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Culture shock might be called an occupational disease of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. It is caused by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse. Some of the symptoms of culture shock are: excessive washing of the hands; fear of physical contact with attendants.Culture shock has many stages. Each stage can be ongoing or appear only at certain times. Reverse culture shock can be difficult. There is a risk of sickness or emotional problems in many of the phases of culture shock. Remember to be kind to yourself all the time that you are overseas, and when you get home, give yourself time to adjust. Be your own best friend.Don't forget the good things you already have! Remember, there are always resources that you can use．Learn to include a regular form of physical activity in your routine. Relaxation and meditation are proven to be very positive for people who are passing through periods of stress. Lastly, if you feel stressed, learn to look for help. There is always someone or some service available to help you. You may want to check out Information and Resources.。
CultureShock文化冲击Culture Shock①DEFINING CULTURE SHOCK 定义Culture shock is a mental state（心理状态）that comes from the transition that occurs when you go from a familiar environment to an unfamiliar one and find that your old, established patterns of behavior are ineffective.culture shock can cause you to feel “out of sorts,”“fatigued（疲劳）” and “not wholly （完全的，全部的）in the moment.”②REACTIONS TO CULTURE SHOCK 反应prepared when you experience some of these reactionsAntagonism（对抗）toward the new environmentA sense of disorientation（方向，障碍，迷惑）Feelings of rejection（拒绝）Upset stomach and headachesHomesicknessMissing friends and familyFeeling a loss of status and influenceWithdrawal（撤退）Perceiving（感觉）members of the host culture to be insensitive（感觉迟钝，不友好）③THE STAGES OF CULTURE SHOCK (THE U-CURVE) (过程，步骤) You should view the stages as a U-shaped curve. “The U-curve depicts the initial optimism （乐观，乐观主义）and elation(兴高采烈，欢欣鼓舞) in the host culture, the subsequent dip（向下再向上）in the level of adaptation, and the following gradual recovery.Excitement Phase.The first phase, visualized（在脑海中使形象化，设想，想像）as the top of the left side of the U-curve（U曲线）, is usually filled with excitement, hopefulness, as the individual anticipates being exposed to a new culture.Disenchantment（觉醒，清醒）Phase.This second phase begins when you recognize the reality of the new setting and some initial problems begin to develop.The second phase is a period when difficulties of language, inadequate schools for the children, poor housing, crowded transportation, chaotic shopping, and the like begintaking their toll.Beginning Resolution Phase.The third phase is characterized by gaining some understanding of the new culture. Here the person is gradually making some adjustments and modifications in how he or she is coping with the new culture. Events and people now seem much more predictable and less stressful. Effective Functioning Phase.In this final phase, at the top of the right side of the U-curve, the person now understands the key elements of the new culture (values, special customs, beliefs, communication patterns, etc.). One?s ability to live and function within two cultures (the old and the new) is frequently accompanied(陪伴)by feelings of elation and satisfaction.When this happens, the returnee experiences the same four phases of adjustment we discussed in the U-curve. This gives rise to the term “W-curve,” because it joins two U-curves together.④THE LESSONS OF CULTURE S HOCKOur discussion of culture shock was predicated on two premises.F irst, each year millions of people go abroad to work, travel, and study.Second, many of those experiences end up producing stress, homesickness, and confusion.A lthough we have placed the topic of culture shock under the category of “problems,” we would be remiss if we concluded our discussion without emphasizing the idea that culture shock can be an explicit learning experience.E xperiencing culture shock has a strong potential to make people bemulticulturalBeyond Culture ShockN ewcomers may not be ready to learn and practice social behaviors appropriate to the new culture in the initial period of settlement. It is not unusual for recent arrivals 。
Culture ShockAs we all know, it is defined as culture shock that someone who comes to a completely new cultural environment will experience a psychological anxiety and confusion. Culture shock is a long-term topic under the trend of globalization.Culture shock is a common phenomenon that reflects the lack of direction, the feeling of not knowing what to do or how to behave in a new environment, and not knowing what is appropriate or inappropriate. The feeling of culture shock generally appears after the first few weeks of coming to a new place.For example, Lucy was transferred to work abroad, when her family moved to Mexico from California after a period of time, she tried to understand people speaking a different language, to go to the store, to make new friends, to overcome the confusion and helplessness. So she began to suffer culture shock.What situations Lucy met is a miniature of all people who suffer culture shock. They are like fish out of water, away from familiar motherland and close relatives, lonely struggling in a strange country that differs from the original country in values, ideology, communications, eating habits, styles and so on.Meanwhile, new things threaten the basic belief in the subconscious mind that the original cultural customs, assumptions, evaluation and behavior is always "right". What you are familiar with are taken the place of something new. You would feel as if your heart was suddenly stolen leaving a gray blank and losing in a helpless, lone and cold circumstance. Like the shadow of your original culture disappeared all of a sudden. Maybe you like to do something based on the adult, but you always feel likean ignorant child. In the end, you would become vulnerable, frustrated, upset, irritable, may also suffer from homesickness and depression.Culture shock and change in degree depends on the following conditions: firstly, the length of your stay. The longer time you stay in a strange atmosphere, the more serious shock you will stand. Secondly, the purpose of your trip. If you travel as tourists or for business, either temporary living in another country, perhaps you can’t be interrupted by culture shock, on the contrary, you can enjoy different meaningful journey. Thirdly, degrees of contact between the local culture and the new culture have a significant effect on your feeling including happiness, sadness. One example is that Bush paid China a visit and he may be welcome by many of Chinese, companied with some American officials, besides he lived only few days, so he needn’t concern about what culture shock is.The consequence of culture shock is obvious and predictable. If you can’t handle the culture shock in a positive way, you probably become victims of cultural differences, which destroy your most important business relationship, cause friction, even break you dream. You stay away