Form factors of exclusive $bto u$ transitions

M.HEAT MASS TRANSFERVol.12, pp.3-22, 1985Printed in the United StatesHeat Transfer In Automobile Radiators Of TheTubular TypeF. W. Dittus and L. M. K. BoelterIntroductionHeat to be dissipated from water-cooled internal combustion engines is usually transferred to the atmosphere by means of devices commonly called radiators. The medium conveying heat to the radiator is generally water, the medium conveying heat away is air.In this article it is intended to discuss the fundamentals involve in the transfer of heat from water to the atmosphere in the simplest type of tubular radiator. No attempt will be made to discuss the effect of the rate of heat transfer when using fins, honeycomb section, or any type other than the plain tube.The unit of measure of heat transfer in heat exchange equipment is the “Overall Transfer Factor”, which is the heat transferred per unit area of heat transmitting surface per unit time per unit of temperature difference between the hot and cold fluids.Film Transfer Factor On The Liquid Side Of A RadiatorTypes of fluid flour through tubesOn the liquid side of a radiator heat is carried from the warm water to the colder tube wall by two methods:(1)Convection(2)ConductionIn the region of turbulent flow, most of the heat is transferred from the liquid to the tube wall by forced convection. Because of the low thermal conductivity of fluids, very little heat is transferred from the center of the stream to the tube wall by conduction. In forced circulation systems the fluid flow through the radiator is turbulent unless the tubes are of very small diameter.In the viscous flow region practically all of the heat is transferred from the interior of the stream to the tube wall by conduction.The rate of heat flow from the water to the air is retarded by(a)Film resistance on the water side of the tube surface,(b)Thermal resistance of tube,(c)Film resistance on the air side of the tube.If we denote the three resistances mentioned above by R w, R t, and R a, respectively, we may write the following equation:(1)o w t a R R R R =++where R o =overall or total heat flow resistance.Ordinarily, however, the term employed is not thermal resistance but thermal conductance, which is the reciprocal of resistance. Denoting thermal conductance by U we may then write:1111(2)o w t aU U U U =++where U o =overall transfer factor (BTU/sq.ft./℉./hr.).U w =film transfer factor on water side (BTU/sq.ft./℉./hr.).U a =film transfer factor on air side (BTU/sq.ft./℉./hr.).U t =thermal conductance of separating wall (BTU/sq.ft./℉./hr.).The value of U t can be readily calculated by the use of the following equation:(3)t kU t =wheret=thickness of separating wall (ft.).k=thermal conductivity of separating wall material (BTU/sq.ft./℉./hr.).Equation (2) holds when heat is transferred through a body with parallel heat-transmitting surfaces. In the case of heat flow through curved surfaces, for example, tube walls, a correction should be made for the face that the outer surface per unit length of tube is greater than the inner surface for the same length of tube. Equation (2) then becomes:1111(4)?o m a a t t w w U A U A U A U A =++ or, referred to the mean diameter of the tube, equation (4) becomes:1111(5)'o w t a U U R U U R =++whereA m =Mean area of heat transfer section based on mean tube diameter (sq.ft).A a =Area of heat transfer section on air side (sq.ft).A w =Area of heat transfer section on water side (sq.ft).R=Ratio of outer tube surface (air) to surface of tube at mean diameter per unit length of tube.R ’=Ratio of inner tube surface (water) to surface of tube at mean diameter per unit length of tube.R=2D/(D+d).R ’=2d/(D+d).D=Outside diameter of tube (inches).d=Inside diameter of tube (inches).The value of U t for a curved separating wall is:4(6)()ln /t kU D d D d =+Substituting equation (6) for the term U t and also substituting in equation (5) the equivalent values of R and R ’, the latter becomes:11ln /1()()(7)?22o o t D d D d U U D k U D +=++The type of fluid flow existing within a tube may be determined by calculating “Reynolds criterion ”, which is defined as follows:(8)/0.624r vd Vd C u s z ==whereC r =Reynolds criterionC r ’=Reynolds critical number (see following paragraph)v=mean linear velocity of fluid (ft./sec.)V=mean mass velocity (lbs./sq.ft./sec.)d=inside diameter of tube (inches)u=absolute viscosity of fluid at mean stream temperature (poises)z=absolute viscosity of fluid at mean stream temperature (centipoises)s=density of fluid (numerically equal to the specific gravity of fluid referred to water at 60℉.) (gram./cc.)If, upon substitution of the proper values in the above equation, the numerical result (Cr) is greater than 40, the flow is turbulent. If, on the other hand, the result is less than 25, the flow is non-turbulent or viscous. In the event that a ratio (Cr ’) having a value between the just mentioned numbers is obtained, the flow may be either turbulent or viscous depending to a great extent upon the entrance and exit conditions of the installation in question and roughness of the tube surface.Film transfer factors for turbulent flow —Most of the experimental work done on heat transfer covers the turbulent region for fluid flow inside of tubes. McAdams and Frost (1922) correlated all the published data and proposed the following equation for heat transfer existing at turbulent flow:0.7961()(9)/Ud vd B k u s = which is a simplified form of the following equation proposed by Nusselt (1910): 12()()(10)/Ud vd cu f f k u s k =WhereB1=constantc=specific heat of fluid (BTU/lb./℉)k=thermal conductivity of fluid (BTU/sq.ft./hr./℉./ft.),and all other terms as mentioned above.McAdams and Frost eliminated the third term of equation (10) because the correlated datafell along the same straight line when plotted on logarithmic paper according to equation (9). Most of the data plotted were results of heat transfer tests conducted with water flowing through tubes.Equation (9) was later modified by McAdams and Frost (1924) to include a correction for the increased heat transfer rate due to turbulence at the entrance of the tube. This modified equation is as follows:2(1)()(11)'/Ud N vd B f k r u s =+whereB2=constantN=empirical numberr=ratio of tube length to diameter=l /du ’=viscosity of fluid at film temperature (poises)Upon considering the results a number of experiments the equation proposed by the last mentioned authors was:0.80250(1)()(12)?'