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中考生物细胞，组织，器官，系统的概念（学习版）编制人：__________________审核人：__________________审批人：__________________编制学校：__________________编制时间：____年____月____日序言下载提示：该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的，希望大家下载后，能够帮助大家解决实际问题。
文档下载后可定制修改，请根据实际需要进行调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种类型的教育资料，如语文资料、数学资料、英语资料、物理资料、化学资料、地理资料、政治资料、历史资料、艺术资料、其他资料等等，想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor.I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!In addition, this shop provides various types of educational materials for everyone, such as language materials, mathematics materials, English materials, physical materials, chemical materials, geographic materials, political materials, historical materials, art materials, other materials, etc. Please pay attention to the data format and writing method!中考生物细胞，组织，器官，系统的概念细胞细胞 (英文名：cell)并没有统一的定义，比较普遍的提法是：细胞是生物体基本的结构和功能单位。
Cells，tissues and organsThe cell is the basic structure of all living things. All body parts are made up of thousands of cells that group together to perform specific function.The nucleus is the control center of the sell. It contains the genes that are the repositories of hereditary traits. All the cell’s chemical activity is controlled by the nucleus，where two substances，DNA （deoxyribonucleic acid）and RNA（ribonucleic acid），control cellular reproduction and transmit instruction to the rest of the cell. The nucleus is surrounded by a thick liquid called protoplasm（first group）. Cytoplasm，the protoplasm within a cell，contains two types of structures：inclusions and organelles，which are nonliving particles and living structures respectively.Mitochondria，Golgi apparatus，fibrils，vacuoles and tubules are some of the important structure found in cytoplasm.Cell membrane. This is a porous membrane surrounding the cell and continuing within the cell as a series of folds called endoplasmic reticulum（network）. Attached to it are small granular substances called ribosomes ，which contain RNA and the centers in which proteins are synthesized（called anabolism）.Substances enter and leave the cells by passive and active transports. In passive transport substances pass from a solution of a higherconcentration to that of a lower concentration by either dissolving in the cell membrane，such as oxygen and carbon dioxide（called simple diffusion），or by attaching to a carrier，such as glucose or through channels in the cell membrane，such as ions（called facilitied diffusion）. In active transport substances are transported against the concentration gradient from lower concentration to higher concentration by ion pumps in the cell membrane. Some cells can engulf entire particles in a process called phagocytosis. A cell can also draw in water by the process known as pinocytosis.Cell division begins in the nucleus，which divides by a process called mitosis. Next，the cytoplasm divides（called cytokinesis）. In mitosis or karyokinesis，as it is sometimes called，the genetic material is formed into 23 pairs of rod-like structures called chromosomes. Before cell division is completed，the chromosomes are duplicated and a groove called a cleavage furrow develops. This cleavage furrow eventually passes through the entire cell，resulting in two separate cells.Cells having a similar structure and function group together to form tissues. Histology is the study of normal tissue. There are four classes of tissues：epithelial，connective，muscle，and nervous. Epithelial tissue covers the entire exterior of the body and lines all body cavities and vessels. There are several varieties of epithelial tissue：simple squamous，cuboidal or columnar epithelium，and stratified squamous epithelium.Connective tissue is of two types：solid and fluid. Fibrous tissue，bone，cartilage，ligament，and tendon are solid while blood and lymph are fluid connective tissue. Muscle tissue is capable of contraction that results in movement. Skeletal，smooth，and cardiac are the three types of muscle tissue. Nervous tissue is specialized tissue that can respond to stimuli and conduct impulses.Two or more tissues combine to form organs. Organs are structures that have a specific function. The heart，stomach，and brain are all organs. The organs，in turn，group together to form systems that perform specific functions. In anatomy several body systems are recognized，including the skin；the musculoskeletal system；the nervous system；the cardiovascular system；the respiratory system；the digestive system；the urinary system；the reproductive system and the endocrine system.Common medical termsBecause the following terms are used so frequently in medicine，they are presented to you now，at the outset of your study of medical terminology，so that you can become familiar with them.A disease ia a disorder of the body（or mind）in which body structures and functions are affected. An organic disease is an illness arising from a body structure，such as a tissue or organ.Clinical is a term used to describe what is observable，capable ofbeing examined and treatable. Pathology is the study of disease. The causes of disease，their effects on the body，and their diagnosis form the basis of pathology. Physiology is the study of the normal functions of cells，tissues，organs，and systems. Etiology is the examination of the causes of a disease.Symptoms are the indication of a disease or disorder noticed by the patient himself. Signs are the indications of a particular disorder observed by a physician but is not apparent to the patient. A syndrome is a group of symptoms and signs that occur in a specific pattern and indicate a particular disease. Asymptomatic disease occurs without any symptoms. Atypical refers to a condition that is unusual，not representive or characteristic.A diagnosis is the process of determining the nature of a disorder by considering the patient’s signs and symptoms，complaints and history，and the results of laboratory tests and other specific examinations. A prognosis is the determination of the course and outcome of a disease and the patient’s chance for recovery. Treatment is the application of some form of therapy their to cure the disease or to relieve its symptoms.A complication is a secondary disease or disorder following the first condition. The second condition occurs as a result of the first condition or because of the body’s weakened state from the first condition.Vital signs are the indications of those processes necessary to sustainthe life of an organism. They are blood pressure，body temperature，respiration，and heart rate.Congenital refers to a condition present at birth. A congenital anomaly ia a birth defect. Genetic refers to any condition，developing from an normal or abnormal genes. For example，a genetic disease is an abnormality developing from an abnormal gene. Neonatal refers to the newborn child or the first four weeks after birth. Acquired refers to a condition that has occurred after the birth of an individual.Infection is the invasion of the body or part of the body by disease-causing microorganisms. Inflammation is the reaction of body tissues to injury. The symptoms are heat，redness，swelling，pain，and disrupted function. Purulent and suppurative are two commonly used words to indicate pus producing.Degeneration refers to the deterioration of cells or tissues，possibly leading to their destruction. Degeneration is reversible either by regeneration，the repair of the original cells or tissue，or by replacement the growth of new cells or tissues.Acute describes a disease of rapid onset，severe symptoms，and brief duration. Chronic describes a disease of long duration involving very slow changes. Such disease is often of gradual（insidious）onset. The term does not imply anything about the severity of a disease.Atrophy is the decrease in tissue size resulting from the reduction inthe number or the size of cells，or both. Hypertrophy is an increase of cell size. Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells. An enlargement is the abnormal increase in the size of an organ. Edema is the swelling of body tissue caused by an accumulation of fluid.Dilatation or distension is the stretching of an organ. A prolapse is the falling or slipping downward of an organ from its normal place. Displacement is the movement of a structure to a place or position different from its original place or position.An occlusion is the obstruction of a passageway. To occlude means to obstruct or block（block also means interrupt）. A trauma is a wound to tissue caused by an external agent.Thermometer n. instrument of measure heatDermis n. true skinThorax n. chestGastritis n. inflammation of stomachHepatitis n. 肝炎Leucocyte n. white blood cellEnteradenitis inflammation of intestinal（肠的）glands（腺的）Submicroscopic adj.Dysmenorrhea n. 痛经。
