Chicago style referencing 芝加哥参考文献格式

CHICAGO AUTHOR-DATE(16th edition) REFERENCINGLast updated March 2011 This guide is primarily for students doing assignments at Curtin University.It is not for those publishing using the Chicago Author-Date style. For those publishing in the Chicago Author-Date style, please consult the Chicago Manual of Style: The Chicago Manual of Style. 2010. 16th ed. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.The Chicago Manual of Style Online (16th ed.) is also available via Databases link on the Library’shome page.The Chicago referencing style has two basic systems of documentation. There is the humanities style (which can also be known as the footnote and endnote or the notes and bibliography style), as well as the author-datestyle. This guide follows the author-date system of referencing. This involves citations within the text corresponding to a full bibliographic entry in the reference list at the end of the document. The in-text citations include the author‘s last name, followed by the date of publication in parentheses. The bibliographic entry in the reference list includes all the other necessary publication information.When using EndNote, it is recommended that the style system to use is Chicago 16th B CurtinIt is very important that you check your department or school's assignment guide as some details,eg. punctuation, may vary from the guidelines on this page. You may be penalised for notconforming to your school's requirements.What is Referencing?Referencing is a standardised method of acknowledging sources of information and ideas that you have usedin your assignment in a way that uniquely identifies their source. Direct quotations, facts and figures, as well asideas and theories, from both published and unpublished works must be referenced.There are many acceptable forms of referencing. This information sheet provides a brief guide to the ChicagoAuthor-Date referencing style. Within the text of the assignment the author‘s name is given first, followed by thepublication date. A reference list at the end of the assignment contains the full details of all the in-text citations.Why Reference?Referencing is necessary to avoid plagiarism, to verify quotations, and to enable readers to follow-up and readmore fully the cited author‘s arguments.Steps Involved in Referencing1. Note down the full bibliographic details including the page number(s) from which the information is taken.In the case of a book, ‗bibliographical details‘ refers to: author/editor, year of publication, title, edition, volumenumber, place of publication and publisher as found on the front and back of the title page. (Not all of thesedetails will necessarily be applicable).In the case of a journal article, the details required include: author of the article, year of publication, title ofthe article, title of the journal, volume and issue number of the journal, and page numbers.For all electronic information, in addition to the above you should note the date that you accessed theinformation, and database name or web address (URL).2. Insert the citation at the appropriate place within the text of the document (see examples below).3. Provide a reference list at the end of the document (see examples below).12In -Text CitationsUse the name of the author, followed by the year of publication when citing references within the text of an assignment.Where authors of different references have the same family name, include the author‘s personal name or initials in the in -text citation i.e.(Anderson, John 2008) or John Anderson (2008). If two or more authors are cited at the same point in the text then they are included in the same in -text citation, separated by a semicolon e.g. (Brown 1991; Smith 2003). They are presented alphabetically by author.When directly quoting from another source, the relevant page number must be given and quotation marks placed around the quote. It is not necessary to include the page number when paraphrasing or referring to an idea from another source which is a book or lengthy text.You can view an example of a Reference List using the Chicago Author -datereferencing style1. A reference list includes books, chapters, journal articles etc that you cite in the text of your essay.2. A bibliography is a list of relevant sources for background or for further reading.3. The reference list is arranged alphabetically by author – at the end of your essay..4. Where an item has no author it is cited and listed by its title.5. The Chicago Author -Date referencing style requires the second and subsequent lines of the reference to be indented.What is a Reference List? What is a Reference/Citation?A reference or citation consists of elements that allow the reader to trace the original book, article or website you have consulted and cited. Here are some examples in the Chicago Author -Date referencing style.Book:Journal article from a database:Web page:Place of publication Publisher Title of the journal article Journal titleuse URL.URL of the web pageExamples of Referencing3 of 175 of 176 of 178 of 179 of 1710 of 17Manual Changes—EndNote users, please note: Make any manual changes when you have finished creating your reference list with EndNote or convert your word document to plain text by clicking on the drop down arrow at Convert Citations and Bibliography and selecting Convert to Plain text, then make your changes in the new document this will create. Failure to follow this procedure will result in manual changes being lost, and the references reverting to their original form once the reference list is updated with any new entries.。

《Chicago格式参考文献模板：深度解析》在学术写作和论文撰写中，参考文献的格式和引用规范是至关重要的。

而在众多的引用格式中，Chicago格式参考文献模板因其广泛应用和规范性而备受青睐。

本文将深入探讨Chicago格式参考文献模板，从简单的介绍到深入的解析，帮助读者全面地了解和掌握这一重要内容。

一、什么是Chicago格式参考文献模板？Chicago格式参考文献模板，又称芝加哥引用格式，是一种通用的学术引用格式，被广泛运用于人文学科、社会科学等领域的学术著作中。

