Sequential translation顺序翻译法
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电脑英语词汇中英对照小编为大家整理了电脑英语词汇中英对照,希望对你有帮助哦! 电脑英语词汇中英对照:band 区adder 加法器address 地址clock 时钟code 代码to code 编码coder 编码员、编码器command 指令、命令compiler 编译程序access arm 磁头臂、存取臂access time 存取时间alphanumeric 字母数字的analog computer 模拟计算机analyst 分析员area 区域array 数组、阵列assembler 汇编程序automation 自动化batch processing 成批处理binary code 二进制码binary digit 二进制位、二进制数字bit 比特、二进制的一位branch 分支、支线brush 电刷buffer storage 缓冲存储器calculator 计算器call instruction 呼叫指令card punch 卡片穿孔机card reader 卡片阅读机、读卡机cell 单元channel 通道、信道character 字符check digit 校验数位circuit 电路、线路to clear 清除、清零computer language 计算机语言console 控制台control unit 控制部件、控制器core storage、 core store 磁心存储器counter 计数器cybernetics 控制论cycle 循环data 数据data processing 数据处理debugging 调试decision 制定digit 数字、数位、位digital computer 数字计算机disc、 disk 磁盘display unit 显示装置drum 磁鼓to edit 编辑electronics 电子学emitter 发射器to encode 编码to erase 擦除、清洗、抹除feed 馈送、供给to feed 馈送、供给feedback 反馈field 字段、信息组、域file 文件floppy disk 软磁盘floppy disk drive 软磁盘机flow chart 流程图frame 帧hardware 硬件identifier 标识符index 索引information 信息inline processing 内处理input 输入inquiry 询问instruction 指令integrated circuit 集成电路to interpret 解释item 项目、项jump 转移key 键、关键码keyboard 键盘latency time 等待时间library 库、程序库linkage 连接to load 装入、寄存、写入、加载location 存储单元logger 登记器、记录器loop 循环machine language 机器语言magnetic storage 磁存储器magnetic tape 磁带matrix 矩阵memory 存储器message 信息、报文microcomputer 微型计算机module 组件、模块monitor 监视器、监督程序、管程nanosecond 毫微秒network 网络、网numeric、 numerical 数字的、数值的octet 八位位组、八位字节operator 操作员optical character reader 光符阅读机optical scanner 光扫描器output 输出overflow 溢出、上溢panel 平板parameter 参数、参量perforator 穿孔机peripheral equipment 外围设备、外部设备personal computer 个人计算机printed circuit 印制电路printer 打印机printout 打印输出to process 处理processing unit 处理部件program 程序to program 程序编制programmer 程序设计员programming 程序设计、程序编制pulse 脉冲punch 穿孔to punch 穿孔punched card、 punch card 穿孔卡片punched tape、 punch tape 穿孔纸带punch hole 孔、穿孔random access 随机存取to read 读reader 阅读程序reading 阅读real time 实时record、 register 记录redundancy 冗余routine 例行程序selector 选择器、选择符sentinel 标记sequence 序列、顺序sequential 顺序的serial 串行的.连续的shift 移位、移数signal 信号simulation 模拟simulator 模拟器、模拟程序software 软件、软设备sort 分类、排序sorter 分类人员、分类机、分类程序、排序程序storage 存储器to store 存储subroutine、 subprogram 子程序switch 开关symbol 符号symbolic language 符号语言system 系统tabulator 制表机teleprinter 电传打字机terminal 终端terminal unit 终端设备timer 时钟、精密计时器time sharing 分时timing 定时track 磁道transducer 传感器、翻译机translator 翻译程序、翻译器to update 更新Winchester disk drive 温彻斯特磁盘机、硬盘机working storage 工作存储器CSS: Cascading Style Sheets,层叠格式表DCD: Document Content Description for XML: XML文件内容描述DTD: Document Type Definition,文件类型定义HTML(HyperText Markup Language,超文本标记语言)JVM: Java Virtual Machine, Java虚拟机OJI: Open Java VM Interface,开放JAVA虚拟机接口SGML: Standard Generalized Markup Language,标准通用标记语言SMIL: Synchronous Multimedia Integrate Language(同步多媒体集成语言)VRML:Virtual