from the crowd, and you cry, you're angry; by day you are drowsy, but can’t sleep at night. At the same time, it’s effective to your career and makes you lack of sense of accomplishment. Individual cases, culture shock can lead to serious depression and personal problems.There are some reasons for shock that we can seek methods available to overcome shock and thereby enhance our strength and reduce weakness. Firstly, someone is addicted to original culture and seldom broadens their horizons, as aresult, he isn’t sensitive to what different matters he will meet. Secondly, with heavy burdensome works on the shoulder, one who has one's hands full can hardly fit in with a quite fire-new culture because of lack of energy or time. Thirdly, as an essential reason, the basic differences of the culture lead one difficult to entirely comprehend and grasp the core of a culture in terms of its language, values, brief and so forth. Furthermore, taking China culture and America culture for example, it’s acknowledged that America which consists of external culture has only several hundred years while China is a profound ancient country with a brilliant history, gestating countless wonders in arts, science. No matter what a Chinese or an American goes to the other country, he will make necessary adjustments to blend into a brand-new circle.There is a typical case for differences in culture leading unnecessary misunderstanding. Professor Wang had written a book on Chinese but knew a little English. Last year he got to know an American professor Johnson who was to learn Chinese culture in a seminar. One day before professor Johnson went back to America, he decided to give him his book as a gift. Prof.Wang said to Prof.Johnson that this was a clumsy book written by your humble servant. Prof.Johnson was confused that who his humble servant was and he thought Prof.Wang was kidding.In the example above, the problem is the use of clumsy book and humble servant. Since Professor Wang didn’t know American culture quite well, he was being polite by belittling himself in perfect Chinese way. However, this is not American politeness. In American, people would always try to be self-confident but not belittle themselves.Self-abnegation as lacking confidence and thus would be shrugged off.Therefore, how to deal with culture shock placed in front of us. You have to start or at least recognize that you can appreciate some aspects of this culture. This is the beginning of your acceptance of new culture and learning to adapt.Seeking someone who can help you or in the same situation as same as you. They can provide you a spiritual support, and can help you in their daily work. An English lady Lisa, moved to France, through her daughter's school to know a lady who took her to the shop, and buy some necessities. Her colleague Kitty visited her on every Sunday, taught her French and how to use various appliances. She also participated in a name of "foreign women in charge", which was a professional group that had 150 women like her.Overcoming communicative obstacles can help you suit the situation as soon as possible. For you and your family, fluent in foreign language is to improve yourself-confidence at work and provide convenience in life so that they can enter the local community "insiders" and reduce the sense of alienation and isolation. Although you may think that it wastes valuable time communicating with others, it’s in fact, not only reinforcing both loyalty, but also exchanging useful information.Taking care of yourself. Taking time out to relax and physical exercise, and eating healthy food, writing down your daily feelings and experiences are also very useful methods for you to suit the culture shock. Besides, taking part in good social activities and enjoying leisure time also help you. Maybe you would meet something unhappy, in that case, you usually have two choices: anger or self-ridicule. Whatbetter way to feel it? Try to keep your sense of humor and to be a gentle man or a refined lady.However, some people are worried that they may well be a loser in the front of shock. In fact, culture shock is not a monster but impressive only in appearance, as a result, we can totally adapt it. According to a research coming from Harvard University, even if 2.5% people who have suffered shock surrender to it, almost 97.5% people can beat it and walk on the appropriate path in life finally. 20% of these people choose a suitable way when they first come across the shock, nevertheless, remaining 80% people find correct paths via a long formidable approach. They put up with countless obstacles, being undaunted by repeated setbacks, eventually see the sunrise.There is a great delight that adapting to culture shock is a process of growing better and excellent. If you are over the hurdle of culture shock, you will learn many new skills that will bump up your capacity and broaden your horizon. Your basic perception will also change. You will become more independent, flexible and more adaptable, very satisfied with the new experience, take more responsibility, identify your own style of doing things, learn a new culture of knowledge, abandon the perspective using the trial and acts of intolerance of others, achieve the established objectives, improve the organization and communication skills.Through the culture shock, you will find that your vision is more wide - from politics to food, from culture to body language, from work habits to communication with people. You have mch confidence. You will learn more new knowledge andexperience. You will be eager to return to the motherland and your friends, family and colleagues to share everything you have learned.All in all, as a modern, the confusion and disorientation of culture shock are necessary steps in learning about a new culture. If everything in the new place is just like home, no learning will come from being there. With the growing trend of globalization there are increasing contacts between cultures. That means more culture shock we will suffer. But we shouldn’t be afraid of it. On the contrary, we should have an open-mind and positive attitude facing it, learning what we need to create our bright life.1. What are the differences in addressing people between Chinese and English cultures?In China, it is considered to be polite and respectful to address a Chinese people by his/her surname, followed by honorific titles like 先生(xiān sheng) (Sir), 女士(nǚshì) (Madam) or the job position. Given names are often called between g ood friends. The following is the general way to address various Chinese people.Mr. zhang: 张先生(zhāng xiān sheng)Ms. Wang: 王女士(wáng nǚ shì)Manager Ma:马经理(mǎ jīng lǐ)President Li: 李主席(lǐ zhǔ xí)Minister Liu: 刘部长(liú bù zhǎng)In English, at informal situations, it is usual for people meeting for the first to use first names straight away, regardless of any difference in ages or status. Some titlesare given below: Mr, Mrs, Miss, Ms, Sir, Madam and so on. And you can call your relatives’ name.2. What is the cultural assumption? Please give an example to illustrate your point.Cultural assumption is pretty obvious that people are more likely to believe things if the people around them believe the same thing.In India, the vast majority of people are Hindus. This means, among other things, that they believe that when we die we are reincarnated. Hindu has been the dominant religion in this area for something like 4000 years. In the Americas, Europe, and Africa there are relatively few Hindus. It cannot be an accident that so many Hindus are concentrated in a particular region. When people there form their religious beliefs, they are heavily influenced by the people around them. If people picked their religion mainly by criteria independent of the people around them, an American should be just as likely to choose Hinduism as an Indian, and an Indian should be just as likely to choose Christianity as an American.。