/Ud vd B k r u s =+As mentioned above, in most of the experiments performed the fluid used was water and the heat was generally flowing from the tube to the liquid, i.e., heating the liquid.Morris and Whitman (1928) conducted a series of experiments in which oils having a wide range of viscosities were used. In addition to this they studied the heat transfer rates for cooling as well as heating of the liquid flowing through the tube. The result of the investigation showed that film transfer factors may be expressed by the following equation:0.37()()(13)?Ud Vd cz f k z k =which is of the same form as the Nusselt equation previously mentioned, except that mass velocity (lbs./sq.ft./sec.) is used instead of linear velocity and absolute viscosity expressed in centi-poises instead of poises. The two just mentioned variables are denoted by “V ” and “z ” respectively. Figure 1 shows the experimental data of these investigators plotted according to equation (13). It will be noted that there are two separate groups of points, one for heating liquids and another for cooling liquids. As pointed out by Morris and Whitman, the film transfer factor for cooling a liquid is about 75 per cent of that for heating a liquid when the comparison is made at the same flow conditions.This variation is no doubt due to the fact that the physical properties of the fluid particles conveying and conducing heat are different for the two conditions, even though the mean fluid temperatures are the same. Perhaps a better procedure would be to plot the film transfer factoes as a function of the various thermal properties of the fluid at the film temperature instead of the mean stream temperature.The curves obtained when using the physical properties of the fluid at the tube temperature instead of at the mean stream temperature are in no better agreement than those shown by Morris and Whitman, nor is there a better agreement when the physical properties are taken at a mean temperature between the tube wall and mean stream temperatures. In every case a separate curve was obtained for heating and cooling, in some cases the cooling curve lying above and in some cases lying below the heating curve, depending entirely upon the temperature used to determine the physical properties of the liquid.In order to obtain a common curve for heating and cooling, it is suggested to use two different exponents in the term (cz/k)n for each process. Figure 2 shows the plotted results calculated from Morris and Whitman ’s published data, using n equals 0.4 and 0.3 respectively for heating and cooling a liquid flowing to a tube. Unfortunately, no other data are available to test the use of two different exponents for heating and cooling.The fluids used by Morris and Whitman in their experiments were water and oils covering a considerable range of viscosities. Neither these authors nor McAdams and Frost showed any experimental values for gases flowing through tubes.In order to determine whether or not the Morris and Whitman curve also applies to gases, the published results of a number of investigators using gases in their heat transfer experiments were analyzed and plotted according to the following equations:()()(14)z nUd Vd cz f k kwheren=0.3 for coolingn=0.4 for heatingall other variables as previously defined.The curves thus obtained for gases are shown in figure 3 together with others published by McAdams and Frost for liquids. The curves shown for gas flow cover a range of tube diameters from 1/2 inch to about 6 inches and a temperature range from 60℉ to 1400℉. The mass velocities varied from 0.2 to 6.6 lbs. per sq. ft. per second. The pressure within the pipe varied from 1.5 to 190 pounds per sq. inch absolute. Considering this wide variation in operating conditions, the agreement of the curves is remarkable, although it is somewhat difficult to draw a mean curve.The mean curve shown on figure 3 may be expressed by the following equation:19.5()()(15)m nUd dV cz k z k =where n is the 0.3 and 0.4 for cooling and heating, respectively, as mentioned above.The entrance correction factor (1+50/r) proposed by McAdams and Frost was omitted by Morris and Whitman in the equation proposed by the latter. The reason for the omission is that not sufficient data are available definitely to determine the end correction factor. For the same reason the factor is also omitted from equation (15).Film transfer factor for viscous or non-turbulent flow —Very little data have been published on heat transfer for viscous flow. McAdams (1925) published a curve having a slope of about 1/10 when the variable (l ’d/k)/(1+50/r) is plotted against (Vd/z) or, in other words,1/1150()(1)(16)?o Ud Vd B k z r=+No experimental data were shown to support this equation.Some experiments were conducted by Dittus at the University of California (1929) on the heat transfer from tubes to liquids in viscous motion. It was found upon plotting the experimental results according to the equation Ud/k=f(Vd/z) that the latter equation did not hold, but separate curves were obtained, each of which had a slope of roughly 1/12, for each diameter tube tested. It was apparent that some additional variables should be included in the above equation in order to obtain a satisfactory curve. When the experimental data were plottedaccording to Nusselt ’s equation (10), the results again did not fall along the same curve. Upon including the additional variables, specific heat and temperature difference, the following equation was derived by the application of the principle of dimensional homogeneity:3U [(),(),()](17)/d rd drsc k f k u s k dv s ∆=where △=logarithmic mean temperature difference between tube and liquid, and all other terms are the same as mentioned before.By combining the variables in equation (17) in a particular manner, it was possible to derive a new group of variables, which caused all experimental points to fall along the same curve when plotted accordingly.The final equation proposed is as follows:1/32/31/1220()()(18)/k vd U s c d u s ∆=Further information on heat transfer in the viscous or non-turbulent flow region is available in an article published by Thomas and Wadlow (1929) on the heat transfer performance of tubular radiators for automobiles. These investigators determined the overall transfer from water to air by maintaining a constant water velocity and varying the air velocity in one set of experiments. These tests covered both the turbulent and the non-turbulent or viscous flow on the water side of the turbulent and the non-turbulent or viscous flow on the water side of the radiator tubes. Because of the method employed of varying only one of either the air or water velocity, it is possible to calculate the film transfer factors from the overall transfer factors. The results are shown in figure 4.It will be noted upon reviewing figure 4 that results calculated from Thomas and Wadlow ’s data do not agree with the tests of Dittus. The reason for this may be that in the latter tests every effort was made to eliminate turbulence due to entrance and exit, disturbances, while in the former tests no such precaution was observed. For this reason, turbulence existed at the entrance to the radiator tubes, which may have resulted in a higher overall transfer factor.It will be remembered that McAdams and Frost suggested an end correction factor for the case of turbulent flow.Upon applying the same correction factors (1+50/r) to the results calculated from Thomas ’ and Wadlow ’s data and plotting the values thus corrected, it was found that the plotted points coincided remarkably well with those reported by Dittus (1929), as is shown in figure 