了一下中西方的差异主要集中在以下几点:一、在客观主体方面,西方人向外探索客观世界,强调真善美、爱智,注重理性科学,注重求异,科学和逻辑发现。
中国人向内探索个人世界,强调真善美、崇善,注重情感、伦理,注重求同,经验、感情。
二、在处理问题方面,西方人采取不撞南墙不回头的态度,中国人采取不可中直取,只可曲终求的态度。
不同文化背景的人们在交际时,经常出现的一个现象就是套用自身所在社会的行为规范来判定对方行为的合理性,由于双方的行为规范存在差异,常常会产生误解、不快甚至更坏的结果。
比如说中国人轻拍小孩子的头部表示一种友好,而在西方国家,这是一种极不尊重小孩子的做法,父母会对此非常愤怒。
所以说在跨文化交际中是否能够正确地识别和运用行为规范是保证跨文化交际顺利进行的重要因素。
要保障跨文化交际的顺利进行,就必须理解对方的行为规范,尤其是什么行为是被禁止的,最好的办法就是遵循入乡随俗的原则。
三、在发表个人看法时,西方人直言、直去,中国人谨言、拐弯。
四、在民族性格方面,西方人偏重功利,好走极端,与其他民族存在斗争,强调以力争天下。
跨文化交际期末总结模板一、引言在全球化时代,跨文化交际已成为人们生活和工作中不可或缺的一部分。
通过跨文化交际,我们可以增进对不同文化的理解和尊重,促进各国之间的友好合作。
本文将对本学期所学的跨文化交际知识进行总结,同时分析自己在这方面的优点和不足之处,提出下学期的学习计划。
二、理论知识总结1. 文化的定义和特点在跨文化交际中,文化是指一定社会群体的共同价值观念、信仰、习俗、语言、艺术和行为方式等。
不同文化间存在差异,包括语言差异、价值观差异、礼貌与礼仪差异等。
2. 跨文化交际的重要性跨文化交际有助于消除误解和偏见,促进文化间的理解和合作。
在国际商务、外交、教育等领域,跨文化交际能够有效地加强多方协作。
3. 影响跨文化交际的因素语言是跨文化交际的重要因素,不同语言之间的语法、词汇和语义差异都会影响沟通的效果。
此外,非语言因素如肢体语言、面部表情、礼仪习俗等也能影响跨文化交际的结果。
4. 跨文化交际的策略在跨文化交际中,需要运用一些策略来克服沟通障碍,包括倾听、尊重他人、适应他人的文化和习俗、用简明的语言表达以及积极提问等。
三、优点与不足总结1. 优点(1)对不同文化的敏感度较高,能够适应并尊重不同的文化习俗;(2)具备良好的语言表达能力,能够清晰地传达自己的想法;(3)善于倾听他人,积极主动地与不同文化的人交流。
2. 不足(1)语言能力有待提高,在表达中会遇到困难;(2)缺乏对某些文化习俗的了解,不能够完全避免一些不当的言行;(3)对非语言因素的理解和运用不够熟练,容易造成误解。
四、下学期学习计划1. 提高语言能力下学期将加强语言训练,提高词汇量和语法掌握,通过多读书、多听外语教材来扩大语言的应用范围。
2. 加强对不同文化的研究深入学习各国的历史、文化和习俗,通过阅读相关文献、观看纪录片等方式加深对不同文化的了解。
3. 学会运用非语言沟通技巧通过观察和模仿他人的肢体语言、面部表情以及礼仪习俗来提升自己的非语言沟通能力,以更好地融入不同文化的环境。
跨文化交际工作总结范文
跨文化交际工作总结。
跨文化交际工作是当今社会中越来越重要的一项工作。
随着全球化的发展,不
同国家和地区之间的交流和合作日益频繁,跨文化交际工作成为了许多企业和组织不可或缺的一部分。
在这样的背景下,我们不得不认识到跨文化交际工作的重要性,并且总结出一些经验和教训,以便更好地开展这项工作。
首先,跨文化交际工作需要我们具备一定的跨文化意识和能力。
在与不同文化
背景的人员交流时,我们需要尊重对方的文化习惯和价值观,避免因为文化差异而产生误解和冲突。
同时,我们还需要具备一定的跨文化沟通能力,包括语言能力、非语言交际能力和文化解读能力等。
只有具备了这些能力,我们才能更好地进行跨文化交际工作。
其次,跨文化交际工作需要我们注重团队合作和协调。
在跨文化交际工作中,
往往涉及到不同国家和地区的人员,他们可能拥有不同的文化背景和工作习惯。
因此,我们需要注重团队合作,尊重彼此的意见和建议,协调好各方的利益和关系,确保跨文化交际工作的顺利进行。
最后,跨文化交际工作需要我们注重文化融合和创新。
在不同文化背景的交流中,我们可以借鉴对方的优点,促进文化融合和创新。
通过不断地学习和交流,我们可以拓展自己的视野,提升自己的跨文化交际能力,为更好地开展跨文化交际工作奠定基础。
总之,跨文化交际工作是一项复杂而重要的工作,需要我们具备一定的跨文化
意识和能力,注重团队合作和协调,同时也需要注重文化融合和创新。
只有这样,我们才能更好地开展跨文化交际工作,促进各国和地区之间的交流与合作,推动全球化进程的发展。
第1篇一、前言随着全球化进程的不断深入,跨文化交际已成为国际交流与合作中不可或缺的一部分。
在我国,随着“一带一路”倡议的推进,跨文化交际的重要性日益凸显。
本年度,我部门承担了多项跨文化交际任务,现将工作总结如下。
二、工作概述(一)跨文化培训1. 培训对象:针对公司内部员工、合作伙伴及客户,开展了多场跨文化培训。
2. 培训内容:主要包括文化差异、沟通技巧、礼仪规范、跨文化谈判等。
3. 培训形式:采用讲座、案例分享、角色扮演、互动讨论等多种形式。
4. 培训成果:员工对跨文化交际有了更深入的了解,沟通能力得到提升,跨文化交际效果显著。
(二)跨文化沟通1. 沟通渠道:通过邮件、电话、视频会议等多种渠道与国外合作伙伴、客户进行沟通。
2. 沟通内容:涉及业务合作、市场推广、项目执行等方面。
3. 沟通技巧:注重尊重对方文化,运用适当的沟通策略,确保信息准确传达。
4. 沟通成果:成功完成了多个国际合作项目,提升了公司在国际市场的竞争力。
(三)跨文化谈判1. 谈判对象:与国外合作伙伴、客户进行商务谈判。
2. 谈判内容:涉及合同条款、价格谈判、合作模式等。
3. 谈判策略:充分了解对方文化背景,运用灵活的谈判技巧,达成双方满意的协议。
4. 谈判成果:成功签订了多项合作协议,为公司创造了良好的经济效益。
三、工作经验与体会(一)充分了解文化差异1. 研究文化背景:深入了解对方国家的文化、习俗、价值观等。
2. 尊重文化差异:在沟通和谈判中,尊重对方的文化习惯,避免文化冲突。
(二)掌握沟通技巧1. 语言表达:运用简洁、清晰的语言,确保信息准确传达。
2. 非语言沟通:注意肢体语言、面部表情等非语言沟通方式,避免误解。
3. 倾听技巧:认真倾听对方意见,充分表达自己的观点。
(三)灵活运用谈判策略1. 了解对方需求:充分了解对方利益诉求,寻找共同点。
2. 运用谈判技巧:灵活运用让步、妥协等策略,达成双方满意的协议。
四、存在问题与改进措施(一)问题1. 部分员工对跨文化交际的认识不足,沟通能力有待提高。
一、前言随着全球化进程的不断推进,跨文化交际能力已成为职场人士必备的核心竞争力之一。
在过去的一年里,我积极参与并深入开展了跨文化交际工作,通过不断学习、实践和总结,取得了一定的成绩。