它要求引用者在文中引用他人观点和研究成果时，给予详尽的资料来源信息，并在文章末尾列出所有引用过的文献和资料，以供读者查证。

在学术界，严谨的引用格式是保证学术诚信和文章质量的重要保障，而Chicago格式参考文献模板正是其中的一种。

二、Chicago格式参考文献模板的要求及特点在使用Chicago格式参考文献模板时，需要遵循一定的要求和特点。

引用时需要提供完整的作者、题目、出版信息等信息，以便读者可以准确追溯到引用的具体来源。

引用的格式要求使用专用的标点符号和格式，如斜体、冒号、点号等，以保证引用信息的清晰可读性和统一性。

再次，参考文献列表需要按照作者姓氏的字母顺序排列，并注意不同类型文献的格式略有不同，如书籍、期刊、全球信息湾等。

这些要求和特点使得Chicago格式参考文献模板成为一种具有规范性和可操作性的引用格式。

三、使用Chicago格式参考文献模板的优势相比其他引用格式，Chicago格式参考文献模板有其独特的优势。

它强调详尽的文献信息，有助于读者追溯到原始资料，从而增强了文章的可信度和可读性。

Chicago格式参考文献模板不仅适用于书籍、期刊等常见文献类型，还可以很好地适应各种新型文献来源，如网络文章、数据库资料等，更具适应性和灵活性。

再次，Chicago格式参考文献模板注重引用格式的一致性和规范性，有助于提升学术著作的质量和水平，受到学术界的广泛认可。

1Chicago Author-DateReferencingLast updated August2009Curtin University Library.auThe Chicago Author-Date referencing style has two basic systems of documentation. There is the humanities style (which can also be known as the footnote and endnote or the notes and bibliography style), as well as the author-date style. This guide follows the author-date system of referencing. This involves citations within the text corresponding to a full bibliographic entry in the reference list at the end of the document. The in-text citations include the author’s last name, followed by the date of publication in parentheses. The bibliographic entry in the reference list includes all the other necessary publication information.When using EndNote , it is recommended that the style system to use is Chicago Curtin 2009.Note: this page is only an introduction to the Chicago Author-Date referencing system. Curtin University Library provides a modified version of the author-date system presented in:The Chicago manual of style. 2003. 15th ed. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.How to cite references: Chicago style . 2008..au/find/citation/chicago.htmlThe information and examples contained on this page are chiefly derived from the above sources.It is very important that you check your department or school's assignment guide as some details, eg. punctuation, may vary from the guidelines on this page. You may be penalised for not conforming to your school's requirements.What is Referencing?Referencing is a standardised method of acknowledging sources of information and ideas that you have used in your assignment in a way that uniquely identifies their source. Direct quotations, facts and figures, as well as ideas and theories, from both published and unpublished works must be referenced.There are many acceptable forms of referencing. This information sheet provides a brief guide to the Chicago Author-Date referencing style. Within the text of the assignment the author’s name is given first, followed by the publication date. A reference list at the end of the assignment contains the full details of all the in-text citations.Why Reference?Referencing is necessary to avoid plagiarism, to verify quotations, and to enable readers to follow-up and read more fully the cited author’s arguments.Steps Involved in Referencing1. Note down the full bibliographic details including the page number(s) from which the information is taken.In the case of a book , ‘bibliographical details’ refers to: author/editor, year of publication, title, edition, volume number, place of publication and publisher as found on the front and back of the title page. (Not all of these details will necessarily be applicable).In the case of a journal article , the details required include: author of the article, year of publication, title of the article, title of the journal, volume and issue number of the journal, and page numbers.For all electronic information , in addition to the above you should note the date that you accessed the information, and database name or web address (URL).2. Insert the citation at the appropriate place within the text of the document (see examples below).3. Provide a reference list at the end of the document (see examples below).In-Text CitationsUse the name of the author, followed by the year of publication when citing references within the text of an assign-ment.Where authors of different references have the same family name, include the author’s initials in the in-text cita-tion i.e.(Hamilton, C. L. 1994) or C. L. Hamilton (1994). If two or more authors are cited at the same point in the text then they are included in the same in-text citation, separated by a semicolon e.g. (Brown 1991; Smith 2003). They are presented alphabetically by author.When directly quoting from another source, the relevant page number must be given and quotation marks placed around the quote. It is not necessary to include the page number when paraphrasing or referring to an idea from another source which is a book or lengthy text.You can view an example of a Reference List using the Chicago Author-date What is a Reference List?referencing style at.au/research_and_information_skills/referencing/reference_list.pdfA reference list only includes books, articles etc that are cited in the text. A bibliography is a list containing the sources used in developing a publication and other sources the author considers might be of use or interest to the reader. The reference list is arranged alphabetically by author. Where an item has no author it is cited by its title, and ordered in the reference list or bibliography alphabetically by the first significant word of the title.Page numbers should only be included in in-text citations when directly quoting from anothersource.What is a Reference/Citation?A reference or citation consists of the elements that allow the reader to trace the original book or article you have read or cited from. When citing a book you need the following elements, in this order:Author. Year of publication. Book title. City of publication: Name of the publisher.For example, if you looked at a book with these elements:Author: Mack, CharlesYear of publication: 2005Title: Looking at the Renaissance: essays toward a conceptual appreciationPublisher: Taylor & FrancisPlace of Publication: LondonYour citation would look like this:Mack, C. 2005. Looking at the Renaissance: essays toward a conceptual appreciation. London: Taylor & Francis. For a journal article, you need the following elements:Author(s). Year of publication. Title of article. Title of journal volume number (issue number): Page numbers.Authors of article: Labonte, R. Schrecker, T.Year of publication: 2007Tile of article: Globalisation and social determinants of healthTitle of Journal: Globalisation and HealthVolume: 3Issue: 7Pages: 190-200Your citation would look like this:Labonte, R., and T. Schrecker. 2007. Globalisation and social determinants of health. Globalisation and Health 3(7): 190-220.For information on citing electronic journals, see the examples in the list below.2Examples of Referencing3 of 124 of 125 of 126 of 127 of 128 of 129 of 1210 of 1211 of 1212 of 12。

