Stylistic Analysis of Become A Child of Nature: It's A Twofold Task of Parents And Children IntroductionAt the beginning of the text, writer directly comes up with an argument that children discover the beauty of nature depends on their parents. It's clear to understand the idea of the text for readers(children and parents). In turn, the second paragraph points out that the form of imperative sentences five aspects: touch, taste, smell, sight and hearing. For this reason the whole text's structure has been indicated apparently. I divide them into four parts. Part one is the first to second paragraph, because they lead the rest of paragraphs. Part two is the third to sixth paragraph. They roundly state in terms of specific aspects about " understand ". Therefore, part three is seventh to eighth paragraph, and they talk the common topic of " respect ". Part four is ninth paragraph that states parents as good examples can have a good influence on children.Chapter 1. Appreciate The Beauty of NatureLexis1.NounsPurely abstract nouns ( smell, slight, touch, taste, etc.) are essential points in this text,because the text will state arguments from these aspects. However, the text has a lot of " personal pronounces"- "you, they" and " relative pronounces "-" who, what, which, that". Generally speaking, the complex sentences follow them.2.VerbsVerbs are far more frequent in this passage. Most verbs are epistemic and non-epistemic. It conveys that writer looks forward to the readers( children and parents )can finish to do what he said in the text. Indeed, it accounts for more than two-thirds of all words.3.AdjectivesThe passage in the part two is more than part one. And these adjectives( fresh, delighted, healthy, etc.)describe nature that occupies over a half of all adjectives.4.AdverbsThere exists a few of adverbs and they (out, on) tend to combine with verbs to emphasize movement and activity(walk on, go out, etc.)There are also manner adverbs in-ly: importantly, seriously.With its degrees, passage can become more rigorous.Syntax1.Sentence StructureThis text whose sentence structure tends to short sentence. For instance," Wonderful phenomena of nature are all around us." It's a typical short sentence and it can submit an objective fact. At the same time, if a short sentence is employed after a long sentence, it will have great essence on conveying emotion to readers than a single short sentence. For example, "If children discover the beauty of nature while they are young, they will respect nature and try to preserve it when they are older. Parents play an essential role in helping their children make this discovery." The example above reflects that the employment of a short sentence is behind a long sentence and it strengthens the importance of the roles of parents in some aspects sharply.What's more, readers for parents understand the important point in specific aspects and they can efficiently arouse their kids' awareness of discovery in nature.Rhetorical Question is employed in the text and in the form of "Parallelism". First, rhetoricalquestion indicates the opposition meaning for itself. Therefore," Have you ever awakened early to watch the sunrise?" The meaning of writer who wants to express is that you indeed don't awake early to watch the sunrise. Moreover, writer has a blamed emotion in his passage. Second, the passage also employs a lot of rhetorical questions, which can strengthen momentum and make demonstration stronger and arrest reader's attention and then arouse their common consciousness of some points. On the one hand, I think it's a kind of side describes through a lot of rhetorical questions about details in life so that it makes readers especially parents attach importantly to a great influence on examples for their kids. On the other hand, writer deeply reveals a fact that the relationship of nature and human being have derailed. Surely, it closes to the idea about the text and prompts the whole progress of the passage so that this paragraph keeps in touch with the next paragraph. And it can make readers feel natural conversion because of connecting with next paragraph. This kind of structure directly impacts the whole text its tight sense of internal coherence and a relatively loose linkage with the textual material before and after it.By repeating certain grammatical structure, a writer can balance his material so as to order it, to emphasize it and make it easier for his readers to grasp in every slight aspect. So the balance of structure is called " parallel structure ". It is willing to explore and use their senses of touch, taste, smell, sight, and hearing. In this sentence, the noticeable feature of the parallel structure is the precise balancing of word against word that is employed obviously. The story has been written to be spoken to children and the simplest syntax is necessary if the child-listener is to grasp what is going on. For example, " Have you ever awakened early to watch the sunrise? Have you ever stopped to observe a setting sun? Children