经济学原理曼昆第七版第章消费者选择理论多选题答案
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曼昆《经济学原理》第七版课后习题的答案(中文版)!!30曼昆《经济学原理》第七版课后习题的答案(中文版)!!练习题1、任何一个所得税表都体现了两种税率——平均税率和边际税率。
(题中的表见课本12章)a、平均税率定义为支付的总税收除以收入。
对表12—7中的比例税制来说,赚5万美元、10万美元和20万美元的人,其平均税率分别是多少?在累退税制和累进税制中相对应的平均税率是多少?答:从表12—7中很容易看出,赚5万美元、10万美元和20万美元的人,其平均税率都是25%。
在累退税制中,赚5万美元、10万美元和20万美元的人,其平均税率分别是30%,25%,20%。
在累进税制中,赚5万美元、10万美元和20万美元的人,其平均税率分别是20%,25%,30%。
b、边际税率定义为额外收入支付的税收除以增加的额外收入。
计算比例税制下,收入从5万美元增加到10万美元的边际税率。
计算收入从10万美元增加到20万美元的边际税率。
计算累退税制和累进税制下相对应的边际税率答:(1)比例税制。
当收入从5万美元增加到10万美元时,税收量增加了1.25万,因此边际税率为1.25/5=0.25,即25%。
当收入从10万美元增加到20万美元时,税收量增加了2.5万,因此边际税率为2.5/10=0.25,即25%。
(2)累退税制。
当收入从5万美元增加到10万美元时,税收量增加了1万,因此边际税率为1/5=0.2,即20%。
当收入从10万美元增加到20万美元时,税收量增加了1.5万,因此边际税率为1.5/10=0.15,即15%。
(3)累进税制。
当收入从5万美元增加到10万美元时,税收量增加了1.5万,因此边际税率为1.5/5=0.3,即30%。
当收入从10万美元增加到20万美元时,税收量增加了3.5万,因此边际税率为3.5/10=0.35,即35%。
c、描述这三种税制中每一种的平均税率和边际税率之间的关系。
一般来说,某人在决定是否接受工资比目前工作略高一点的工作时,哪一种税率更适用?在判断税制的纵向平等时,哪一种税率更适用?答:在比例税制下,平均税率和边际税率相等,且都不随收入变动而变动。
曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分册)》课后习题详解(第7篇)【圣才出品】第7篇深⼊研究的论题第21章消费者选择理论⼀、概念题1.预算约束线(budget constraint )答:预算约束线⼜称消费可能线和价格线,指对消费者可以承受(在消费者收⼊和消费者希望购买的物品价格既定时)的消费组合的限制。
预算约束线表⽰消费者⽀付得起的消费组合。
假定以I 表⽰消费者的既定收⼊,以P 1和P 2分别表⽰商品1和商品2的价格,以X 1和X 2分别表⽰商品1和商品2的数量,那么,相应的预算等式为:P 1X 1+P 2X 2=I 。
上式表⽰:消费者的全部收⼊等于他购买商品1和商品2的总⽀出。
⽽且,可以⽤1I P 和2I P 来分别表⽰全部收⼊仅购买商品1或商品2的数量,它们分别表⽰预算约束线的横截距和纵截距。
此外,上式还可以改写成如下形式:12122P I X X P P =?+。
式中的预算约束线⽅程表明,预算约束线的斜率为12P P ?,纵截距为2I P 。
2.⽆差异曲线(indifference curve )答:⽆差异曲线指带给消费者相同满⾜程度的消费组合的⼀条曲线。
它表⽰消费者在⼀定偏好、⼀定技术条件和⼀定资源条件下选择商品时,对不同组合商品的满⾜程度是没有区别的。
与⽆差异曲线相对应的效⽤函数为:U =f (X 1,X 2)。
其中,X 1、X 2分别为商品1和商品2的消费数量;U 是常数,表⽰某个效⽤⽔平。
由于⽆差异曲线表⽰的是序数效⽤,所以,这⾥的U 只需表⽰某⼀个效⽤⽔平,⽽不在乎其具体数值的⼤⼩。
有的西⽅经济学者称这种效⽤⽔平为效⽤指数。
⽆差异曲线可以表⽰为图21-1所⽰。
在⼀个坐标系内,⽆差异曲线有⽆数条,图21-2中显⽰的只是其中的三条。
图中的横轴表⽰商品1的数量X1,纵轴表⽰商品2的数量X2,I、I′、I″分别代表三条⽆差异曲线。
图中的每⼀条⽆差异曲线上的任何⼀点,如⽆差异曲线I″上的A、B、C、D、E 和F点所代表的商品组合给消费者带来的效⽤⽔平都是相等的。
复习题1.解释买者的支付意愿、消费者剩余和需求曲线如何相关。
答:需求曲线反映了买者的支付意愿。
在任何一种数量时,需求曲线给出的价格表示边际买者的支付意愿。
需求曲线以下和价格以上的总面积是一种物品或劳务市场上所有买者消费者剩余的总和。
2.解释卖者的成本、生产者剩余和供给曲线如何相关。
36答:供给曲线的高度与卖者的成本相关。
在任何一种数量时,供给曲线给出的价格表示边际卖者的成本。
价格之下和供给曲线以上的面积衡量市场的生产者剩余。
3.在供求图中,标出市场均衡时的生产者剩余和消费者剩余。
答:APE 的面积代表消费者剩余;PBE 的面积代表生产者剩余。
图7-1 供求图4.什么是效率?它是经济决策者的唯一目标吗?答:效率是指资源配置使社会所有成员得到的总剩余最大化的性质。
除了效率外,经济决策者还应该关心平等。
实际上,市场交易的好处很像在市场参与者之间分割一块蛋糕,经济决策者不仅要关心如何将经济蛋糕做大,即效率;还要考虑如何在市场参与者之间分这块蛋糕,这就涉及公平问题。
5.看不见的手有什么作用?答:每一个市场参与者都会尽力追求自己的利益,看不见的手指引他们在相互竞争中达到一个并非他们本意想要达到的目的,这就是市场均衡点。
在均衡点上,消费者剩余和生产者剩余总和最大化,整个社会福利达到最大。
6.说出两种市场失灵的名称。
解释为什么每一种都可能使市场结果无效率。
答:市场失灵包括市场势力和外部性。
如果某一市场上存在市场势力,即只有极少部分(可能是一个)买者或卖者可以控制市场价格,他们就会使价格趋向于对他们这一小部分人有益的水平。
于是,市场价格和数量背离供求平衡,社会福利达不到最大,市场失去效率。
外部性是某些市场参与者的行为对旁观者福利的影响。
它使市场福利还要取决于买者评价和卖者成本之外的其他因素。
由于买者和卖者在决定消费和生产时并没有考虑这种负作用。
所以,从整个社会角度来看,市场均衡可能是无效率的。
问题与应用1.Melissa用120美元购买了一个iPod,并得到了80美元的消费者剩余。
经济学原理(曼昆)第七版--第9章--应用:国际贸易--多选题答案第9章应用:国际贸易快速多选:1.如果一个不允许钢铁进行国际贸易的国家的国内价格低于世界价格,那么:A.该国在生产钢铁中有比较优势,如果开放贸易会成为钢铁出口国。
B.该国在生产钢铁中有比较优势,如果开放贸易会成为钢铁进口国。
C.该国在生产钢铁中没有比较优势,如果开放贸易会成为钢铁出口国。
D.该国在生产钢铁中没有比较优势,如果开放贸易会成为钢铁进口国。