5. The equation now proposed for heat transfer existing at viscous flow is as follows:1/32/31/125020()()(1)(19)/k vd U s c d u s r ∆=+As mentioned above, in the tests conducted by Dittus provisions were made to eliminate all disturbance due to entrance conditions. For that particular case the term r then becomes infinite and equation (19) will be the same as equation (18).It is true that the introduction of the end correction term is based on rather meager data, but until more data are available, it is advisable to employ the McAdams and Frost end correction factor as shown in equation (19).Film transfer Factor With Flow Transverse to TubesSingle row of tubes —Much work has been done on heat transfer from cylinders to fluids and vice versa with flow at right angles to the cylinder. Some experiments have been conducted with heated wires moving at a fixed velocity through liquids or air in order to obtain a relation of heat transmission and relative velocity and thus calibrate the device for velocity measurements. Some work has also been done with air flow transverse to tubes. The most recent data of the latter type of tests are those published by Reiher (1925) in which hot air was cooled by flowing transverse to cold tubes. Reiher proposed the following equation:()(20)/m m m mv D UD f k u s = which may also be expressed as follows: ()(21)m m m v D UD f k z =wherev m =average velocity between two adjacent tubes (ft./sec.)V m =average mass velocity between two adjacent tubes (lbs./sq.ft./sec.)D=absolute viscosity of fluid at mean of tube and fluid temperature (poises)u m =absolute viscosity of fluid at mean of tube and fluid temperature (poises)z m=absolute viscosity of fluid at mean of tube and fluid temperature (poises)k m =thermal conductivity of fluid at mean of fluid and tube temperatures (BTU/sq.ft./hr./℉/ft.)c m =specific heat of fluid at mean of fluid and tube temperature (BTU/lb./℉)and all other terms are as mentioned before.The term Vm may be calculated as follows:(22)4m o bV V d b π=-also max (23)o b D V V b -=whereVo=mass velocity of gas just before entering tube bundle (lbs./sq.ft./sec.)Vmax=maximum mass velocity of gas between two adjacent tubes (lbs./sq.ft./sec.) b=center to center spacing of tubes (inches)D=outside diameter of tubes (inches)Using the term Vm instead of either Vo or Vmax eliminates the use of another group of variables involving the ratio of tube spacing to tube diameter. Reiher found that upon plotted in that manner in figure 6. It will be noted that points obtained with air flowing at right angles to the cylinder fall along the same curve, while the points obtained from experiments using oil and water instead of air formed separate curves depending upon the liquid used.Expressing each curve according to the following equation:()(24)nm o m m V D UD B k z =It was found that the constant B 0 could be plotted as a function of the term (c m z m /k m ) and varied as the one-third power of the last-mentioned group of variables.Because of this fact all data were replotted as shown in figure 7 according to the following equation:1/3()()(25)n m m m m m m v D c z UD f k z k =Upon reviewing figure 7 it will be noted that all points, regardless of whether tests were conducted with water, oil, or air, fall along the same curve. It will furthermore be noted that for the region where V m D/z m is less than 0.25 the line has a slope of 0.4 while for the region above that the line has a slope of about 0.56. Apparently there is a change of film conditions at the intersection of the two curves. The equations for heat transfer with fluid flow at right angles to cylinders may then be written as follows:(a) for 0.25m mV D z < 0.41/383()()(26)m m m m m mV D c z UD k z k = (b) for 0.25m mV D z >0.541/3105()()(27)m m m m m m V D c z UD k z k =Several rows of tubes —A series of tests for the determination of heat transfer when several rows of tubes are involved were made by Reiher. In all these experiments the heat transfer took place from tubes to air; no data are available from experiments in which liquids were used. Furthermore, all of Rerher ’s results are for the region where V m D/z m is greater than 0.25 so that no data are available ta all for several rows of tubes in the region where the just mentioned criterion is less than 0.25. Until experiments prove otherwise, it may be assumed that Reiher ’s equation applying to air flow only may be modified to include liquid flow by introducing the term (c m z m /k m )1/3 as was done in the case of the equations for single tubes. The modified equations applying to several rows of tubes for the region where V m D/z m is greater than 0.25 are as follows:(1) staggered rows of tubes: 2 rows,0.691/3max 53()()(28)?m m m m mV D c z UD k z k = 3 rows, 0.691/3max 60()()(29)?m m m m mV D c z UD k z k = 4 rows, 0.691/3max 65()()(30)?m m m m mV D c z UD k z k = 5 rows, 0.691/3max 69()()(31)?m m m m m V D c z UD k z k =(2) rows of tubes directly behind each other: 2 rows,0.6541/3max 55()()(32)?m m m m mV D c z UD k z k = 3 rows, 0.6541/3max 57()()(33)?m m m m mV D c z UD k z k = 4 rows, 0.6541/3max 58()()(34)?m m m m mV D c z UD k z k = 5 rows, 0.6541/3max 59()()(35)?m m m m m V D c z UD k z k =It should be noted that in the two last mentioned groups of equations the term V max instead of V mean is used. Just why this was done is not explained in Reiher ’s paper; unless he assumes that in heat exchange equipment, when several rows of tubes are used, the bulk of the heat transfer takes place at the point of maximum velocity. Rerher also states that the above equations are valid only when the tubes are fairly clos together.Discussion and conclusionsAnalysis of published data on heat transfer in tubular radiators indicates that a large part of the total resistance to heat flow is due to the relatively low film transfer factors on the air side of the tubes. For this reason, any attempt to increase the overall transfer factor on the air side of the tube. Some improvements may also be made by decreasing the film resistance on the liquid side of the tubes, although the total gain will be slight unless the air film transfer factor is increased materially at the same time. The film transfer factor on the liquid side of a tubular radiator may be calculated readily with the aid of the equations (15) and (19) according as the flow is turbulent or non-turbulent respectively.The critical point at which the flow within a tube changes from non-turbulent to turbulent may be determined by application of Reynolds criterion listed as equation (8).It appears that there is also a critical region for flow transverse to tubes at which the flow changes from non-turbulent or viscous to turbulent; this is clearly shown in figure 7. The change of flow from non-turbulent to turbulent appears to take place at the point where V m D/z m is equal to 0.25.For the non-turbulent or viscous region of flow transverse to tubes the film transfer factor for single rows of tubes is expressed by equation (26) while for the turbulent region equation (27) applies.。