现将工作总结如下:二、工作回顾1. 增强跨文化意识在过去的一年里,我积极参加各类跨文化培训课程,深入学习不同国家和地区的文化背景、价值观和沟通方式。
通过学习,我对跨文化交际有了更深刻的认识,提高了自身的跨文化素养。
2. 提升跨文化沟通技巧在工作中,我注重与不同文化背景的同事、客户进行有效沟通。
通过以下措施,提升了自己的跨文化沟通技巧:(1)了解对方文化背景:在交流前,我充分了解对方的文化背景,尊重其价值观和沟通习惯。
(2)运用适应性语言:根据对方的文化特点,调整自己的语言表达方式,使沟通更加顺畅。
(3)倾听与表达:在交流过程中,我注重倾听对方的意见,善于表达自己的观点,确保双方理解。
3. 开展跨文化交流活动为促进跨文化交流,我组织并参与了多项跨文化活动,如:(1)举办跨文化讲座:邀请专家为员工讲解不同国家的文化特点,提高员工的跨文化意识。
(2)开展国际交流项目:组织员工参加国际交流活动,了解不同国家的文化,增进友谊。
(3)举办跨文化团队建设活动:通过团队游戏、文化交流等形式,增强团队成员的跨文化沟通能力。
三、工作成果1. 提高团队跨文化沟通能力通过跨文化交际工作的开展,团队成员的跨文化沟通能力得到了显著提高,为公司的国际业务拓展提供了有力支持。
2. 增强公司国际影响力跨文化交际工作的开展,使公司在国际舞台上更加具有竞争力,提升了公司的国际影响力。
3. 个人成长通过参与跨文化交际工作,我自身的跨文化素养和沟通能力得到了很大提升,为今后的职业发展奠定了坚实基础。
四、工作展望1. 深入研究跨文化交际理论,提高自己的跨文化素养。
2. 积极参与跨文化交流活动,拓展国际视野。
3. 将跨文化交际理念融入日常工作,提高工作效率。
4. 加强与团队成员的沟通与协作,共同推动跨文化交际工作的深入开展。
跨文化交际个人总结引言如今,全球化的大背景下,跨文化交际已经成为我们生活中的一部分。
在与不同文化背景的人进行交流时,我们需要注意到文化的差异性以及如何建立有效的沟通方式。
在过去的一段时间里,我参与了多次跨文化交际的机会,从中不仅学到了很多,也深刻意识到了自己在跨文化交际方面的不足。
本文将从准备工作、沟通技巧以及实践经验三个方面总结我在跨文化交际中所获得的心得体会。
准备工作在跨文化交际之前,我们需要做一些准备工作,以增加我们的交流成功的机会。
首先,了解目标文化的背景和价值观是必要的。
每个文化都有自己独特的价值观和习俗,了解这些信息可以帮助我们更好地理解对方的言行举止,避免出现冲突。
其次,学习对方的语言是跨文化交际的一个关键因素。
即使只是简单的问候和基本的交流方式,也会让对方感到亲近和尊重。
此外,还需要警惕自己的偏见和刻板印象,尽量保持开放的心态,积极主动地接受新鲜事物。
沟通技巧在跨文化交际中,良好的沟通技巧是非常重要的。
首先,要尊重对方的文化背景和观点。
尊重是建立良好关系的基础,无论是对方的言论还是行为,我们都要保持礼貌和尊重。
其次,要注重非语言沟通。
身体语言、面部表情和姿势等非语言因素在跨文化交际中占据很大的比重,要注意自己的肢体语言是否合适,在交流过程中多用眼神交流和微笑来传递友好和亲近的感觉。
此外,要善于倾听。
倾听是一种尊重对方的方式,通过认真倾听对方的观点和想法,我们可以更好地理解对方的需求和期望,从而更好地进行交流。
实践经验在实践过程中,我还积累了一些有关跨文化交际的经验。
首先,要保持谦虚和包容的态度。
不同文化之间的差异是不可避免的,我们应该尊重这些差异,不轻易进行价值评判。
其次,要善于发现和利用共同点。
虽然文化差异存在,但在相似的人类需求和感情上,我们可以找到共鸣。
通过找到共同点,我们可以建立更加紧密的联系和互信。
最后,要勇于尝试和学习。
在跨文化交际中,我们会遇到很多新的事物和观念,我们要敢于尝试和学习,不断提升自己的跨文化交际能力。
跨文化交际英语期末总结Introduction:Cross-cultural communication is an essential skill in today's interconnected world. As globalization continues to thrive, individuals from diverse backgrounds come into contact with each other frequently. This necessitates the need for effective cross-cultural communication skills to bridge the gap between different cultures and facilitate better understanding and cooperation. In this summary, I will reflect on the key topics and learnings from the English final exam, which focused on cross-cultural communication.1. Cultural awareness and sensitivity:The foundation of successful cross-cultural communication lies in developing cultural awareness and being sensitive to other cultures. Understanding cultural values, beliefs, and norms is crucial to avoid misunderstandings and cultivate respect. During the course, we learned about Hofstede's cultural dimensions model and how it can help us better understand cultural differences. We also explored the importance of non-verbal communication in different cultures, such as body language, gestures, and eye contact.2. Communication styles:Communication styles vary significantly across cultures. Some cultures emphasize direct and explicit communication, while others prefer indirect and implicit communication. It was fascinating