【答案】A【解析】由于该国的国内钢铁价格低于世界价格,说明该国在生产钢铁上具有比较优势,因此该国将成为出口国。
2. 当Ectenia国在咖啡豆方面对世界开放贸易时,国内咖啡豆价格下降。
以下哪一个选项说明了这种情况?A.国内咖啡产量增加,而且Ectenia变成了咖啡进口国。
B.国内咖啡产量增加,而且Ectenia变成了咖啡出口国。
C.国内咖啡产量减少,而且Ectenia变成了咖啡进口国。
D.国内咖啡产量减少,而且Ectenia变成了咖啡出口国。
【答案】C【解析】首先,由国内咖啡豆价格下降知,贸易使得Ectenia过总供给增加(国内市场上,总供给>总需求),则该国为咖啡豆的进口国。
由一国允许贸易并成为一种物品的进口者时,该物品消费者的状况变好了知,该国是咖啡的进口国。
并且,大量进口导致国内咖啡产业受冲击,国内该物品的生产者状况变坏了。
此题也可以用排除法。
3. 当一国开放一种产品的贸易并成为一个进口国时,将带来哪种结果?A. 生产者剩余减少,但消费者剩余和总剩余增加。
B. 生产者剩余减少,消费者剩余增加,而进口对总剩余的影响不确定。
C. 生产者剩余和总剩余都增加,但消费者剩余减少。
D. 生产者剩余、消费者剩余和总剩余都增加。
【答案】A【解析】由书上结果知,当一国开放一种产品的贸易并成为一个进口国时,消费者剩余增加,生产者剩余减少,总剩余增加。
4. 如果进口一种产品的国家征收关税,这就会增加_________。
Problems and Applications1.If an early freeze in California sours the lemon crop, the supply curve for lemons shiftsto the left, as shown in Figure 7-5.The result is a rise in the price of lemons and adecline in consumer surplus from A + B + C to just A. So consumer surplus declines by the amount B + C.Figure 7-5In the market for lemonade, the higher cost of lemons reduces the supply of lemonade,as shown in Figure 7-6.The result is a rise in the price of lemonade and a decline inconsumer surplus from D + E + F to just D, a loss of E + F. Note that an event that affectsconsumer surplus in one market often has effects on consumer surplus in other markets.Figure 7-62. A rise in the demand for French bread leads to an increase in producer surplus in themarket for French bread, as shown in Figure 7-7.The shift of the demand curve leads to an increased price, which increases producer surplus from area A to area A + B + C.Figure 7-7The increased quantity of French bread being sold increases the demand for flour, asshown in Figure 7-8.As a result, the price of flour rises, increasing producer surplusfrom area D to D + E + F. Note that an event that affects producer surplus in onemarket leads to effects on producer surplus in related markets.Figure 7-83. a.Bert’ s demand schedule is:Price Quantity DemandedMore than $7 0$5 to $7 1$3 to $5 2$1 to $3 3$1 or less 4Bert’ s demand curve is shown in Figure 7 -9.Figure 7-9b.When the price of a bottle of water is $4, Bert buys two bottles of water.Hisconsumer surplus is shown as area A in the figure.He values his first bottle ofwater at $7, but pays only $4 for it, so has consumer surplus of $3.He valueshis second bottle of water at $5, but pays only $4 for it, so has consumersurplus of $1.Thus Bert’ s total consumer surplus is $3 + $1 = $4, which isthe area of A in the figure.c.When the price of a bottle of water falls from $4 to $2, Bert buys three bottlesof water, an increase of one. His consumer surplus consists of both areas Aand B in the figure, an increase in the amount of area B. He gets consumersurplus of $5 from the first bottle ($7 value minus $2 price), $3 from thesecond bottle ($5 value minus $2 price), and $1 from the third bottle ($3 valueminus $2 price), for a total consumer surplus of $9. Thus consumer surplusrises by $5 (which is the size of area B) when the price