Oracle EBS Form 开发小技巧汇总本文记录了一些在Form 开发过程中积累下来的技巧：1. Form 中提交并发请求2. 非数据库字段查询处理3. 控制Form 为只查询4. 控制Item 的属性5. Trigger 的执行层次6. 按钮处理逻辑7. 日历相关1，Form 中提交并发请求在提交请求之前，首先需要验证块，如果某些必填项没有填的话当然不能提交请求。

?[Copy to clipboard]View Code PLSQL1 2 3 4 5 6 7 APP_STANDARD .APP_VALIDATE (BLOCK_SCOPE ); IF (not FORM_SUCCESS ) THENRaise form_trigger_failure ; END IF; IF :SYSTEM .FORM_STATUS = 'CHANGED' THENDO_KEY ('COMMIT_FORM'); END IF;第二个IF 语句判断系统状态，如果用户更新了一行记录，之后没有保存提交请求，那么需要在提交之前进行保存，因为可能使用的请求中使用到了该item 所对应的后台字段，那么保存这一步就很重要了。

调用请求的例子：?[Copy to clipboard]View Code PLSQL1 2 3 4 56 7 8 9 l_request_id := fnd_request .submit_request( 'XXPO','XXPO_JIT_BATCHES_RPT_SECOND','','',FALSE, :SUBJOBS .SUB_JOB_BATCH ,CHR (0)--CHR （0）表示参数结束 NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL, NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,101112131415161718192021222324 NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL, NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL, NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL, NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL, NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL, NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL, NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL, NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL); --如果请求提交出错将会返回0 if l_request_id &gt ; 0 thenif NOT app_form .quietcommit thenfnd_message .debug ('conc request submited failed'); raise FORM_TRIGGER_FAILURE ;end if;fnd_message .set_name ('FND', 'CONC-SUBMITTED REQUEST'); fnd_message .set_token ('REQUEST_ID', to_char (l_request_id ));fnd_message .show ; end if;请求运行结束以后，可能还需要对Block 进行重新查询，这个由具体情况而定。

FORM中关于item属性设置 SET_ITEM_PROPERTY⽤法转载尽量使⽤APP_ITEM_PROPERTY.SET_PROPERTY和APP_ITEM_PROPERTY.SET_VISUAL_ATTRIBUTE代替SET_ITEM_PROPERTYset_item_property是form builder带的。