can be reminded of discovering the beauty of nature actively through the understanding of simple sentences for him. Meanwhile, writer's purpose can be accomplished by children's aspect.2. Subordinate ClauseNevertheless, there almost exists the subjective clause in each sentence is hedged about with subordinate clauses and phrases. "Helping children to gain such an appreciation and understanding can be an exciting adventure which is available to all that are willing to explore and use their senses of touch, etc. The whole structure of the sentence is causative and clauses of explanatory appreciation and understanding by "that"or"which". It is a finite clause by "that" and "which" to spread out the "adventure" and "all".As we can see from the above example, which is the way to arrange ideas and it's determined by the ideas to be expressed. Generally, I regard it as a writer's syntax as a system that conveys the dynamics of him perception. Although the example only contains two levels,namely,"finite clause and main clause". The sentence's level can't influence the meaning of the text that wants to express. At the beginning of the text, writer used adverbial clause of condition as an opening paragraph. In my point of view, it is to identify the general syntactic design of a piece of argumentation is to get near the idea he conveys and an effect he expects to create. And adverbial clause of condition by "if" it appears in this text many times,mainly in the part two. "If children discover the beauty of nature while they're young, they'll respect nature and try to preserve it when they're older." In addition to, it's not an adverbial clause of condition because at the end of every clause has another level,it called "adverbial clause of time". To some degrees, writer tends to express more specific contents for readers whoever is an adult or child.3.Verb Phrase It's hardly found there are complex and elusive verb phrases in this text so that we can clearlyunderstand what's the purpose of the writer. It seems that the writer is fond of using such phrases as"can be","would die","will start". These involve awareness not only of a narrative point of time,but of circumstances which is in relation to that point, are past ,future. "They can be educated in this aspect and learn......"CoherenceIn a manner of speaking, at the beginning of text, a lot of long sentences are employed and there are many grammatical structures.So,I think the text is a formal argumentation and its administrative levels explicitly make readers understand deeply. Meanwhile, in the second paragraph its coherence utterly is shown by a lot of imperative sentences about coming to depict five aspects.Chapter 2 Understand And Respect Nature for Parents that Good Examples And Children Who Need To Imitate.Lexis1.NounsOver half of these nouns are relative to nature like rock,mountain,leaves,etc.In part two,these words are about nature and in some aspect. So that writer conveys that five aspects minutely in the base of them.2.AdjectivesSimilarly,adjectives are indicated for the content,(such first-hand,good,etc.)in setting a good example. In part two,there are a few adjectives,which indicates the rigour of the text.3.VerbsIn contrast,verbs are particularly frequent in the text,but they don't mean completely that it's full of action. Most verbs belong to non-epistemic such as"can". It conveys an ability that of parents' guide for children. Of course,there exists the epistemic modality. "Can" shows a kind of possibility for children who can catch sight of nature.4.AdverbsThe most attention-getting classes of adverb are those of manner("importantly","seriously",etc.) together with focusing adverbs such as"even".Sentence StructureA succession of short sentences are not only good for physical movement,but also efficient for mental activities. They can mark a period of excitement or something else. "They have seen them,touched them,and played with them. "It shows that an exciting emotion about human being gets along well with nature.Imperative sentence is in first-person as subject. And when readers read it,as if you were in that situation,can strengthen the reality and convince of the text. "Collect some rocks and point out that some rocks are minerals...... "Children can get along well with nature in a variety of things ,and the key point is how to make them interest nature's detail,maybe it depends on parents method how to lead them to discover. Another example,"Take your children for a visit to gardens and farms where food is grown. "The sentence contains two kinds of structures. The first one is the imperative sentence,verb original form at the beginning of the sentence,which states sharply that parents what they need to do with children. Generally speaking,imperative sentence shows a kind of suggestion or order or requirement. However,the above example reflects writer wants to give an appropriate suggestion for parents so that children can touch or feel the beauty of nature. The second structure is the adverbial clause of