of a bottle of water fallsfrom $4 to $2.4. a. Ernie ’ s supply schedule for water is:Price Quantity SuppliedMore than $7 4$5 to $7 3$3 to $5 2$1 to $3 1Less than $1 0Ernie’ s supply curve is shown in Figure 7 -10.Figure 7-10b.When the price of a bottle of water is $4, Ernie sells two bottles of water.Hisproducer surplus is shown as area A in the figure.He receives $4 for his firstbottle of water, but it costs only $1 to produce, so Ernie has producer surplusof $3.He also receives $4 for his second bottle of water, which costs $3 toproduce, so he has producer surplus of$1. Thus Ernie’ s total producersurplus is $3 + $1 = $4, which is the area of A in the figure.c.When the price of a bottle of water rises from $4 to $6, Ernie sells three bottlesof water, an increase of one.His producer surplus consists of both areas Aand B in the figure, an increase by the amount of area B.He gets producersurplus of $5 from the first bottle ($6 price minus $1 cost), $3 from the secondbottle ($6 price minus $3 cost), and $1 from the third bottle ($6 price minus $5price), for a total producer surplus of $9.Thus producer surplus rises by $5(which is the size of area B) when the price of a bottle of water rises from $4to $6.5. a. From Ernie ’ s supply schedule and Bert ’ s demand schedule, the quantitydemanded and supplied are:Price Quantity Supplied Quantity Demanded$ 2 1 34 2 26 3 1Only a price of $4 brings supply and demand into equilibrium, withan equilibrium quantity of 2.b.At a price of $4, consumer surplus is $4 and producer surplus is $4, as shownin problems 3 and 4.Total surplus is $4 + $4 = $8.c.If Ernie produced one fewer bottle, his producer surplus would decline to $3,as shown in problem 4.If Bert consumed one fewer bottle, his consumersurplus would decline to $3, as shown in problem 3. So total surplus would declineto $3 + $3 = $6.d.If Ernie produced one additional bottle of water, his cost would be $5, but theprice is only $4, so his producer surplus would decline by $1.If Bertconsumed one additional bottle of water, his value would be $3, but the priceis $4, so his consumer surplus would decline by $1.So total surplus declinesby $1 + $1 = $2.6. a.The effect of falling production costs in the market for stereos results in a shiftto the right in the supply curve, as shown in Figure 7-11.As a result, theequilibrium price of stereos declines and the equilibrium quantity increases.b.The decline in the price of stereos increases consumer surplus from area A to A+ B + C + D, an increase in the amount B + C + D.Prior to the shift in supply,producer surplus was areas B + E (the area above the supply curve and belowthe price).After the shift in supply, producer surplus is areas E + F + G.Soproducer surplus changes by the amount F + G - B, which may be positive ornegative.The increase in quantity increases producer surplus, while thedecline in the price reduces producer surplus.Since consumer surplus risesby B + C + D and producer surplus rises