app_item_property.SET_PROPERTY是oracle公司为ebs开发的包，底层还是调⽤set_item_property.APP_ITEM_PROPERTY.SET_PROPERTY⽤法ALTERABLEapp_item_property.set_property(itemid, ALTERABLE,PROPERTY_ON);等价于:set_item_instance_property(itemid, CURRENT_RECORD,INSERT_ALLOWED, PROPERTY_ON);set_item_instance_property(itemid, CURRENT_RECORD,UPDATEABLE, PROPERTY_ON);set_item_property(itemid, INSERT_ALLOWED, PROPERTY_ON);set_item_property(itemid, UPDATEABLE, PROPERTY_ON);ALTERABLE_PLUSapp_item_property.set_property(itemid, ALTERABLE_PLUS,PROPERTY_ON);等价于:set_item_property(itemid, INSERT_ALLOWED, PROPERTY_ON);set_item_property(itemid, UPDATEABLE, PROPERTY_ON);如果item是隐藏的⽆效ENTERABLEapp_item_property.set_property(itemid, ENTERABLE,PROPERTY_ON);等价于:set_item_instance_property(itemid, CURRENT_RECORD,INSERT_ALLOWED, PROPERTY_ON);set_item_instance_property(itemid, CURRENT_RECORD,UPDATEABLE, PROPERTY_ON);set_item_instance_property(itemid, CURRENT_RECORD,NAVIGABLE, PROPERTY_ON);set_item_property(itemid, INSERT_ALLOWED, PROPERTY_ON);set_item_property(itemid, UPDATEABLE, PROPERTY_ON);set_item_property(itemid, NAVIGABLE, PROPERTY_ON);如果item是隐藏的⽆效ENABLEDapp_item_property.set_property(itemid, ENABLED,PROPERTY_ON);例如:set_item_property(itemid, INSERT_ALLOWED, PROPERTY_ON);set_item_property(itemid, UPDATEABLE, PROPERTY_ON);set_item_property(itemid, NAVIGABLE, PROPERTY_ON);如果是按钮 APP_ITEM_PROPERTY.SET_PROPERTY 等价于: set_item_property(itemid, ENABLED, PROPERTY_ON);If the item is not a text item, list, or button, then theAPP_ITEM_PROPERTY.SET_PROPERTY call 等价于:set_item_property(itemid, ENABLED, PROPERTY_ON);set_item_property(itemid, INSERT_ALLOWED, PROPERTY_ON);set_item_property(itemid, UPDATEABLE, PROPERTY_ON);DISPLAYEDapp_item_property.set_property(itemid, DISPLAYED,PROPERTY_ON);等价于:set_item_property(itemid, DISPLAYED, PROPERTY_ON);如果项⽬不是⼀个显⽰项⽬设置:set_item_property(itemid, ENABLED, PROPERTY_ON);set_item_property(itemid, NAVIGABLE, PROPERTY_ON);If the item is neither a display item nor a button then also set:set_item_property(itemid, QUERYABLE, PROPERTY_ON);set_item_property(itemid, INSERT_ALLOWED, PROPERTY_ON);set_item_property(itemid, UPDATEABLE, PROPERTY_ON);REQUIREDapp_item_property.set_property(itemid, REQUIRED,PROPERTY_ON);等价于:set_item_property(itemid, REQUIRED, PROPERTY_ON);如果item是隐藏的⽆效set_item_instance_property,display_item两个⼦程序总结：1 、set_item_instance_property,display_item 两个内置⼦程序都可以⽤来设置项中某⾏的相关属性（同项中的其余⾏属性会保持原来的属性不变），如颜⾊。

一、fmb文件存放路径：cd/$CUX_TOP/forms/US编译路径：cd/$AU_TOP/forms/US二、编译fmb文件：frmcmp_batch $CUX_TOP/forms/US/文件名apps/apps output_file=$CUX_TOP/forms/US/文件名三、做form开发前的几个基本准备工作：1、配置数据库TNS（用来获取数据库连接信息）：安装目录/network/admin/tnsnames.ora;栗子：D:\DevSuiteHome_1\NETWORK\ADMIN =(DESCRIPTION =(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = syfdemo)(PORT = 1521))(CONNECT_DATA =(SERVER = DEDICATED)(SERVICE_NAME = VIS)))2、进到服务器$AU_TOP/forms/US下载fmb文件$AU_TOP/resource下载pll文件到EBS_R12_Resource（自建）目录下3、配置FORMS_PATH位置：Computer\HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Wow6432Node\ORACLE\KEY_D evSuiteHome1值：C:\DevSuiteHome_2\cgenf61\admin;C:\DevSuiteHome_2\forms;C:\EBS_R12_Resou rce;C:\EBS_R12_Resource\ZHS;C:\EBS_R12_Resource\US顺手配置下相同位置的NLS_LANG:AMERICAN_AMERICA.ZHS16GBK（英文环境）SIMPLIFIED CHINESE_CHINA.ZHS16GBK(中文环境)4、创建数据库对象要做的准备工作：（1）创建表对象（2）写comment（3）创建索引和同义词及序列或vpd策略（4）注册表和字段（5）建包（insert、delete、update、lock）（6）创建视图5、修改window名称→修改pre_form和when_new_form_instance触发器→修改程序app_custom下close_window过程中if条件中的windows名称→设置window导航数据块以及primary_canvas→设置画布所在的windowtip：window导航到块的第一个item是按照datablock中的顺序来的，而非画布中item 的顺序6、修改程序单元APP_CUSTOM中window的关闭设置。