place by "where",namely,"where" makes an effect onadjunct to the whole sentence. At the same time,it takes place of "gardens" and "farms" what they affect it in the main sentence as an adverbial clause of place. In this passage,there are many kinds of clauses. Nevertheless,writer has made the difficulty to be the lowest for the readers. "Many fish can die or become contaminated from the trash that is thrown into the ocean. "The above example reflects the subjective clause by"that". That is instead of"trash"to be the subject in the subjective clause. In reality,it makes the whole sentence become sophisticated.The term"periodic"can be used more loosely to refer to any sentence in which anticipatory or parenthetical constituents play an important part:Many children,through the examples,can begin to become...... "It's a specific way to tell children that they can do if possible,just takes advantage of using referred to advice.Syntax1. Sentence structureThe subordinate structure is to be preferred if the aim is to present the logical relationship of a complex group of ideas. "To help children gain an understanding of the world around them and the importance of ecology,parents can use interesting objects from their children's everyday lives. "Obviously,the logical relationship is built up in this sentence.I have referred to the parallel structure in the part one,and there is another form of parallelism. "You can explain to them that plants are necessary not only for food but also for controlling floods. "You are not only giving them a good model to imitate,you're also helping them to increase their chances for survival. "The first example indicates the feature of the parallel structure is word against word that is equivalent to the part one. The second indicates that phrase against phrase which has been referred in the part one. The above examples are introduced by"not only,but also" by stating the merits of plants to children and parents in the first example. In the second example,by stating the importance of parents that a good model to children,which states the more you did,the more closest to nature your children did. That makes the text to be convincing and states an argument that the relationship of nature and human.2.Subordinate clause The passage has an obvious feature of using lots of adverbial clauses of condition. "If you open up before your children's eyes by your actions that you respect the environment in which you live,this will start them on this path. "It states a nice action can impact your children sharply and this is the best way to get along well with nature. A neat and logical syntactic arrangement helps to clearly understand the idea.3.CoherenceFrom five aspects,part two tends to utter simple and short words in the statement,and it's proper to describe felicitous situation such as pollution,fish can die. Meanwhile,four paragraphs close to the five aspects in order and states relative details. It's easy to figure out the whole structure of the text for readers.It does not only increase administrative levels,but coherence.ConclusionAll in all,we can't live without nature,namely,if we don't deal with the relationship of nature and human. As for children who they will do that depends on a good example from their parents. The writer thinks it's time to take the advice of stimulative harmonious relationship to put special emphasis on the improvement of the relationship of children and nature,no more adults. Clearly,if we still don't control the problem,the chances are that damaged nature will lead us in danger. After reading the text,I sincerely believe that many parents will be aroused concern and do it just likethe text that has stated methods.。
论文题目：从文体学视角浅析《我有一个梦》学院：外国语学院专业：_ 外国语言学及应用语言学学号： 31005065 姓名：__ 李璐指导老师：_ 白梦璇A Stylistic Analysis of I Have a DreamIntroductionDifferent scholars define stylistics in different ways. Wales defines stylistics as the study of the style simply, while Widdowson gives a further explanation, “by stylistics, I mean the study of literary discourse from a linguistic orientation and I shall take the view that what distinguishes stylistics from literary criticism on the one hand and linguistics on the other is that it is essentially a means of linking the two.” Leech considers stylistics “a meeting ground of linguistics and literary study.” From what they say, we can see that stylistics is an inter-disciplined branch of learning which takes discourse as its object of the study and uses linguistics as a means to that end. The task of the stylistics is to observe and describe the language features of the discourse, which are grammatical, lexical, phonological and semantic features. Of all aspects of public speaking, persuasion is the most complex and difficult. Its job is to change the audience‟s minds-to get them agree and perhaps to act. Its goal may be to defend an idea, to refute an opponent, to sell a programme, or to inspire people to action.On August 28, 1963, Martin Luther King, delivered the famous speech I Have a Dream at