文化冲击英语作文Culture shock is a common experience when people move to a new country. It can be overwhelming to adapt to a different way of life, with new customs, traditions, and social norms. Everything from the food to the language can feel foreign and unfamiliar.One of the biggest challenges of culture shock is communication. Language barriers can make it difficult to express oneself and connect with others. It can be frustrating to not be able to fully understand or be understood by those around you.Another aspect of culture shock is the differences in social etiquette. What is considered polite or appropriate behavior in one culture may be completely different in another. This can lead to misunderstandings and unintentional offenses.Food is also a major source of culture shock. Differentcuisines and eating habits can be a shock to the system. Trying new foods can be exciting, but it can also be intimidating when you are not familiar with the ingredients or preparation methods.Overall, culture shock is a natural part of the process of adapting to a new environment. It can be challenging,but it can also be a valuable learning experience. By embracing the differences and being open to new experiences, you can overcome culture shock and grow from the experience.。
culture shock高一英语作文Culture Shock ExperienceMoving to a new country was an exciting adventure, but it also brought unexpected challenges. The most significant was culture shock. Everything was different - the language, the customs, even the way people interacted. I struggled to adapt, feeling lost and confused. However, I quickly realized that this was a normal part of the immigration process. With patience and effort, I began to understand and appreciate the new culture. Interacting with locals helped me learn their values and traditions. Gradually, the culture shock turned into a cultural blend, enriching my life with new experiences and perspectives.文化冲击的体验搬到一个新的国家是一次令人兴奋的冒险，但它也带来了意想不到的挑战。
最显著的是文化冲击。
一切都不同了——语言、习俗，甚至人们的互动方式。
我很难适应，感到迷失和困惑。
然而，我很快意识到这是移民过程中的一个正常部分。
通过耐心和努力，我开始理解和欣赏新文化。
与当地人互动帮助我了解了他们的价值观和传统。
Culture shock（文化冲击）: A state of confusion and anxiety experienced by someone upon encountering an alien environment.A feeling of uncertainty, confusion or anxiety that people experience when visiting, doing business in or living in an environment that is different from their own. Culture shock can arise from a person's unfamiliarity with local customs, language and acceptable behavior, since norms can vary significantly across cultures.The Four Phases of Culture Shock1) Honeymoon phaseDuring this period, the differences between the old and new culture are seen in a romantic light, wonderful and new. For example, in moving to a new country, an individual might love the new foods, the pace of the life, the people's habits, the buildings and so on. During the first few weeks, most people are fascinated by the new culture.2) Negotiation phaseAfter some time (usually three months but sometimes sooner or later, depending on the individual), differences between the old and new culture become apparent and may create anxiety. Excitement may eventually give way to unpleasant feelings of frustration and anger as one continues to experience unfavorable events that may be perceived as strange and offensive to one's cultural attitude. Language barriers, traffic safety, food accessibility and quality may heighten the sense of disconnection from the surroundings.[3) Adjustment phaseAgain, after some time (usually 6 to 12 months), one grows accustomed to the new culture and develops routines. One knows what to expect in most situations and the host country no longer feels all that new. One becomes concerned with basic living again, and things become more "normal". One starts to develop problem-solving skills for dealing with the culture, and begins to accept the culture ways with a positive attitude. The culture begins to make sense, and negative reactions and responses to the culture are reduced.4) Mastery phaseIn the mastery stage one is able to participate fully and comfortably in the host culture. Mastery does not mean total conversion; people often keep many traits from their earlier culture, such as accents and languages. It is often referred to as the biculturalism stage.。
Unit 20 Culture ShockKalvero Oberg1 Culture shock might be called an occupational disease of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. Like most ailments, it has its own symptoms and cure.文化冲击又叫人们移居国外的职业病。
像大多数小病一样，它也有自己的症状和治疗方法。
2 Culture shock is precipitated by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse. Those signs or cues include the thousand and one ways in which we orient ourselves to the situation of daily life: when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to make purchases, when to accept and when to refuse invitations* when to take statements seriously and when not. These cues, which may be words, gestures, facial expressions, customs, or norms, are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept. All of us depend for our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues, most of which we do not carry on the level of conscious awareness.文化冲击是焦虑产生的，这种焦虑是由于丧失了指导我们进行社交的熟悉的信号和符号。
Culture ShockCultural shock is caused by the anxiety that results from losing all the familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse. These signs include a great many ways with which we are familiar in the situation of daily life: when to shake hands, how to go shopping, when to accept and when to refuse invitations, when to take statements seriously and when not.When a person is suffering from cultural shock, there may appear some important symptoms. First he rejects the new environment that causes the shock. He grumbles about the host country and its people. Another symptom of cultural shock is regression. The home environment suddenly takes on a tremendous importance. To him everything there becomes irrationally glorified. All the difficulties and problems are forgotten and only the good things back home are remembered. There are also some other symptoms of cultural shock, such as excessive washing of the hands, excessive concern over drinking water, food dishes and bedding, fear of physical contact with attendants, the absent –minded stare, a feeling of helplessness and a desire for dependence on long-term residents of one’s own nationality.CANADIAN Corey Allen, 22, tied the knot with a Chinese girl Molly Chen, 20, during the Spring Festival in Shenzhen, thus starting a journey of culture shocks.The first shock was the traditional Chinese wedding. Dressed in red Chinese clothes, Allen had to answer questions about the bride before he could “fetch” her. She was sitting in a sedan chair covered in red silk. Allen experienced many other tests later, such as running around the wedding venue while carrying the bride.