2007_Development of an automatic design algorithm for multi-stage gear drives with applications

Future Internet: The Internet of ThingsLu Tan Computer Science and Technology DepartmentEast China Normal UniversityShanghai, ChinaEmail: jackytan217@ Abstract. Nowadays, the main communication form on theInternet is human-human. But it is foreseeable that in a nearsoon that any object will have a unique way of identificationand can be addressed so that every object can be connected.The Internet will become to the Internet of Things. Thecommunicate forms will expand from human-human tohuman-human, human-thing and thing-thing (also calledM2M).This will bring a new ubiquitous computing andcommunication era and change people's life extremely. RadioFrequency Identification techniques (RFID) and relatedidentification technologies will be the cornerstones of theupcoming Internet of Things (IOT).This paper aims to show askeleton of the Internet of Things and we try to address someessential issues of the Internet of Things like its architectureand the interoperability, etc. At the beginning we describe anoverview of the Internet of Things. Then we give ourarchitecture design proposal of the Internet of Things and thenwe design a specific the Internet of Things application modelwhich can apply to automatic facilities management in thesmart campus. At last, we discuss some open questions aboutthe Internet of Things.Keywords-Internet 0/ Things; M2M; RFID; ubiqutiouscomputing; smart campus; automatic/acilities management. I. INTRODUCTIONTo date, the vast majority of Internet connectionsworldwide are devices used directly by humans, such ascomputers and mobile handsets. The main communicationform is human-human. In a not distant future, every objectcan be connected. Things can exchange information bythemselves and the number of "things" connected to theinternet will be much larger than the number of "people" andhumans may become the minority of generators andreceivers of traffic [I). We mix the physical world andinformation world together. The future is not going to bepeople talking to people; it's not going to be peopleaccessing information. It's going to be about using machinesto talk to other machines on behalf of people. We areentering a new era of ubiquity, we are entering the Internet ofThings era in which new forms of communication betweenhuman and things, and between things themselves will berealized. A new dimension has been added to the world ofinformation and communication technologies: from anytime,any place connectivity for anyone, we will have connectivityfor anything [2]. Fig.l shows this new dimension. Neng WangComputer Science and Technology Department East China Normal University Shanghai, China Email: nwang@• O n the roo v e • O utdoo r s a i n door s • Nghl • O n t he roo v e 'Dayt i me • O utdoo r s • I n do o r s f r om the PC) • AI the PC Figure 1. A new dimensionThere is no standard identification of "Internet of Things". Considering the functionality and identity as central it is reasonable to define the loT as "Things have identities and virtual personalities operating in smart spaces using intelligent interfaces to connect and communicate within social, environment, and user contexts". A different definition that puts the focus on the seamless integration could be formulated as "Interconnected objects having an active role in what might be called Future Internet" [3). A. Main Technologiesfor the Internet of Things The Internet of Things is a technological revolution that represents the future of computing and communications, and its development needs the support from some innovational technologies. Radio frequency identification (RFID) is seen as one of the pivotal enablers of the Internet of Things. Objects should be indentified so that they could be connected. RFID, which use radio waves to identifY items, can provide this function [4]. Sometimes RFID has been labeled as a replacement of bar code, but RFIO system can do much more than that. In addition to identifY items it also can track items in real-time to get important information about their location and status. RFID has already had some valuable applications in retail,health-care, facilities management [5], etc. A mature RFIDtechnology provides a strong support for the Internet of Things.One of the biggest breakthroughs of the Internet of Things is making the physical world and information world together. Sensors play a very important role to bridge the gap between the physical world and information world. Sensors collect data from their environment, generating information raising awareness about context. So the change � of t �eir environment can be monitored and the correspondIng thIngs can make some responses if needed [6].Nanotechnology and miniaturization can make embedded intelligence in things themselves which called smart dev .i �es. They can process information, self-configure, make . deCls �on independently, just until then there will be a real thIng-thIng communication.B. Trends From a long perspective, the development trend of the Internet of Things includes three steps: embedded intelligence, connectivity, interaction.Firstly, we have embedded intelligences which can do actions automatically. There already have been many applications, for example: the RFID tag embedded in food can record the information about the food and we can get the information by using a RFID reader; the washing machine controller can make washing machine complete its work automatically; engine controllers and antilock b �ake controllers for automobiles; inertial guidance system, flIght control hardware/software and other integrated systems in aircraft and missiles; artificial arms with semi-functional hands, etc[7]. Though all of those devices are intelligent, we can see that they only work alone and locally, there's nothing to do with "network".So the next step is making every smart device can be connected. From the smart connected devices viewpoint, smart devices are not smart because they are just endowed with agent capabilities and all the actions are pre-designed by human, they are smart because they are connected. Things can be connected wired or wirelessly. In the Internet of Things wireless connection will to be the main way. Base on the existed infrastructure, there are many ways to connect a thing: RFID, ZigBee, WPAN, WSN, DSL, UMTS, GPRS, WiFi, WiMax, LAN, WAN, 3G, etc. Connect smart things makes interaction possible.Even though we can connect anything does not mean things can communicate by themselves. So new smart things should be created which can process information, self­configure, self-maintain, self-repair, make independent decision, eventually even play an active role in their own disposal. Things can interact, they exchange information by themselves. So the form of communication will change from human-human to human-thing to thing-thing. As the Internet of Things is application driven, new business applications should be created which can improve the innovation and development of the Internet of Things [8].Fig.2 shows a rough development trend of the Internet of Things [9]. TecIvloiogy Reach TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP THE INTERNET O F THINGS Miniilturiz::rti o o, power. effie ent electronics: ar.d Soti'.�71rA a!JAA l i; ::In!1 advar.:ed sensor fu s o n av a i 'a bIB speClrum r.eoper,tio, and t.,pr�"nC8: Abii� ro manitor and control ds�nl obI<ds .Ab�jlyof P hys ic a l-Wor l d inDoors to recerJe Webgeoloc3tioosi�nals L"",lillY �eupk 'lid Cost reduct olllcLldinaa Ubiquitous Positionin g to diffusion nto 200 Wi1ve of applicatil)'rS Surveilance, security, h l!"l!lK:;m!.II;Ul s l lI l�, 1oocJ,,1.'y, """m enl Ocrn3l"<l'orcxpc<li:ed t.Qistics V8rtica ..:\4ark91 Applicafions RFIDIag.,or IJCiilatingrouting, invcnl OfYing , and loss p'evenloo SJpply.Choin Hdpcrs21100 2010 Figure 2. Trend of the Internet of Things II. ARCHITECTURE 2020 TilJlH Current Internet has a five-layered architecture, running with TCP/IP protocols, which has worked well for a long time. However, in the Internet of Things billions of objects are connected which will create much larger traffic and need much more data storages. In addition to these, there still have some other challenges like security, governance, etc. But today's Internet was designed in the 1970s for purposes that bear little resemblance to today's usage scenarios and related traffic patterns. Mismatches between original design and current utilization are now beginning to hamper the Internet's potential. In the BLED Declaration [10] and other supporting statements, they all point out this point. So it is reasonable and essential to design a new architecture for the Internet of Things. . Redesign a new architecture is a very complex proJect, which needs consider many factors like reliability, scalability, modularity, interoperability, interface, QoS, etc. About the architecture design of the Internet of Things, service-oriented architecture (SOA), exploiting integration with Internet and interfacing with wide ranging edge technologies and associated networks is a key objective. For this objective, we should consider embracing a fully inclusive range of "edge" technologies, including RFIO for interfacing with the physical world; exploiting evolving object-connected data capture technologies and networking capabilities-sensory, location local communication and security; integration with the evo l ving Internet and some other technique issues. In addition to these, we should also view the needs for governance, QoS, security, privacy and other socio­economic issues. Anthony Furness gives us a proposal about the .Internet of Things' architecture [11]. Fig.3, FigA are from thIS proposaland they show us the Internet of Things with different level of edge technologies.Pass i ve RFID datacarr i ers and UIDPhysicalin t erface zone I nterroga t or IGatewaydevice I nterroga t or IGatewaydevice A pp li cation commandsand r es pon s es Wider area communicationsand NetworksFigure 3. Internet of Things-at its most basic leveldata Sensory dataPhysicalinterface zoneFurther l aye r s of Data Capture TechnologyIHost Gate wayInformation Wide r area dev i ce communicationsand Networks Figure 4. Internet of Things-including RFID and other edgetechnologiesThen he gives the architecture of the Internet of Things he has designed. Fig.5Network­supported servicesEdge ·techno l ogy data capture and NetworksF i xed and mobile commun i c a t i on protocols Applications layer Middleware Access Gateway layerFigure 5. Architecture of the Internet of ThingsThis is a good proposal which has given us a rough solution of the Internet of Things' architecture. But there still are some further important issues we should think about carefully. The first is if every object is connected and things can exchange information by themselves, then the traffic and storages in the network will increase very rapidly with an exponential way. Does today's Internet really can bear this? Do we need a new backbone? Connecting every object andmake them can communicate independently is a very attractive vision, and yes we can imagine many cases in future that a thing needs to "talk" to another thing, but is it real necessary that an object "talks" to all the other objects? Why a toothbrush needs to "talk" to a fridge? In fact, the main connections of an object are with those objects which are in the same the Internet of Things application system as it. And it is could be seen that the Internet of Things is made up of many the Internet of Things application systems. From this point of view, we can have a new seeing of the Internet of Things. Fi .6 shows us this new view oint. Figure 6. Internet of ThingsThe Backbone Network may be today's Internet, may be not or may be its expansion.Now the Internet of Things' application situation is there already have been many applications like EPC Global, sma;t hospital and so on which seem work well. But the problem IS these application systems work alone, a�d even thou�h I mentioned before that today an object maInly commUnIcate with another object who is in the same application system, but there's no doubt that the technical future is connecting every application system and with the gro.wth of the I�te';1et of Things the communication between dIfferent apphcatlO� systems will become more and more frequently for theIr collaboration. But as the lack of global standards, they may have used different standards and technologies, so the interoperability is a problem. Only if we can solve the interoperability problem we can have a re�1 the Intern.et of Things. The authors come up with a solutIon that addIng a Coordination Layer into the Internet of Things' architecture design. The coordination layer responses to process the structure of packages from different application systems and reassemble them to an unified structure which can be identified and processed by every application system. Of course if the standards of the Internet of Things are completed then the systems which based on the standa!ds will have no problem in interoperability, this problem eXIsts between the existed application systems and the new deployed systems, and between the existed ap�lication systems themselves. Based on all above, we . gIve .our architecture design proposal of the Internet of ThIngs.Flg.7 shows our design.Application LayerMiddleware LayerCoordination LayerBackbone Network LayerExisted aloneAccess LayerApplicationSystemEdge TechnologyLayerFigure 7. The Internet of Things' ArchitectureIII. A THE INTERNET OF THINGS APPLICATION INCOLLEGEThe Internet of Things is not a theory, it's an application technology which our life can benefit fro�. I� fact, in a I�ngterm the value of the internet of things eXIsts In some speCIfic application. Specific application solutions will be one of themost important engines of the innovation and development of the Internet of Things. it's application driven. Currently, there already have some successful appli�ations in different fields like retail, food, logistics, transportatIOn, etc.So far we have mentioned so many stuffs about the Internet of Th i ngs, but what a real the Inte�et of Thin?s �pplication system like? Here the authors desIgn an apphcatIo� modelfor the college campus facilities management USIng the Internet of Things technology and take it as an example toshow what a real the Internet of Things like and how it can benefit our life.In the college campus, there are many buildings, e.g. teaching buildings, office buildings, library; dinnin� h�lIs, etc. Almost every building has its own heatIng, ventIlatIng, air condition systems (HV A C) and elevator system, those devices should be managed and maintained but it's not easy to make this job well done. Now we can use the Inte';1et �f Things technology in campus facilities manage�ent. Flg.S �s the architecture of this pilot project we have desIgned for thiS kind of facilities management.InformationWorldSolid lines --Data FlowDashed lines --Control FlowBuilding Facilities Control SystemCommunication ManagerWi-FiCommunication ManagerFigure 8. Architecture for Facilities Management We deploy enough number of RFID tags in the building which can monitor the HVAC and elevators' behavior, collect information, sense the change of their environment。

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FROSTFruit FRUTFruit/Vegetable FAV Fully FULL Fumigation FUMGTN Function FCTN Function FUNC Functional FUNCFunding FUNDFungus FNGSWORD ABBREVIATIONFurnish FURNSFuture FTRFuture FUTGallon GALGarlic GARLGarlic GRLCGarnish GRNS Garnished GRNS Garnishment GRNS Gender GNDRGeneral GENGenerate GNRT Generated GEN Generated GNRT Genus GENUS Geographic GEOGlobal GLBL Glucosinolate GLCO Government GOVT Government GVTGrade GRDGradual GRAD Graduated GRAD Graduation GRADGrain GRN Grandparent GPRNT Granted GRANTGraph GRPHGrass GRASGrayness GRAYGraze GRZGrazed GRZGrazing GRAZGrazing GRZGreat GREATGreater GRTGreen GRNGregorian GREGGross GRGroup GRPGrouping GRPGrowth GRWGuarantee GUAR Guaranteed GUARWORD ABBREVIATIONGuarantor GUAR Guardian GRDN Guardian GUARDNHabit HABITHabital HABITHabitat HBT Handbook HDBK Handicap HANDCP Handicap HCP Handicapped HCP Handle HNDLHandled HNDL Handling HNDL Handoff HDOF Hardware HWHarvest HARVHarvest HVST Harvested HVST Hazard HZRDHeader HDRHeader HEAD Headquarters HDQ Headquarters HQ Hearing HEARHeater HEATHedging HEDGHeight HGTHeight HTHighest HIGHHighly HIGHHispanic HSPC Hispanic HSPNC Historical HIST History HISTHolder HLDRHoliday HLDYHoliday HOLHoney HNYHopper HOPRHopper HOPRHours HRSHousehold HSHL Household HSHLD Housing HSGWORD ABBREVIATIONHubzone HBZNHuman HUMANHumidity HUMID Hundredweight CWT Hybrid HYBRD Hydrologic HYDRO Hydrological HYDRO Hydrology HYDRO Identification ID Identified IDIdentifier IDIdentity IDImage IMGImmediate IMDT Immediate IMMED Imminent IMNTImpact IMPCImplement IMPL Implement IMPLMNT Implementation IMPL Implementation IMPLMNT Implemented IMPL Import IMPT Importance IMPT Importer IMPTImporter IMPT Improved IPRV Inaccurate INAC Inactive IACTV Inbound INBDIncentive INCTV Included INCLInclusive INCLIncome INCM Incompetent ICMP Incompetent INCOMPIncomplete ICPLT Inconspicuous ICSPC Inconspicuous INCNSPC Incorrect ICOR Increase INCR Increase INCR Increment INCMT Increment INCRMTWORD ABBREVIATIONIncumbency ICMB Incurred INCUR Indebted INDEBT Indebtedness INDEBT Indemnity IDMTY Independent INDP Index IDXIndex INDXIndian INDIndicator INDIndirect IDIR Individual INDIV Individual INDV Industrial IDST Industrial INDUST Industry IDST Ineligible IELG Ineligible INELIG Infested INFS Information INFO Inherited INHRT Inhouse IHSInitial INIT Initialization INIT Initials INITInitiate INITInitiate INIInitiation INIT Initiator INITInland INLDInlieu INLUInput IPInput IPUTInquiry INQInsect ISCTInsert INSRTInserted INSRTInside INSDInspect INSP Inspection INSP Inspector INSPInstall INSTAL Installation INSTAL Installation ISTLWORD ABBREVIATIONInstalled ISTL Installment INSTAL Installment ISTL Instance INSTC Institution INST Instore ISTR Instruction ISTR Instrument INSTR Insufficient ISFC Insurable INSB Insurance INS Insurance INSInsured INSInteger INT Integrated INTG Intended INTN Intention INTN Intercom ITCMInterest INT Interface INTFC Interface IRFInterim INTRMInterim ITRM Intermediate INTMD Intermodal INTMD Internal INTL Interrupt INTRPT Interval INTRVL Interval INTVL Intervene ITVN Intervening ITVN Intitiated INITInvalid INVLDInvalid IVLD Inventory INV Inventory INVN Investment INVST Invitation INVTInvite INVTInvoice INVInvoice INVC Involuntary INVOLUNT Involve INVLInvolved INVLWORD ABBREVIATIONInvolvement INVL Iodine IIrrevocable IRVC Irrigated IRR Irrigation IRR Islander ISL Issuance ISUIssue ISSIssue ISUIssued ISSIterate ITRTIteration ITRT January JANJoint JNTJournal JRNL Judgement JDG Judgement JGMNT Julian JULJulian JULNJuly JULJunction JCTJune JUNJustification JUST Justify JUSTKernel KRNL Keystroke KSTRK Kilobyte KBKilogram KG Kilosegment KSGMT Knowledge KNWLGLabel LBLLabor LBRLandlord LLRD Language LANGLarge LRGLateral LTRLLatino LTNLatitude LATDLawyer LWYRLayout LYOTLeach LCHLease LSELeave LVLedger LDGRWORD ABBREVIATIONLegacy LGCYLegal LGLLegislation LEGIS Lender LNDRLength LGTHLessee LSEELessor LSORLetter LTRLevel LVLLiability LIALiability LIBLTY Library LIBLicense LICLicensed LIC Lienholder LHLDR Lifespan LFSPLimit LMTLimitation