by F + G - B, total surplus rises by C+ D+F+G.c.If the supply of stereos is very elastic, then the shift of the supply curvebenefits consumers most.To take the most dramatic case, suppose thesupply curve were horizontal, as shown in Figure 7-12.Then there is noproducer surplus at all.Consumers capture all the benefits of fallingproduction costs, with consumer surplus rising from area A to area A + B.Figure 7-11Figure 7-127. Figure 7-13 shows supply and demand curves for haircuts. Supply equals demand ata quantity of three haircuts and a price between $4 and $5. Firms A, C, and D shouldcut the hair of Sally Jessy, Jerry, and Montel. Oprah ’ s willingness to pay is too low and firm B ’ s costs are too high, so they do not participate. The maximum total surplus isthe area between the demand and supply curves, which totals $11 ($8 value minus$2 cost for the first haircut, plus $7 value minus $3 cost for the second, plus $5 valueminus $4 cost for the third).Figure 7-138. a.The effect of falling production costs in the market for computers results in ashift to the right in the supply curve, as shown in Figure 7-14.As a result, theequilibrium price of computers declines and the equilibrium quantity increases.The decline in the price of computers increases consumer surplus from area Ato A + B + C + D, an increase in the amount B + C + D.Figure 7-14Prior to the shift in supply, producer surplus was areas B + E (the area abovethe supply curve and below the price).After the shift in supply, producersurplus is areas E + F + G.So producer surplus changes by the amount F + G- B, which may be positive or negative.The increase in quantity increasesproducer surplus, while the decline in the price reduces producer surplus. Sinceconsumer surplus rises by B + C + D and producer surplus rises by F + G - B,total surplus rises by C + D + F + G.——Figure 7-15b.Since adding machines are substitutes for computers, the decline in the priceof computers means that people substitute computers for adding machines,shifting the demand for adding machines to the left, as shown in Figure 7-15.The result is a decline in both the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity ofadding machines.Consumer surplus in the adding-machine market changesfrom area A + B to A + C, a net gain of C - B.Producer surplus changes fromarea C + D + E to area E, a net loss of C + D.Adding machine producers aresad about technological advance in computers because their producersurplus declines.c.Since software and computers are complements, the decline in the price andincrease in the quantity of computers means that people’ s demand forsoftware increases, shifting the demand for software to the right, as shown inFigure 7-16. The result is an increase in both the price and quantity of software.Consumer surplus in the software market changes from B + C to A+B, a net increase of A - C. Producer surplus changes from E to C + D + E, anincrease of C + D, so software producers should be happy about the technologicalprogress in computers.d.Yes, this analysis helps explain why Bill Gates is one the world’ s richest msince his company produces a lot of software that’ s a complement withcomputers and there has been tremendous technological advance incomputers.