“It’s absolutely different from Western weddings. It was a lot of fun,” said Allen.He was also moved when the father-in-law presented the young couple diaries he had kept for his daughter since her birth.“My father-in-law is very energetic. He likes to take pictures. He looks 50 but his heart is as young as 25,” Allen said.The father lavished praise on Allen. “T he boy is persevering and honest. He likes to debate with me about things he thinks unreasonable. He is also caring for the elderly. We like him very much.”“But I was really shocked when I first learned that my daughter would marry a foreigner,” the father said.“My daughter called just two hours before their wedding ceremony in Canada. Later I found out I hadn’t received an email sent by her two weeks before.”A corporal in the Canadian military, Allen specializes in computer engineering. He found Shenzhen a paradise where he can buy the most up-to-date hardware.The newlyweds will spend their honeymoon traveling around ChinaThe influence of culture is so powerful that one can almost always, when reading a book, recognize the nationality of the author, even if it has not been mentioned. This applies to our work too - we are from Holland, and even when we write in English, the Dutch software of our minds will remain evident to the careful reader. This makes reading the book by others than our compatriots a cross-cultural experience in itself, maybe even a culture shock. That is okay;studying culture without experiencing culture shock is like practising swimming without water. In the booming market for cross-cultural training there are courses and books that try to show only the sunny side: cultural synergy, no cultural conflict. Maybe that is the message some business-minded people like to hear, but it is false.In my research Holland scored clearly individualist. In individualist societies, sons are less likely to follow in their father's footsteps than in collectivist societies. People from collectivist societies tend to praise Gert Jan for carrying on his father's work. People from individualist societies sometimes speak of the 'son of' in a rather derogatory way, indicating the son might not have any ideas of his own. Gert Jan does not worry, for he was an independent academic of 40 when he started collaborating with his father when his own discipline, Information Systems, was swept towards intercultural communication by the rise of the World Wide Web. We are pleased to have both our names on the new edition.After studyig abroad for one year or two, a number of overseas college graduates return to China, their motherland in a hope to settle down if they find satisfactory jobs. However, before long, they find themselves in a predicament resulted from reverse or re-entry culture shock; namely, the cultural diffferences between two different countries stand out and come to clash before their eyes and in their mind.First, they feel uncomfortable with some uncivilized public behaviours they oftern see on streets or socialize with others, such as not queuing for public transport, spitting on the streets, being nosy about others’private affairs, to name a few.To many of the returnees, culture shock found in corpaorate context is more frustrating than that in a societal context. In foreign companies abroad, it is very common that juniors may argue or discuss about their work with their seniors if they hold a different view, just for the good of the work. The boss would either take the argument or leave it, without feeling he is being humiliated or having his authority challenged. However, in a Chinese work place, which is characterized by a rigid hierarchy, staff at the bottom of the ladder are in no position to challege their seniors whatsoever.Another often –cited shock concerns working overtime and how it is perceived in a Chinese work place. In China or other Asian societies, bosses tend to think their emplyees are their assets and hence working overtime is a matter of course. As it is, those who work overtime when it is time to go home usually do things unrelated to their work during office hours. Some of them deliberately work overtime to show to their boss that they are hard-working. But in a culture that extols individuality, 100% Americans choose family over work. The one who makes the alternative choice is considered a workaholic.The job situation and the work environment are not so good as overseas returnees have anticipated. The fierce competition for limited positions between the overseas returnees and the college graduates at home has changed the whold situation unfavorable to overseas returnees who are now in a dilemma as to what step to take next and how to face the reality.Many travelers go through an initial period of euphoria and excitement, overwhelmed by the thrill of being in a totally new and unusual environment. As this initial sense of "adventure" wears off, they gradually become aware of the fact that old habits and routine ways of doing things no longer suffice. They gradually (or suddenly) no longer feel comfortably themselves. If this happens to you, as it is likely to, you will feel like the outsider you in fact are. Minor problemsmay quickly assume the proportions of major crises, and you may find yourself growing somewhat depressed. You may feel an anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse, a kind of pychological disorientation. You will indeed be experiencing what has come to be referred to as "Culture Shock". Such feelings are perfectly normal, so, knowing this and with a bit of conscious effort, you will soon find yourself making adjustments (some quite subtle and perhaps not even noticeable at the conscious level) that will enable you to adapt to your new cultural environment.There is no clear-cut way of dealing with culture shock. Simply recognizing its existence and your accepting vulnerability to it is an important first step. As long as you know in advance that you will probably fall victim to culture shock at a certain level, you can prepare yourself psychologically to accept the temporary discomfort and turn it into an advantage by learning from it. Remember that you are not the only one experiencing occasional frustration, irritability, and depression, etc. Falling victim to culture shock, in other words, does not imply the existence of any psychological or emotional shortcomings on your part. As Robert Kohls says, "Culture shock is in some degree inevitable... and is the occupational hazard of overseas living through which one has to be willing to go through in order to enjoy the pleasures of experiencing other countries and cultures in depth."Undergoing culture shock is in itself a learning experience that you should take advantage of. It is a way