to learn about high-context and low-context cultures, where the former relies heavily on context and non-verbal cues, while the latter focuses more on explicit verbal communication. Understanding these differences helps avoid miscommunication and promotes effective cross-cultural communication.3. Language barriers:Language barriers can be significant obstacles to effective communication. Apart from linguistic differences, idioms, slang, and cultural references can also create confusion. During the course, we explored various strategies to overcome language barriers, such as using simple and clear language, avoiding jargon, active listening, and asking clarifying questions. We also discussed the importance of practicing empathy and patience when communicating with individuals who are not native English speakers.4. Intercultural conflict management:Conflict is inevitable in any form of communication, especially when individuals from different cultures are involved. Understanding different conflict resolution styles and cultural perspectives on conflicts enabled us to develop effective strategies for managing intercultural conflicts. We learned about avoiding stereotypes, active listening, finding common ground, and maintaining a constructive approach during conflicts.5. Building cultural competence:Cultural competence is the ability to interact effectively with people from different cultures. It involves developing knowledge, skills, and attitudes that facilitate positive cross-cultural interactions. During the course, we participated in various activities, such as role plays, group discussions, and case studies, to enhance our cultural competence. These activities helped us understand cultural biases, challenge assumptions, and develop a broader perspective towards cultural diversity.6. Ethical considerations:Cross-cultural communication requires a strong ethical foundation. It is essential to respect and value cultural differences, avoid imposing one's own cultural values, and refrain from cultural appropriation. We discussed the importance of cultural relativism, cultural humility, and cultural sensitivity. Understanding the potential consequences of cultural misunderstandings and being mindful of our own biases is crucial for ethical cross-cultural communication.Conclusion:The English final exam on cross-cultural communication was an enlightening experience that provided us with valuable insights and skills necessary for effective intercultural interactions. The course covered a wide range of topics, from cultural awareness to ethical considerations, enabling us to develop a comprehensive understanding of the subject. By applying the knowledge gained from the course, we can enhance our cross-cultural communication skills and contribute to more inclusive and harmonious global interactions.。