LMT Limited LTDLinkage LNKLiquid LIQLiquidate LIQ Liquidated LQD Liquidation LQDList LSTListing LISTLitigate LTGT Litigated LTGTLitigation LTGT Livestock LVSTK Livestock LVSTOCK Liveweight LIVEWT Liveweight LVWT Loaded LOADLoading LOADLoadout LDOTLoaned LOANLocal LCLLocation LOCLocator LOCLocked LOCKLodging LDGLogical LOGLogical LOGCLWORD ABBREVIATIONLogin LOGINLogon LOGON Longitude LGTD Losses LOSSLower LOWLowest LOWLumber LMBRMachine MACHMacro MACMagnetic MAGMailed MAILMailing MAIL Mainframe MFRM Maintenance MAINT Maintenance MNT Major MAJMaker MAKEMalting MALT Managed MNG Management MGMT Management MGT Manager MGR Mandatory MAND Mandatory MNDManual MNL Manufacture MFRManufacturer MFR March MARMargin MRGNMarginal MARGN Marginal MRGNMarital MRTLMarket MKTMarketing MKT Maryland MDMass MSMaster MSTMatch MTCHMaterial MTRLMatter MTRMature MATRMature MTRMaturity MTRTYWORD ABBREVIATIONMaximum MAXMay MAYMeasure MEAS Measured MEAS Measurement MEAS Mechanism MECHMedia MEDIAMedian MDNMediation MDT Medium MEDMeeting MTG Megabyte MBMember MBRMember MEMBMemory MEMMerge MERGMerger MRGMerit MRTMessage MSGMeter MTRMethod MTHDMetric MTRC Microcode MICRO Micronaire MCRN Middle MIDMidterm MTERM Migrated MIGR Migration MIGR Mileage MLGMilitary MILMinimal MINMinimum MINMinimum MINIMinor MNRMinority MINRTY Minority MNRMinute MINMinute MNMisaction MACTN Miscellaneous MISC Missed MISSMissing MISSMissing MSNG Mitigation MITGWORD ABBREVIATIONMixed MIXMixture MIXModel MDLModem MDM Modification MOD Modified MODModifier MODModify MODModule MDLModule MODMohair MOHRMoisture MST Monetize MNTZMoney MNYMoney MNYMonth MOMonthly MOMortal MRTLMortgage MORTMotor MTRMount MTMove MOVEMoved MOVEMoving MOVEMudslide MSLDMultiple MULT Multiplier MULT Mustard MSTRDMusty MSTYNafec NAFName NMName NMENation NATNational NATNational NTL Nationwide NATNative NTVNatural NTRLNearest NEARNegative NEG Negotiable NGT Negotiate NGT Negotiation NGT Network NTWKWORD ABBREVIATIONNext NXTNickname NKNMNight NGHTNightly NGHTNitrogen NNoise NOISENon Operational NOPER Nonaction NACTN Nonagricultural NAG Nonallocated NALOC Noncapitalized NCPTL Noncash NCASH Noncompliance NCMPL Nonconcurrence NCNCR Nonessential NESNL Nonestablished NESTB Nongrazing NGRZ Nonguaranteed NGUAR Nonharvested NHARV Noninspected NINSP Nonirrigated NINonirrigation NI Nonoil NOIL Nonoperational NOPER Nonparticipating NP Nonpayment NPYMT Nonpossession NPSN Nonprocurement NPCMT Nonprofit NPRFT Nonprogram NPGM Nonproven NPRV Nonquota NQTA Nonresident NRES Nonsovereign NSVRN Nonstandard NSTD Normal NORMNotation NOTENotice NTCE Notification NOTIFY Notification NTFY Notified NTFYNotify NTFY November NOVNoxious NOXWORD ABBREVIATIONNuclear NUCLR Number NBRNumber NUMNumerator NMRTR Numeric NUMNursery NURSObject OBJ Objectionable OBJ Objectionable OBJBLE Objective OBJ Obligate OBL Obligated OBL Obligation OBL Obligor OBLGR Observation OBS Obsolete OBSLT Occupancy OCPY Occupation OCC Occupation OCCPOccupational OCCP Occur OCCOccurrence OCC Occurrence OCR Ocean OCNOctober OCTOffer OFROfferor OFROffice OFCOfficer OFCOfficial OFCLOffload OFLDOffset OFSTOilseed OILOnboard ONBRD Onhand OHNDOpen OPNOpened OPENOpening OPENOperate OPOperating OPER Operation OP Operation OPER Operator OPER Operator OPRWORD ABBREVIATIONOppose OPOSOpposing OPOS Optimum OPTMOption OPTOptional OPTOrchard ORCHOrder ORDOrdered ORDOrdering ORD Organization ORG Organizational ORG Organized ORGOrient ORNT Orientation ORNT Oriented ORNTOrigin ORGNOriginal ORGNOriginating ORGN Origination ORGN Originator ORGNOther OTOutage OUTGOutbound OTBD Outcome OTCM Outgoing OTGOOutlay OTLYOutput OPUTOutside OSID Outstanding OTSD Outstanding OUTSTD Over OVROverall OVRL Overdisbursement OVDB Overdue OVRDOverflow OFLW Overflow OVROverlay OVLY Overmarket OVRMKT Overmarketed OMKT Overpaid OVPD Overpayment OPYMT Overpayment OVRPYMT Override OVRIDE Override OVRRDWORD ABBREVIATIONOverstate OVRST Overstated OVST Overtime OVRTIME Overtime OVTM Overweight OVWT Overwrite OVWRT Owned OWNOwner OWNROwnership OWNR Ownership OWNSHP Owning OWNPackage PKG Packaging PKGPacked PACKPacked PKDPacket PKTPairing PAIR Palatability PALAT Panel PNLPaper PAPRParagraph PARA Parameter PARMParcel PRCLParent PRNTParity PRTYPartial PARTLPartial PTLPartially PTL Participant PARTIC Participant PTCP Participated PTCP Participating PARTIC Participating PTCP Participation PTCP Partner PARTNPartner PTNR Partnership PARTN Partnership PTNR Party PRTYParty PTYPassword PSWRD Password PWDPasture PSTR Pastureland PASTRLNDWORD ABBREVIATIONPastureland PSLD Patch PTCHPattern PATRNPattern PTRNPayable PYPayable PYBLPayee PYEPayer PYRPayment PYMTPayoff PYOFPayroll PAYRPayroll PYRLPeanut PNUTPecan PCNPenalty PENTYPenalty PNLPending PENDPercent PCT Percentage PCT Perennial PRNL Perfected PFCT Perforate PERF Perform PERF Performance PERF Performance PRFM Performed PRFMPeriod PERIPeriod PRD Permanent PERM Permission PMSN Permit PMITPermitted PERM Permitted PMIT Perpetual PRPT Person PERSPerson PRSNPersonal PERS Personal PRSN Personnel PERS Personnel PRSNPhase PHSEPhone PHNPhotograph PHOTO Photograph PHTOWORD ABBREVIATIONPhysical PHYPicture PICPilot PLTPlace PLPlane PLNEPlanned PLNPlanning PLNPlant PLNTPlanted PLNTPlanting PLNTPlate PLTPlatform PFRMPledge PLDGPlump PLMPPlump PLMPPlywood PLYWDPoint PNTPoint PTPointer PTPolicy PLCYPolicy POLCYPollution PLTN Pollution POLUTN Polyline PLYLN Pooling POOL Population POP Population POPLTN Portfolio PTFLO Portion PRTNPosition POSPosition PSTN Positive POS Possession PSN Postage PSTGPostal POSTPosting POST Postmark PSMK Potential POT Potential POTNT Poultry PLTPoultry PULTPound LBPounds LBPower PWRWORD ABBREVIATIONPowered PWRPractice PRAC Preapplication PRAPP Precipitation PRECIP Precision PRCS Predecessor PRDCSR Predicted PRED Predominant PDMNT Preference PREFPreference PREFD Preferred PREFD Prefix PFXPrefix PRE Prehearing PHEAR Preliminary PRELIM Preliminary PRLM Premium PREMPrepaid PPD Preparation PREP Preparation PRPARTN Prepare PREPPrepare PRPRD Preposition PPSTN Preprocess PPROC Prerequisite PRQS Present PRES Preserve PSRV Preserved PRSVPress PRSPrevent PRVNT Prevented PVNT Preventive PVNT Preview PRVW Previous PREV Previous PRVPrice PRCPricing PRCPrimary PRIMPrime PRIMPrincipal PRIN Principal PRN Principle PNPL Principle PRINPrint PRNTWORD ABBREVIATIONPrinted PRNTPrinter PRNTPrinting PRNTPrior PRPriority PRTYPrivate PVTPrivilege PVLGProbation PROB Problem PROB Procedure PROC Procedure PROCD Proceed PRCDProceed PROCD Process PROC Processed PROC Processing PROC Procurement PCMT Produce PRODR Producer PRDR Producer PRODR Product PRODProduct PRODT Production PROD Production PRODT Productivity PRODT Profile PRFLProfit PRFTProgram PGMProgress PROGProject PRJProjected PRJ Projected PROJ Projection PRJ Promissory PRMS Promote PROM Promotion PRMT Prompt PRMPTPrompt PRMT Propagated PRPG Property PROP Proposed PRPS Prorated PRRT Proration PRRTWORD ABBREVIATIONProtected PRTC Protection PROTECT Protection PRTC Protein PROTProtein PRTN。

目录前言 (2)FOREWORD (3)前言 (3)1 SCOPE (3)1 范围 (3)2 REFERENCES (3)2 参考书目 (3)3 DEFINITIONS (4)3 定义 (4)4 TESTS (4)4 试验 (4)REFERENCE SECTION (6)参考标准 (6)机械未经许可的启动或移动SAE J1145— Emissi ons Termino logy and Nome nclature SAE J1145-排放物定义和术语4.1 FMVSS05/75, CMVSS05—强制性要求对于所有自动变速器驻车装置关联部分（包括冲击屏障试验）•4.2 Ratchet test is con ducted:4.2棘齿试验规范：a. To assure ratchet above a target speed.a. 确保棘齿超过一个目标速度.b. To assure en gageme nt.b. 确保接合.c. As an "abuse" test.c. 一次非正常使用条件下的试验.d. As in dicated in Table 1.d.简要的说明见表1.TABLE 1— RATCHET TEST, CURRENT INDUSTRY PRACTICE表1 —棘齿试验，当前行业惯例4.3汽车驶离路边试验规范：a. To assure pull out capable.a. 确保汽车驶离路边是有可能的.b. To assure en gageme nt at or below targeted en gageme nt speed.b. 确保接合时在目标速度之上或之下.c. As in dicated in Table 2.c.简要的说明见表2.TABLE 2- PULL OUT EFFORT TEST, CURRENT INDUSTRY PRACTICE表2—汽车驶离路边试验，当前行业惯例4.4 Other tests are con ducted as determ ined by the manu facturer to satisfy unique or specific con diti ons.4.4其它的试验是由制造商定义的，满意的唯一的或特殊的条件。

2007年专四答案解析PART I DICTATIONAdvertisingAdvertising has already become a specialized activity in modern times. /In today’s business world, supply is usually greater than demand. /There is great competition between manufactures of the same kind of product /because they want to persuade customers to buy their particular brand. /They always have to remind their customers/ of the name and qualities of their products by advertising. /The manufacture advertises in newspapers and on the radio. /He sometimes employs sales girls to distribute samples of their products./ He sometimes advertises on the Internet as well. /In addition, he always has advertisements put into television programs that will accept them. /Manufactures often spend huge sums of money on advertisements. /We buy a particular product because we think that is the best. /We usually think so because the advertisements say so. /People often don’t ask themselves if the advertisements are telling the truth/ when they buy advertised products from shops./附: 2007年专四听写评分标准1.听写共分15小节: 每节1分. 扣分一律写在试卷右边的空白处. 大错误下面划线, 小错误用圆圈表示, 重复错误误用三角记号表示.2.每节做多扣1分.3.重复错误,仅扣一次.4.错误共分两类: 小错误(minor mistakes)和大错误(major mistakes)A.小错误:1)词拼写错一到二个字母: 例: particular-perticular, competition-compertation,manufacturer-manufacturor, customer-custemer, advertisements-advertizements2)大小写,标点符号错误: 例: because they want to---. Because they want to; when they buy---.When they buy; In addition,---In addition(缺逗号)3)冠词,单复数错误: 例: There is great competition---There is a great competition; in moderntimes---in modern time; huge sums of money on advertisements---huge sum of money on advertisement4)小错误扣分标准: 小错误在一节中出现一次,留作总计;出现两次,扣0.5分;出现三次,扣0.5分后留一小错作总计;出现四次(以上),扣1分.5)未扣分小错误的扣分标准: 累计2-4个: 扣0.5分; 累计5-8个,扣1分.B.