Chicago Citation StyleThe Chicago Manual of Style, 15th editionBookOkuda, Michael, and Denise Okuda. 1993. Star trek chronology: The history of the future. New York: Pocket Books.Journal ArticleWilcox, Rhonda V. 1991. Shifting roles and synthetic women in Star trek: The next generation. Studies in Popular Culture 13 (2): 53-65.Magazine ArticleDo not include the page numbers in the reference list. Cite the specific pages in the parenthetical reference. (section 17.183)Smith, Jane. 1996. There is no resisting the Borg queen. Maclean's, December 2. Newspaper ArticleDo not include the page numbers in the reference list or the parenthetical reference. If thenewspaper has several editions, include that information as shown under the next item.(section 17.188).Di Rado, Alicia. 1995. Trekking through college: Classes explore modern society using the world of Star trek. Los Angeles Times, March 15, sec. A.Newspaper Article - No Author (section 17.192)Do not follow this format for other items without an author. See notes below.Newsday. 2003. Activision suing over Star trek. July 2, Queens edition, sec. A. Encyclopedia ArticleWell known, alphabetically arranged reference books used as sources are not includedin the reference list but are cited in the text (section 17.238). Examples:In his article on science fiction in the 1995 edition of the Encyclopedia Americana, Theodore Sturgeon says that the phrase, science fiction, was created by Hugo Gernsback.Theodore Sturgeon says that the phrase, science fiction, was created by Hugo Gernsback (Encyclopedia Americana, 1995 ed., s.v. "Science fiction.").Articles from less well known reference books can be treated as a Book Article or ChapterBook Article or Chapter (sections 17.68-17.70)For multivolume books, include the volume number before the page number (ex. 3:26-27) (section 17.87).James, Nancy E. 1988. Two sides of paradise: The Eden myth according to Kirk and Spock. In Spectrum of the fantastic, ed. Donald Palumbo, 219-223. Westport, CT:Greenwood.ERIC Document (section 17.242)Fuss-Reineck, Marilyn. 1993. Sibling communication in Star trek: The next generation: Conflicts between brothers. Miami, FL: Speech Communication Association,text-fiche, ED364932.Website (section 17.237)Lynch, Tim. 1996. Review of DS9 trials and tribble-ations. Psi Phi: Bradley's Science Fiction Club. /campusorg/psiphi/DS9/ep/503r.html(accessed October 8, 1997).Notes∙There are two different Chicago Styles. The one shown above is for a Reference List which is starting to become the more common one. See the printed manual for the other.∙Arrange the items on your reference list alphabetically by author, interfiling books, articles, etc. (section16.93).∙Doublespace all lines (section 2.29).∙Indent the second and following lines (section 2.29).∙For ranges of page numbers, use an en dash instead of a hyphen (section 9.62).∙If no author is given, start with the title and then the date (section 17.32) - except with newspapers (see above). ∙Journal, magazine, or news paper article from a database: Follow the examples shown above. Then add the URL of the database's homepage after the period (it is not necessary to include the long link directly to the article). End the URL with a period (section 17.359). If the database gives the first page number of the article but not the last, use "ff." after the first number: 126ff. (section 17.131).∙Websites: (section 17.237) Include the title of the web page, the title of the entire website (or the owner of the website - these two might be the same, as in this example). Including the date you accessed the page is optional if it is not important that the contents might get revised or updated (section 17.12).∙The rules concerning a title within a title are not displayed here for purposes of clarity. See sections 17.58 and17.157 of the printed version of the manual for details.∙For documents and situations not listed here, see the printed version of the manual or Chicago's official website (/home.html) for a list of frequently asked questions about "Documentation" and other aspects of Chicago style.∙From: /CWIS/CWP/library/workshop/citation.htm。

文章标题：深度解析Chicago类似的参考文献格式近年来，学术界对于Chicago类似的参考文献格式的使用日益普及。

对于学者们来说，正确地使用此格式是非常重要的，因为它能够为其研究成果的可信度和权威性增添分数。

本文将对Chicago类似的参考文献格式进行深度解析，帮助读者更好地理解并正确使用这一格式。

一、Chicago类似的参考文献格式是什么？Chicago类似的参考文献格式是一种学术论文引用格式，通常用于人文和社会科学领域的学术著作中。

它由芝加哥大学出版社于1906年首次引入，并在多个版本中不断完善和更新。

二、为何需要使用Chicago类似的参考文献格式？1. 明确引用来源：通过使用Chicago类似的参考文献格式，作者能够清晰地展示自己引用的来源，从而避免抄袭和剽窃他人作品的风险。