Reality Makeup Language,虚拟现实结构化语言VXML(Voice eXtensible Markup Language,语音扩展标记语言) XML: Extensible Markup Language(可扩展标记语言)XSL: Extensible Style Sheet Language(可扩展设计语言)CTI:Computer Telephone Integration,计算机电话综合技术DBS: Direct Broadcast Satellite,直接卫星广播DWDM: Dense WaveLength Division Multiplex,波长密集型复用技术MMDS: Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service,多波段多点分发服务PCM: Pulse Code Modulation,脉冲编码调制PSTN(Public Switched Telephone Network,公用交换式电话网)TAPI: Telephony Application Programming Interface,电话应用程序接口TSAPI: Telephony Services Application Programming Interface,电话服务应用程序接口WDM: WaveLength Division Multiplex,波分多路复用ADSL: Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line,不对称数字订阅线路AH: Authentication Header,鉴定文件头AMR(Audio/Modem Riser,音效/数据主机板附加直立插卡)ARP(Address Resolution Protocol,地址解析协议)ATM(Asynchronous Transfer Mode,异步传输模式)BOD(Bandwidth On Demand,弹性带宽运用)CBR(Committed Burst Rate,约定突发速率)CCIRN: Coordinating Committee for Intercontinental Research Networking,洲际研究网络协调委员会CCM(Call Control Manager,拨号控制管理)CDSL: Consumer Digital Subscriber Line(消费者数字订阅线路)CGI(Common Gateway Interface,通用网关接口)CIEA: Commercial Internet Exchange Association,商业因特网交易协会CIR(Committed Infomation Rate,约定信息速率)CTS(Clear to Send,清除发送)DBS-PC: Direct Broadcast Satellite PC(人造卫星直接广播式PC) DCE: Data Circuit T erminal Equipment,数据通信设备DES: Data Encryption Standard,数据加密标准DMT: Discrete Multi - Tone,不连续多基频模式DNS(Domain Name System,域名系统)DOCSIS(Data Over Cable Service Interface Specifications,线缆服务接口数据规格)DTE: Data Terminal Equipment,数据终端设备EBR(Excess Burst Rate,超额突发速率)ESP: Encapsulating Security Payload,压缩安全有效载荷FDM: Frequency Division Multi,频率分离Flow-control流控制FRICC: Federal Research Internet Coordinating Committee,联邦调查因特网协调委员会FTP(File Transfer Protocol,文件传输协议)Ghost:(General Hardware Oriented System Transfer,全面硬件导向系统转移)HDSL: High bit rate DSL,高比特率数字订阅线路HTTP(HyperText Transfer Protocol,超文本传输协议)ICMP(Internet Control Message Protocol,因特网信息控制协议)IETF(Internet Engineering Task Framework,因特网工程任务组)IKE: Internet Key Exchange,因特网密钥交换协议IMAP4: Internet Message Access Protocol Version 4,第四版因特网信息存取协议Internet(因特网)IP(Internet Protocol,网际协议)ISDN(Integrated Service Digital Network,综合服务数字网络) ISOC: Internet Society,因特网协会ISP(Internet Service Provider,因特网服务提供商)LAN(Local Area Network,局域网)LDAP: Lightweight Directory Access Protocol,轻权目录访问协议LOM(LAN-on-Montherboard)IAB: Internet Activities Board,因特网工作委员会IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force,因特网工程作业推动L2TP(Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol,二级通道协议)LMDS: Local Multipoint Distributed System,局域多点分布式系统MIME: Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension,多用途因特网邮件扩展协议MNP: Microcom Networking ProtocalMODEM(Modulator Demodulator,调制解调器)NAT(Network Address Translation,网络地址转换)NC(Network Computer,网络计算机)NDS: Novell Directory Service,Novell目录服务NNTP: Network News Transfer Protocol,网络新闻传输协议MSN: Microsoft Network,微软网络OFDM(orthogonal frequency division multiplexing,直角频率部分多路复用)P3P(Privacy Preference Project,个人私隐安全平台)PDS: Public Directory Support,公众目录支持PGP: Pretty Good Privacy,优良保密协议PICS: Platform for Internet Content Selection,因特网内容选择平台POF: Polymer Optical Fiber,聚合体光纤POP3: Post Office Protocol Version 3,第三版电子邮局协议PPTP: Point to Point Tunneling Protocol,点对点通道协议RADSL: Rate Adaptive DSL,速率自适应数字订阅线路RARP(Reverse Address Resolution Protocol,反向地址解析协议)RDF: Resource Description Framework,资源描述框架RSA(Rivest Shamir Adlemen,一种因特网加密和认证体系)RTS(Request To Send,需求发送)SIS: Switched Internetworking Services(交换式网络互联服务) S/MIME: Secure MIME,安全多用途因特网邮件扩展协议SNMP(Simple Network Management Protocol,简单网络管理协议)SMTP(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol,简单邮件传输协议)SKIP: Simple Key Exchange Internet Protocol,因特网简单密钥交换协议SUA(Single User Account,单用户帐号)TCP(Transmission Control Protocol,传输控制协议)UART(Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter,通用异步接收/发送装置)UDP(User Datagram Protocol,用户数据报协议)ULS: User Location Service,用户定位服务VOD: Video On Demand,视频点播: virtual private network,虚拟局域网WWW(World Wide Web,万维网,是因特网的一部分)。
翻译的种类自汉代佛经翻译开始,我国就有“直译”、“意译”之争,一直持续到现在。
所谓直译,就是在译文语言条件许可时,在译文中既保持原文的内容,又保持原文的形式。
汉语和英语两种语言存在共同之处,所以有些情况下直译是可能的。
但是,由于语言本身以及社会、文化等因素的差异,使用原文的形式无法表达原文的意思,这时就舍弃原文的形式,直接表达原文的意思,即意译。
纽马克(1988)根据译者侧重译出语还是译入语,把翻译方法分为以下几类:侧重译出语(程度由高到低):·Word-for—word translation(逐字对译)·Literal translation(字面翻译)·Faithful translation(忠实翻译)·Semantic translation(语意翻译)侧重译入语(程度由低到高):·Communicative translation(传意翻译)·Idiomatic translation(符合语言习惯的翻译)·Free translation(自由翻译)·Adaptation(改写)从逐字对译到改写是一个连续体,逐字对译与原文的形式最为对应,改写最强调译人语的流畅性。
与此类似,周兆祥根据“翻译的自由度”,把翻译分为以下几类:·逐字对译word-for—word translation)·字面翻译(1iteral translation)·语意翻译(semantic translation)·传意翻译(communicative translation)·编译(free translation)·改写(adaptation)可以通过下面一句话的翻译,体会几种翻译方法的区别:原文:Mr。
Dewar slipped and fell outside his official Edinburgh residence on Tuesday morning.He picked himself up and went on to carry out two lunchtime engagements.(BBC news 11/10/2000)译文:逐字对译:杜瓦先生滑了和跌倒在外面他的官方爱丁堡居所在星期二早晨。
纽马克的翻译理论主要是什么彼得•纽马克是英国著名的翻译理论家和翻译教育家。
纽马克在分析和总结各家各派的翻译思想的基础上,将文体论、话语分析、符号学、格语法的理论、功能语法和跨文化交际理论应用于翻译理论和研究,对于翻译理论、翻译教学、翻译语言学以及翻译技巧都进行了精辟的论述。
纽马克翻译理论的核心是语义翻译和交际翻译,这也是其翻译理论中最主要、最有特色的组成部分。
他的代表作包括《翻译问题探索》(Approaches to Translation, 1981) 、《翻译教程》(A T extbook of Translation, 1988)、《翻译论》(About Translation, 1991)和《翻译短评》(Paragraphs on Translation, 1993)。
在《翻译问题探索》一书中,纽马克提出,针对不同的文本类型应当采用不同的翻译方法——语义翻译(s emantic translation) 或交际翻译(communicative translation)。
根据不同的内容和文体,他将文本分为抒发功能(expressive function)、信息功能(inform ative function)、呼唤功能(vocative function)、审美功能(aesthetic functio n)、应酬功能(phatic function)和元语言功能(metalingual function)。
20世纪90年代他又提出“关联翻译法”,这标志着他的翻译理论渐趋系统。
下面本文将就纽马克的主要译论观点进行初步解读,以求对纽马克的翻译理论做更深层次的理解,并将相关翻译标准应用到英汉、汉英翻译中去。
一.语言功能与文本类型纽马克认为,翻译活动即是对文本的翻译,研究翻译不能离开文本。
在修正布勒(Buhler)、雅各布森(Jakobson)功能模式的语言理论基础上,根据不同的内容和文体,纽马克提出了一套自己的文本功能及其分类。