大错误: 漏写, 加词, 造词, 换词(冠词作小错计), 大移位, 时态错误:例: specialized—specialize, advertised—advertise, manufacturers—manufactures, employs—employ(漏第三人称单数), are telling—tell/tells, persuade—pursue/purswe, usually—usual, their products—the products, say so—seem so, that will accept them—that would/were accept them, has advertisements put into—has advertisements to put into大错误每个扣0.5分5.一些特例的扣分标准:1)下列情况不扣分: because--, because(加逗号不扣分), sales-girls—salesgirls, theInternet—the internet2)下列情况扣分: demand—the mend/the man/the men(扣一个大错和一个小错),specialized—special life/special line(算两个大错, 扣一分), manufacturers—many factories/menu factories/manual factories/many factors(算两个大错,扣一分), already—all ready(算两个大错,扣一分)6.总分为0.5分时,以1分计算; 其余总分中如含小数点的,小数舍去,保留整数, 如: 12.5-12;7.5-7. 通过通篇只有一个小错,忽略不扣,给15分.7.空白卷一律打0分.PART II LISTENING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A CONVERSATIONS1.正确答案为B).男子报失数码相机后,对方先后询问和记录了他的名字,位置和电话号码.对话中虽然提到了You mean in Britain or in the States?但是这只是在询问位置时进行确认,与国籍无关.2.正确答案为D). 在询问到位置时,Mark问是英国的还是美国的位置,且说到自己还会在英国呆几个月I’ve still got a few months in Britain,由此可以知道他是暂时呆在英国的美国人. Essex是他在英国暂时居住的地方.3.正确答案为A).对话结束前Mark说道:I will drop in the day after tomorrow to check out.后天会过来看结果.4.正确答案为C).根据男士的话得知俱乐部的规定:必须登记带来的非会员. 俱乐部成员无需登记,如果要求出示会员卡,则需要拿出来. B选项呆三个非会员是权利而非义务. 5.正确答案为A). 女士问:How much do the lockers cost. 男士回答:四十分. 但接着又说:将寄存的东西拿出来后,硬币会退回来. 可见柜子是免费的. 其他三项可以从男士的话语:here are the changing rooms with shower and lockers for your clothes and things判断. 6.正确答案为D).男士说:网球可以预约打半个小时或一个小时,但是如果预约时间到了之后,可以在后面打球的人来之前继续使用. 所以选D.7.正确答案为B).男士说:The club room is open until 11 o’clock.所以B错误. 之后又说:打球者在十点之前离开courts.所以C正确. 从we have a club room which serves food and drink behind the reception可知A和D正确.8.正确答案为C).geography, maths, physics他参加英国高中生结业考试(A-level)的科目,与专业无关.他介绍时说自己是毕业于曼彻斯特大学,获得水管理专业工程学位.9.正确答案为A).男子讲述自己的经历,毕业后在印度为印度政府工作. 因为曼彻斯特大学和印度一所工程大学有校际了解,于是他去那边工作.10.正确答案为C).对话最后提到回来之后在Latimer公司工作: I’m working in waterirrigation again. 男士回来后搬到Sheffield所以B错误,他回来后就一直在Latimer公司工作,所以A错误,在Latimer他是项目研发经理,所以D错误.SECTION B PASSAGES11.正确答案为C).就自行车安全问题给出的第一个建议是:买到车后,不管是新车还是二手车,要马上到指定地点去,在车上打上一个序列号. “注册序列号”和”将序列号登记在册”是随后做的事情. D是最后提到的措施.12.正确答案为A).文中提到如果买的自行车很贵,就需要买两把锁.13.正确答案为B).文章一开始就提到讲到主题:an area of security or safety—bicycle.所以B正确,A和D是细节,C未提及.14.正确答案为A).首先提到an 8-week conversation class. 上课时间是周二12:30-1:30,每周一次,每次一小时. 之后提到了周三晚上2小时的writing skills class和两小时的examination skills class.15.正确答案为C). 说话人在提到conversation class时指出报名者需要在本周五之前在秘书那儿登记, writing skills class也需要注册.而examination skills class开班前,It is not necessary to enrol before the course starts.16.正确答案为B).文中明确说到: They concentrate on the writing skills needed forassignments in the departments of economics and social sciences.17.正确答案为C). conversation class是八周,writing skills class是六周,examination skills class是五周. 可见examination skills class时间最短.18.正确答案为B).一开始就讲到达芬奇生于1452年,于1482年搬到Milan, 可以知道当时是30岁.19.正确答案为D).达芬奇搬到佛罗伦萨之后,画了<蒙娜丽莎的微笑>,得知他是一名画家,后又指出he had been working as an architect and engineer. 所以选D builder是他不曾做过的.20.正确答案为A). 1515年,法国国王邀请达芬奇定居法国,他搬到法国的一座城堡里, Hemoved to a castle there where he spent his last years.SECTION C NEWS BROADCASTS21.正确答案为B). 首句:以色列军队进入Bank地区,撤离那里的最后两个犹太人定居点.22.正确答案为D). 2003年以色列总理推行”撤离计划”时提出撤掉加沙地区21个定居点,约旦河西岸地区4个定居点,一共25个.23.正确答案为C).新闻中指出协议必须经过罗马尼亚,保加利亚和所有25个欧盟国家议会的批准.24.正确答案为A). 新闻最后指出两国在2007年加入欧盟的条件:打击腐败,加强对边界的控制,改进司法,政府管理和政府的企业支持条例,只有A没有提及.25.正确答案为C).新闻一开始就提出论坛的主题:An economic forum on opportunities inChina(中国的经济机会,这里opportunity和prospect是一个意思.26.正确答案为A). 新闻最后指出: 今天的论坛是第十年,也是第三次在中国举办. 所以A正确,B错误.27.正确答案为B). 新闻开始就指出香港迪斯尼开业当天的游客数为15000人,其中来自大陆mainland的游客占了1/3=5000人.所以选B.28.正确答案为A). 新闻后面分析了各地数据: 超过55%的广东居民对参观主题公园感兴趣,上海和北京分别是22%和20%. 可见北京居民对参观迪斯尼的兴趣最小. 新闻中没有提到香港人的参观兴趣.29.正确答案为C). 新闻一开始就说道An Indonesia ferry…sank yesterday. 所以应该是渡船的灾难. 由此也就特别强调新闻题目的首句非常重要, 且国际新闻通常是以负面消息为主的特色.30.正确答案为B).新闻中指出:官方指出该船的容量是200名乘客. 500人是失事船上载的乘客数量,非核定载量,其中包括290名难民refugees和198名船员crew.PART III CLOZE31. 正确答案为C).determined. 考核的是伴随状态: 我离开那个班级并决定不再不学无术/决定学有所成. but前后两句话的意思应截然相反. AB选项意思不对A. concerned意思是”关心的,有关的”; B. worried意思是”焦虑的”, D选项应该是deciding.32. 正确答案为A).as much. 考核的是as+adj.+as的用法. as much as意思是:同…一样多. BCD选项均无此搭配. B. much as:尽管; C: as such:照这样,就这点而论; D. such as:例如.33. 正确答案为D). obligation. moral obligation是固定搭配,意思是到的职责. duty是职责本分,不以主观条件为转移,而obligation则强调自己自愿承担的责任,通常也是指法律或道德上的责任,句中明确提到moral.34. 正确答案为B). neither 从下文判断也应该是neither, 且如果选both就无需用could了,直接用both of us knew…即刻,这里为了强调我们两个人都不知道故用neither…could的形式.35. 正确答案为A). evolve发展, 逐渐形成. 从over the years也可以知道答案,在过去的那些年里,关系逐步形成. 选stay的话,必须跟完成时+一段时间,解释为(关系,感情)维系,持续(了多久).36. 正确答案为C).development. adolescent development意思是青少年发展. seminars in…在…方面的研讨会(青山年发展,课堂管理,学校领导). process(自然发生的)过程;流程, procedure程序,步骤. movement移动,运动.37.正确答案为B).name选定,任命=appoint. 用法是name sb (as) sth. e.g. She has just been named (as) the new manager.38. 正确答案为D).shift转换(性质,方向,关系,情况,位置等抽象名词),alter改变,变更(指衣服等表面或局部做部分变动,而没有变成另一种事物). move和go意思都不对,排除.39. 正确答案为A ).awkward: 令人尴尬的,不方便的;其词组搭配为be awkward doing sth. uneasy担心的,忧虑的,不安的,通常的搭配是be uneasy about doing sth. unnatural:非自然的,勉强的(强调和自然,正常相反),former以前的,从前的40. 正确答案为C).former 结合上一句:我觉得担任该部门的主席非常尴尬,因为我之前的那些英语老师都还在任.这里只有C选项贴切.41. 正确答案为B). still仍然在学校里任职.42. 正确答案为B). throughout(adv.) 从头到尾,自始至终(较抽象的), all the way一路上,从头到尾(较具体的). e.g. He didn’t speak a word to me all the way back home. 回家的一路上他没对我说过一句话.The army remained loyal throughout.军队始终保持忠诚.43. 正确答案为D). about. 常见的”关于,在…方面”的英语表达有如下: about, on, with regard to, concerning, regarding, with reference to, in relation to, as regards, as for/to. 这里是给我一些关于课程,考试等的建议.44.正确答案为A). chart (v.)详细计划,制订计划;绘制…的图表, chart one’s own course规划某人自己的事业, manage管理(企业或活动), head负责,领导,朝…走去; describe描述,叙述. 这里.只有chart的意思和用法符合题意.45. 正确答案为A). opinion意见,看法. request请求, permission许可,批准, order命令,指示,订购. 句意: 我需要他就我离开DeMatha去另外一所学校做校长的事给点意见.46. 正确答案为C). If. if引导的非真实条件状语从句: 如果他当时叫我留在DeMatha的话,或许我会的. even if和though引导让步状语从句,when引导的是时间状语从句,这里都不符合逻辑关系.47.正确答案为B). Instead反而,而不是. 就前句的假设做出转折事实陈述:然而,他却鼓励我抓住(去其他学校做校长的)机会. naturally自然地,合乎意料地,意义不符. Consequently因此, 前面没有原因表述. Still仍然.48. 正确答案为A). Once again. be for sb支持某人. 和前文支持鼓励我去做校长呼应, 5年后,我回到DeMatha做校长,他还是在那儿支持我. unexpectedly出乎意料地,与前文意思有悖. repeatedly再三,多次; usually通常地49. 正确答案为D).count on=depend on, rely on依靠,指望. count in把…算进,包括; count down倒数,倒计时; count out数出,不包括.50.正确答案为C). wealth. a wealth of是固定词组,意思是:大量.丰富. stock证券,储备; store 储备,仓库,店铺. 句意是:他让我感到,一个好的老师有无穷无尽的知识财富让我们去学习.PART IV GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY51.正确答案为C). as。

2007英语考研作文In the 21st century, technology has become an integral part of our lives, and its influence on education is profound and multifaceted. The advent of the internet, smartphones, and various educational software has transformed the way we learn and teach.Firstly, technology has made education more accessible. With online courses and virtual classrooms, students from all over the world can access quality education without the need to be physically present in a classroom. This has been particularly beneficial for those living in remote areas or with limited resources.Secondly, the use of technology in education has enhanced the learning experience. Interactive whiteboards, educational apps, and multimedia presentations have made learning more engaging and interactive. Students can now visualize complex concepts and participate in virtual experiments, which were not possible before.Thirdly, technology has facilitated personalized learning. With the help of AI and data analytics, educators can track the progress of each student and tailor their teaching methods to meet individual needs. This has led to a more effective and efficient learning process.However, there are also challenges associated with theintegration of technology in education. One of the main concerns is the digital divide, where students from less privileged backgrounds may not have access to the necessary technology. Additionally, there is a risk of over-reliance on technology, which could lead to a decrease in critical thinking and problem-solving skills.In conclusion, while technology has brought about significant changes in the field of education, it is essential to strike a balance between traditional teaching methods and the use of technology. Educators must ensure that technology is used as a tool to enhance learning, rather than replacing the human element in education.。

Mina Samuel GuirguisContact Information Computer Science Department Phone:+1(512)245-6384 Texas State University Fax:+1(512)245-8750 601University Dr,E-mail:msg@ San Marcos,TX78666USA Web Page:/∼mg65/Education Ph.D.in Computer Science January2007 College of Arts and Sciences,Boston University,Boston,Massachusetts,USA•Thesis:Reduction of Quality Attacks on Adaptation Mechanisms.Committee:Azer Bestavros,John Byers,Mark Crovella,Dina Katabi(MIT)and Ibrahim Matta.MA in Computer Science January2005College of Arts and Sciences,Boston University,Boston,Massachusetts,USA•Thesis:Exogenous-Loss Aware Traffic Management in Overlay Networks:Toward Global Fairness.B.Sc.in Computer Science and Automatic Control June1999College of Engineering,Alexandria University,Alexandria,Egypt•Under-graduate Thesis:EYERA:A Virtual Reality Modeling Language(VRML)browser.Research Interests Security aspects in Networks and Computing Systems,Internet Traffic Management and Control, Transport Protocols over Wired/Wireless Networks and Network Overlays.Academic Experience Assistant Professor September2006-Date Computer Science Department,Texas State University•CS4310,“Computer Networks”Fall2006&Spring2007•CS5310,“Network and Communication Systems”Spring2007Research Fellow May2002-August2006 Computer Science Department,Boston UniversityTeaching Fellow January2001-May2002 Computer Science Department,Boston UniversityInstructor August1997-March1999 Saint George Computer Center,Alexandria,EgyptProfessionalExperienceCompanies marked with a star indicate that I worked as an intern.Fortress Technologies, Westford,Massachusetts,USA June2005-June2006•Characterized and profiled the performance of Snort on different platforms under differentloads.Instrumented Snort and developed a wide range of client-server applications for dataed OProfile for spotting performance bottlenecks.