2. 提高学术可信度：正确使用此格式能够提高学术著作的可信度和权威性，增强读者对作者研究成果的信任。

3. 统一引用标准：规范的引用格式有助于建立统一的引用标准，使读者能够更便捷地查找到作者引用的来源。

三、如何正确使用Chicago类似的参考文献格式？1. 书籍引用格式示例：- 书名：作者姓，名。

《书名》。

出版地：出版社名称，出版年份。

2. 期刊文章引用格式示例：- 文章作者尊称。

"文章标题"。

期刊名，卷号，期刊号（出版年）：引用页码。

3. 网络资源引用格式示例：- 作者姓，名。

"文档标题"。

全球信息湾名称。

发布日期/更新日期。

访问日期。

URL信息。

四、Chicago类似的参考文献格式的个人观点和理解在我看来，Chicago类似的参考文献格式的使用不仅是对作者研究成果的尊重和保护，更是对学术界严谨和规范的遵循。

作为学者，我们应该注重引用规范，尊重他人劳动成果，以期促进学术界的健康发展。

总结回顾通过本文的深度解析，相信读者对于Chicago类似的参考文献格式已经有了更全面、深刻的理解。

参考文献论文格式参考文献的论文格式可以根据具体的引用风格来确定，以下是一些常见的引用风格和其对应的文献格式示例：1. APA 引用风格（American Psychological Association）：- 书籍：作者姓氏，作者名字首字母. (出版年). 书名（斜体）. 出版城市：出版社.例如：Smith, J. D. (2010). The Art of Writing. New York, NY: ABC Publishing.- 期刊文章：作者姓氏，作者名字首字母. (出版年). 文章标题. 期刊名，卷号(期号), 页码.例如：Johnson, M. L., & Smith, P. Q. (2012). The Impact of Climate Change on Biodiversity. Journal of Environmental Science, 123(4), 567-579.2. MLA 引用风格（Modern Language Association）：- 书籍：作者姓氏，作者名字. 书名（斜体）. 出版城市，出版社，出版年.例如：Smith, John. The Art of Writing. New York, NY: ABC Publishing, 2010.- 期刊文章：作者姓氏，作者名字. "文章标题." 期刊名，卷号.期号 (出版年): 页码.例如：Johnson, Mary L., and Philip Q. Smith. "The Impact of Climate Change on Biodiversity." Journal of Environmental Science 123.4 (2012): 567-579.3. Chicago 引用风格：- 书籍：作者姓氏，作者名字. 书名（斜体）. 出版城市：出版社，出版年.例如：Smith, John. The Art of Writing. New York, NY: ABC Publishing, 2010.- 期刊文章：作者姓氏，作者名字. "文章标题." 期刊名卷号，期号（出版年）: 页码.例如：Johnson, Mary L., and Philip Q. Smith. "The Impact of Climate Change on Biodiversity." Journal of Environmental Science 123, no. 4 (2012): 567-579.以上是一些常见的引用格式示例，实际应用中可以根据具体的引文风格要求进行相应的调整。

The Chicago Manual of Style芝加哥論文格式本資料取材自Chicago Manual of Style . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993.芝加哥論文格式有兩種基本的引註形式：1. 註釋和參考書目（人文類形式）Notes and Bibliographies (Humanities Style)2. 形式2：作者－－年份引註和參照表Author-Date Citations and Reference List本文以介紹第一種形式為主。

這兩種型式可以混用。

只要維持全論文統一、一致的格式即可。

形式1：註釋和參考書目註釋和參考書目（（人文類形式人文類形式））Notes and Bibliographies (Humanities Style) 。

註解以數字順序安插在論文中。

論文依序放在每一頁的最下方（頁尾註），或在文章結尾（結尾註）。

在第一次引註時，註解包括完整的參考資料。

參考書目一般只列出該論文中使用的資料來源 ，其條目中、日文依作者姓氏筆畫排列，西文依作者姓氏的字母排列，必須包括完整的參考資料之資訊。

芝加哥論文格式要求對引述材料的第一次註釋，必須包括所有可辨識與指認的資料來源：作者的全名、書籍的完整名稱、編輯者的名字、出版地、出版社、出版日期、引註資料的頁數。

再次參考該資料時，只需註明作者的姓，再加上逗點，書籍名稱的簡寫，逗點，頁數。

每一個註釋必須空五格（或和每一段論文本文起始空格相同）。

每一個註釋編號後加上句點，空一格之後再寫註釋。

如果本文是雙行間距，則註釋也必須採雙行間距。

範例：（芝加哥論文格式請依此順序寫註釋，參考書並請注意顏色所相對應之項目）書籍書籍－－－－註釋編號. （空一格空一格））作者名作者名，，書籍名稱書籍名稱（（以斜體字或畫底線處理字或畫底線處理）），（出版地出版地：：出版社出版社，，出版年），頁數。

