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起偌大的身驱来，他那许多只腿真是细得可怜，都在他眼前无可奈何地舞动着。
“我出了什么事啦？”他想。
这可不是梦。
他的房间，虽是嫌小了些，的确是普普通通人住的房间，仍然安静地躺在四堵熟悉的墙壁当中。
在摊放着打开的衣料样品——萨姆沙是个旅行推销员——的桌子上面，还是挂着那幅画，这是他最近从一本画报上剪下来装在漂亮的金色镜框里的。
画的是一位戴皮帽子围皮围巾的贵妇人，她挺直身子坐着，把一只套没了整个前臂的厚重的皮手筒递给看画的人。
格里高尔的眼睛接着又朝窗口望去，天空很阴暗——可以听到雨点敲打在窗槛上的声音——他的心情也变得忧郁了。
“要是再睡一会儿，把这一切晦气事统统忘掉那该多好。
”他想。
但是完全办不到，平时他习惯于向右边睡，可是在目前的情况下，再也不能采取那样的姿态了。
无论怎样用力向右转，他仍旧滚了回来，肚子朝天。
他试了至少一百次，还闭上眼睛免得看到那些拼命挣扎的腿，到后来他的腰部感到一种从未体味过的隐痛，才不得不罢休。
“啊，天哪，”他想，“我怎么单单挑上这么一个累人的差使呢！长年累月到处奔波，比坐办公室辛苦多了。
再加上还有经常出门的烦恼，担心各次火车的倒换，不定时而且低劣的饮食，而萍水相逢的人也总是些泛泛之交，不可能有深厚的交情，永远不会变成知己朋友。
让这一切都见鬼去吧！”他觉得肚子上有点儿痒，就慢慢地挪动身子，靠近床头，好让自己头抬起来更容易些；他看清了发痒的地方，那儿布满着白色的小斑点，他不明白这是怎么回事，想用一条腿去搔一搔，可是马上又缩了回来，因为这一碰使他浑身起了一阵寒颤。
他又滑下来恢复到原来的姿势。
“起床这么早，”他想，“会使人变傻的。
人是需要睡觉的。
别的推销员生活得像贵妇人。
比如，我有一天上午赶回旅馆登记取回定货单时，别的人才坐下来吃早餐。
我若是跟我的老板也来这一手，准定当场就给开除。
也许开除了倒更好一些，谁说得准呢。
如果不是为了父母亲而总是谨小慎微，我早就辞职不干了，我早就会跑到老板面前，把肚子里的气出个痛快。
杭州师范大学硕士研究生入学考试命题纸
杭州师范大学
2010年招收攻读硕士研究生入学考试题
考试科目代码：719
考试科目名称：文学综合基础
说明：1、命题时请按有关说明填写清楚、完整；
2、命题时试题不得超过周围边框；
3、考生答题时一律写在答题纸上，否则漏批责任自负；
4、综合分析题中第一题标点请直接做在试卷上。
5、
一、名词解释（每小题5分，共15分。
9小题中任意选做其中的3题）
1、楚辞
2、公安派
3、二十四史
4、新感觉派小说
5、湖畔诗人
6、爱美剧
7、文学四要素
8、审美意象
9、共鸣
二、论述题（每小题25分，共75分。
9小题中任意选做其中的3题）
1、《庄子》一书开创了怎样的文学传统？
2、北宋词坛向来有“婉约”与“豪放”之分，你对此有何看法？
3、汤显祖有哪些代表作？请选择其中一部作品，略加分析。
4、中国左翼文学我见。
（可以百年中国文学史为视野，上下求索；或从某一特定时段切入，辐射全史，如上一世纪20年代的革命文学、30年代的左翼文学，如新中国成立后的为工农兵文学；亦可从某一文类、体裁入手，如“无产阶级戏剧”。
）
5、结合中国现当代文学中的某位作家的作品，分析“童年记忆”对其创作的重要意义。
6、试论某位（或多位）中国现当代文学批评家的主要批评观念与批评风格。
2010 年考试科目代码719 考试科目名称文学综合基础（本考试科目共 6 页本页第 1。
2020浙江杭州师范大学汉语国际教育基础考研真题壹中外文化及跨文化交际基础知识（共80分）一、填空题（每小题1分，共30分）1．长江地域文化区，包括江汉流域、太湖流域和（）。
2．秦始皇统一全国后朝下令全国通用的汉字标准字体是（）。
3．通行于西周时期，铸在青铜器上的文字，后世称为（）文，也叫钟鼎文。
4．在《说文解字》中，“视而可识，察而见意”指的是（）造字法。
5．中国古代的（）被认为是“天下之大本”、“天下之达道”。
6．中国历史上所谓“战国七雄”是指齐、楚、燕、（）、赵、魏、秦。
7．中医四诊法是指望、闻、问、（）。
8．以京剧为代表来说，中国戏剧的四大角色是：旦行，生行，（），丑行。
9．古代一些帝王曾专程赴（）山祭拜天地，并把这一隆重典礼称为“封禅”。
10．《诗经》运用了“赋、（）、兴”三种艺术表现方法。
11.北魏时期，郦道元撰写的一部内容丰富的地理学巨著是《》。
12．为人传诵的《陋室铭》一文是唐朝文人（）所作。
13．诗歌《乡愁》的作者是台湾诗人（）。
14．《诗经》与《楚辞》以其巨大的艺术魅力而被称为（），构成中国诗歌发展史的两大源头。
15.中国的历法是随着原始农业的发展而逐步建立起来的，所以中国的历法里有（）的安排。
16．（）是古代中国最为出色的工艺品，畅销亚洲、欧洲和非洲，深受各国人民喜爱，以至于英语直接用（）(英语单词)来命名中国。
17．英语the Lantern Festival，指的是中国传统节日（）。
18．中国的“五岳”指的是：东岳泰山，西岳华山，南岳衡山，北岳恒山以及中岳（）。
19．中国古代社会的政治结构具有独特的东方文化特色，以血缘关系为纽带的宗法原则与君主专制的政治体制相结合，使得中国政治制度的鲜明特点是（）。
20．中国书法、绘画得力于（）纸的使用，也使作者的情感和个性充分展现出来。
21．二十四节气歌谣反映的是我国古代（）流域人们的生活场景。
22．唐宋八大家中唐代有两位，他们是韩愈和（）。
杭州师范大学硕士研究生入学考试命题纸杭州师范大学2008年招收攻读硕士研究生入学考试题考试科目代码：718考试科目名称：文学综合基础说明：1、命题时请按有关说明填写清楚、完整；2、命题时试题不得超过周围边框；3、考生答题时一律写在答题纸上，否则漏批责任自负；4、5、一、名词解释（每小题5分，共15分。
9小题中任意选做其中的3题）1．“语丝”派2．七月诗派3．《在延安文艺座谈会上的讲话》4．文学四要素5．灵感6．本文时间与故事时间7．钟嵘《诗品》8．白居易9．临川四梦二、论述题（每小题25分，共75分。
9小题中任意选做其中的3题）1．现代作家与都市文化（可具体选择以“茅盾小说与都市文化”、或“‘新感觉派’小说的都市幻影”等为题展开论述）。
2．试论曹禺剧作《家》如何对巴金的小说《家》进行“再创作”。
3．试论艾青诗歌的艺术与形式。
4．简单谈谈你所理解的“文化研究”。
5．如何理解“越是民族的，就越是世界的”。
6．有人认为中国当代小说成就不如诗歌，对此运用有关文学理论谈谈你的意见。
7．试论庄子自然观对中国文学的影响。
8．结合具体作品谈谈中国文学所描写的“行路难”。
9．论述你熟悉的某部中国古典小说中的一个次要人物并阐释它的文学意义。
年考试科目代码考试科目名称（本考试科目共页本页第页）三、综合分析题（每小题60分，共60分。
3小题中任意选做其中的1题）1.赏析曹乃谦小说《亲家》（赏析文章需自拟标题；字数最少不低于800字）。
附：亲家一大早，就听得院外前有毛驴在“咴咴”的吼嗓子。
黑旦说：“狗日的亲家来搬了。
” 女人说：“甭叫他进。
等我穿好裤。
” 黑旦说：“球。
横竖也是个那。
” 女人的脸刷地给红了，说：“要不你跟亲家说说，就说我有病不能去。
反正我不是真的来了？”黑旦说：“那能行？中国人说话得算话。
”黑旦出院迎亲家。
亲家把院门框扶扶正，把毛驴拴在门框上，又把门框扶扶正。
黑旦冲窑喊：“去！给亲家掏个鸡。
我跟锅扣大爷借瓶酒。