跨文化交际英文期末总结Introduction:Cross-cultural communication refers to the process of exchanging information, ideas, and beliefs between individuals from different cultural backgrounds. With globalization becoming a dominant force, cross-cultural communication has gained utmost significance in various spheres of life, including business, education, and diplomacy. This comprehensive summary aims to provide an overview of key concepts, challenges, and strategies for effective cross-cultural communication.I. Key Concepts:1. Culture:Culture encompasses the shared beliefs, values, norms, customs, behaviors, and artifacts of a specific group of people. It influences communication styles, attitudes towards time, decision-making approaches, and perceptions of verbal and non-verbal cues.2. Cultural Sensitivity:Cultural sensitivity entails being aware of, acknowledging, and respecting the cultural diversities one encounters. It recognizes that people from different cultures have varying communication styles, perspectives, and expectations.3. Ethnocentrism:Ethnocentrism refers to the belief that one's own culture is superior to others. It often leads to misunderstandings and conflicts in cross-cultural communication, hindering effective interaction.4. Stereotypes:Stereotypes are oversimplified, generalized perceptions or beliefs about a particular group of people based on their cultural background. Stereotypes are harmful as they lead to biases and discrimination, making effective communication difficult.II. Challenges in Cross-cultural Communication:1. Language Barriers:Language differences create a significant hurdle in effective cross-cultural communication. Misinterpretations, misunderstandings, and miscommunications frequently occur due to language proficiency gaps.2. Non-verbal and Cultural Differences:Non-verbal communication cues, such as body language, facial expressions, and gestures, can be interpreted differently in diverse cultures. This can lead to unintended messages and misunderstandings.3. Different Communication Styles:Different cultures have distinct communication styles, varying in directness, formality, and expression of emotions. Understanding and adapting to these diverse styles is crucial for effective cross-cultural communication.4. High-context vs. Low-context Cultures:Cultures can be categorized as high-context or low-context based on their emphasis on direct vs. indirect communication. High-context cultures rely on shared knowledge, non-verbal cues, and contextual understanding, while low-context cultures emphasize explicit, direct communication.III. Strategies for Effective Cross-cultural Communication:1. Cultural Awareness:Developing cultural awareness involves learning about different cultural norms, customs, and values. It enables individuals to understand and empathize with individuals from other cultures, improving communication effectiveness.2. Active Listening:Active listening involves giving one's full attention to the speaker, understanding both verbal and non-verbal cues, and