语言学术语英汉对照——考@翻译硕士唯一认准@鬼谷一喵第一章phonology音系学grammar语法学morphology形态学syntax句法学lexicology词汇学general linguistics普通语言学theoretical linguistics理论语言学historical linguistics历史语言学descriptive linguistics描写语言学empirical linguistics经验语言学dialectology方言学anthropology人类学stylistics文体学signifier能指signified所指morphs形素morphotactics语素结构学/形态配列学syntactic categories句法范畴syntactic classes句法类别序列sub-structure低层结构super-structure上层结构open syllable开音节closed syllable闭音节checked syllable成阻音节rank 等级level层次ding-dong theory/nativistic theory本能论sing-song theory唱歌说yo-he-ho theory劳动喊声说pooh-pooh theory感叹说ta-ta theory模仿说animal cry theory/bow-wow theory模声说Prague school布拉格学派Bilateral opposition双边对立Mutilateral opposition多边对立Proportional opposition部分对立Isolated opposition孤立对立Private opposition表缺对立Graded opposition渐次对立Equipollent opposition均等对立Neutralizable opposition可中立对立Constant opposition恒定对立Systemic-functional grammar系统功能语法Meaning potential意义潜势Conversational implicature会话含义Deictics指示词Presupposition预设Speech acts言语行为Discourse analysis话语分析Contetualism语境论Phatic communion寒暄交谈Metalanguage原语言Applied linguistics应用语言学Nominalism唯名学派Psychosomatics身学第二章trachea/windpipe气管tip舌尖blade舌叶/舌面front舌前部center舌中部top舌顶back舌后部dorsum舌背root舌跟pharynx喉/咽腔laryngeals喉音laryngealization喉化音vocal cords声带vocal tract声腔initiator启动部分pulmonic airstream mechanism肺气流机制glottalic airstream mechanism喉气流机制velaric airstream mechanism腭气流机制Adam’s apple喉结Voiceless sound清音Voiceless consonant请辅音Voiced sound浊音Voiced consonant浊辅音Glottal stop喉塞音Breath state呼吸状态Voice state带音状态Whisper state耳语状态Closed state封闭状态Alveolar ride齿龈隆骨Dorsum舌背Ejective呼气音Glottalised stop喉塞音Impossive内爆破音Click/ingressive吸气音Segmental phonology音段音系学Segmental phonemes音段音位Suprasegmental超音段Non-segmental非音段Plurisegmental复音段Synthetic language综合型语言Diacritic mark附加符号Broad transcription宽式标音Narrow transcription窄式标音Orthoepy正音法Orthography正字法Etymology词源Active articulator积极发音器官Movable speech organ能动发音器官Passive articulator消极发音器官Immovable speech organ不能动发音器官Lateral边音Approximant [j,w]无摩擦延续音Resonant共鸣音Central approximant中央无摩擦延续音Lateral approximant边无摩擦延续音Unilateral consonant单边辅音Bilateral consonant双边辅音Non-lateral非边音Trill [r]颤音 trilled consonant颤辅音rolled consonant滚辅音Labal-velar唇化软腭音Interdental齿间音Post-dental后齿音Apico-alveolar舌尖齿龈音Dorso-alveolar舌背齿龈音Palato-alveolar后齿龈音Palato-alveolar腭齿龈音Dorso-palatal舌背腭音Pre-palatal前腭音Post-palatal后腭音Velarization软腭音化Voicing浊音化Devoicing清音化Pure vowel纯元音Diphthong二合元音Triphthong三合元音Diphthongization二合元音化Monophthongization单元音化Centring diphthong央二合元音Closing diphthong闭二合元音Narrow diphthong窄二合元音Wide diphthong宽二合元音Phonetic similarity语音相似性Free variant自由变体Free variation自由变异Contiguous assimilation临近同化Juxtapostional assimilation邻接同化Regressive assimilation逆同化Anticipatory assimilation先行同化Progressive assimilation顺同化Reciprocal assimilation互相同化Coalescent assimilation融合同化Partial assimilation部分同化Epenthesis插音Primary