•Interfaced SmartBits and developed scripts to integrate and automate the execution of unittests using STAF.Microsoft Corporation, Redmond,Washington,USA May2001-August2001•Worked on the development and implementation of the DITS system.DITS allows employeesto schedule tasks,written in XML,to execute on lab machines and collect the output.•Participated in design,code reviews,integration and debugging and unit test development.Electronic Data Care,Troy,Michigan,USA August2000-December2000•Enhanced the GATS(General Assembly Test System)project that runs in General Motors assembly plants to test the micro-processors on the cars.GATS is developed in VC++6.0. El Alamia,Sakhr Software Company,Cairo,Egypt August1999-August2000•Implemented a web application called Tarjim()for online translation of text and web pages.Interfaced Sakhr Translation SDK,Created ISAPI extensions,ASP files,HTMLfiles and COM ed JavaScript,VB Script and MTS.Also hosted this site(.sa)at El-Alamia@Net in Saudi Arabia on a web farm running windows2000and using NLB.•Implemented Tarjim Translation Services,a web application for administrating,storing and viewing clients’requests,which are saved into a database.•Designed and implemented tools for analyzing and characterizing traffic on Tarjim.The results obtained were used to design and implement a caching system for Tarjim.•Designed Sakhr Specialized Dictionaries,a web site for online looking up for words in more than50different dictionaries.•Implemented desktop applications,used by linguistics to quality assure their feedback on collocations.These tools are created using Visual C++and MFC.Mitsubishi Electric Internet Services, Birmingham,UK June1998-July1998•Investigated the use of Microsoft’s Front Page extensions and other web development tools.•Amended an existing portfolio application written in Visual Basic and runs under Win95.•Wrote an application for the company’s employees to sign in and out as they enter and leave the building.This application runs through a web page and was created using InterDev. International Computer Limited(ICL), Alexandria,Egypt July1997•Maintained systems running Unix and troubleshot problems on these systems.•Installed computer components on such systems.Research Projects My main research focuses on studying and characterizing the dynamics involved in complex com-puting systems and networks.My approach to studying dynamics relies on marshaling tools from optimization and control theory.The results obtained are then confirmed through numerical solu-tions,simulations and real experiments.Security aspects in Networks and Computing SystemsWe expose unorthodox adversarial attacks,which we term Reduction of Quality(RoQ)attacks,that exploit the transients of a system’s adaptive behavior as opposed to its limited steady-state capacity. An optimized RoQ exploit would knock offthe system whenever it is about to stabilize,keeping it in a transient state.We formalize the notion of attack“Potency”,which exposes the tradeoffbetween the“damage”inflicted by an attacker and the“cost”of mounting the attack.RoQ attacks present a threat for adaptation components employed in Internet resources[8,10]as well as Internet end-systems[6,2,1].Internet Traffic and Quality of Service ManagementInternet Traffic Managers(ITM)is a research project that investigates the development of basic control strategies for managing Internet traffic.These ITMs are capable of employing different levels of control architectures such as DiffServ,IntServ and Proxy control.We developed an API (itmBench)to program these traffic managers[9].Elastic TCP tunnels[12]is just an example of an ITM application for providing soft bandwidth guarantees over a best effort network.Internet Congestion ControlExogenous packet loss(e.g.,wireless packet losses)are typically regarded by end-system transport protocols(e.g.,TCP)as congestion signals that require a reduction in the sending rate.In this work, we show that the presence of these independent losses could be surprisingly beneficial,promoting stability,efficiency and fairness to the transmission control loop[14].eXogenous-aware Queue Man-agement(XQM)is an Active Queue Management(AQM)algorithm that leverages the presence of exogenous losses in the direction of achieving global fairness[3,13].Selected Publications[1]M.Guirguis,A.Bestavros,I.Matta and Y.Zhang.“Adversarial Exploits of End-SystemsAdaptation Dynamics”.The International Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing, 2007.(to appear).[2]M.Guirguis,A.Bestavros,I.Matta and Y.Zhang.“Reduction of Quality(RoQ)Attacks onDynamic Load Balancers:Vulnerability Assessment and Design Tradeoffs”.In Proceedings of the26th IEEE INFOCOM(INFOCOM’07),Anchorage,Alaska,May2007.(to appear).[3]M.Guirguis,A.Bestavros and I.Matta.“Exogenous-Loss Aware Traffic Management in Over-lay Networks:Toward Global Fairness”.The Computer Networks Journal(COMNET):The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking.Volume50,Issue13, Pages2331-2348,September2006.[4]M.Guirguis,A.Bestavros and I.Matta.“On the Impact of Low-Rate Attacks”.In Proceedingsof the41st IEEE International Conference on Communications(ICC’06),Istanbul,Turkey, June2006.[5]Y.Zhang,A.Bestavros,M.Guirguis,I.Matta and R.West.“Friendly Virtual Machines:Leveraging a Feedback-Control Model for Application Adaptation”.In Proceedings of the1st ACM/USENIX Conference on Virtual Execution Environments(VEE’05),Chicago,Illinois, June2005.[6]M.Guirguis,A.Bestavros,I.Matta and Y.Zhang.“Reduction of Quality(RoQ)Attacks onInternet End-Systems”.In Proceedings of the24th IEEE INFOCOM(INFOCOM’05),Miami, Florida,March2005.[7]M.Guirguis,A.Bestavros and I.Matta.“Routing Tradeoffs inside a d-dimensional Torus withapplicability to CAN”.In Proceedings of the1st International Computer Engineering Conference New Technologies for the Information Society(ICENCO’04),Cairo,Egypt,December2004.[8]M.Guirguis,A.Bestavros and I.Matta.“Bandwidth Stealing via Link Targeted RoQ Attacks”.In Proceedings of the2nd IASTED International Conference on Communication and Computer Networks(CCN’04),Cambridge,Massachusetts,November2004.[9]G.Diamant,L.Veytser,I.Matta,A.Bestavros,M.Guirguis,L.Guo,Y.Zhang and S.Chen.“itmBench:Generalized API for Internet Traffic Managers”.In Proceedings of the10th IEEE Globecom Workshop on Computer-Aided Modeling,Analysis and Design of Communication Links and Networks(CAMAD’04),Dallas,Texas,Novemeber2004.[10]M.Guirguis,A.Bestavros and I.Matta.“Exploiting the Transients of Adaptation for RoQAttacks on Internet Resources”.In Proceedings of the12th IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols(ICNP’04),Berlin,Germany,October2004.[11]M.Guirguis,A.Bestavros and I.Matta.“Adaptation=Vulnerability:Under RoQ Attacks”.Poster in ACM SIGCOMM(SIGCOMM’04),September2004.[12]M.Guirguis,A.Bestavros,I.Matta,N.Riga,G.Diamant and Y.Zhang.“Providing SoftBandwidth Guarantees Using Elastic TCP-based Tunnels”.In Proceedings of the9th IEEE Symposium on Computer and Communications(ISCC’2004),Alexandria,Egypt,July2004.[13]M.Guirguis,A.Bestavros and I.Matta.“XQM:eXogenous-loss aware Queue Management”.Poster in IEEE ICNP(ICNP’03),November2003.[14]M.Guirguis,A.Bestavros and I.Matta.“On the Efficiency and Fairness of TransmissionControl Loops:A Case for Exogenous Losses”.Technical Report2003-013,May2003. Additional publications can be found@/msg/research/index.htmSelected Presentations •“Reduction of Quality Attacks on Adaptation Mechanisms”Ph.D.Thesis Defense,Boston University,Boston,Massachusetts,August2006.•“On the Impact of Low-Rate Attacks”IEEE International Conference on Communications(ICC’06),Istanbul,Turkey,June2006.•“Reduction of Quality(RoQ)Attacks on Internet End-Systems”24th IEEE INFOCOM(INFOCOM’05),Miami,Florida,March2005.•“Bandwidth Stealing via Link Targeted RoQ Attacks”2nd IASTED International Conference on Communication and Computer Networks(CCN’04), Cambridge,Massachusetts,November2004.•“Exploiting the Transients of Adaptation for RoQ Attacks on Internet Resources”12th IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols(ICNP’04),Berlin,Germany,Oc-tober2004.•“Exploiting the Transients of Adaptation for RoQ Attacks on Internet Resources and End-Systems”Microsoft Research,Redmond,Washington,September2004.•“Providing Soft Bandwidth Guarantees Using Elastic TCP-based Tunnels”9th IEEE Symposium on Computer and Communications(ISCC’2004),Alexandria,Egypt, July2004.•“Dynamics of Network Resource Management”Network Seminar,Boston University,Boston,Massachusetts,June2004.Sponsored Research NSF Cyber Trust Award($300,000)October2005-September2008“Towards Trusted Adaptation Dynamics in Computing Systems and Networks”(Award#0524477). Participated in the development of the grant proposal,which was based on my earlier research results.Fortress Technologies($45,000)June2005-June2006“Performance Characterization of Network and Server Intrusion Detection Systems”Awards•Honorable Mention Award from the Center of Information and Systems Engineering(CISE)at Boston University for my poster“Adaptation=Vulnerability:Under RoQ Attacks”,presentedat the Science and Technology Day,Boston University,April2005.•National Science Foundation(NSF)Travel Grant Award for the24th IEEE INFOCOM(IN-FOCOM’05),Miami,Florida,March2005.•National Science Foundation(NSF)Travel Grant Award for the12th IEEE InternationalConference on Network Protocols(ICNP’04),Berlin,Germany,October2004.