2020年全国硕士研究生入学考试湖北师范大学自命题考试科目考试大纲（科目名称：汉语综合科目代码：714）一、考查目标本大纲适用于报考湖北师范大学语言学及应用语言学、汉语言文字学专业硕士研究生的入学考试笔试。
汉语综合由“现代汉语”和“古代汉语”两门课程组成。
“现代汉语”是大学本科中国语言文学专业的一门重要的专业基础课，主要内容包括现代汉语的语音、文字、词汇、语法和修辞。
本课程以国家语言文字工作的方针政策为指导，培养和提高学生认知、运用现代汉语的能力，帮助学生了解现代汉语的语言系统、特点和发展规律。
本大纲要求考生熟练掌握现代汉语课程所涉及到的基本概念、基础理论以及研究方法，同时具备综合运用所学知识分析、解决语言实际问题的能力。
“古代汉语”是大学本科中国语言文学专业的一门重要专业基础课。
它是从古代文献的阅读与理解入手，探求古代汉语现象和规律的一门科学，通过对传世典范作品的学习，培养学生阅读古文的能力，了解语言学和文献学等方面的知识，掌握汉语发展的规律。
要求考生熟读经典作品，掌握约1100个常用词的基本意义和用法，熟练掌握语音、语法、文字、词汇等方面的基础知识，对中国语言学史有一定的了解，并具有运用所学知识分析材料、解决问题的能力。
二、考试形式与试卷结构（一）试卷成绩及考试时间本试卷满分为150分，考试时间180分钟。
（二）答题方式答题方式为闭卷、笔试。
（三）试卷内容结构各部分内容所占分值为：现代汉语约75分；古代汉语约75分。
（四）试卷题型结构填空题：16个空，每空1分，共16分；名词解释：6小题，每小题4分，共24分；简答题：共4小题，每小题10分，共40分；分析题：共4小题，每小题10分，共40分；论述题：共2小题，每小题15分，共30分。
（五）主要参考书目1．黄伯荣、廖序东主编《现代汉语》(上下册)，高等教育出版社（2017年增订六版）;或黄伯荣、李炜主编《现代汉语》，北京大学出版社(上下册)，2016年第二版。
杭州师范大学2020年招收攻读硕士研究生考试题考试科目代码： 718考试科目名称：综合英语说明：考生答题时一律写在答题纸上，否则漏批责任自负。
I. Cloze（每小题1分，共50分）Fill in each of the blanks with a function word, otherwise the first letter is given as a clue. Passage One: Instinct or cleverness?We have been brought up to fear insects. We regard them as unnecessary creatures that do more harm than good. We continually wage war (1) ______ them, for they contaminate our food, carry diseases, or devour our crops. They sting or bite without provocation; they fly uninvited into our rooms on summer nights, or beat against our lighted windows. We live in dread not only of unpleasant insects like spiders or wasps, but of quite harmless ones like moths. Reading about them increases our understanding without dispelling our fears. Knowing that the industrious ant lives in a highly organized society does nothing to prevent us (2) ______ being filled with revulsion when we find hordes of them crawling over a carefully prepared picnic lunch. No matter how much we like honey, or how much we have read about the uncanny sense of direction which bees possess, we have a horror of being (3) s______. Most of our fears are unreasonable, but they are impossible to erase. At the same time, however, insects are strangely fascinating. We enjoy reading about them, especially when we find that, like the praying mantis, they lead perfectly horrible lives. We enjoy staring (4) ______ them, entranced as they go about their business, unaware (we hope) (5) ______ our presence. Who has not stood in awe (6) ______ the sight of a spider pouncing (7) ______ a fly, or a column of ants triumphantly bearing home an enormous dead beetle?Last summer I spent days in the garden watching thousands of ants crawling up the trunk of my prize peach tree. The tree has grown against a warm wall on a sheltered side of the house. I am especially proud (8) ______ it, not only because it has survived several severe winters, but because it occasionally produces luscious peaches. During the summer, I noticed that the leavesof the tree were beginning to wither. Clusters of tiny insects called aphides were to be found on the underside of the leaves. They were visited by a large colony of ants which obtained a sort of honey (9) ______ them. I immediately embarked on an experiment which, even though it failed to get rid of the ants, kept me fascinated (10) ______ twenty-four hours. I bound the base of the