stress主重音Secondary stress次重音Weak stress弱重音Stress group重音群Sentence stress句子重音Contrastive stress对比重音Lexical stress词汇重音Word stress词重音Lexical tone词汇声调Nuclear tone核心声调Tonetics声调学Intonation contour语调升降曲线Tone units声调单位Intonology语调学Multilevel phonology多层次音系学Monosyllabic word多音节词Polysyllabic word单音节次Maximal onset principle最大节首辅音原则第三章词汇liaison连音contracted form缩写形式frequency count词频统计a unit of vocabulary词汇单位a lexical item词条a lexeme词位hierarchy层次性lexicogrammar词汇语法morpheme语素nonomorphemic words单语素词polymorphemic words多语素词relative uninterruptibility相对连续性a minimum free form最小自由形式the maximum free form最大自由形式variable words 可变词invariable words不变词paradigm聚合体grammatical words(function words)语法词/功能词lexical words(content words)词汇词/实义词closed-class words封闭类词opened-class words开放类词word class词类particles小品词pro-form代词形式pro-adjective(so)代形容词pro-verb(do/did)代副词pro-adverb(so)代动词pro-locative(there)代处所词/代方位词determiners限定词predeterminers前置限定词central determiners中置限定词post determiners后置限定词ordinal number序数词cardinal number基数词morpheme词素morphology形态学free morpheme自由词素bound morpheme黏着词素root词根affix词缀stem词干root morpheme词根语素prefix前缀infix中缀suffix后缀bound root morpheme黏着词根词素inflectional affix屈折词缀derivational affix派生词缀inflectional morphemes屈折语素derivational morphemes派生语素word-formation构词compound复合词endocentric compound向心复合词exocentric compound离心复合词nominal endocentric compound名词性向心复合词adjective endocentric compound形容词性向心复合词verbal compound动词性复合词synthetic compound综合性复合词derivation派生词morpheme语素phoneme音位morphonology形态语音学morphophomemics形态音位学morphemic structure语素结构phonological structure音素结构monosyllabic单音节polysyllabic多音节phonological conditioned音位的限制morphological conditioned形态的限制coinage/invention新创词语blending混成法abbreviation缩写法acronym首字母缩写法back-formation逆序造次/逆构词法analogical creation类比构词法borrowing借词法loanword借词loanblend混合借词loanshift转移借词loan translation翻译借词loss脱落addition添加metathesis换位assimilation同化contact assimilation接触性同化contiguous assimilation临近性同化theory of least effort省力理论non- contiguous assimilation非临近性同化distant assimilation远距离同化morpho-syntactic change形态-句法变化morphological change形态变化syntactical change句法变化finite element有定成分semantic change语义变化multisemous多种意义broadening词义扩大narrowing词义缩小meaning shift词义转移class shift词性变换folk etymology俗词源orthographic change拼写的变化conversion变换/变码domain范围/领域meaning shift意义转移split infinitives分裂不定式(She was told to regularly classes)calque仿造词语clipping截断法metanalysis再分化finiteness定式proximate(this)近指代词obviative(that)远指代词non-productivity/unproductive非多产性semiotics符号学paradigmatic relations聚合关系associative relations联想关系syntagmatic relations组合关系sequential relations序列关系logogram语标register语域passive vocabulary消极词汇lexis/vocabulary词汇表第四章句法number数gender性case格nominative主格vocative呼格accusative兵格genitive属格dative与格ablative离格tense 时aspect体perfective完成体imperfective未完成体concord/agreement一致关系/协同关系government支配关系the governor支配者the governed被支配者signified能指signifier所指syntagmatic relationship组合关系paradigmatic