——Figure 7-169. a. Figure 7-17 illustrates the demand for medical care. If each procedure has aprice of $100, quantity demanded will be Q 1 procedures.Figure 7-17b.If consumers pay only $20 per procedure, the quantity demanded will be Q 2procedures.Since the cost to society is $100, the number of proceduresperformed is too large to maximize total surplus.The quantity thatmaximizes total surplus is Q 1 procedures, which is less than Q2.c.The use of medical care is excessive in the sense that consumers getprocedures whose value is less than the cost of producing them.As a result,——the economy’ s total surplus is reduced.d.To prevent this excessive use, the consumer must bear the marginal cost ofthe procedure.But this would require eliminating insurance.Anotherpossibility would be that the insurance company, which pays most of themarginal cost of the procedure ($80, in this case) could decide whether theprocedure should be performed.But the insurance company doesn’ t get thebenefits of the procedure, so its decisions may not reflect the value to theconsumer.10. a. Figure 7-18 illustrates the effect of the drought. The supply curve shifts tothe left, leading to a rise in the equilibrium price from P 1 to P 2 and a decline inthe equilibrium quantity from Q 1 to Q 2 .Figure 7-18b.If the price of water is not allowed to change, there will be an excess demandfor water, with the shortage shown on the figure as the difference between Q 1and Q 3 .c.The system for allocating water is inefficient because it no longer allocateswater to those who value it most highly.Some people who value water atmore than its cost of production will be unable to obtain it, so societysurplus isn’ t maximized.The allocation system seems unfair as well.Water is allocated simply on pastusage, rewarding past wastefulness.If a family’ s demand for water increases,——say because of an increase in family size, the policy doesn ’ t allow them to obtain more water. Poor families, who probably used water mostly fornecessary uses like drinking, would suffer more than wealthier families whowould have to cut back only on luxury uses of water like operating backyardfountains and pools. However, the policy also keeps the price of water lower,which benefits poor families, since otherwise more of their family budgetwould have to go for water.d. If the city allowed the price of water to rise to its equilibrium price P 2 , theallocation would be more efficient. Quantity supplied would equal quantitydemanded and there would be no shortage. Total surplus would bemaximized.Whether the market allocation would be more or less fair than theproportionate reduction in water under the old policy is difficult to say, but it islikely to be more fair. Notice that the quantity supplied would be higher (Q 2)in this case than under the water restrictions (Q 3 ), so there ’ s less reduction inwater usage. To make the market solution even more fair, the governmentcould provide increased tax relief or welfare payments for poor families whosuffer from paying the higher water prices.。