Last updated April 2012BEFORE you begin, please note:∙ This brief guide is primarily for students doing assignments at Curtin University, not for those publishingusing the Chicago Author-Date 16th edition style.∙ If you are publishing in the Chicago Author-Date 16th edition style, please consult the Chicago Manual of Style:The Chicago Manual of Style. 2010. 16th ed. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.∙ The Chicago Manual of Style Online (16th ed.) is also available via the Library catalogue .∙ It is important that you check the assignment guide of your Department or School as details may vary fromthe guidelines on this sheet. You may be penalised for not using the referencing style that is required by your School/Department.∙ The Chicago referencing style has two basic systems of documentation: the humanities style (which is also knownas the footnote and endnote or the notes and bibliography style), and the author-date style.∙ This information sheet provides a brief guide to the Chicago Author-Date referencing style.What is Referencing?Referencing is a standardised method of acknowledging sources of information and ideas that you have used in your assignment in a way that uniquely identifies their source. Direct quotations, facts and figures, as well as ideas and theories, from both published and unpublished works must be referenced.The Chicago Author-Date 16th edition referencing style requires citations within the text corresponding to a fullbibliographic entry in the reference list at the end of the document. The in-text citations include the author’s last name, followed by the date of publication in parentheses. The bibliographic entry in the reference list includes all the other necessary publication information.Why Reference?Referencing is necessary to avoid plagiarism, to verify quotations, and to enable readers to follow-up and read more fully the cited author’s arguments.Steps Involved in Referencing1. Note down the full bibliographic details including the page number(s) from which the information is taken.In the case of a book , ‘bibliographical details’ refers to: author/editor, year of publication, title, edition, volume number, place of publication and publisher as found on the front and back of the title page. (Not all of these details will necessarily be applicable).In the case of a journal article , the details required include: author of the article, year of publication, title of the article, title of the journal, volume and issue number of the journal, and page numbers.For all electronic information , in addition to the above details you should also include a DOI (Digital ObjectIdentifier) if provided. If a DOI has not been provided, then include the web address (URL) of the database you found the article in. For more details see the DOI Information Sheet .2. Insert the citation at the appropriate place within the text of the document (see examples below).3. Provide a reference list at the end of the document (see examples below).In-Text CitationsUse the name of the author, followed by the year of publication when citing references within the text of an assignment.Where authors of different references have the same family name, include the author’s personal name or initials in the in-text citation i.e. (Anderson, John 2008) or John Anderson (2008). If two or more authors are cited at the same point in the text then they are included in the same in-text citation, separated by a semicolon e.g. (Brown 1991; Smith 2003). They are presented alphabetically by author.When directly quoting from another source, the relevant page number must be given and quotation marksplaced around the quote. It is not necessary to include the page number when paraphrasing or referring to an idea from another source which is a book or lengthy text.∙ A reference list includes books, chapters, journal articles etc. that you cite in the text of your assignment. ∙ A bibliography is a list of relevant sources for background or for further reading.∙ The reference list is arranged alphabetically by author – at the end of your assignment. ∙ Where an item has no author it is cited and listed by its title.∙The Chicago Author-Date referencing style requires the second and subsequent lines of the reference to be indented.What is a Reference List? See a sample reference list .Dawson, Jeanne, Lesley Smith, Kathy Deubert, and Sue Grey-Smith. 2002. Study Trekk 6: Referencing, not plagiarism. .au/research_and_information_skills/online_tutorials/studytrekk/trek6.html.AuthorsYear TitleURL of the web page Marshall, Kevin, and John Anderson . 2008. “The Emperor's New Clothes A Meta-study of Education Technology Policies in Ireland, North and South (1996-2006).” Computers & Education 50(2): 463-474. doi:10.1016/pedu.2007.09.010.Authors YearTitle of the journal articleJournal titleVolume number(Issue number)Article page numbersDOI of article - if DOI not provided, use URLWhat is a Reference/Citation?A reference or citation consists of elements that allow the reader to trace the original book, article or website you have consulted and cited. Here are some examples in the Chicago Author-Date referencing style.Book:Journal article from a database:Web page:Mack, Charles R. 2005. Looking at the Renaissance: Essays Toward a Conceptual Appreciation.London: Taylor & Francis.Author Year Place of publication PublisherBook titleBooks In-Text Example Reference List ExampleSingle author The method was first suggested in2009 (Zeegan 2009, 65)ORZeegan (2009, 65) claimed that…Zeegen, Lawrence. 