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2. Loss 损失
• Marine Losses • A. Total Loss • a. Actual Total Loss • b. Constructive Total Loss • B. Partial Loss • a. General Average • b. Particular Average
2.1 Total Loss 全部损失
• 2.1.1 Actual Total Loss实际全损 • It means that the cargo has been totally
lost or has been damaged to the extent that it has lost its original usage. It includes: • 货物完全灭失或变质而失去原有用途，即货物的 全部损失已经发生或不可避免。具体包括：
leakage, contamination, etc. • 2. Special Extraneous Risks: military affairs, war,
strike, failure to delivery, rejection, etc.
1.1 General Extraneous Risks一般外来风险
There are four conditions forming GA:
• 1) the danger that threats the common safety of cargo and/or vessel shall be materially existent and is not foreseen,
1.2 Special extraneous risks特殊外来风险
• 1. War Risk战争险 • 2. Strikes Risk罢工险 • 3. Rejection Risk拒收险 • 4. Failure to Delivery Risk交ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้不到险 • 5. Aflatoxin Risk黄曲霉菌险 • 6. On Deck Risk舱面险
2.1.2 Constructive Total Loss推定全损
• It means the cargo is not totally lost, but the actual total loss shall be unavoidable or the restoration fees together with other miscellaneous expenses will exceed the anticipated amount of profit when the cargo is delivered to the destination. In other words, when a ship or a cargo is so badly damaged, the cost of repair or the effort of rescue would be greater than the market value of the ship or cargo. They are treated as totally lost.
• 2) The measures taken by the master shall be conscious and reasonable, which means, GA is man-made but not an accidental loss.
• 3) The sacrifice shall be specialized and not caused by perils directly and the expense incurred shall be additional expense which is not within the operation budget.
lightening, earthquake, flood, tsunami, etc. • 2. Fortuitous Accidents: grounding, stranding,
sunk, collision, fire, explosion, missing, etc. • Extraneous Risks • 1. General Extraneous Risks: theft, breakage,
Chapter 10 Cargo Transportation
Insurance 国际货物运输保险
Lesson 1 Coverage of Marine Cargo Insurance 海上货物运输保险承保范围
• Perils and Risks 风险
• Risks • Perils of the Sea • 1. Natural Calamities: bad weather, thunder and
• 1. Theft / Pilferage偷窃 • 2. Contamination沾污 • 3. Leakage渗漏 • 4. Breakage破碎 • 5. Sweating and/or Heating受热受潮 • 6. Taint of Odor串味 • 7. Rusting生锈 • 8. Hook Damage钩损 • 9. Fresh and/or Rain Water Damage淡水雨淋险 • 10. Shortage in Weight短量 • 11. Clashing碰损
2.2 Partial Loss部分损失
• 2.2.1 General Average共同海损 • It is defined as a partial and deliberate
sacrifice of the ship, freight, cargo, or the additional expense incurred to rescue a ship and its cargo from impending danger or for the common safety of the adventure under a peril of the sea or some other hazards.