•Outstanding Teaching Fellow Award,Boston University,April2002.•Graduate Fellowship,Boston University,January2001.Professional Services Service to the Research Community•Served as a reviewer for IEEE INFOCOM2004,IEEE Networking2004,IEEE ISCC2004, IEEE ICNP2004,ACM SIGCOMM2004,RTSS2004,IEEE INFOCOM2005,Mobiquitous 2005,IEEE INFOCOM2006,IEEE WCNC2006,ACM Sigmetrics2007,IEEE/ACM Trans-actions on Networking(ToN),Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing(JPDC),and Computer Networks(COMNET).•Served as a session chair for the Denial of Service attacks session in the IEEE International Conference on Communications(ICC’06),Istanbul,Turkey.•Media director for the fourteenth IEEE International Conference on Networks Protocols(ICNP 2005).Responsibilities included online broadcasting of the conference using End-System Mul-ticast(ESM)package,developed by CMU.•Volunteer in the Organization Committee of the Forth Workshop on Applications and Services in Wireless Networks(ASWN2004),Boston,Massachusetts.Responsibilities included man-aging paper submission through the Conference Manager(ConfMan)package and helping at the registration desk.•Participated in the development of the tutorial“Dynamics of Network Resource Management”, a3-hour tutorial that was presented infirst International Computer Engineering Conference (ICENCO2004).Service to Texas State University•Graduate Committee Member,CS Dept.Fall2006-Date •Research Council Committee Member,CS Dept.Fall2006-Date •Graduate Scholarships Committee Member,College of Science.Spring2007•Outstanding Student Awards Committee Member,CS Dept.Spring2007•Academic Honesty Committee Member,CS Dept.Fall2006•Member of the partnership group between Texas State University and Cisco.Service to Boston University•Steering committee member for the Network Reading Group(NRG)in the Computer ScienceDepartment at Boston University.Responsibilities included,maintaining the NRG web-site,recruiting speakers and topics for discussion as well as maintaining the NRG mailing list.•Participated in the organization of open house events as a partnership between Boston Uni-versity Computer Science and members of the IT industry.Responsibilities included,orderingsupplies for poster presenters,organizing the posters in the lab and preparing handouts forvisitors.Skills Platforms:Unix,Linux and Windows.Programming:C/C++,Visual C++,MFC,ODBC,COM,Visual InterDev,and Visual Basic.Web Programming:HTML,XML,ASP,JScript,VBScript and PHP.Scripting:Shell,Tcl,Expect,Perl and Python.Databases:MS SQL Server and Oracle.Other Tools:Network Simulator(NS2),Snort,Matlab,MAX+PLUS II,Lex and Yacc. References Azer Bestavros Ibrahim MattaProfessor and Chairman Associate ProfessorComputer Science Department Computer Science DepartmentBoston University Boston University111Cummington st,111Cummington st,Boston,MA02215Boston,MA02215E-mail:best@ E-mail:matta@Phone:+1(617)353-9726Phone:+1(617)358-1062Abdelsalam Heddaya Sonia FahmySenior Architect Associate ProfessorMicrosoft Computer Science DepartmentOne Microsoft Way,Purdue UniversityRedmond,WA98052250N.University st,E-mail:solom.heddaya@ West Lafayette,IN47907Phone:+1(425)722-3699E-mail:fahmy@Phone:+1(765)494-6183Additional References John Byers Mark CrovellaAssociate Professor Associate Professor Computer Science Department Computer Science Department Boston University Boston University111Cummington st,111Cummington st, Boston,MA02215Boston,MA02215E-mail:byers@ E-mail:crovella@ Phone:+1(617)353-8925Phone:+1(617)353-8923。

品质管理的英文术语大全品质专业英语大全品质专业英语大全零件材料类的专有名词CPU: central processing unit（中央处理器） IC: Integrated circuit（集成电路） Memory IC: Memory Integrated circuit （记忆集成电路）RAM: Random Access Memory （随机存取存储器）DRAM: Dynamic Random Access Memory （动态随机存取存储器）SRAM: Staic Random Access Memory （静态随机存储器）ROM: Read-only Memory （只读存储器）EPROM:Electrical Programmable Read-only Memory （电可抹只读存诸器）EEPROM: Electrical Erasbale Programmable Read-only Memory （电可抹可编程只读存储器）CMOS: Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor （互补金属氧化物半导体）BIOS: Basic Input Output System （基本输入输出系统）Transistor ：电晶体LED:发光二极体Resistor ：电阻Variator ：可变电阻Capacitor: 电容Capacitor array ：排容Diode ：二极体Transistor ：三极体Transformer ：变压器（ADP）Oscillator ：频率振荡器（0sc ）Crystal ：石英振荡器XTAL/OSC振荡产生器（X）Relay ：延时器Sensor ：感应器Bead core :磁珠Filter: 滤波器Flat Cable :排线Inductor :电感Buzzer :蜂鸣器Socket :插座Slot :插槽Fuse:熔断器Current :电流表Solder iron :电烙铁Magnifying glass :放大镜Caliper :游标卡尺Driver :螺丝起子电路板成品）Oven ：烤箱TFT:液晶显示器Oscilloscope ：示波器Connector ：连接器PCB:printed circuit board （印刷电路板）PCBA: printed circuit board assembly PP ：并行接口HDD 硬盘FDD:软盘PSU:power supply unit（电源供应器）SPEC 规格Attach: 附件Case: 机箱，盖子Cover :上盖Base :下盖Bazel ：面板（ panel ）Bracket :支架，铁片Lable :贴纸Guide :手册Manual :手册，指南Card :网卡Switch :交换机Hub:集线器Router :路由器Sample :样品Gap ：间隙Sponge ：海绵Pallet ：栈板Foam 保利龙Fiber ：光纤Disk ：磁盘片PROG 程 序Barcode ：条码System ：系统System Barcode ：系统条码M/B:mother board ：主板CD-ROM 光 驱FAN:风扇Cable ：线材Audio ：音效K/B:Keyboard （键盘）Mouse：鼠标Riser card ：转接卡Card reader ：读卡器Screw :螺丝Thermal pad ：散热垫Heat sink :散热片Rubber:橡胶垫Rubber foot :脚垫Bag :袋子Washer :垫圈Sleeve :袖套Config :机构Label hi-pot :高压标签Firmware label :烧录标签Metal cover :金属盖子Plastic cover :塑胶盖子Tape for packing :包装带Bar code :条码Tray :托盘Collecto :集线夹Holder :固定器,L 铁Connecter :连接器IDE: 集成电路设备，智能磁盘设备SCSI:小型计算机系统接口Gasket :导电泡棉AGP加速图形接口PCI: 周边组件扩展接口LAN:局域网USB通用串形总线架构Slim :小型化COM串型通讯端口LPT: 打印口，并行口Power cord :电源线I/O: 输入，输出Speaker :扬声器EPE:泡棉Carton :纸箱Button :按键，按钮Foot stand :脚架部门名称的专有名词QS:Quality system 品质系统CS:Coutomer Sevice 客户服务QC:Quality control 品质管理进料检验 生产线品质控制 IQC: Incoming quality control LQC:Line Quality ControlIPQC: In process quality control制程检验 FQC: Final quality control最终检验 OQC: Outgoing quality control出货检验 QA: Quality assurance 品质保证SQA: Source(supplier) Quality Assurance供应商品质保证 (VQA) CQA ： Customer Quality Assurance客户质量保证 PQA rocess Quality Assurance制程品质保证 QE: Quality engineer 品质工程CE: component engineering 零件工程EE: equipment engineering设备工程 ME :manufacturing engineering制造工程 TE: testing engineering 测试工程PPE product Engineer 产品工程IE: Industrial engineer 工业工程ADM: Administration Department行政部 RMA 客户退回维修CSDI:检修PC: producing control 生管MC: mater control 物管GAD: General Affairs Dept 总务部 A/D: Accountant /Finance Dept 会计 LAB: Laboratory 实验室 DOE 实验设计HR:人资PMC 企划RD:研发W/H:仓库SI: 客验PD: Product Departme nt 生产部PA: 采购 (PUR: Purchaing Dept)SMT: Surface mount technology 表面粘着技术MFG: Manufacturing 制造MIS: Management information system 资迅管理系统DCC: document control center 文件管制中心 厂内作业中的专有名词QT: Quality target品质目标 QP: Quality policy 目标方针QI: Quality improvement 品质改善CRITICAL DEFECT 严重缺点(CRMAJOR DEFECTS 要缺点(MAMINOR DEFECT次要缺点（Ml）MAX: Maximu m 最大值MIN: Minimum 最小值DIA diameter 直径DIM dimension 尺寸LCL: Lower control limit 管制下限UCL: Upper control limit 管制上限EM I :电磁干扰ESD静电防护EPA:静电保护区域ECN 工程变更ECO: Engineering change order 工程改动要求（客户）ECR:工程变更需求单CPI: Continuous Process Improvement 连续工序改善Compatibility ：兼容性Marking ：标记DWG drawing 图面Standardization ：标准化Consen sus :一致Code：代码ZD: Zero defect 零缺点Tolerance ：公差Subject matter ：主要事项Auditor ：审核员BOM: Bill of material 物料清单Rework :重工ID：identification 识别, 鉴别, 证明PILOT RUN: （试投产）FAI: 首件检查FPIR：First Piece Inspection Report 首件检查报告FAA:首件确认SPC统计制程管制CP: capability index （准确度）CPK: capability index of process（制程能力）PMP制程管理计划（生产管制计划）MPI: 制程分析DAS defects An alysis System 缺陷分析系统PPB十亿分之一Flux ：助焊剂P/N: 料号L/N ：Lot Number 批号Version ：版本Quantity ：数量Valid date ：有效日期MIL-STD：Military-Standard 军用标准ICT: In Circuit Test （线路测试）ATE：Automatic Test Equipment 自动测试设备MO: Manufacture Order 生产单T/U: Touch Up （锡面修补）I/N: 手插件P/T: 初测F/T: Function Test （功能测试- 终测）AS 组立P/K: 包装TQM: Total quality control 全面品质管理MDA: manufacturing defect analysisRUN-IN: 老化实验制程不良分析（ICT）HI-pot ：高压测试FMI：Frequency Modulation Inspect 高频测试DPPM: Defect Part Per Million（不良率的一种表达方式：百万分之一Corrective Action: （CAR 改善对策）ACC允收） 1000PPM 即为0.1%REJ:拒收S/S: Sample size抽样检验样本大小特殊抽样水平等级SI-SIV ：Special I-Special IVCON：Concession / Waive 特采ISO: 国际标准化组织ISA：Industry Standard ArchitectureOBA开箱稽核工业标准体制结构FIFO: 先进先出PDCA管理循环Plan do check action 计划，执行，检查，总结WIP :在制品（半成品）S/O: Sales Order （业务订单）P/O: Purchase Order （采购订单）P/R: Purchase Request （请购单）AQL: acceptable quality level 允收品质水准LQL; Limiting quality level 最低品质水准QVL: qualified vendor list AVL ：认可的供货商清单合格供应商名册（Approved Vendor List）（品质，交期，成本）制造专案管理QCD: Quality cost deliveryMPM: Manufacturing project management重要绩效指标KPI: Key performance indicateMVT: Manufacturing Verification Test 制造验证试产Q/R/S：Quality/Reliability/Service 质量/ 可靠度/ 服务STL: ship to line （料到上线）NTF: No trouble found 误判CIP: capacity improvement plan （产能改善计划）MRB: material review board （物料审核小组）MRB: Material reject bill 退货单JIT: just in time （即时管理）5S:seiri seiton seiso seiketsu shitsuke （整理，整顿，清扫，清洁，修养）SOP: standard operation process （标准作业程序）SIP: Specification inspection process 制程检验规格TOP: Test Operation Process （测试作业流程） WI: working instruction （作业指导书）SMD: surface mounting device （表面粘着原件）FAR :failure analysis report 故障分析报告CAR: Corrective action report 改善报告BPR：企业流程再造（Business Process Reengineering） ISAR ：首批样品认可（Initial Sample Approval Request）- JIT ：实时管理（Just In Time）QCC:品管圈（Quality Control Circle）Engineering Department （工程部）TQEM: Total Quality Environment Management（全面品质环境管理）PD: Production Department （制造）LOG: Logistics （后勤支持） Shipping: （进出口）AOQ: Average Output Quality 平均出货质量AOQL: Average Output Quality Level 平均出货质量水平FMEA: failure model effectiveness analysis 失效模式分析CRB: Change Review Board （工程变更会议）CSA: Customer Simulate Analysis 客户模拟分析SQM:S Supplier Quality Management System 供应商品质管理系统QIT: Quality Improvement Team 品质改善小组QIP: Quality Improvement Plan 品质改善计划CIP: Continual Improvement Plan 持续改善计划M.Q.F.S: Material Quality Feedback Sheet （来料品质回馈单）SCAR: Supplier Corrective Action Report （供货商改善对策报告）8D Sheet: 8 Disciplines sheet （ 8D 单）PDCA: PDCA （Plan-Do-Check-Action）（管理循环） MPQ: Material Packing Quantity （物料最小包装量） DSCN: Delivery Schedule