2009. What Is Illustration? Mies, Switzerland: RotoVision.2 authors(Benson and Brack 2010, 22)ORBenson and Brack (2010, 22) discussthis idea…Benson, Robyn, and Charlotte Brack. 2010. Online Learning and Assessment in Higher Education: A Planning Guide. Oxford: Chandos Publishing.List the family name first for the first author ONLY.3 authors (Lewis, Jurmain, and Kilgore 2007,34)ORLewis, Jurmain, and Kilgore (2007,34) state that…. Lewis, Barry, Robert Jurmain, and Lynn Kilgore. 2007. Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology. 9th ed.Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth.List the family name first for the first author ONLY.4 or more authors Cicmil et al. (2009, 24) suggest….OR(Cicmil et al. 2009, 24)List only the first author’s familyname, followed by ‘et al.’ Cicmil, Svetlana, Terry Cooke-Davis, Lynn Crawford, Kurt A. Richardson, and Project Management Institute. 2009. Exploring the Complexity of Projects: Implications of Complexity Theory for Project Management Practice. Newtown Square, PA: Project ManagementInstitute.List the family name first for the first author ONLY.List the names of all authors in the reference list.No author (Valuing Integrity 2010, 24).Valuing Integrity: Guide for the Workplace. 2010. Bentley, W.A.: Curtin University.Where there is no author and the title is long, shorten the title, but ensure that the item canbe identified with its corresponding entry in the reference list.Multiple works by same author Research (Hubbard 2008, 2010) intothe theory has indicated that…Hubbard, Christopher. 2008. An Australian Introduction to International Relations. Frenchs Forest,N.S.W.: Pearson Education Australia.———. 2010. Power Plays: Enriched Uranium and Homeland Security. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.Order chronologically in the reference list. For successive entries by the same author thedash replaces the name.Examples of Referencing:For Reference Types to use with EndNote, see the EndNote X5 LibGuide.3 of 14Books In-Text Example Reference List ExampleMultiple works published in the same year by the same author The American rail system (Watson2009a, 42)…Use a/b etc. to differentiatebetween works in same year.Watson, Don. 2009a. American Journeys. North Sydney, N.S.W.: Vintage Books.———. 2009b. Bendable Learnings: The Wisdom of Modern Management. North Sydney, N.S.W.:Random House Australia.Order alphabetically by title in the reference list. For successive entries by the same authorthe dash replaces the name.Editor(Goggin and Hjorth 2009, 91-2)Goggin, Gerard, and Larissa Hjorth, eds. 2009. Mobile Technologies: From Telecommunications toMedia. New York: Routledge.Add ‘ed.’ before or after the editor’s name, depending on how this appears on the title pageof the work, or add ‘edited by’ before the name of the editor if this is how it appears. Different editions McNair (2011, 17) suggests that…McNair, Brian. 2011. An Introduction to Political Communication. 5th ed. London: Routledge.An edition number is placed after the title of the work - this is not necessary for a firstedition.No date (Olsen [1950?])OR(Olsen n.d.) Olsen, Donald J. [1950?]. The Growth of Victorian London. London: Batsford. OROlsen, Donald J. n.d. The Growth of Victorian London. London: Batsford.Encyclopedia/Dictionary (print) In the section on HomeopathicMedicine in the Gale Encyclopedia ofMedicine (Longe 2006, 3rd ed.,1830)...Entries in an encyclopedia or dictionary are not listed in the reference list.Encyclopedia/Dictionary (online) The article on Evidence Interpretationin the Wiley Encyclopedia of ForensicScience (Champod and Evett 2009,accessed December 20, http://.dbgw.lis.curtin.edu.au/doi/10.1002/9780470061589.fsa122/full)In the absence of a postedpublication date, use the yearaccessed, and add actual monthand date accessed before the URL.Entries in an encyclopedia or dictionary are not listed in the reference list.4 of 14Encyclopedia/Dictionary (authored article) “Music, rhythm, and imaginationintermingle” (Eliassen 2009, 635)Eliassen, Meredith. 2009. “Singing Games.” In Encyclopedia of Play in Today’s Society, RodneyP. Carlisle, ed., 635-636. Los Angeles: SAGE.Add ‘ed.’ before or after the editor’s name, depending on how this appears on the title pageof the work, or add ‘edited by’ before the name of the editor if this is how it appears.Article or chapter in a book (Halsall 2006, 280) Halsall, Guy. 2006. “Movers and Shakers: the Barbarians and the Fall of Rome.” In From RomanProvinces to Medieval Kingdoms, edited by Thomas F.X. Noble, 277-291. London:Routledge.Add ‘ed.’ before or after the editor’s name, depending on how this appears on the title pageof the work, or add ‘edited by’ before the name of the editor if this is how it appears.Brochure (Curtin University 2010) Curtin University. 