tree with sticky tape, making (11) ______ impossible for the ants to reach the aphides. The tape was so sticky (12) ______ they did not dare to cross it. For a long time, I watched them scurrying around the base of the tree (13) ______ bewilderment. I even went out at midnight with a torch and noted (14) ______ satisfaction (and surprise) that the ants were still swarming around the sticky tape (15) ______ being able to do anything about it. I got up early next morning hoping to find (16) ______ the ants had given up in despair. Instead, I saw that they had discovered a new (17) r______. They were climbing (18) ______ the wall of the house and then on to the leaves of the tree. I realized sadly that I had been completely (19) d______ by their ingenuity. The ants had been quick to find an (20) a______ to my thoroughly unscientific methods!Passage Two: Cosmic DustWe know the universe doesn’t revolve around us. But parts of it do, like household dust. This continuously reproducing filth is comprised (1) _____ skin cells, hair, clothing fibres, dirt from outside, dust mites, bacteria and chemicals that can stick (2) _____ any of these items.As a child, one of my weekly chores was dusting the house. If you had told 12-year-old me that, at 37, I would find dusting one of the most comforting things I do at home, I would have been very concerned about exactly how awful adulthood is. But perhaps I might have worried less if I had also been told (3) _____ with adulthood would come knowledge of cosmic dust, which is all over the universe and absolutely does not revolve around us.Space dust is part of a fascinating life cycle of structure formation in the universe: the emergence of stars and planets, as well as their deaths. In the very early universe, gravity caused hydrogen and helium gas to collapse into objects that often became densely packed enough ignite nuclear hydrogen burning which leads (4) _____ star formation. The nuclear chain reactions that occur in stars produce elements heavier (5) _____ hydrogen and helium, like carbon, nitrogen and oxygen. Even heavier elements, like neon and titanium, are made in the supernova explosions that can occur at the end (6) _____ a star’s life.These explosions blow stardust made of these elements – most commonly silicon and carbon – out into the universe. Some of it leads to solar system formation, producing the extrasolar planets we are increasingly capable of observing. In the case (7) _____ our local star, the sun, that solar system sprouted life on the third-innermost planet, Earth.Some of the dust helps form the next-generation stars that burn a little differently than their forebears because some of the elements they contain are heavier.One thing cosmic dust does have in common (8) _____ household dust is that it can be annoying. An ongoing issue in astronomy observations is figuring out how to learn about objects – from planets to stars – that are obscured (9) _____ cosmic dust in what we call our line of sight, the path of light travelling from that object (10) _____ our telescope. Light passing through cosmic dust interacts with its particles. The dust will sometimes absorb and scatter the light, dimming the