asking clarifying questions. This practice enhances understanding and helps in avoiding misinterpretations.3. Adapting Communication Styles:Adapting one's communication style to match the expectations of the other culture is crucial for effective cross-cultural communication. Flexibility in tone, use of language, and non-verbal cues can reduce misunderstandings and build more meaningful connections.4. Avoiding Stereotypes:Consciously avoiding stereotypes and preconceived notions about other cultures promotes unbiased communication. Treating each individual as unique and understanding their perspective enhances cross-cultural understanding.5. Building Relationships:Investing time in building interpersonal relationships with individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds fosters trust, mutual respect, and appreciation. Understanding the values, interests, and concerns of others facilitates smoother communication.Conclusion:Cross-cultural communication plays a pivotal role in today's interconnected world. The key to effective cross-cultural communication lies in cultural sensitivity, awareness, and the ability to adapt communication styles. Overcoming language barriers, understanding non-verbal cues, and avoiding stereotypes are essential skills for successful cross-cultural communication. By embracing diversity and striving for mutual understanding, individuals and societies can bridge the cultural divide and foster harmonious relationships on a global scale.。
Chapter 1 CultureDefinitions:1 Culture is the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, hierarchies, religions, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving. 文化是个人和群体在种族发展过程中所获得的知识、经验、信仰、价值观、行为、态度、阶级、宗教、时间观、角色、空间观、宇宙观和艺术品的集合。
(P12/P29)2 Cultural Identity refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.文化身份:认为自己归属于某一文化或民族群体的感觉。
(P19/29)3 Subculture exist within dominant cultures and are often based on economic or social class, ethnicity, race, or geographic region.指存在于主流文化中的文化,其划分通常基于经济地位、社会阶层、民族、种族或地理区域.(P23/29)4 Subgroups usually do not involve the same large number of people and are not necessarily thought of as accumulating values and patterns of behavior over generations in the same way as culture do.相对于亚文化和共文化群体,亚群体通常规模不大,也不一定有文化群体世代相传积累的价值观念和行为模式。
(P25/30)♦Case 2 (P8)The case reflects the similes and metaphors in the text.Culture is like an iceberg: we can identify the color of the dress worn by women in different cultures, but we do not know the values underneath.Culture is like the water a fish swims in: people wear dress of different colors for different context but they usually take it for granted and never ask why.Chapter 2 Communication and Intercultural CommunicationDefinitions:♦Sender/Source: A sender/source is the person who transmits a message.(信息发出者/信息源:信息发出者/信息源指传递信息的人。
)(P37/P60)♦Message: A message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver.(信息:信息指引起信息接受者反应的任何信号。