the demonstration which a quarter of million people of all races came to Washington, D. C., to show their support for freedom and justice for all Americans, and for black people in particular. This speech is widely regarded as the most eloquent statement of the black people‟s dreams and aspirations ever made.It is an example of formal English with a convincing style. This paper will analyze this famous speech I Have a Dream from stylistics in grammatical, lexical, phonological and semantic aspects.Chapter 1 A Stylistic Analysis of I Have a Dream 1.1 Grammatical Features1.1.1 Variation in Sentence LengthWe know that casual speech tends to use short sentences. However, the sentences vary much in length in King‟s speech I Have a Dream.There are in all 77 sentences and 1675 words. The sentences of 1 to 9 words are 13, taking up 16.9% in total sentences; 10 to 19 words 27 taking up 35.1%; 20 to 29 words 23 taking up 30.1%; 30 to 39 words 7 taking up 30.1%; more than 40 words 5 taking up 6.5%. The average length is 27.15 words per sentence, which is much longer than that (8 words) of causal conversation. It is clear that the distinguish features is using long sentences in this speech. From the viewpoint of communication, public speech has its own characteristics of seriousness and reliability. Using long sentence can increase the coherence and solemnity and help the lecture to show their feelings and emphasize the content.1.1.2 Various Sentence TypesAs public speeches are intend to inform, to persuade, and to appeal, most sentences are statements and imperative sentence. In this speech, King uses more than 12 imperative sentences, introduced by let, as is shown in it:Go back to Mississippi, go back to Alabama, go back to South Carolina, go back to Georgia, go back to Louisiana, go back to the slums and ghettos of our northern cities, knowing that some how this situation can and will be changed.Let us not wallow in the valley of despair.The sentence uses present tense in speech usually. In this speech, King uses the past tense and the perfect tense except the present tense. These sentence types reflect unfair treatment and the Blacks in this time and reviewing the past to cherish thememory of the president Lincoln. The combination of these three tenses show the deep background and gives the audience a better hope and a powerful struggle.1.2 Lexical Features1.2.1 Using Accurate and Clear WordsPublic speech is careful about its choice of words. It tends to use words accurate and clear in meaning. I Have a Dream is a typical example. King chooses concrete and familiar words to make the abstract principles of liberty and equality clear and compelling. Here is a part of the great speech:We cannot turn back. There are those who ask the devotees of civil rights, …when will you be satisfied?‟ We can never be satisfied as long as the Negro is the victim of the unspeakable horrors of police brutality. We can never be satisfied as long as our bodies, heavy with fatigue of travel, cannot gain lodging in the motels of highways and the hotels of the cities. We cannot be satisfied as long as a Negro in Mississippi cannot vote and a Negro in New York believes he has nothing for which to vote. No, no, we are not satisfied, and will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream.We ca see that King avoided using dull, dreary, abstract or unfamiliar words like segregate housing, disfranchisement, and alienation, and thus made his speech stirring and touching.1.2.2 Adaptation of Wording to a Particular AudienceIn order to adapt the message to the particular audience being addressed, the speaker will use some techniques to close the relationship with the audiences. For example, a Black speaker in the US may exaggerate the Black English features in his speech so as to stress his membership in his ethnic group.1.2.3 Use of Personal PronounIn public speech, it is observing the use of the personal pronoun. The first person, I (me) and we (us) is used frequently. King uses first person largely, especially we (us) that appears 47 times. In the last long sentence, there are as many as 4 times.When we let freedom ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God‟s children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, Free at last! Free at last! Thank God almighty, we are free at last!The use of the first person plural can pull the audience to the speaker. They have the same position. The audiences feel very close to the speaker so that it is to win the support of the audience. In this speech, Martin Luther King demands colored people for equality on behalf of the United States, using we (us) to distinguish the United States colored ones with other Americans in order to stress their unequal treatments, evoke their strong sense of responsibility, enhance their cohesion1.3 Phonological FeaturesThe speech sounds is the basis of language and the element of study style. Although the public speech is verbal, it is different from the daily conversation. In public speech, the pronunciation