Chapter 2Peter NewmarkSema ntic and Comm uni cative Tran slati on Guided Readi ngPeter Newmark (1916) is an accomplished translation scholar as well as an experienced translator. He has translated a number of books and articles and published extaensively on translation. His publications on translation include Approaches to Translation (1981), About Translation(1983), Paragraphs on Translation 段落翻译(1985), A Textbook of Translation 翻译教程(1988), and More Paragraphs on Translation(1993).In his work Approaches to Translation, Newmark proposes two types of translation: semantic translation 语义翻译and communicative translation 交际翻译.Semantic translation focuses primarily upon the semantic content of the source text whereas communicative translation focuses essentially upon the comprehension and response of receptors. This distinction results from his disapproval of Nida's assumption 假定，假设，设想；假装；承担，担任that all translating is communicating, and the overriding 最主要的，最优先的principle of any translation is to achieve "equivalent effect". For Newmark, the success of equivalent effect is "illusory", and that "the conflictof loyalties, the gap between emphasis on source and target languages will always remain as the overriding problem in translation theory and practice"(1981:38). To narrow the gap,his concepts of "communicative translation" and "semantictranslation", which in a sense从某种意义上说are similar toNida's "dynamic equivalent translation" and "formal equivalent translation". Newmarks admits "communicative translation" is a common method and could be used in many types of translation. Nevertheless, he justifies 证明... 正当/有理，为.... 辩护thelegitimacy合法性，正当；合理性，妥当；嫡出，正统of "semantic translation" in the following three aspects. Firstly, all translations depend on the three 一分为二，二分法；本质对立dichotomies, namely, the foreign and native cultures, the two languages, the writer and the translator. Hence, it is unlikely to have a universal theory that could include all these factors. Secondly, previous discussions on methods of translation, either Nida's "dynamic equivalence" or Nabokow's "literal translation", does not reflect the actual reality of translation method, for each of them either recommends one or 贬低，轻视disparages the other. Thirdly, the social factors, especially the readers of the second language, only play a partial 咅B分的；偏爱/袒/心的role发挥部分作用in translation. Some texts, such as an expressiveone, require a "semantic translation"(1981:62). It can be seen that 可以看出by proposing the coexistence of "communicative translation" and "semantic translation", Newmark suggests a correlation 相互关系，关联；相关性between translation method and text type.It should be pointed out that 应该指出的是Newmark's semantic translation differs from literal translation 直译because the former "respects context", interprets and even explains while the latter sticks very closely to source text at word and syntaxlevel(1981:62). Literal translation, however, is held to be the best approach in both semantic and communicative translation, "provided that 如果equivalent effect is secured, the literal word-for-word translation is not only the best, it is the only valid method of translation"(1981:39). Here Newmark seems to only take account of 考虑至U，顾及，体谅literary translation rather than non-literary translation, which is often rendered more freely in order to communicate the meaning. But he also states that when there is a conflict between semantic and communicative translation, the latter would win out 胜出.For instance, it is better to render communicatively the public sign 公共标志bissiger Hund and chien mechant into beward thedog! in order to communicate efficiently the message, but not semantically as dog that bites! and bad dog!(1981:39).Nevertheless, it is diff icult for a translator to follow Newmark's translation methods in practice, which should be adopted flexibly according to the specific context and text type.A Textbook of Translation is an expansion and a revision of Approaches to Translation in many aspects 在很多方面 .In this book, Newmark, follwing the German linguist Karl Buhler'sfunctional theory of language, proposes three main types of texts (i.e. expressive 有表现力的，富有表情的and vocative 呼格的)as well as methods of translating them (Chapters 4 and 5). Although he lists many translation methods from word-for-word translation to adaptation, he insists that "only semantic and communicative translation fulfill the two main aims of translation, which are first, accuracy, and second, economy". While semantic translation is used for expressive texts, communicative translation is for informative and vocative texts although he admits that few texts are purely expressive, informative or vocative. By stressing the wide applicability of these two translation methods, Newmark seems to overlook the function of other translation methods frequently adopted in translation practice.informative 提供大 量资料或信息的，授予知识的Newmark's semantic and communicative translation ahve been quoted frequently among translation scholars. His concern about the coexistence of semantic and communicative translation shows that in his view effect-oriented translation 以效果为导向的翻译such as Nida's dynamic equivalence should not be overstressed in translation practice, but is just one type of translation. Newmark's types of translation, however, are less influential than Nida's dynamic equivalence in the field of translation studies because they "raise some of the same points concerning the translation process and the importance of the TT reader 译文读者"(Munday 2000:46). Further, his views and comments are still very traditional and prescriptive 规定的，指定的，规范的,bearing some traces of traditional translation theories. The strength of his writing lies in that his discussion on translation covers a wide range of topics, and he always provides useful advice and guidance for translator接受训练的人，实习生，培训生trainees with a large number of interesting and useful examples, which are more convincing than abstract theoretical arguments 抽象的理论论证.The following excerpt is selected from Chapter 3 of Newmark's Approaches to Translation. In this chapter he 假定，要求postulates his two main methods of translation (i.e. Semantic and communicative translation), andtries to apply them into different types of text. Comm uni cative and Sema ntic Tran slati on1. A translation must give the words of the original.2. A translation must give the ideas of the original.3. A translation should read like an original work.4. A translation should read like a translation.5. A translation should reflect the style of the original.6. A translation should possess the style of the translation.7. A translation should read as a contemporary of the original.8. A translation should read as a contemporary of the translation.9. A translation may add to or omit from the original.10. A translation may never add to or omit from the original.11. A translation of verse should be in prose.12. A translation of verse should be in verse.