)♦Encoding: It refers to the activity during which the sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message. (编码:编码指信息发出者选择言语或用非言语的方式发出有目的的信息的行为。
)♦Channel/Medium:It is the method used to deliver a message. (渠道/媒介:渠道/媒介指发送信息的方法。
)♦Receiver: A receiver is any person who notices and gives some meaning to a message.信息接受者:信息接受者指信息接收者是指注意到信息并且赋予信息某些含义的人.♦Decoding: It is the activity during which the receiver attaches meaning to the words or symbols he/she has received.(解码:解码指信息接受者赋予其收到的言语或符号信息意义的行为。
)♦Feedback: The response of a receiver to a sender’s message is called feedback.(反馈:反馈指信息接收者对信息源信息所做出的反应。
)♦Noise: It is a term used for factors that interfere with the exchange of messages, including external noise physiological noise, psychological noise and semantic noise.(干扰:干扰指妨碍信息交流的各种因素。
包括外界干扰,生理干扰,心理干扰和语义干扰。
)(P54/61)♦Context: A context is the setting or situation within which communication takes place , including physical context, social context and interpersonal context.(语境:语境指交际发生的环境,包括自然语境,社会语境和人际语境。
)♦Intercultural communication: It is the communication between people whose cultural perception and symbol system are distinct enough to alter the communication event.( 跨文化交际:跨文化交际指的是那些在文化认知和符号系统上存在差异的人们之间的交际。
这些差异足以改变整个交际事件。
) (P54/61)♦International communication: it takes place between nations and governments rather than individuals; it is quite formal and ritualized. (国际交流:国际交流是指发生在国家和政府之间而非发生在个人之间的交际;此种交际非常正式和仪式化。
) (P55)♦Interracial communication: It occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races. (跨种族交际:跨种族交际是指交流信息的信息源和信息接受者来自不同的种族的交际。
)♦Interethnic communication: It is the communication between or among people from different ethnic groups in a country or culture.(跨民族交际:跨民族交际是指来自一个国家或文化内部的不同民族群体的人们之间的交际。
)(P56)♦Intracultural communication: it is defined as communication between or among members of the same culture.(文化内交际:文化内交际是指同一文化内部的成员之间的交际。
)♦Case 12 (P57)This case can reflect the problems appearing during intercultural communication and how ignoring cultural differences can affect communicationChapter 3 Culture’s Influence on PerceptionDefinitions♦Sensation: It is the neurological process by which people become aware of their environment.(感觉:感觉是人们意识到周围环境的神经过程。
) (P68/97)♦(2) Perception: It is the process by which we become aware of objects, events, and especially people and their behaviors through our various senses and involves higher-order cognition in the interpretation of the sensory information. (知觉:知觉是一种人们通过各种感觉来觉察事物、事件、人和人的行为的过程。
它是解释感觉信息更为高阶的认知过程。
) (P70/97)♦Selection: It is a process in which we screen out what we need from all the stimuli and information around us.(选择:选择是从周围选择的刺激信息中筛选出所需要的信息的过程。
) (P70/97)♦Need: Needs affect what people are more likely to attend to. (需求:需求会影响人们选择更愿意参与哪些事物)♦Organization: It is the process during which we need to organize and impose structure on what we observe in a meaningful way. (组织:组织是把从周围选择的刺激信息,以一种有意义的方式整理,组合的过程。