must standard. On the other hand, it is unfamiliar to see slur words and compressed words in the speech. This phenomenon is very common in King‟s speech. For example, I am, can not, and let us are in complete form. The reducing of the acronyms makes the language more formal and serious.Pause in public speech is also useful. It can signal the end of a thought unit, give an idea time to sink in, and led dramatic impact to a statement. The crucial factor is timing pause for a right length in time. In a sense, a rightly timid can be more effective than a right word. But pause in public speech are not vocalized as in daily conversation.1.4 Semantic Features1.4.1 Effective Ways of OrganizationClear organization is vital to speech-making. A well-organized speech enhances its credibility and makes it easier for the audience to understand the message. Persuasive speech, especially policy speeches often fall into problem-solution, and then the speaker explains solution and shows its practicality. In this well-known speech, the content in perfect order which they want to express is well organized. In the beginning, the high priest King praised the Emancipation Proclamation signed by President Lincoln for the importance of the slaves. And then the speaker turned to the black‟s tra gedy life and still the cause all these unfortunate living: the United States does not practice its commitment. After whipping the United States, the pastor begins to shouting the rallying cry, encouraging the black from now, do not silence, do not be passive, and make efforts to change their suffered situation. In the end, the speaker in "I have a dream ... "echoes with the subject, expressing their own or even the majority of the common oppressed black people‟s aspiration. He also goes forward to the future prospects of a better life; give the audiences more confidence and strength: no matter how difficult the road to happiness is, the efforts must go on.1.4.2 Effective Ways of Delivery(1) RepetitionUsed in speech, repetition not only makes it easy for the audience to follow what the speaker is saying, but also gives a strong rhythmic quality to the speech and makes it more memorable. For example, King uses the words “I have a dream” nine times. This repetition helps to achieve the function of coherence in discourse and the function of reinforcement in mood and emotion, expressing the speaker‟s strong emotion of longing for freedom, justice, righteousness and a much more united nation of all of God‟s children.(2) ParallelismParallelism is another syntactic over-regularity. To put it simply, parallelism means the balancing of sentence elements that are grammatically equal. In his speech, Martin Luther King uses parallelism to create a strong rhythm to help the audience line up his ideas. Here are few examples:I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaningof its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal."I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of formerslaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering withthe heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice.I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation wherethey will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.I have a dream today!I have a dream that one day, down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with itsgovernor having his lips dripping with the words of "interposition" and "nullification" -- one day right there in Alabama little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers.I have a dream today!I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, and every hill andmountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight; "and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed and all flesh shall see it together."(4) Similes and metaphorsAs two very important types of meaning transference in literature, similes and metaphors are comparisons that show similarities in things that are basically different, which can be used to add vividness and vitality to writing. As Leech points out, metaphor is associated with a particular rule of transference which may be called the “metaphoric rule”. That is, the figurative meaning is derived from the literal meaning or it is, as it were, the literal meaning. Throughout the speech, King makes extensive use of similes and metaphors. For example,One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. (Metaphor)This is no time … to take the tranquilizing drag of gradualism. (Metaphor)This sweltering summer of the Negro‟s legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and equality. (Metaphors)…we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream. (Similes)…a situation where little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with white boys and white girls and walk together as sisters and brothers (Similes)Chapter 2 ConclusionAs we have analyzed above, stylistic devices are frequently used in the discourse of literary works especially in speech, to achieve certain specific purposes, thus making the style of a speech somewhat particular to the others.Generally speaking, a speech must have the flowing stylistics characters:To begin with, written-conventional style used with not very formal diction and not very complicated sentence structure.Secondly, it should be emotional so as to be convincing, because the speaker should face the audience directly and his words should be not only orderly and informative but also be expressive and inspiring. Therefore, the stylistic devices such as similes and metaphors are often involved.Finally, in many cases, it must be persuasive. Thus the sentence patterns are very well-organized, with repetition and parallelism used ext.。