relationship聚合关系associative relationship联想关系animate noun有生名词the two axes两根坐标坐标轴immediate constituent analysis(IC analysis for short)直接成分分析法linear structure线性结构hierarchical structure层级结构construction结构体constituent成分substituability替换性labeled tree diagram标签树形图endocentric/headed construction向心结构/中心结构exocentric construction离心结构subordinate construction主从结构coordinate construction并列结构recapitulation再现the declarative陈述句the interrogative疑问句dative movement与格移位morph-phonemic rule形态音位规则constituent morphemes成分规则affix hopping词缀越位nominalization名物化object-deletion宾语删除subject-deletion主语删除categories语类lexicon词库temporal subject表时间的主语syntactic limitation句法限制standard theory标准理论trace theory语迹理论the same index带同标志government管辖binding约束a rule system规则系统a principle system原则系统constituent command(C-command for short)成分统制plain English普通英语anaphor照应语pronominal指代语r-expression(referential-expression)指称语INFL(inflection)形态变化reciprocals(each other)相互代词accessible subject可及主语local domain局部语域binding domain约束语域logophoricity主人公视角CS(computational system)计算系统Merger合并move移动theme主位rheme述位empty subject空主语objective order客观顺序subjective order主观顺序actual sentence division实义句子切分法functional sentence perspective 功能句子观communicative dynamism (CD)交际动力bipartition二分法tripartite classification三分法representative function表达功能expressive function表情功能appellative/vocative function称呼功能conative function意欲功能poetic function诗学功能ideational function概念功能interpersonal function人际功能textual function语篇功能transitivity及物性actor动作者mood system语气系统the finite verbal operator限定部分residue剩余部分indicative直陈语气imperative祈使语气mental-process(a process of sensing)心理过程(感觉过程)relational process(a process of being)关系过程(属性过程)verbal process(a process of saying)言语过程(讲话过程)existential process生存过程第四章句法number数gender性case格nominative主格vocative呼格accusative兵格genitive属格dative与格ablative离格tense 时aspect体perfective完成体imperfective未完成体concord/agreement一致关系/协同关系government支配关系the governor支配者the governed被支配者signified能指signifier所指syntagmatic relationship组合关系paradigmatic relationship聚合关系associative relationship联想关系animate noun有生名词the two axes两根坐标坐标轴immediate constituent analysis(IC analysis for short)直接成分分析法linear structure线性结构hierarchical structure层级结构construction结构体constituent成分substituability替换性labeled tree diagram标签树形图endocentric/headed construction向心结构/中心结构exocentric construction离心结构subordinate construction主从结构coordinate construction并列结构recapitulation再现the declarative陈述句the interrogative疑问句dative movement与格移位morph-phonemic rule形态音位规则constituent morphemes成分规则affix hopping词缀越位nominalization名物化object-deletion宾语删除subject-deletion主语删除categories语类lexicon词库temporal subject表时间的主语syntactic limitation句法限制standard theory标准理论trace theory语迹理论the same index带同标志government管辖binding约束a rule system规则系统a principle system原则系统constituent command(C-command for short)成分统制plain English普通英语anaphor照应语pronominal指代语r-expression(referential-expression)指称语INFL(inflection)形态变化reciprocals(each