1下列每种交易会影响CDP的哪一部分(如果有影响的话)?并解释之。
A.家庭购买了一台新冰箱。
答:家庭购买了一台新冰箱会增加GDP中的消费(C)部分,因为家庭用于家用电器的支出计算在消费的耐用品类中。
B.杰妮姑妈买了一所新房子。
答:杰妮姑妈买了一所新房子会增加GDP中的投资(1)部分,因为家庭住宅能长期供人居住,提供服务。
它比一般耐用消费品的使用寿命更长,因此把住宅房屋的投资计算在投资中。
C.福特汽车公司由其存货中出售了一部雷鸟牌汽车。
答:福利汽车公司由其存货中出售了一部雷鸟牌汽车会减少现期GDP中的投资,因为销售中间物品存货时,企业的存货投资是负的,因而减少了当期的GDP。
C.你买了一个比萨饼。
答:我买了一个比萨饼会增加GDP中的消费(C),因为我用于购买食品的支出计算在消费的非耐用品类中。
D.加利福尼亚重新铺设了101号高速公路。
答:加利福尼亚重新铺设了101号高速公路增加了GDP中的政府购买(G),因为修建高速公路是政府的行为。
E.你的父母购买了一瓶xx红酒。
答:我的父母购买了一瓶法国红酒会减少GDP中的净出口(NX),因为法国红酒是进口食品,它的购买增加了美国的进口。
F.本田公司扩大其在俄亥俄州马利斯维尔的工厂。
答:本田公司扩大其在俄亥俄州马利斯维尔的工厂增加了GDP中的净出口(NX),因为本田公司是一家日本企业,它在美国的投资减少了美国对日本本田汽车的进口,使NX增加2.GDP组成部分中的“政府购买”并不包括用于社会保障这类转移支付的支出。
想想GDP的定义,解释为什么转移支付不包括在政府购买内?答:因为转移支付并不是要交换现在生产的物品或劳务,从宏观经济的角度看,转移支付就像税收和回扣一样。
转移支付和税收一样改变了家庭收入,但并没有反映经济的生产。
由于GDP是要衡量在某一既定时期一个国家从物品与劳务的生产中得到的收入,所以,不把转移支付包括在政府购买内。
6.考虑以下xxGDP的数据:A.1996年到1997年间名义收入增长率是多少?(注意:增长率是一个时期到下一个时期百分比的变动。
第一篇导言第一章经济学十大原理复习题1.列举三个你在生活中面临的重要权衡取舍的例子。
答:①大学毕业后,面临着是否继续深造的选择,选择继续上学攻读研究生学位,就意味着在今后三年中放弃参加工作、赚工资和积累社会经验的机会;②在学习内容上也面临着很重要的权衡取舍,如果学习《经济学》,就要减少学习英语或其他专业课的时间;③对于不多的生活费的分配同样面临权衡取舍,要多买书,就要减少在吃饭、买衣服等其他方面的开支。
2.看一场电影的机会成本是什么?答:看一场电影的机会成本是在看电影的时间里做其他事情所能获得的最大收益,例如:看书、打零工。
8.为什么生产率是重要的?答:因为一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力,而对这种能力的最重要的衡量度就是生产率。
生产率越高,一国生产的物品与劳务量就越多。
9.什么是通货膨胀,什么引起了通货膨胀?答:通货膨胀是流通中货币量的增加而造成的货币贬值,由此产生经济生活中价格总水平上升。
货币量增长引起了通货膨胀。
10.短期中通货膨胀与失业如何相关?答:短期中通货膨胀与失业之间存在着权衡取舍,这是由于某些价格调整缓慢造成的。
政府为了抑制通货膨胀会减少流通中的货币量,人们可用于支出的货币数量减少了,但是商品价格在短期内是粘性的,仍居高不下,于是社会消费的商品和劳务量减少,消费量减少又引起企业解雇工人。
在短期内,对通货膨胀的抑制增加了失业量。
问题与应用3.你正计划用星期六去从事业余工作,但一个朋友请你去滑雪。
去滑雪的真实成本是什么?现在假设你已计划这天在图书馆学习,这种情况下去滑雪的成本是什么?并解释之。
答:去滑雪的真实成本是周六打工所能赚到的工资,我本可以利用这段时间去工作。
如果我本计划这天在图书馆学习,那么去滑雪的成本是在这段时间里我可以获得的知识。
5.你管理的公司在开发一种新产品过程中已经投资500万美元,但开发工作还远远没有完成。
在最近的一次会议上,你的销售人员报告说,竞争性产品的进入使你们新产品的预期销售额减少为300万美元。
曼昆经济学原理第七版答案【篇一:1曼昆经济学原理_课后答案.docx】一章经济学十大原理复习题1.列举三个你在生活中面临的重要权衡取舍的例子。
答:①大学毕业后,面临着是否继续深造的选择,选择继续上学攻读研究生学位,就意味着在今后三年中放弃参加工作、赚工资和积累社会经验的机会;②在学习内容上也面临着很重要的权衡取舍,如果学习《经济学》,就要减少学习英语或其他专业课的时间;③对于不多的生活费的分配同样面临权衡取舍,要多买书,就要减少在吃饭、买衣服等其他方面的开支。
2.看一场电影的机会成本是什么?答:看一场电影的机会成本是在看电影的时间里做其他事情所能获得的最大收益,例如:看书、打零工。
3.水是生活必需的。
一杯水的边际利益是大还是小呢?答:这要看这杯水是在什么样的情况下喝,如果这是一个人五分钟内喝下的第五杯水,那么他的边际利益很小,有可能为负;如果这是一个极度干渴的人喝下的第一杯水,那么他的边际利益将会极大。
4.为什么决策者应该考虑激励?答:因为人们会对激励做出反应。
如果政策改变了激励,它将使人们改变自己的行为,当决策者未能考虑到行为如何由于政策的原因而变化时,他们的政策往往会产生意想不到的效果。
5.为什么各国之间的贸易不像竞赛一样有赢家和输家呢?答:因为贸易使各国可以专门从事自己最擅长的活动,并从中享有更多的各种各样的物品与劳务。
通过贸易使每个国家可供消费的物质财富增加,经济状况变得更好。
因此,各个贸易国之间既是竞争对手,又是经济合作伙伴。
在公平的贸易中是“双赢”或者“多赢”的结果。
6.市场中的那只“看不见的手”在做什么呢?答:市场中那只“看不见的手”就是商品价格,价格反映商品自身的价值和社会成本,市场中的企业和家庭在作出买卖决策时都要关注价格。
因此,他们也会不自觉地考虑自己行为的(社会)收益和成本。
从而,这只“看不见的手”指引着千百万个体决策者在大多数情况下使社会福利趋向最大化。
7.解释市场失灵的两个主要原因,并各举出一个例子。