句子成分
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句子成分
概念
一个句子一般皆由两部分组成,即主语部分(subject group)和谓语部分(predicate group)。
主语部分一般由名词或动名词构成,谓语部分一般由动词构成。如:
Professor Ward teaches English to university students. 沃德教授给大学生教英语。
句中的Professor Ward是主语部分,teaches English to university students
是谓语部分。
句子成分(members of the sentence )是句子中起一定功用的组成部分。句子由各个句子成分所构成。句子的组成部分,包括主语、谓语、宾语、定语、补语、状语、表语七种。每一个句子都有主语、谓语和宾语。
主语
主语(subject)是句子叙述的主体,一般置于句首,可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词和主语从句等来承担。
主语是句子陈述的对象,说明是谁或是什么。表示句子说的是"什么人"、“什么事”、“什么东西”、“什么地方”等等。例如:
(1)The plane has just taken off at the airport. 飞机刚从机场起飞。
(2)I respect his privacy. 我尊重他的隐私权。
两句中“the plane”和”I"做主语。
谓语
谓语(predicate)说明主语所发出的动作或具有的特征或状态,一般由动词来承担。谓语是对主语动作或状态的陈述或说明,指出“做什么”和“是什么”或“怎么样”,.谓语动词的位置一般在主语之后。
宾语
宾语(object),又称受词,是指一个动作(动词)的对象或接受者,常位于及物动词或介词后面。宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语(间接宾语也称宾语补足语)两大类,其中直接宾语指动作的直接对象,间接宾语说明动作的非直接,但受动作影响。一般而言,及物动词后面最少要有一个宾语,而该宾语通常为直接宾语,有些及物动词要求两个宾语,则这两个宾语通常一个为直接宾语,另一个为间接宾语。名词、代词、数词、动名词、To do不定式、一个句子 都可以做宾语,而to do不定式用于宾语补足语。
1
句子成分及句子
一、句子
1.简单句
Stephen apologized at once.
注意:如果一个句子含有一个以上的简单句,那它或者是一个并列句,或者是一个复合句。
2.并列句
Stephen realized his mistake and (he) apologized at once.
3.复合句
When he realized his mistake, Stephen apologized at once.
二、英语句子的基本词序
英语句子的词语虽然可能是各种各样的,如下列情况:
1. Did you take your car in for a service?
When did you take your car in for a service?
2. "You've eaten a lot!" cried Frank.
3. Last night we went to the cinema.
4. Suddenly, the whole building began to shake.
6. Don't speak to your mother like that.
但除疑问句和祈使句外,句子的一般语序为:
主语 动词(谓语) 宾语 状语(方式、地点、时间),例如
1. I bought a hat yesterday.
2. The children ran home.
3. The taxi-driver shouted at me angrily.
4. We ate our meal in silence.
5. A young girl with long black hair walked confidently cross the room.
三.基本术语的定义
1.主语:一般也名词、代词或名词短语,通常位于动词之前。动词必须与主语保持一致(主谓一致),所以主语决定动词的形式,如
(一). 指出下列句中主语的中心词
① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.
② There is an old man coming here.
③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.
④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.
(二) 选出句中谓语的中心词
① I don't like the picture on the wall.
A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall
② The days get longer and longer when summer comes.
A. get B. longer C. days D. summer
③ Do you usually go to school by bus?
A. Do B. usually C.go D. bus
④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.
A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon
⑤ Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?
A.Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast
⑥ Tom didn't do his homework yesterday.
句子结构及成分
1. 及物动词和不及物动词
实义动词后面跟宾语时,这个动词是及物动词。实义动词后面不跟宾语时,此时这个动词是不及物动词。
The door opened.
He opened the door.
The meeting began at six. < vi.>
We began the meeting at six. < vt.>
指出下列句中斜体动词是及物动词还是不及物动词,及物动词填vt.,不及物填vi.。
考点1. Most birds can fly.( )
考点2. The children are flying kites in the park. ( )
考点3. It happened yesterday.( )
考点4. My watch stopped.( )
考点5. The baby stopped crying when he saw his mother. ( )
考点6. She spoke at the meeting this morning. ( )
考点7. Shall I begin at once?( )
考点8. She began working as a teacher after she left school.( )( )
考点9. When did they leave Beijing?( )
考点10. They left last week. ( )
2. 实义动词、助动词与情态动词
实义动词和助动词是根据动词在句子中的含义和作用来划分的。实义动词也叫行为动词。
实义动词
指的是那些意义完全且能够独立作谓语的动词。如:
He lives quite near. (live“住”,有明确的意义,单独作谓语,为实义动词。)
I like reading. (like “喜欢”,意思明确,单独作谓语,为实义动词。)