of sensitizing you to another culture at a level that goes beyond the intellectual and the rational. Just as an athlete cannot get in shape without going through the uncomfortable conditioning stage, so you cannot fully appreciate the cultural differences that exist without first going through the uncomfortable stages of psychological adjustment.Non-verbal CommunicationIf anyone asked you what were the main means of communication between people, what would you say? That isn't catch question. The answer is simple and obvious. It would almost certainly refer to means of communication that involve the use of words. Speakers and listeners - oral communication, and writers and readers - written communication. And you'd be quite right. There is, however, another form of communication which we all use most of the time, usually without knowing it. This is sometimes called body language. Its more technical name is non-verbal communication. Nonverbal, because it does not involve the use of words. NVC for short.When someone is saying something with which he agrees, the average European will smile and nod approval. On the other hand, if you disagree with what they are saying, you may frown and shake your head. In this way you signal your reactions, and communicate them to the speaker without saying a word. I referred a moment ago to "the average European", because body language is very much tied to culture, and in order not to misunderstand, or not to be misunderstood, you must realize this. A smiling Chinese, for instance, may not be approving but somewhat embarrassed.Quite a lot of work is now being done on the subject of NVC, which is obviously important, for instance, to managers, who have to deal every day with their staff, and have to understand what other people are feeling if they are to create good working conditions. Body language, or NVC signals, are sometimes categorised into five kinds: 1. body and facial gestures; 2. eye contract; 3. Body contract or "proximity"; 4. clothing and physical appearance; and 5. the qualityof speech. I expect you understood all those, except perhaps "proximity." This simply means "closeness". In some cultures - and I am sure this is a cultural feature and not an individual one - it is quite normal for people to stand close together, or to more or less thrust their face into yours when they are talking to you. In other cultures, this is disliked; Americans, for instance, talk about invasion of their space.Some signals are probably common to all of us. If a public speaker (like a professor, for example) is all the time fiddling with a pencil, or with his glasses, while he is talking to you, he is telling you quite clearly that he is nervous. A person who holds a hand over his mouth when he is talking is signalling that he is lacking in confidence. If you start wriggling in your chairs, looking secretly at your watches or yawning behind your hands, I shall soon get the message that I'm boring you. And so on. I'm sure you could make a whole list of such signals - and it might be fun if you did.All the signals I have mentioned so far can be controlled. If you are aware that you are doing these things, you can stop. You can even learn to give false signals. Most public speakers are in fact nervous, but a godd speaker learns to hide this by giving off signals of confidence. Other kinds of NVC are not so easy to control. Eye contact, for instance. Unless you are confessing intense love, you hardly over look into someone else's eyes for very long. If you try it, you'll find they will soon look away, probably in embarrassment.I've already mentioned proximity, so just a brief word now about our last two categories, which concern the way people dress and the way they speak. These are both pretty obvious signals. People may dress casually and speak casually, which signals that they are relaxed. Or they can dress formally and speak formally, showing their tenseness. In fact, non-verbal communication can, as the saying goes, speak volumes.非语言的文字的交际假如现在有个人问你，什么是人与人之间的主要交际手段，那么你会说什么？这并不是一个能把人难住了的问题。
英语作文culture shock（中英文实用版）English:Culture shock is an inevitable experience for those who venture into the unknown realms of a different culture.It"s like a rollercoaster ride, filled with ups and downs, as one tries to navigate through the labyrinth of unfamiliar customs, traditions, and social norms.From the moment I stepped into the bustling streets of Tokyo, I was overwhelmed by the vibrant fusion of ancient rituals and futuristic technology.The politeness and formality in interactions took me by surprise, a stark contrast to the casual informality back home.Yet, amidst the chaos of cultural differences, lies the beauty of adaptation and growth, a journey that shapes one"s perspective and broadens their horizons.中文：文化冲击对于那些勇敢踏入不同文化领域的人来说是一种无法避免的经历。
这就像是一场过山车之旅，充满了起伏，因为一个人试图穿越充满陌生习俗、传统和社会规范的迷宫。
Culture shock is the term used to describe how people feel when they are exposed to an unfamiliar culture or way of life, and the feeling of disorientation and separateness they experience. It’s a condition that every international teacher feels in varying degrees, whether they’re new to teaching abroad or old hands at it.Luckily culture shock follows a fairly predictable cycle and there are a number of ways you can prepare for it and lessen the impact of it once you’ve made the move overseas.Unfortunately, when describing culture shock, it comes across as a negative thing to be avoided at all costs, and I’ve just told you it’s inevitable for anyone wanting to teach abroad. It’s important for you to remember that teaching overseas is an opportunity to explore other cultures and enjoy a better teaching environment. Yes, you will experience culture shock, but you can manage this and it’s not all bad!Factors that can contribute to culture shock are :* People speaking a different language, dialect or with an unfamiliar accent.* Dealing with a different currnecy, money that is a different colour, feel and value. Keeping track of exchange rates can become a tiresome chore when living abroad, so once you’ve received your first paycheck, don’t bother. Earn local, spend local!* People behaving in unfamiliar ways, even local customs can vary from one end of a country to another.* Spicy and/or unfamiliar food. You may need to substitute ‘like’ ingredients in your favourite recipes too.