other)相互代词accessible subject可及主语local domain局部语域binding domain约束语域logophoricity主人公视角CS(computational system)计算系统=derivational procedure推导系统Merger合并move移动theme主位rheme述位empty subject空主语objective order客观顺序subjective order主观顺序actual sentence division实义句子切分法functional sentence perspective 功能句子观communicative dynamism (CD)交际动力bipartition二分法tripartite classification三分法representative function表达功能expressive function表情功能。
获奖浅析一:人物介绍:艾兹格·W·迪科斯彻(Edsger Wybe Dijkstra,1930年5月11日~2002年8月6日)荷兰人。
计算机科学家,毕业就职于荷兰Leiden大学,早年钻研物理及数学,而后转为计算学。
曾在1972年获得过素有计算机科学界的诺贝尔奖之称的图灵奖,之后,他还获得过1974年 AFIPS Harry Goode Memorial Award、1989年ACM SIGCSE 计算机科学教育教学杰出贡献奖、以及2002年ACM PODC最具影响力论文奖。
中文名:艾兹格·迪科斯彻外文名: Edsger Wybe Dijkstra国籍:荷兰出生地:荷兰鹿特丹(Rotterdam)出生日期: 1930年5月11日逝世日期: 2002年8月6日职业:计算机科学家毕业院校:荷兰Leiden大学主要成就: 1972年获得图灵奖1989年计算机科学教育杰出贡献奖2002年ACM PODC最具影响力论文奖二、成绩:Edsger Wybe Dijkstra 1 提出“goto有害论”; 2 提出信号量和PV原语; 3 解决了有趣的“哲学家聚餐”问题;4 最短路径算法(SPF)和银行家算法的创造者;5 第一个Algol 60编译器的设计者和实现者;6 THE操作系统的设计者和开发者; 与 D. E. Knuth并称为我们这个时代最伟大的计算机科学家的人。
在与癌症进行了多年的斗争之后,伟大的荷兰计算机科学家Edsger Wybe Dijkstra已经于2002年8月6日在荷兰Nuenen自己的家中与世长辞!享年72岁。
编辑本段简介历史:艾兹格·W·迪科斯彻(Edsger Wybe Dijkstra,1930年5月11日~2002年8月6日)荷兰计算机科学家,毕业就职于荷兰Leiden大学,早年钻研物理及数学,而后转为计算学。
曾在1972年获得过素有计算机科学界的诺贝尔奖之称的图灵奖,之后,他还获得过1974年AFIPS Harry Goode Memorial Award、1989年ACM SIGCSE计算机科学教育教学杰出贡献奖、以及2002年ACM PODC最具影响力论文奖。
Sequential translationmeans that translate the English sentences into Chinese on the basis of the original narrative order of the English version.And generally,when the narrative levels of the content of an English long sentence basicly in accordance with the Chinese,we use the sequential translation method.(1) 顺序法。
当英语长句的内容的叙述层次与汉语基本一致时,可以按照英语原文的顺序翻译成汉语。
例如:1. Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep,electricity is working for us,driving our refrigerators,heating our water,or keeping our rooms air-conditioned. (84年考题)即使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时,电仍在为我们工作:帮我们开动电冰箱,把水加热,或使室内空调机继续运转。
分析:该句子由一个主句,三个作伴随状语的现在分词以及位于句首的时间状语从句组成,共有五层意思: A. 既使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时; B.电仍在为我们工作; C. 帮我们开动电冰箱; D. 加热水; E. 或是室内空调机继续运转。
上述五层意思的逻辑关系以及表达的顺序与汉语完全一致,因此,我们可以通过顺序法,把该句翻译成:This sentence is consist of a main sentence,three present participles and an adverbial clause which is located in the front of the sentence.There are five meanings例2. But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited,and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their “expectation of life”,the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials. (84年考题)分析:该句的骨干结构为“It is realized that…”,it为形式主语,that引导着主语从句以及并列的it is even possible to …结构,其中,不定式作主语,the time …是“expectation of life”的同位语,进一步解释其含义,而time后面的句子是它的定语从句。