object’s brightness, although this can also offer valuable insight (11) _____ the size of the dust particles.Like household dust, cosmic dust can lead (12) _____ misinterpretations of what we are viewing. Your black television stand can end (13) _____ looking grey if you don’t clean it. Similarly, cosmic dust can get mistaken for something else. Just five years ago, researchers on the BICEP2 experiment revealed they had detected gravitational waves, ripples in space-time, from the universe’s first second of existence. It turned (14) _____ that instead they had seen (15) d_____. The mistaken announcement occurred because they hadn’t properly subtracted dust out (16) _____ their data. In other (17) w_____, dust can really get in the way of taking a good, clean picture.At the same (18) t_____, studying cosmic dust is a critical part of understanding how objects form in the cosmos. While most of the matter in the universe is probably in the form of dark matter, most of the visible matter is in the form of interstellar dust, not in compact objects like stars and planets. Thus, insight (19) _____ large-scale structures like galaxies requires an understanding of dust dynamics. One galaxy we would really like to understand is ours, the Milky (20) W_____. But we face challenges in trying to comprehend it because (21) _____ the way dust obscures our view, so looking at other examples is (22) i________.It is good to have neighbours. The Milky (23) W_____ is part of what is known as the Local Group, a collection of galaxies whose largest members are our own and Andromeda. By looking at the patterns of dust in Andromeda, we can gain exciting insight (24) _____ our own corner of the universe. Ant Whitworth at Cardiff University in the UK recently led a team in doing just that, using (25) d_____ from the Herschel Space Observatory.Herschel, named (26) _____ British astronomers and siblings Caroline and William Herschel, was a European Space Agency telescope that specialised (27) _____ looking at the universe in the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that straddles infrared and radio waves – exactly where space dust is most visible (28) _____ our instruments. With their data, Whitworth and his team affirmed a previously noted tension between theoretical models of interstellar dustand observations. Dust continues to give humanity trouble, whether (29) _____ home or (30)_____ the galaxy next door.II. Translation （每小题15分，共30分）Part A Translate the following into Chinese.I lost my sight when I was four years old by falling off a box car in a freight yard in Atlantic City and landing on my head. Now I am thirty-two. I can vaguely remember the brightness of sunshine and what colour red is. It would be wonderful to see again, but a calamity can do strange things to people. It occurred to me the other day that I might not have come to love life as I do if I hadn't been blind. I believe in life now. I am not so sure that I would have believed in it so deeply, otherwise. I don't mean that I would prefer to go without my eyes. I simply mean that the loss of them made me appreciate the more what I had left.Part B Translate the following into English.在发展科学技术方面，我们要共同努力。