Change Notice （交期变更通知）QAPS: Quality Assurance Process Sheet ( 品质工程表) DRP ：运销资源计划(Distribution Resource Planning)DSS 决策支持系统(Decision Support System)EC ：电子商务(Electronic Commerce) EDI ：电子资料交换(Electronic Data Interchange) EIS ：主管决策系统(Executive Information System) ERP :企业资源规划(E nterprise Resource Pla nning) FMS ：弹性制造系统(Flexible Manufacture System) KM :知识管理(Knowledge Management) 4L :逐批订购法(Lot-for-Lot) LTC :最小总成本法(Least Total Cost) LUC :最小单位成本(Least Unit Cost) MES :制造执行系统(Manufacturing Execution System) MPS :主生产排程(Master Production Schedule) MRP:物料需求规划(Material Requireme nt Pla nnin g) MRPI :制造资源计划(Manufacturing Resource Planning) OEM :委托代工(Original Equipment Manufacture) ODM :委托设计与制造(Origi nal Desig n & Manu facture) OLAP 线上分析处理(On-Li ne An alytical Process in g) OLTP 线上交易处理(On-Li ne Tran saction Process in g) OPT 最佳生产技术(Optimized Production Technology) PDCA PDCAf 理循环(Plan-Do-Check-Action) PDM 产品数据管理系统(Product Data Management)) RCCP 粗略产能规划(Rough Cut Capacity Planning) SCM 供应链管理(Supply Chain Management) SFC 现场控制(Shop Floor Control) TOC 限制理论(Theory of Constraints) TQC 全面品质管制(Total Quality Control) FYI/R: for your information/reference 仅供参考ASAP尽快S/T: Standard time 标准时间TPM: total production maintenance 全面生产保养ESD Wrist strap 静电环IT: information technology 信息技术，资讯科学CEO Chief Executive Officer 执行总裁COO Chief Operating Officer 首席业务总裁SWOT Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Threat 优势，弱点，机会，威胁Competence 专业能力Communication 有效沟通Cooperation 统御融合Vibration Testing 振动测试IDP：Individual Development Plan 个人发展计划MRP：Material Requirement Planning 物料需求计划MAT'S：Material 材料LRR：Lot Reject Rate 批退率ATIN：Attention 知会3C：Computer ,Communication , Consumer electronic 消费性电子5W1H：When , Where , Who , What , Why , Ho5M: Man , Machine , Material , Method , Measurement 人,机器, 材料, 方法,测量4MIE: Man, Material, Machine, Method, Environment 人力,物力,财务, 技术, 时间（资源）7M1I: Manpower , Machine , Material , Method, Market , Management , Money , Information人力，机器，材料，1 Accuracy 准确度2 Action 行动方法, 市场，管理，资金，资讯3 Activity 活动4 Analysis Covariance5 Analysis of Variance6 Approved 承认协方差分析方差分析7 Attribute 计数值8 Average 平均数9 Balance sheet 资产负债对照表10Binomial 二项分配11Brainstorming Techniques 脑力风暴法12Cause and Effect Matrix 因果图（鱼骨图）13CL: Center Line 中心线14Check Sheets 检查表15Complaint 投诉16 Conformity 合格（符合）17Control 控制18Control chart 控制（管制）图19Correction 纠正20Correlation Methods 相关分析法21CPI: continuous Process Improvement 连续工序改善22Cross Tabulation Tables 交叉表23CS: Customer Service 客（户）服（务）中心24DSA: Defects Analysis System 缺陷分析系统25Data 数据Description: 品名26DCC: Document Control Center 文控中心27 Decision 决策、判定28Defects per unit 单位缺点数国际标准化组织 生产线品质控制29 Description 描述30 Device 装置31 Do 执行32 DOE: Design of Experiments 实验设计33 Element 元素34 Engineering technology 工程技35 Environmental 环境36 Equipment 设备37 Estimated accumulative frequency计算估计累计数 38 E Equipment Variation 设备变异39 External Failure外部失效 , 外部缺陷 40 FA: Failure Analysis失效分析 41 Fact control 事实管理42 Fatigue 疲劳43 FMEA: Failure Mode and Effect Analysis失效模式与效果分析 44 FP First-Pass Yield （第一次通过）合格率45 FQA: Final Quality Assurance 最终品质保证46 FQC: Final Quality control 最终品质控制47 Gauge system 测量系统48 Grade 等级49 Histogram 直方图50 Improvement 改善51 Initial review 先期审查52 Inspection 检验53 Internal Failure 内部失效、内部缺陷54 IPQC: In Process Quality Control 制程品质控制55 IQC: Incoming Quality Control 来料品质控制56 IS International Organization for Standardization57 LCL: Lower Control limit 管制下限 58 LQC: Line Quality Control59 LSL: Lower Size Limit规格下限 60 Machine 机械61 Manage 管理62 Materials 物料63 Measurement 测量64 Median 中位数65 MSA: Measurement System Analysis测量系统分析66 Occurrence 发生率67Operation Instruction 作业指导书68Organization 组织69Parto 柏拉图70PPM arts per Million百万分之）不良率71Plan 计划72Policy 方针73Population 群体74PQA: Process Quality Assurance 制程品质保证75Practice 实务（践）76Prevention 预防77Probability 机率78Probability density function 机率密度函数79Procedure 流程80Process 过程81Process capability analysis 制程能力分析（图）82Process control and Process capability 制程管制与制程能力83Product 产品84Production 生产85Projects 项目86QA: Quality Assurance 品质保证87QC: Quality Control 品质控制88QE: Quality Engineering 品质工程89QFD: Quality Function Design 品质机能展开（法）90Quality 质量91Quality manual 品质手册92Quality policy 品质政策（质量方针）93Random experiment 随机试验94Random numbers 随机数95 R:Range 全距（极差）96Reject 拒收97Repair 返修98Repeatability 再现性99Reproducibility 再生性100Requirement 要求101Responsibilities 职责102Review 评审103Reword 返工104Rolled yield 直通率105RPN: Risk Priority Number 风险系数106Sample 抽样, 样本107Sample space 样本空间112Simplerandomsamplin108Sampling with replacement 放回抽样109Sampling without replacement 不放回抽样110Scatter diagram 散布图分析111Scrap 报废管制（控制）上限 规格上限 质量人员名称类 QC quality controlFQC final quality control IPQC inprocess quality control OQC outputquality control IQC incomingquality control TQC total qualitycontrol POC passage qualitycontrol 品质管理人员 终点质量管理人员 制程中的质量管理人员 最终出货质量管理人员 进料质量管理人员全面质量管理段检人员113 Size 规格114 SL: Size Line 规格中心线115 Stratified random sampling 分层随机抽样116 SOP: Standard Operation Procedure 标准作业书117 SPC: Statistical Process Control统计制程管制 118 Specification 规范119 SQA: Source(Supplier) Quality Assurance供货商品质保证 120 Stage sampling 分段随机抽样121 Standard Deviation标准差 122 Sum of squares 平方和123 Taguchi-method 田口 ( 试验 ) 方法124 Theory 原理125 TQC: Total Quality Control 全面品质控制126 TQM: Total Quality Management 全面品质管理127 Traceability追溯 128 Training 培训129 UCL: Upper Control Limit130 USL: Upper Size Limit131 Validation 确认132 Variable 计量值133 Verification 验证134 Version 版本135 VOC: Voice of Customer客户需求 136 VOE: Voice of Engineer工程需求 137 Inventory stock report: 庫存清单报告138 Sales order report: 出货报告QA quality assurance 质量保证人员 OQA output quality assurance出货质量保证人员 QE quality engineering 质量工程人员新品首件检查 首件确认质量保证类FAI first article inspection FAA first articleassuranceCP capability index 能力指数CPK capability process index 模具制程能力参数SSQA standardized supplier quality audit 合格供货商质量评估FMEA failure model effectiveness analysis 失效模式分析 FQC 运作类AQL Acceptable Quality Level运作类允收质量水平 S/S Sample size 抽样检验样本大小ACCAccept 允收 REE Reject 拒收CR Critical 极严重的MAJMajor 主要的 MIN Minor 轻微的Q/R/S Quality/Reliability/Service质量/ 可靠度 /服务 P/N Part Number 料号L/N Lot Number 批号AOD Accept On Deviation特采 UAI Use As It 特采FPIR First Piece Inspection Report 首件检查报告PPM Percent Per Million 百万分之一 制程统计品管专类SPC Statistical Process Control统计制程管制 SQC Statistical Quality Control 统计质量管理GRR Gauge Reproductiveness & Repeatability 量具之再制性及重测性判断量可靠与否 DIM Dimension 尺寸DIA Diameter 直径N Number 样品数 其它质量术语类QIT Quality Improvement Team 质量改善小组ZD Zero Defect 零缺点QI Quality Improvement 质量改善QP Quality Policy 目标方针TQM Total Quality Management 全面质量管理RMA Return Material Audit 退料认可7QCTools 7 Quality Control Tools品管七大手法通用之件类ECN Engineering Change Notice ECO Engineering Change Order PCN Process Change Notice工程变更通知（供货商）工程改动要求（客户）工序改动通知PMP Product Management Plan 生产管制计划SIP Standard Inspection Procedure 制程检验标准程序SOP Standard Operation Procedure 制造作业规范IS Inspection Specification 成品检验规范BOM Bill Of Material 物料清单PS Package Specification 包装规范SPEC Specification 规格DWG Drawing 图面系统文件类ES Engineering Standard 工程标准CGOO China General PCE 龙华厂文件IWS International Workman Standard 工艺标准ISO International Standard Organization 国际标准化组织GS General Specification 一般规格部类PMC Production & Material Control 生产和物料控制PCC Product control center 生产管制中心PPC Production Plan Control 生产计划控制MC Material Control DC Document Center QE Quality Engineering QA Quality Assurance QC Quality ControlPD Product Department物料控制资料中心质量工程（部）质量保证（处）质量管理（课）生产部LAB Laboratory 实验室IE Industrial Engineering 工业工程R&D Research & Design 设计开发部生产类PCs Pieces 个（根, 块等）PRS Pairs 双（对等）CTN Carton 卡通箱PAL Pallet/skid 栈板PO Purchasing Order 采购订单MO Manufacture Order 生产单D/C Date Code 生产日期码ID/C Identification Code （供货商）识别码SWR Special Work Request 特殊工作需求L/N Lot Number 批号P/N Part Number 料号原设备制造OEM Original Equipment Manufacture PCPersonal Computer 个人计算机CPU Central Processing Unit 中央处理器A.S.A.P As Soon As Possible 尽可能快的E-MAIL Electrical-Mail 电子邮件N/A Not Applicable 不适用QTY Quantity 数量I/O input/output 输入/ 输出NG Not Good 不行, 不合格C=0 Critical=0 极严重不允许APP Approve 核准, 认可, 承认CHK Check 确认ASS'Y Assembly 装配, 组装T/P True Position 真位度5WIH When, Where, Who, What, Why, How to 6M Man, Machine, Material, Method, Measurement, Message 4MTH Man, Material, Money, Method, Time, How 人力, 物力, 财务, 技术, 时间（资源）SQA Strategy Quality Assurance 策略质量保证DQA Design Quality Assurance 设计质量保证MQA Manufacture Quality Assurance 制造质量保证SSQA Sales and service Quality Assurance 销售及服务质量保证LRR Lot Reject Rate 批退率SPS Switching power supply 电源箱DT Desk Top 卧式（机箱）MT Mini-Tower 立式（机箱）DVD Digital Video DiskVCD Video Compact Disk LCD Liquid Crystal Display CAD Computer Aided DesignCAM Computer Aided ManufacturingCAE Computer Aided EngineeringPCB Printed Circuit Board 印刷电路板CAR Correction Action Report 改善报告NG Not Good 不良WDR Weekly Delivery Requirement 周出货要求PPM Percent Per Million 百万分之一TPM Total Production Maintenance 全面生产保养MRP Material Requirement Planning 物料需计划OS Operation System 操作系统TBA To Be Assured 待定, 定缺D/C Drawing ChangeP/P Plans & ProcedureEMI Electrical-Music Industry 电子音乐工业Electrical Magnetic Interference 电子干扰RFI Read Frequency Input 读频输入MMC Maximum Material Condition MMS Maximum Material Size LMC Least Material Condition LMS Least Material SizeLED lighting-emitting diode 发光二极管QBR Quarter Business RecordCIP Continuous improvement process FGI Forecasted Goal Inventory CNC Computerized numeral controller B2C Business to customer B2B Business to business AVL Approved vendor list POP Procedure of packaging EOL End of lifeVDCS Vender defect correcting sheet PDCS Process defect correcting sheet GRN Goods receiving note A/RAccounting receivable A/P Accounting payable 专业词汇通用类president 董事长operator 作业员position 职务general manager 总经理special assistant 特助deputy manager |'depjuti| =vice manager 副理deputy supervisor =vice supervisor 副课长group leader 组长line leader 线长supervisor 课长responsible department 负责单位Human