* People staring at you, if you are in a country where your skin colour or facial features stand out as being different, this will happen.On top of this you’ll be the new teacher in school, so the procedures and policies will be different to what you’re used to at home.Recognising culture shockRecognising culture shock for what it is and acknowledging whichstage you’re in is the first step to lessening the grip it has on you. For example, if you suddenly feel like you hate your new teaching job because of how hard it is to make the purchasing department understand what it is you’re trying to order, recognising this as an effect of culture shock can help you adjust your behaviour.When you first get to your new home you’ll feel happy to be there and everything you see or experience will be wonderful and new. This is the ‘honeymoon’ stage of culture shock and it feels great! It can last from several days to several months. This is the time where you’ll be sending loads of emails to your friend using words and phrases l ike ‘awesome’, ‘best decision I’ve ever made’, ‘don’t know why I didn’t do this years ago’. Recognise this stage of culture shock and enjoy it.Next comes the period of frustration, full of situations like the example above. When you sink into this part o f the cycle you’ll begin to dislike everything about your new home. It’ll be too hard, too smelly, too hot, too loud, and everything else ‘too’!This is also when homesickness could strike you with a vengeance. You may find yourself developing a hostile attitude towards everyone not of your own nationality and culture. Your old home will suddenly seem like the best place in the world and you may regret ever leaving it.Strategies to cope with the stress of culture shock1. Learn some of the local langu age before you leave home. You’ve signed a contract that means you’re going to be living in your host country for 1-2 years, learning the language will help you get around and make friends. Some great ways to learn the local language while you’re still at home…2. Take time to get used to the new time zone, the different weather and smells, sounds etc.3. Begin building friendships as soon as you arrive and meet the other new teachers. You’ll form a bond with these teachers in the first year especially b ecause they’ll be coping with culture shock as well. This will be your support group.4. Stay in touch with people you’ve left at home. In my most recent move I found the best medicine for the frustration phase was anemail from my old colleagues telling me how unsatisfied they were at my previous school.5. Cut yourself some slack. When you recognise the symptoms of culture shock, give yourself a break, watch a favourite movie, look at pictures from home, have a meal at your favourite restaurant. Revel i n the great things you’re experiencing in your new home so that you can put your frustration in perspective.Overcoming culture shockEach year, millions of people go abroad to work, study, or travel. It's a great way to find out what life is like in another part of the world! You're probably hoping to make new friends and learn about the culture in your host country - everything from attitudes and beliefs to social customs and popular foods. But constantly having to deal with new situations can be frustrating, even stressful.Homesickness, stress, fear, and confusion are all symptoms of"culture shock." It is a result of carrying out your everyday life in a way that you are not used to, as well as being far from familiar places and faces. At first, you may feel like getting on the plane and heading home. It's OK to have those feelings, but wait, hang in there! Following are some tips to help you handle the challenges that you will face...Don't expect to be perfect.You may feel frustrated that you have culture shock, especially since you probably spent so much time preparing for your trip. No matter how much information you read, or how well you speak the host language, it is natural to feel overwhelmed sometimes. Jet lag may also be a factor - if you are exhausted from travel as well as trying to adjust to a new time zone, you may not be ready to face a new environment. If you give yourself some time, things will gradually get easier.Have an open mind.While it's certainly OK to feel frustration or confusion in your new surroundings, try not to form an opinion about the new culture too soon. You may be quick to judge the food, manners and communication styles and as a result, you may want to do things theway you are used to. If you have this kind of attitude, you will probably avoid some of the very experiences that you came for. Your expectations as well as common cultural stereotypes will often be inaccurate. Don't think of the host culture as better or worse, just different - you'll be more willing to try new things.Participate.This is obvious, but everybody needs to be reminded. Just watching life go on around you isn't good enough - you really need to try things for yourself. Don't worry about making a mistake; people in your host country will generally be very understanding and willing to help if you have questions. If you are unsure of what to do in a formal setting, follow others' lead. Active participation in conversation is important, especially if you want to become fluent in the local language - your efforts will be appreciated!Talk about it.Don't forget about the organizations and people that are there to help you. For exchange students, your sponsoring agency will probably have a local volunteer who will be checking on you. Colleges and universities generally have offices that concentrate on the needs of international students and their families. Talk to members of yourhost family or friends that you've made there. All of these people will be happy to help, and will have lots of good advice since they've probably had other students with the same issues in the past. But you must be willing to discuss your concerns with them. You won't offend anyone, so be honest!Here's how one student dealt with being overseas: "When I first arrived I became homesick. I told my host family how I was feeling and made sure they understood that it was nothing they had done. Eva, the youngest of my three host sisters turned on Kasey Kasem?s America?s Top 40 weekly radio program. We spent an afternoon talking and listening to familiar music from home. It was so comforting. I soon recovered from my homesickness, which only lasted a couple of days, and thoroughly enjoyed my time over there."Keep in touch.Write letters or call your family regularly. Talking to someone familiar to you always makes you feel better, and they can encourage you when you're feeling homesick. A good idea is to make plans to call every week on the same day and time: for example, every Sunday at 7pm. That way, you'll never be disappointed that nobody is home to answer your call, and you'll have something to lookforward to each week. Ask your family to send photos in their letters to you, and to send you clippings from newspapers or magazines. Postcards are an easy way to keep your family informed of your travels. If you're going to be able to use email while you're abroad, you'll be able to keep in touch with lots of friends and family very inexpensively!Your study abroad experience is a unique and special time in your life, one that you'll never forget. If you follow our suggestions, you'll be able to handle it well, and have a wonderful time. Good luck!!How to overcome culture shockAfter arriving at your new university or college, the following suggestions may assist you in reducing the strain of culture shock:Be aware of the signs, including the physical symptoms.Soon after arriving, explore you immediate environment. Havingtaken advice on personal safety, walk around and get to know your neighbourhood. Create a mental map of your surroundings.Be courageous and introduce yourself to you neighbours. If you live in university accommodation, these are likely to be other students who feel just