(The Air of Translation, T.H. Savory, Cape, 1968, p.54)In the pre-linguistics period of writing on translation, which may be said to date from Cicero through St. Jerome, Luther, Dryden, Tytler, Herder, Goethe, Schleiermacher, Buber, Ortega y Gasset, not to say Savory, opinion swung between literal and free, faithful and beautiful, exact and natural translation, depending on whether the bias was to be in favour of 赞成the author orthe reader, the source or the target language of the text. Up to thenineteenth century, literal translation represented a philological 语言学的，文献的，文学的academic exercise语言学学术活动from which the cultural reformers文化改革者were trying to rescue literature. In the nineteenth century, a more scientific approach was brought to bear on 对............... 有影响，和... 有关translation, suggesting that certain types of texts must be accurately translated, while others should and could not be translated at all! Since the rise of modern linguistics (philology 语言学was becoming linguistics 语言学here in the late fifties), and anticipated by 预计到Tytler in 1790, Larbaud, Belloc, Knox and Rieu, the general emphasis, supported by communication-theorists as well as by non-literary translators, has been placed on the reader---on informing the reader effectively and appropriately, notably 显著地，明显地；尤其，特另U in Nida, Firth, Koller and the Leipzig School. In contrast 相反,the brilliant essays of Benjamin, Valery and Nabokov (anticipated by Croce and Ortega y Gasset) advocating literal translation have appeared as isolated 孤立的，被隔离的, paradoxical phenomena 自相矛盾的现象,relevant only to 与... 有关translating works of high literary culture. Koller (1972) has stated that the equivalent-effect principle ofpredominance of any formal elements such as word or structure. The apparent triumph of the "consumer" is, I think, illusory. The conflict of loyalties, the gap between emphsis on source and target language will always remain as the overriding problem in translation theory and practice. However, the gap could perhaps be narrowed if the previous terms were replaced as follows:SOURCE LANGUAGE BIAS TARGET LANGUAGEBIASLITERAL FREEFAITHFUL IDIOMATICSEMANTIC / COMMUNICATIVE Communicative translation attempts to produce on its readers an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original. Semantic translation attempts to render, as closely as the semantic and syntactic 造句法的，句子结构的structures of the second language allow, the exact contextual 上下文的，前后关系上的meaning of the original.In theory, there are wide differences between the two methods. Communicative translation addresses itself solely to the second reader, who does not anticipate difficulties or obscurities, andenerous transfer of foreign elements into his own would expect aculture as well as his language where necessary. But even here the translator still has to respect and work on the form of the source language text as the only material basis for his work.Semantic translation remains within the original culture and assists the reader only in its 言外之意，涵意connotations if they constitute 组/构/形成；设立，建立，任命the essential human （non-ethnic 种族的，民族的，部落的）message of the text. One basic difference between the two methods is thatwhere there is a conflict, the communicative must emphasize the "force" rather than the content of the message. Thus for Bissige Hund or Chien mechant, the communicative translation Beware of the dog! Is mandatory 命令的；义务的，强制的;the semantic translations （"dog that bite", "savage dog"） would be more informative but less effective. Generally, a communicative translation is likely to be smoother, simpler, clearer, more direct, more conventional依照惯例的，符合习俗的，因循守旧的；常规的，conforming to a particular register 语域（在特定社交场合或专业领域中人们使用的词汇、语法等的范围）ofto be more complex, more awkward 不灵活的，笨拙的，more detailed, more concentrated, and pursues the thought-processes思考过程rather than the intention of the transmitter 传送/递者；传输者；传播者；发射机，发射台.It tends to over-translate, to be more specific than the original, to include more meanings in its search for one nuance 意义上的纟田微差另U of meaning. However, in communicative as in semantic translation, provided that equivalent-effect in secured, the literal word-for-word translation is not only the best, it is the only valid method of translation. There is no excuse for unnecessary "同义词synonyms", let alone v.&n.释义，意译，改述paraphrases, in any type of translation.Conversely 相反地,both semantic and communicative translation comply with 遵照，服从the usually accepted syntactic 造句法的，句子结构的equivalents (Vinay and Darbelnet's "transpositions") for the two languages in question 正在谈论的.Thus, by both methods, a sentence such as "II traversa la Manche en nageant" would normally be translated as "He swam across the Channel". In semantic, but not communicative translation, any deviation 背离，偏离；偏差；离题from SL文体规范stylistic norms规范，标准would be reflected in an equally wide deviation from the TL norms, but where such norms clash, the deviations are not easy to formulate 构想出，规划；系统地阐述，确切地表达，and the translator has to show a certain tension between the writer's manner and the 强迫，强制；冲动，欲望compulsions of the target language. Thus when the writer uses long complex sentences in a language where the sentence in a "literary" (carefully worked) style is usually complex and longer than in the TL, the translator may reduce the sentences somewhat, compromising between the norms of the two languages and the writer. If in doubt, however, he should trust the writer, not the "language", which is a sum of abstractions 扌由象的总和.A semantic translation is concrete. Thus when faced with: 此处略去一段法语。