Resources Department人力资源部Head count 人头数production department 生产部门planning department 企划部QC Section 品管课stamping factory 冲压厂painting factory 烤漆厂molding factory 成型厂administration/general affairs dept./ production unit 生产单位meeting minutes 会议记录distribution department 分发单位subject 主题conclusion 结论decision items 决议事项pre-fixed finishing date 预定完成日Color management 颜色管理Visual management 目视管理production capacity 生产力first count 初盘first check 初盘复棹second count 复盘second check 复盘复核quantity of physical inventory second count physical inventory 盘点数量physical count quantity 账面数量difference quantity 差异量spare parts physical inventory list cause analysis 原因分析waste materials 废料description 品名specification 规格model 机种work order 工令revision 版次remark 备注registration 登记registration card 登记卡to control 管制application form for purchase 请购单consume, consumption 消耗to notify 通知to fill in 填写to collect, to gather 收集statistics 统计总务部复盘点数量备品盘点清单良品 cosmetic in spect ion sta ndard夕卜观检验规范 computer case 计算机外壳(组件)personal computer en closure计算机机箱产品 front plate 前板 rear plate 后板chassis |'基座 bezel panel 面板Hood 上盖base pan 基座bezel 面板riser card扩充卡 flat cable 排线TOP driver cage 上磁架bottom driver cage 下磁架resi n film 树脂膜raw materials 原料materials 物料steel plate 钢板roll/coil material 卷料spare parts =buffer 备品 plastic parts 塑料件sheet metal parts/stamp ing parts冲件 material check list物料检查表 fini shed product 成品semi-fi ni shed product 半成品 good product/accepted goods/ accepted parts/good parts defectiveproduct/ non-good parts 不良品disposed goods 处理品 warehouse/hub 仓库pack ing material包材 basket 蝴蝶竺plastic basket 胶筐flow chart 流程窗体producti on tempo生产进度现状 lots of producti on 生产批量 manufacture procedure 制程 to revise, modify 修订to switch over to, switch — to, switch ing over 切换engin eeri ng bottle neck, project difficulty工程瓶颈 glove(s)手套glove(s) with exposed fin gers割手套 Band-Aid 创可贴速度Industrial alcohol 工业酒精 broom 扫把mop 拖扌把vacuum cleaner 吸尘器 rag 抹布garbage container 灰箕 garbage can 垃圾箱 garbage bag 垃圾袋 liaison 联络单 rags 抹布 lamp holder 灯架 to mop the floor拖地 to clean a table 擦桌子air pipe 气管 delivery deadline 交货期 die worker 模工 production, to produce 生产 equipment 设备resistance 电阻 beacon 警示灯 coolant 冷却液 crusher 破碎机 club car 高尔夫球车 plate 电镀 power button 电源按键 reset button 重置键 forklift 叉车 Workshop traveler 天车trailer =long vehicle 拖板车 Hydraulic trolley 手压车hydraulic hand jack 油压板车casing = containerization 装箱 velocity patent 专利 coordinate 坐标 supply and demand 供求 career card 履历卡 barricade 隔板 carton box 纸箱 to pull and stretch拉深 work cell/work shop工作间 sub-line 支线bottleneck 瓶颈模具工程类plain die 简易模pierce die 冲孔模forming die 成型模progressive die 连续模stage die 工程模compound die 复合模shearing die 剪边模riveting die 铆合模feature die 公母模male die 公模female die 母模cavity 型控母模core 模心公模die change 换模to fix a die装模to repair a die 修模punch set 上模座punch pad 上垫板punch holder 上夹板stripper pad 脱料背板up stripper 上脱料板upper plate 上模板lower plate 下模板die pad 下垫板die holder 下夹板die set 下模座bottom block 下垫脚bottom plate 下托板（底板） upper supporting blank 上承板upper padding plate blank 上垫板top plate 上托板（顶板）top block 上垫脚stripping plate 内外打（脱料板） outer stripper 外脱料板inner stripper 内脱料板lower stripper 下脱料板punch 冲头insert 入块（嵌入件） deburring punch 压毛边冲子groove punch 压线冲子stamped punch 字模冲子round punch 圆冲子special shape punch 异形冲子bending block 折刀roller 滚轴baffle plate 挡块located block 定位块supporting block for location 定位支承块air cushion plate 气垫板air-cushion eject-rod 气垫顶杆trimming punch 切边冲子stiffening rib punch = stinger 加强筋冲子ribbon punch 压筋冲子reel-stretch punch 卷圆压平冲子guide plate 定位板sliding block 滑块sliding dowel block 滑块固定块die locker 锁模器pressure plate =plate pinch 压板thickness gauge 厚薄规cutting die, blanking die 冲裁模die block 模块folded block 折弯块sliding block 滑块location pin 定位销lifting pin 顶料销die plate, front board 模板padding block 垫块stepping bar 垫条panel board 镶块to load a die 装上模具to unload a die 御模具active plate 活动板lower sliding plate 下滑块板upper holder block 上压块upper mid plate 上中间板spring box 弹簧箱spring-box eject-rod 弹簧箱顶杆spring-box eject-plate 弹簧箱顶板bushing block 衬套cover plate 盖板guide pad 导料块pilot 导正筒trim 剪外边pierce 剪内边pocket for the punch head 挂钩槽slug hole 废料孔radius 半径shim/wedge/heel/pad/spacer/gasket 楔子torch-flame cut 火焰切割set screw 止付螺丝form block 折刀round pierce punch =die button 圆冲子shape punch =die insert 异形子stock located block 定位块metal plate 钣金miller 铣床grinder 磨床tolerance 公差score =groove 压线sliding block 滑块lathe 车active plate 活动板baffle plate 挡块cover plate 盖板groove punch 压线冲子air-cushion eject-rod 气垫顶杆spring-box eject-plate 弹簧箱顶板capability 能力parameter 参数factor 系数driller 钻床set up die 架模height of die setting up 架模高度analog-mode device 类模器inner guiding post 内导柱inner hexagon screw 内六角螺钉dowel pin 固定销coil spring 弹簧lifter pin 顶料销eq-height sleeves =spool 等高套筒pin 销lifter guide pin 浮升导料销guide pin 导正销定位块 wire spri ng 圆线弹簧 outer guid ing post 夕卜导柱stop screw 止付螺丝 located pin 定位销 outer bush 夕卜导套 press specificati on 冲床规格 die height 闭模高度flow mark 流痕 weldi ng mark 溶合痕 post screw in sert螺纹套筒埋值self tapp ing screw 自攻螺丝 stripper plate 脱料板 piston 活塞 han dle mold 手持式模具 flash mold 溢流式模具 positive mold 挤压式模具split mold 分割式模具die lifter 举模器top stop 上死点 bottom stop 下死点 one stroke 一行程to con ti nue, cont. 连动 to grip(material) 吸料 locati onlump, locat ing piece, locati on block reset 复位 to fileburr 锉毛刺 embedded lump |in 'bed| |l mp| 镶块stamp in g-miss ing 漏冲 to tight a bolt 拧紧螺栓to loosen a bolt 拧松螺栓pun ched hole 冲孑 L to cut edge =side cut =side scrap切边to bending 折弯to pull, to stretch 拉伸en grav ing, to en grave 亥U 印stampi ng 油印 to stake 铆合 desig ning, to desig n 设计 desig n modificati on 设计修改成gauge(or jig) 治具 pedal 踩踏板 stopper 阻挡器退料 flow board 流水板 torque 扭矩 spline =the multiplekeys 花键 quenching 淬火 tempering 回火 annealing 退火 carbonization 碳化 alloy 合金 tungsten high speedsteel 钨高速的 moly high speed steel 钼高速的 forming成型 （ 抽凸 , 冲凸 ） draw hole 抽孔 bending 折弯emboss 凸点dome 凸圆semi-shearing 半剪 stamp mark 冲记号 deburr or coin压毛边 punch riveting冲压铆合 side stretch侧冲压平 reel stretch 卷圆压平groove 压线 stamp letter 冲字 （ 料号 ） tick-marknearside 正面压印 tick-mark farside 反面压印冲压类punch, press 冲 punching machine冲床 hydraulic machine 油压机 jack 升降机 decoiler 整平机 manufacture management 制造管理 stamping,press 冲压 feeder 送料机 rack, shelf, stack 料架 taker 取料机 to reverse material 翻料 to load material 上料 tounload material 卸料to return material/stock toscraped |'skr ?pid| 报废 scrape ..v. 刮; 削 robot 机械手production line 流水线packaging tool 打包机 packaging 打包成型类well type 蓄料井 insulated runner 绝缘浇道方式 hotrunner 热浇道 runner plat 浇道模块 valve gate 阀门浇口 band heater 环带状的电热器 spindle 阀针 spearhead 刨尖头 slag well 冷料井 cold slag 冷料渣 air vent排气道 welding line 熔合痕 eject pin 顶出针 knock pin顶出销 return pin 回位销反顶针 sleeve 套筒 stripperplate 脱料板insert core 放置入子 runner stripper plate浇道脱料板guide pin 导销 eject rod （bar ） （成型机）顶业捧subzero 深冷处理 three plate 三极式模具 runnersystem 浇道系统stress crack 应力电裂orientation 定向sprue gate 射料浇口，直浇口nozzle 射嘴sprue lock pin 料头钩销（拉料杆） slag well 冷料井side gate 侧浇口edge gate 侧缘浇口tab gate 搭接浇口film gate 薄膜浇口flash gate 闸门浇口slit gate 缝隙浇口fan gate 扇形浇口dish gate 因盘形浇口diaphragm gate 隔膜浇口ring gate 环形浇口submarine gate 潜入式浇口tunnel gate 隧道式浇口pin gate 针点浇口runner less 无浇道sprue less 无射料管方式long nozzle 延长喷嘴方式spur 浇口; 溶waste 废料board 广告牌sliding rack 滑料架to impose lines 压线to compress, compressing 压缩character die 字模to feed, feeding 送料material change, stock change 材料变更feature change 特性变更prepare for, make preparations for 准备rotating speed, revolution 转速abnormal handling 异常处理Assembly line 组装线Layout 布置图Conveyer 流水线运输带Rivet machine 拉钉机Rivet gun 拉钉枪Screw driver 起子Electric screw driver 电动起子Hydraulic machine 液压机Pneumatic screw driver 气动起子automation 自动化to stake, staking, riveting 铆合add lubricant oil 加润滑油argon welding 氩焊退货 cylinder 油缸 robot 机械手 conveying belt 输送带 transmission rack 输送架 to draw holes 抽孔 bolt 螺栓 nut 螺母 screw 螺丝identification tag 标示单 screwdriver plug 起子插座automatic screwdriver 电动启子to move, to carry, to handle 搬运be put in storage 入库 packing 包装 staker = riveting machine 铆合机fit together 组装在一起 fasten 锁紧（ 螺丝） fixture 夹具（ 治具 ） pallet/skid 栈板 barcode 条形码 barcode scanner 条形码扫描仪 fuse together 熔合 fuse machine/heat stake 热熔机 processing, to process 加工delivery, to deliver 交货 to return delivery to. to send delivery back to return of goods easily damaged parts 易损件standard parts 标准件 to lubricate 润滑 spring 弹簧 spare tools location/buffer 手工备品仓spare molds location 模具备品仓tox machine 自铆机烤漆类phosphate 皮膜化成 viscosity 涂料粘度 alkalidipping 脱脂 mainmanifold 主集流脉 organic solvent 有机溶剂 demagnetization 去磁 ; 消磁感应high-speed transmission 高速传递 heat dissipation 热传 rack 上料 volatile 挥发性 degrease 脱脂 rinse 水洗 alkaline etch 龄咬 desmot 剥黑膜D.I. rinse 纯水次 Chromate 铬酸处理 Anodize 阳性处理 seal 封孔scraped products 报放品 disposed products 处理品 dismantle the die 折模 auxiliary function 辅助功能heater band 加热片 thermocouple 热电偶 derusting machine 除锈机 degate 打浇口 dryer 烘干机 induction 感应 induction light 感应光 response =reaction =interaction ram 连杆 edge finder 巡边器 concave 凸 convex 凹 cold slug 冷块 blush 导色 gouge 沟槽 ; 凿槽 satin texture 段面咬花 witness line 证示线 grit 沙砾 granule =pellet =grain 细粒sand blasting 喷沙 grit maker 抽粒机 cushion 缓冲 fillet 镶; 嵌边 roller pin formality 滚针形式 cam driver 铡楔 shank 摸柄crank shaft 曲柄轴 品质类qualified products, up-to-grade products良品 defective products, not up-to-grade products不良品 defective product box 不良品箱poor processing 制程不良 poor incoming part 来件不良exposed metal/bare metal 金属裸露 excessive defect 过多的缺陷 critical defect 极严重缺陷major defect 主要缺陷 minor defect 次要缺陷 not up to standard 不合规格cosmetic defect 外观不良 lack of painting 烤漆不到位slipped screw head/slippery slipped thread滑丝 missing part 漏件 wrong part 错件 oxidation 氧化 defective threading 抽芽不良poor staking 铆合不良 deficient purchase 来料不良 deficient manufacturing procedure 制程不良cosmetic inspection 外观检查 inner parts inspection 内部检查 blister 气泡 angular offset 角度偏差 dent 压痕 scratch 刮伤deformation 变形 filings 铁削 defective label 不良标签abrasion 磨损Breaking. (be)broken,(be)cracked 断裂 short 射料不足 nick 缺口 speck 瑕疪 shine 亮班 splay 银纹 gas mark 焦痕。