the way you do.Locate useful places such as the post office, the doctor’s surgery and the university welfare office so that you know where they are when you need them.Read a local newspaper and find out what the topical issues are. If you are well informed, you can hold conversations with British people without always feeling the outsider.If you are unsure of your English, boost your confidence by remembering that most British people do not speak a foreign language. Make an effort at improving your language skills by watching TV and listening to the radio. You institution may run free courses for international students.Take a break from studying and take part in social activities. Enquire about things like etiquette and dress code if you are at all unsure. Ask questions about social customs from people with whom you feel comfortable. You will always find someone who will assist you in finding out about life in Britain. This can be a two-way exchange, with you telling people about life in your home country.Keep in touch with your own culture. The univ ersity’s International Welfare Officer should know, for instance, where the nearest temples and mosques are and where you can buy the cookery ingredients that you are used to from home.Avoid mixing only with compatriots or other international students. Contact with British people allows you to adapt more quickly. By asking questions you have a point of contact when trying to make friends.A good way of meeting British people is to take part in a hosting scheme where British families invite international students into their homes for a meal, or a weekend stay. Ask the International Welfare Officer about this.Ask yourself which situations irritate or confuse you the most. Are you sure that you have always understood people’s reactions to you, or could it be that you misinterpreting their behaviour?Avoid comparing them and us, good and bad. Establishing why people behave the way they do and placing their behaviour in a social or economic context is more helpful.Help to reduce stress on your body by keeping fit physically.If you are feeling very low, talk to someone about it. This could be your fellow students, your landlord, or university staff such as theInternational Welfare Officer or Student Counsellor.Write down things you like and do not like. Can you change them? If not, perhaps you can find a way of living with them.And finally, remember that other students probably go through the same experiences as you do. Even British students have to adjust to living away from home.Adapting to a different climate, different social conventions and different cultural values can be a complex and sometimes painful process, but coming out at the other end is rewarding, enriching and definitely worth the effort!It is common to experience culture shock when living in a foreign country for an extended period of time. Culture shock is defined as the feeling of disorientation, insecurity, and anxiety one may feel in unfamiliar surroundings. Values, behaviors, and social customs we routinely take for granted may no longer serve us in our new environment. To adapt to a foreign culture and effectively manage culture shock, one should keep the following in mind: 1Keep an open mind. Do not automatically perceive anything that is differentto be "wrong" or"negative". Withholding judgment will allow you to be an objective observer and will facilitate the process of cross-cultural understanding.2Make an effort to learn the local language. This increases your communication skills and it helps you to integrate with the local community. It also demonstrates your interest in the new country.3Get acquainted with the social conduct of your new environment. Do not assume or interpret behavior from your own cultural perspective or "filter". Behavior is not data. For example, Americans often use the phrase "How are you?" to mean "hello" or "I acknowledge your presence as I pass you in the hall." A foreigner may wonder why Americans don't respond in detail to this question about one's well-being. Thus they may interpret the behavior of walking away before one has a chance to respond to the question to be "uncaring", "superficial" or even "rude". An American knows otherwise and would probably not be offended that someone did not take the time to respond to this question. Remember: If in doubt, check it out!4Do not take cultural familiarity or knowledge at face-value. Even as you become more savvy about rituals, customs and protocol in your new environment, be careful not to attribute an explanation orrationale to what you now believe you know. A little bit of knowledge can be misleading. Psychologist Geert Hofstede wrote that 'culture' is like an onion that can be peeled, layer by layer, to reveal the content.[1] It takes a long time to really understand a culture in its social and historical context.5Make sure you get to know people in your new environment. Respectfully ask questions, read newspapers, and attend a variety of festivals and events.6Try to achieve a sense of stability in your life. Establishing a routine will give you a feeling of safety.7Most importantly, maintain a sense of humor! Don't be too hard on yourself if you make a cultural gaffe or don't know what to do in a social situation. Laugh at yourself and others will laugh with you. Most individuals will admire your tenacity and effort to understand their ways, especially if you are devoid of judgment and cultural comparisons that subtly and perhaps unconsciously convey a veil of superiority.How to overcome a culture shockThe following are some suggested strategies to overcome the "cultural shock":Of course you will find hundreds of little concrete things that justify your miserable feelings, but try to distance yourself a little bit from all the small things to get the whole picture of what might be happening to you.Explain the people around you how you feel. Try first to solve your problems on the spot with the people concerned. Avoid emergency phone calls or letters to your close ones at home, you will unnecessarily worry them and by the time they answer, the situation might already have completely changed. Writing a diary can be very helpful to clarify your thoughts. If the problems persist you should try to dialogue with the host organisation and if this does not change the situation, your last initiative should be to inform your sending organisation so that a solution can be sought.Try to share some elements of your culture with the people around you:cook for them, organise an evening about something that you find interesting about your country. (e.g.: cultural traditions, the situation of young people, the educational, political or economical system, etc.)Try not to judge. Even if it sounds trivial try to tell yourself: It is not better, it is not worse, it is just different! Keep in mind that your way of experiencing things might be different from the way the people you meet look at it. All through our lives we receive a lot of influences from the people around us, making each of us a specific person. To learn more about the issue, click here.It can be helpful to change air for a few days in order to