Stylistic Analysis of a Conversation系名称：外语系年级：12 级班级：二班*名：***学号：**********Stylistic Analysis of a Conversation IntroductionConversation is without doubt the most commonly used kind of language, and therefore, it is a variety familiar to the majority of English-speaking people. This variety is used in everyone’s daily life. And it has its own distinct stylistic features. So it is necessary for us to analyze it from the perspective of general stylistics.The material for analysis is a conversation between two housewives who are in the same age rank <mid-thirties> and have known each other for some time. The occasion is that B is invited to A' house for an evening chat over coffee.The conversation focused on the lives of two housewives. Therefore such conversation regularly lacks an overall theme. So the participants may chat about some irrelevant and random things. Changes of subjects can be often found. Stylistic Analysis1. At the Phonological LevelPhonology refers to speech sounds in a language. Here, the main focus is on stress, elision, pause, para-linguistic devices and overlapping of words.Conversation can be divided into two major kinds: spontaneous conversation and non-spontaneous conversation. This conversation belongs to the former one. Words to be spoken sound very natural and spontaneous(a general lack of planning).1.1 StressStress refers to the prominence of sounds. It is a very important way of expressing different feelings or implying different meanings in oral communication. It has the following functions in this conversation:a) To show emphasis:I'll be all right in a MINUTE.It implies“It is in a minute(not too long)I'll be all right.”STUpid I had er about five thousand BOOKS to take back to senate HOUSE YESterday.It emphasizes how stupid I was,what,where,and when.b) To show surprise,anger, doubt, horror or excitement:You got a COLDIn this sentence, “cold”is stressed, which indicates A's doubt as if saying “Did you get a cold? ”.1.2 ElisionElision is one of the distinct phonological style makers in conversation, which is frequently used by the speakers involved. In the conversation, the most frequent elisions are I'm ,I've, I'll, it's, I'd, hasn’t, you're, and that's. These elisions can perfectly indicate the informality of the conversation as well as intimate relationship between two neighbors.1.3 PausePause can be seen as a signal of ending a thought unit. In English,there are voiced pauses (um, er,ah) , and silent pauses-silent breaks between words, such as the pause at the end of a sentence, the pause between a dependent clause and its main clause, and the pause between words or phrases. In this conversation, both kinds of pauses can be frequently found./= short pause //=long pauseIn this conversation, the usually overuse of pauses may reflect certain feeling or attitude of speaker, such as nervousness, hesitation, confusion, or uncertainty.1.4 Para-linguistic devicesA andB in the conversation often resort some para-linguistic devices, such as laughters (laughs for/laughs quietly for-)and monitoring signals(such as you know, well, I thought, what have you got ) to help convey the meanings and feelings.For example, "no, I thought you sounded as if you were"1.5 Overlapping of words or phrasesOverlapping of words or phrases of A and B is also very common in this conversation.*=overlapping of words of two participantsWhen one person comes up with a new idea, he may not always wait for his turn till the other person finishes his sentence. Instead, he utters his words in a high pitch and a quick tempo till the other person stops.1.6 Normal non-fluencyNormal non-fluency is very common in this , which is resulted from overlapping of words and other factors such as sudden change of subject matter, hesitation, nervousness, and a lack of planning of the conversation. For example:No, just a bit sniffy cos I'm-I am cold2. At the Lexical LevelLexis refers to the choice of words and expressions and here, we will focus our attention on the use of colloquial words and general words.2.1 Use of colloquial wordsIt is normal and natural to see so many colloquial words in this conversation, such as yeah, got, just, well, cos(because), etc. These words can express the speaker's attitude or surprise, disgust, or some feelings. Colloquial words are also the signal of informality.2.2 General wordsGeneral