五个谓语结构,表达了四个层次的意义: A. 可是现在人们意识到;B. 其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的;C. 人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”;D. 将这些已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽的时间。
根据同位语从句的翻译方法,把第四层意义的表达作适当的调整,整个句子就翻译为:可是现在人们意识到,其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的,人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”,也就是说,经过若干年后,这些矿物的全部已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽。
《论读书》Of StudiesFrancis Bacon弗朗西斯·培根英国哲学家They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need proyning (pruning) by study; and studiesthemselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience.读书补天然之不足,经验又补读书之不足,盖天生才干犹如自然花草,读书然后知如何修剪移接,而书中所示,如不以经验范之,则又大而无当。
Natural ablities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study, and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience.天赋就像树木一样,需要通过学习来修剪,然后一般来说学习本身会让我们毫无方向的前进,除非有经验者知道怎样去限制它。
When we are stressed, depressed, upset, or otherwise in a negative state of mind because we perceive that "bad things" keep happening to us, it is important to shift those negative thoughts to something positive.当我们不堪重负、沮丧、失落,抑或因为我们认为倒霉的事总是光临我们而处于消极状态时,将这些消极的思想转变为积极的至关重要。
郁达夫Yu Ta-Fu《故都的秋》Autumn in PeipingWhile muddling along all by myself among theurban dwellers of Suzhou, Shanghai, Xianmen, Hong Kong or Guangzhou, I feel nothing but a little chill in the air, without ever relishing to my heart’s content the flavour, colour, mood and style of the season. Unlike famous flowers which are most attractive when half opening, good wine which is most tempting when one is half drunk, autumn, however, is best appreciated in its entirety.一个人夹在苏州上海杭州,或厦门香港广州的市民中间,混混沌沌地过去,只能感到一点点清凉,秋的味,秋的色,秋的意境与姿态,总看不饱,尝不透,赏玩不到十足。
秋并不是名花,也并不是美酒,那一种半开、半醉的状态,在领略秋的过程上,是不合适的。
秋并不像名花那样在半开的状态下最吸引人,也不像好酒那样在半醉的状态下最诱人,在领略秋的过程上最佳是欣赏它的全部。
After a street cleaner has done the sweeping under the shade of the trees, you will discover countless lines left by his broom in the dust, which look so fine and quiet that somehow a feeling of forlornness will begin to creep up on you. The same depth of implication is found in the ancient saying that a single fallen leaf from the wutong tree is more than enough to inform the world of autumn’s presence.扫街的在树影下一阵扫后,灰土上留下来的一条条扫帚的丝纹,看起来既觉得细腻,又觉得清闲,潜意识下并且还觉得有点儿落寞,古人所说的梧桐一叶而天下知秋的遥想,大约也就在这些深沉的地方。
Some idle townsfolk, wearing lined or unlined clothing made of thick cloth, will come out pipe in mouth and, loitering under a tree by the end of a bridge, exchange leisurely conversation with acquaintances with a slight touch of regret at the passing of time:着着很厚的青布单衣或夹袄的都市闲人,咬着烟管,在雨后的斜桥影里,上桥头树底下去一立,遇见熟人,便会用了缓慢悠闲的声调,微叹着互答着地说:"可不是吗?一层秋雨一层凉了!""Oh, real nice and cool."秋天,这北国的秋天,若留得住的话,我愿把寿命的三分之二折去,换得一个三分之一的零头。
Autumn, I mean Northern autumn, if only it could be made to last forever! I would be more than willing to keep but one-third of my life-span and have two-thirds of it bartered for the prolonged stay of the season!。