look at everything from a distance in a more relaxed way. However do not run away from your problems. If you want your host country to become your second home, you should think of investing more time in the building of human relations in one place.After you have recovered from this difficult period, things can only get better! You now have a chance to really deepen your friendships and to gain real insight into the life in your host country. You will probably find that many of your first interpretations and impressions were incomplete and superficial and the real discovery of the daily life begins. Intercultural learning is an adventure which provides many obstacles, but at the same time if you really allow it to happen, it will turn into one of the most enriching experiences of your life!How to overcome culture shockSome good ways to successfully minimize and overcome culture shock are to read about the place where you will be staying and the things you will be doing, also, if possible, speak with someone already living in the new environment.Once you are there, keep in mind that people and customs may be very different from what you are used to. Having realistic expectations and realizing that difficulties and misunderstandings may occur will help you keep a cool head when they do, and keeping an open mind will allow you to find solutions to those problems that may arise.When possible interact with the local population. Don't succumb to the temptation to isolate yourself, even if it is within a group of compatriots. Locals will generally be pleased to introduce you to their culture and willing to answer questions. Don't be afraid of making mistakes. When you are eager to learn people are usuallymore than willing to meet you half-way and learn from you in turn.Find ways to keep in touch with family and friends at home. Sometimes you just need to talk with someone who fully understands who you are and feels that your way of being is not strange, or rude. Keeping in touch also makes the homecoming process much easier.。
Unit 20 Culture ShockKalvero Oberg1 Culture shock might be called an occupational disease of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. Like most ailments, it has its own symptoms and cure.文化冲击又叫人们移居国外的职业病。
像大多数小病一样，它也有自己的症状和治疗方法。
2 Culture shock is precipitated by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse. Those signs or cues include the thousand and one ways in which we orient ourselves to the situation of daily life: when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to make purchases, when to accept and when to refuse invitations* when to take statements seriously and when not. These cues, which may be words, gestures, facial expressions, customs, or norms, are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept. All of us depend for our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues, most of which we do not carry on the level of conscious awareness.文化冲击是焦虑产生的，这种焦虑是由于丧失了指导我们进行社交的熟悉的信号和符号。
这些信号和暗示包含了许许多多使我们适应日常生活情况的方法：何时握手，当我们见到人时说什么，何时怎样给小费，怎样购物，何时接受何时拒绝邀请，何时把别人的话当真，何时不。
这些暗示也许是词语，手势，面部表情，风俗习惯或者规范，这些都是我们在成长过程中学习得来的，它们跟我们所讲的语言，所接受的信条一样，是我们文化的一部分。
我们所有人都依靠这些暗示来获得平静的心情以及高效的生活，而这些暗示的大多数并不是有意识地记住的。
3 Now when an individual enters a strange culture, all or most of these familiar cues are removed. He or she is like a fish out of water. No matter how broad- minded or full of goodwill you may be, a series of props have been knocked from under you, followed by a feeling of frustration and anxiety. People react to the frustration in much the same way. First they reject the environment which causes the discomfort. “The ways of the host country are bad because they make us feel bad." When foreigners in a strange land get together to grouse about the host country and its people, you can be sure they are suffering from culture shock. Another phase of culture shock is regression. The home environment suddenly assumes a tremendous importance. To the fore18ner everything becomes irrationally glorified. All the difficulties and problems areforgotten and only the good things back home are remembered. It usually takes a trip home to bring one back to reality.当一个人进入一个陌生的文化，所有或大多数的暗示消失了。
他或她像是离开水的鱼。
不管你是多么心胸开阔或者充满友善，你的一系列精神支柱从你身下被抽走，随之而来的是挫败感和焦虑。
人们对焦虑的反应大都是相同的方式。
首先，他们抵制引起不适的环境。
“东道国的习俗不好，因为他们让我感到很糟糕。
”当生活在异国他乡的外国人聚到一起抱怨东道国和它的子民时，你可以确定他们正在遭受文化冲击带来的痛苦。
另一个文化冲击的阶段是回归。
家庭环境突然变得极为重要。
对外国人来说，家中的一切都被不合逻辑的美化了。
所有的困难和问题都将被遗忘，只记得家中美好的事情。
这通常需要回家一趟，才能把他们带回现实中来。
4 Some of the symptoms of culture shock arc excessive washing of the hands, excessive concern over drinking water, food dishes, and bedding; fear of physical contact with attendants, the absent-minded stare; a feeling of helplessness and a desire for dependence on long term residents of one's own nationality; fits of anger over minor frustrations; great concern over minor pains and eruptions of the skin; and finally, that terrible longing to be back home.文化冲击的一些症状是过多的洗手，过多担心饮用水，食物，和床具；害怕亲自与服务员接触，心不在焉的眼神；无助的感觉和渴望依靠来自本国的长期居住者；因为一点点挫折大动肝火；对轻微疼痛和皮疹的担心；最后，极为渴望回家。
5 Individuals differ greatly in the degrees in which culture shock affects them. Although not common, there are individuals who cannot live in foreign countries. However; those who have seen people go through culture shock and on to a satisfactory adjustment can discern steps in the process. During the first few weeks most individuals are fascinated by the new. They stay in hotels and associate with nationals who speak their 1anguage and are polite and gracious to foreigners. This honeymoon stage may last from a few days or weeks to six months, depending on circumstances. If one is very important, he or she will be shown the show places, will be pampcred and petted, and in a press interview will speak glowingly about goodwill and international friendship.个人受文化冲击的程度大不相同。
尽管这样的现象不普遍，但确实有人不能生活在国外。
然而，那些看过人们经历文化冲击到令人满意的适应过程的人，却能辨认出该过程的各个阶段。
在最初的几个星期，大多数人都被新鲜感感到着迷。
他们待在酒店里，与讲自己国家语言的人交往，并且对外国人礼貌和善。
这个蜜月期将持续几天或者几个星期到6个月，依情况而定。
如果这个人是重要人物，他将会被安排游览胜地，受到纵容和宠爱，在新闻采访中，他会热情洋溢地谈论友善和国际友谊。
6 But this mentality does not normally last if the foreign visitors remains abroad and has seriously to cope with real conditions of life. It is then that the second stage begins, characterized by a hostile and aggressive attitude towardthe host country. This hostility evidently grows out of the genuine difficulty which the visitor experiences in the process of adjustment. There are house troubles, transportation troubles, shopping troubles, and the fact that people in the host country are largely indifferent to all these troubles. .They help, but they don't understand your great concern over these difficulties. Therefore, they must be insensitive and unsympathetic to you and your worries. The result, “I just don't like them.” You become aggressive, you band together with others from your country and criticize the host country, its ways, and its people. But this criticism is not an objective appraisal. Instead of trying to account for the conditions and the historical circumstances which have created them, you talk as if the difficulties you experience are more or less created by the people of the host country for your special discomfort.但是这种精神状态不会持续，如果外国造访者仍然留在国外，并且开始认真地对待真实的生活状况。