2015年上半年中小学教师资格考试英语学科知识与教学能力试题及答案解析（初级中学）一、单项选择题（本大题共30小题。

每小题2分，共60分）在每小题列出的四个备选项中选择一个最佳答案，请用28铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案字母按要求涂黑。

错选、多选或未选均无分。

1. The phrase "in bed" is pronoun ced as _________ in real speech.A./m'bed/B./iin r bcd/D, /im'hixi/2. There are two syllables in the word "photo"./?u/occurs in both syllables, butthe first one is _________ the sec ond because it is stressed.A. Ion ger tha nB. shorter tha nC. as long asD. as short as3. Jimmy asked Mary to lend him some mon ey, which she agreed to, ________ that he paid her back the follow ing mon th.A. on occasi onB. in caseC. un der circumsta ncesD. on con diti on4. Zhang Jun's teacher suggests that he take a （n）______ I an guage course to improve his En glish.A. i ntermediateB. middleC. mediumD. average5. It is reported that the ________ of the coun try, from hotels to tran sport, is old and decrepit.A. i ndustrializatio nB. i nfrastructureC. corresp ondenceD. commutati on6. ________ con scious of her moral obligati ons as a citize n.A. Marsha was and always will beB. Marsha has to be and always will beC. Marsha had bee n and will always beD. Marsha has bee n and will always be7. Pote ntial subjects should be in formed of the research and _________an opport un ity to decide if they want to participate.A. gaveB. givi ngC. giveD. be give n8. Don' t be discouraged, _________ and you will surely pass the exam.A. Make a bit more effortB. To make a bit more effortC. Maki ng a bit more effortD. If you make a more effort9. What would you say to the hotel recepti onist to get a double room?A. Rent us a double room.B. Book us a double room.C. We'd like to have a double room.D. Let' s have a double room.10. Which of the followi ng best represe nts the order from a harsh comma nd to a very polite request?a. Could you close the door?b. Close the door.c. Please close the door.d. Would you please close the door?A. b-c-a-dC. d-a-c-bD. c-b-d-a11. The first P in the PPP teach ing model sta nds for _________ , which aims toget learners to perceive the form and meaning of a structure.A. practiceB. product ionC. prese ntati onD. preparati on12. The mai n objective of mecha ni cal practice is to help stude nts lear n by heart the _________ of a Ian guage item.A. meaningB. fun cti onC. con textD. form13. The _________ method is more fitted to the explicit prese ntatio n ofgrammar when the basic structure is being identified.A. in ductiveB. con trastiveC. comparativeD. deductive14. Which of the followi ng can be regarded as a com muni cative Ian guage task?A. Information-gap activity.B. Dictatio n.C. Sentence tran sformatio n.D. Bla nk-filli ng.15. If a teacher asks stude nts to concen trate on such features as structure, cohere nee and cohesi on of a text, he/she aims at develop ing students' _______ .A. strategic compete neeB. cultural aware nessC. com muni cative compete neeD. discourse aware ness16. _____________________________________ En glish teachers ofte n ask stude nts to _______________________________________ a passage to get the gist of it.A. skimC. predictD. i nfer17. The correct meaning of a lexical item in a give n con text is ________ .A. the one provided in a dictionaryB. the one which best fits the con textC. the cen tral or core meaning of the itemD. the one which is assumed to be correct18. In writi ng, stude nts may not know how to put someth ing into proper En glish and thus ask their teacher for help. Here the teacher is to play the role of a/anA. facilitatorB. assessorC. con trollerD. participa nt19. A/An _________ Ian guage test, such as IELTS or TOEFL, is developed onthe basis of a fixed sta ndard.A. i ndividual-refere needB. peer-refere needC. no rm-refere needD. criterio n-refere need20. A systematic textbook evaluati on is NOT to exam ine whether a textbookA. covers all grammatical rulesB. provides authe ntic Ian guageC. matches the n eeds of lear nersD. can help realize the objectives of a Ian guage program请阅读Passage 1完成第21-25小题。

abort_query;停止查询的执行add_group_column(record group id或name,group column添加一个列至U—个记录组,Record group idn ame,colu mn type,colu mn width;add_group_row(record group id或name,row number;添加一个行至U—个记录组,record group id是oracle赋予这个组的唯一的名称，row number指定了这个行在组中位置.add」ist_eleme nt(list n ame or list id,list index,list lable,list value;添加一项到下拉列表框,list name是list 的名字,list index 是添加到列表框的索引，list label指定了放入列表中的数值串,list value包含了列表标识所对应的数据库的数值.add_parameter(list或name,parameter,parameter type,valu添加一个参数至U—个参数列表，参数列表是一个变量列表，这些变量将被伟给其他对象，list或name指定了这个列表的标识，parameter type参数类型包含两种可用数值：text_type是一串字符；data_paramete是一个指定已在form中定义的记录组的串.value是传给被调模块的实际数值.application_parameter促使oracle 显示Enter parameter values对话框。

关联了当前菜单form的参数按其数值被显示。

backgrou nd_me nu (1...10从背景菜单中显示一个菜单项bell;促使终址产生一个鸣叫(要有音响或耳机才能听以哦！block_menu;显示一个数值的列表，它包括有效块的名字和它们的序列号break;停止form的执行,显示调试器.注:只能在调试模式时call」nput;接受并执行功能键输入；checkbox_checked( name返回一个真或假的值表示检查框的状态check_record_uniquenes被on_check_unique触发器调用时，为检查主关键字的唯一性而被始化form过程.clear_block人当前的块中清除记录.clear_eol;从光标开始到些行结束清除文本项的值。

ORACLEEBSFORM二次开发整理一、开始开发标准FORM1.输出不必要的BLOCKNAME，DETAILBLOCK。

（包括数据块，画布，窗口）2.修改触发器:PRE-FORMFND_STANDARD.FORM_INFO(版本号，名称，模块，日期，作者)；APP_WINDOW.SET_WINDOW_POSITIN(‘第一个窗口名称’,’FIRST_WINDOW’);FND_ORG.CHOOSE_ORG；――选择组织APP_WINDOW.SET_TITLE(‘窗体名称’，:/doc/0117636799.html,_code)；3.修改程序单元：app_customer:close_window4.编译f60genmodule=/porcli/applmgr/1159/au/11.5.0/forms/ZHS/IAQTEST0 1.fmb userid=apps/simple4uoutput_file=/porcli/applmgr/1159/inv/11.5.0/forms/ZHS/IA QTEST01.fmxmodule_type=form batch=no compile_all=yesf60genapps/pre_insert, pre_update中加入代码：fnd_standard.set_who二、QUERY FIND 制作一.把APPSTAND 的QUERY FIND 对象组拉到开发的FORM上，选择子类。

二.在目的数据块的添加QUERY FIND （BLOCK LEVEL，注：可以从FORM LEVEL拷贝），然后修改代码app_find.query_find (block_window V ARCHAR2, --目的数据块find_window V ARCHAR2, --查询窗口find_block V ARCHAR2) --查询数据块4．在QUERY FIND里面添加文本项等查询内容。