words are also used very frequently in this conversation, such as do, clour, go, and, nice, etc. These general words may not convey specific meanings, but there is no need to be so specific in daily conversation. And probably general meaning is what the participants require.3. At the Syntactic/Grammatical LevelSyntax refers to the rules for ordering words into sentence. In this part, we mostly concentrate on sentence types and voice.It is found that sentences (as far as length and structures are concerned) in the conversation are not complicated to understand. More minor sentences and short sentences are used, which are style makers of informality.3.1 Preference for interrogative sentencesInterrogative sentences appear frequently in this short conversation. Conversation is the communication between at least two people. It mainly takes the form of asking and answering. In this way the oral communication between people can proceed. Thus, apart from declarative sentences, which are used most frequently in all varieties. Interrogative sentences are frequently used here. There are 7 interrogative sentences in all 30 sentences, occupying 23 percent of the total number of sentences, which is much higher compared with other varieties.3.2 Use of active voiceIn conversations, speakers usually are the major active characters. Their words mainly express their own feelings or narrate an event. In this way, active voice will be the most suitable voice to achieve such effects. In this conversation, most of sentence are in active voice. And most of them have such beginning “I + verb ”. For example, you got, I thought, you want, I got, it is, I get, and so forth. According to this, we can assume in the process of conversation the speaker is usually the most important factor, who will conduct or lead the proceeding of conversation.3.3 Frequent use of elliptical sentencesDaily conversation is not as formal as the written variety. Elliptical sentences are used frequently. Elliptical sentences sometimes may cause inexplicitness of the language. However due to their intimate relationships, and para-linguistic means, such as gestures,laughters, or facial expressions, the characters can understand each other well. It is unnecessary to use complete sentences.4. At the Semantic LevelSemantics refers to the meaning of words or expression, and by what means the meaning is conveyed from the addresser to addressee. Here, we will touch upon some figures of the conversation.In this conversation, there are not very distinct semantic style makers.But we should not deny there are some semantic features in conversation. In fact, the occasional use figures can be found here./ No / just a / bit sniffy / cos I’m——I AM COLD /Repetition is used here. The clause of “I’m ”appeared two times, which can imply B’s doubt and nervousness./ That’s not a tinny GARment. /Understatement is reflected here. B wanted to express that this is a big garment.in the days when I was a human BEing. //*Satire can be found here.5. Contextual Factors AnalysisFirstly, the conversation all happened in informal place-A' house. Dialogues in private place must be casual and informal. Secondly, the intimate relationship among two housewives decides what they will talk about. They talked about their life trivial matters. Moreover, sometimes words may reveal the speaker's status, job, education and so on. For example,A: It /GROWS quickly//B: / YEAH/ I get very fed UP//It implies A is pregnant.Furthermore, another feature should be pointed out here. Conversation is characterized by randomness of subject matter, a general lacking of planning. The subjects, ranging from health to work, come back to garment.ConclusionWe have made a very rough stylistic analysis of the conversation, mainly concentrating on the phonological, lexical, syntactic/grammatical and semantic level and finally some contextual factors are touched upon. Taking these analyses into consideration, the conversation belongs to the informality. In this conversation, there are still some perspectives untouched upon, such as textual analysis, graphological style makers.etc. Taking these factors into consideration, it still needs our further researches.。
文体学在英语语篇分析中的作用论文【摘要】文体学是一门研究各种文体语言特点的学问。
本文通过对特定两种文体的具体分析，指出了该文体如何运用有效手段，达到传递文本信息的目的。
【关键词】文体学；语篇；语言特点；信息传递Abstract: Stylistics is used to study and analyze different kinds of articles. In order to show how the following two passages put forward the information suessfully, this paper points out the characteristic ways the two passages employ.Key Words: Stylistics, Passage,characteristics,information文体学是研究文体的学问。
文体有广义和狭义之分。
狭义的文体指的是文学文体，其中包括各个作家的风格。
广义的文体指的是一种语言中的各类文体，包括口语体和书面体，而在这两者之间，还有若干过渡类型的文体。
文学文体也包括在广义的文体之中。
文体学的任务是通过观察和描述若干种主要文体的语言特点，即其各自的语音、词汇、句法和篇章的特点，让学习者能够更好地了解这些文体所要表达的内容及其特有的表达方式，学会在适当的场合使用适当的文体。
虽然存在着各式各样的文体，但真正代表一种文体特殊用法的词句是很少的。
真正被大量使用的还是那些按照普通方式运用的基本词汇、基本句型和基本表达方式。
这也就是所谓的`共核语言(the mon core) , 它的惯常用法构成语言的常规(norm) , 而一种文体的特殊用法则是对这种常规的变异(deviation) 。
下文将通过对语言的各要素，即语音、词汇、句法、语篇结构的分析来阐述它们在日常谈话、即席解说中说什么和怎么说这个问题上所起的作用。