2010. Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Social MediaGuidelines. Bentley, W.A.: Curtin University.E-book (books consulted online)(Aaker and Smith 2010)Aaker, Jennifer, and Andy Smith. 2010. The Dragonfly Effect: Quick, Effective, and Powerful Waysto Use Social Media to Drive Social Change. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. http://.dbgw.lis,.au/Open.aspx?id=277342&loc=&srch=undefined&src=0.E-book (downloaded from a library or bookseller) According to Reagan (2010, chap. 3)Reagan, Timothy G. 2010. Non-Western Educational Traditions: Indigenous Approaches toEducational Thought and Practice. 3rd ed. New York: Routledge. Kindle edition.Use chapter or section numbers if there is no stable page number.Thesis (Doctorate) (Sharp 2010, 234)Sharp, Jennifer A. 2010. “Limiting Loss: A Grounded Theory of Mothers Who Use Illicit Drugs.”PhD diss., Curtin University of Technology. .au/R/?func=search-advanced-go&request1=144026.Thesis (Master’s) Lee (2008, 27) makes the point that...Lee, Shereen. 2008. “A New Taste of Tradition: Chinese Snacks and Hawker-Entrepreneurs inSingapore.” Master’s thesis, Curtin University of Technology.Include URL if electronic version is available.5 of 14Conference proceeding(Brebbia 2009, 12)Brebbia, C. A., ed. 2009. Structural Studies, Repairs and Maintenance of Heritage ArchitectureXI:11th International Conference on Structural Studies, Repairs and Maintenance of HeritageArchitecture, Tallinn, Estonia, 2009. Southampton, U.K.: WIT Press.Paper in a conference (print) (Prayag and Ramjee 2009)ORAs discussed by Prayag and Ramjee(2009)Prayag, I. L., and R. Ramjee. 2009. “The Impact of Newcastle Disease Control on SmallholderPoultry Production in Mauritius.” In Village Chickens, Poverty Alleviation and the SustainableControl of Newcastle Disease: Proceedings of an International Conference Held in Dar esSalaam, Tanzania, 5-7 October 2005, edited by Robyn G. Alders, Peter Spradbrow and M. P.Young, 132-134. Canberra, A.C.T.: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research.Use initials for names if only initials are provided in the publication.Paper in a conference (online) (Smierzchalski 2008, sec. 4:Structure of the Simulator)Use section or paragraph numberswhere no page number isavailable.Smierzchalski, R. 2008. “Simulation System for Marine Engine Control Room.” Paper presented atInternational Biennial Baltic Electronic Conference, Tallinn, Estonia, October 6-8. doi:10.1109/BEC.2008.4657535.Annual report of an organisation (print or electronic) (Director of National Parks 2010)OR(Black Range Minerals Ltd 2010)Director of National Parks. 2010. Annual Report 2009-2010. Canberra, A.C.T.: Department ofSustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities.ORBlack Range Minerals Ltd. 2010. Annual Report 20 June 2010. http://.au/docserver/01001315.pdf?fileid=01001315&datedir=20091022&edt=MjAxMC0xMS0yMisxOTowNjoyNCsxMjArNTA3ODQxK0N1cnRpblVuaXZlcnNpdHlBUk8rcmVkaXJlY3QrL2ltYWdlc2lnbmFsL2Vycm9ycGFnZXMvUERGVGltZW91dC5odG1sKy9pbWFnZXNpZ25hbC9lcnJvcnBhZ2VzL3BkZmRlbGF5ZWQuanNw.Do not include issuing organisation if report is electronic.Image in a book The photograph “Regatta. PearlingLuggers c. 1898” (Stephen 2005, 84,illustration 17)Stephen, Matthew. 2010. Contact Zones: Sport and Race in the Northern Territory 1869-1953.Darwin, N.T.: Charles Darwin University.6 of 14Article - single author As mentioned by Shaner (2010,1988)For multiple authors also see thein-text examples used for booksand electronic journals.Shaner, Malcolm. 2010. “Up in the Air - Suspending Ethical Medical Practice.” New EnglandJournal of Medicine 363 (21): 1988-1989.Article – no author “Some 68 days later, all 33 minerswere rescued” (“Australians PlayPart” 2010, 15)Use the title of the journal article.Shorten title, ensuring the firstword remains the same.“Australians Play Part in Mine Rescue.” 2010. Engineers Australia 82 (11): 14-15.Newspaper, feature or magazine article (Narushima 2010)Narushima, Yuko. 2010. “Indigenous Artists Want to Take on Management.” Sydney MorningHerald, November 23.Newspaper, feature or magazine article – no author The Australian (December 20, 2010)reported….OR“...the polls exposed a failure… tomount a credible challenge” (TheAustralian, December 20, 2010)Provide all the details in the in-text citation – no need for an entry in the reference list.Press release On 18 December 2010, the statementBHP Billiton Submits EnvironmentalImpact Statement for Jansen Project,announces that “Jansen is a worldclass ore body.” (Graham Kerr, pressrelease) Treated like an unpublished document. No need for an entry in the reference list. Provide description of document – in this case, ‘press release’ – after the author of the press release.Image in a journal article Several mummies have beenidentified as related (Hawass et al.2010, 640 table 1). Hawass, Zahi, Yehia Z. Gad, Somaia Ismail, Rabab Khairat, Dina Fathalla, Amal Ahmed, Hisham Elleithy et al. 2010. “Ancestry and Pathology in King Tutankhamun’s Family.” JAMA 303 (7): 638-647. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.121.For more than 10 authors, list the first 7 authors, then use ‘et al.’.7 of 14Electronic Journals In-Text Example Reference List ExampleFull text from an electronic databasesingle author (Bosma 2009, 320)Bosma, Ulbe. 2009. “European Colonial Soldiers in the Nineteenth Century: Their Role in WhiteGlobal Migration and Patterns of Colonial Settlement.” Journal of Global History 4 (2): 317-336. doi:10.1017/S1740022809003179.Full text article from an electronic database2 authors Cross and Smits (2005, 873) state …OR(Cross and Smits 2005, 873)Cross, Gary and Gregory Smits. 2005. “Japan, the U.S. and the Globalization of Children’sConsumer Culture.” Journal of Social History 38 (4): 873-890. http://.au/pqdweb?did=859478591&sid=1&Fmt=3&clientId=22212&RQT=309&Vname=PQD.Use stable/durable URL where provided.List the family name first for the first author ONLY.Full text article from an electronic database3 authors (Pambudi, McCaughey and Smyth2009, 236)ORPambudi, McCaughey and Smyth(2009, 26) state…..Pambudi, Djauhuri, Nathalie McCaughey, and Russell Smyth. 2009. “Computable GeneralEquilibrium Estimates of the Impact of the Bali Bombing on the Indonesian Economy.”Tourism Management 30 (2): 232-239. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2008.06.007.List the family name first for the first author ONLY.Full text article from an electronic database4 to 10 authors Tao et al. (2009, 43) have found….OR(Tao et al. 2009, 43)Tao, Donghua, Patrick G. McCarthy, Mary M. Krieger, and Annie B. Webb. 2009. “The MobileReference Service: A Case Study of an Onsite Reference Service Program at the School ofPublic Health.” Journal of the Medical Library Association 97 (1): 34-40. doi:10.3163/1536-5050.97.1.006.List the family name first for the first author ONLY.Full text article from an electronic database More than 10 authors (Johnson et al. 2010, 1642)ORJohnson et al. 2010, 1642 point outthat...Johnson, Warren E., David P. Onorato, Melody E. Roelke, E. Darrell Land, Mark Cunningham,Robert C. Belden, Roy McBride et al. 2010. “Genetic Restoration of the Florida Panther.”Science 329 (5999): 1641-1645. doi: 10.1126/science.1192891.List the family name first for the first author ONLY.For more than 10 authors, list the first 7 authors, then add ‘et al.’.Full text article from an electronic databaseno author “...the aging bad boy is still dishingdirt about the industry” (“MediumRaw” 2010, 12).Shorten long titles for in-textcitations. Short titles must includethe first word of the long title.“Medium Raw: A Bloody Valentine to the World of Food and the People Who Can Cook.” 2010.Food Management 45 (9): 12. .au/pqdweb?did=2137096321&sid=12&Fmt=3&clientId=22212&RQT=309&VName=PQD.8 of 14Electronic Journals In-Text Example Reference List ExampleFull text newspaper, newswire or magazine from an electronic databaseno author (“Runners Leading by Example”2010)Use the title of the article.You can shorten the title of thearticle if it is longer than 4words.“Runners Leading by Example: Marathon Effort by Indigenous Athletes”. 2010. TheMercury, November 12. .au/pqdweb?did=2186214831&sid=2&Fmt=3&clientId=22212&RQT=309&VName=PQD.Full text from the Internet It was proposed by Keogh et al.(2009, 256) that…Keogh, Louise A., Christine M. van Vliet, David M. Studdert, Judith A. Maskiell, Findlay A. Macrae, D.James St John, Clara F. Gaff et al. 2009. “Is the Uptake of Genetic Testing for ColorectalCancer Influenced by Knowledge of Insurance Implications?” Medical Journal of Australia 191(5): 255-258. .au/public/issues/191_05_070909/keo11470_fm.html.For more than 10 authors, list the first 7 authors then add ‘et al.’.Article from Curtin E-Reserve (Newman 2006, 277)Newman, Peter. 2006. "The Environmental Impact of Cities." Environment and Urbanization 18 (2):275-295..au/eres_display.cgi?url=DC60266188.pdf&copyright=1.Secondary Sources In-Text Example Reference List ExampleBook (Jenkins 2004, quoted in JonesFiner 2006, 27)Use the original author’s nameand date first, add ‘quoted in’ toindicate the secondary source.Page numbers are included inthe in-text citation but not thereference list.Jones Finer, Catherine, ed. 2006. Migration, Immigration and Social Policy. Malden, MA: Blackwell. Show secondary author only in the reference list.Journal article(Ebell 2006, quoted in Patton 2007,598)Use the original author’s nameand date first, add ‘quoted in’ toindicate the secondary source.Page numbers are included inthe in-text citation and thereference list.Patton, Kevin T. 2007. “Neuralgia and Headaches.” Science 316 (5824): 597-600.Show secondary author only in the reference list.9 of 14World Wide Web In-Text Example Reference List ExampleDocument on WWW “Our art has got to be protectedbecause it belongs to individualpeople and their families.” (Martin2010) Martin, Valerie Napaljari. 2010. DesArt: Aboriginal Art in Central Australia. Association of Central Aboriginal Art and Craft Centres. Accessed December 16, .au/AboriginalArtinCentralAustralia/tabid/56/Default.aspx.In the absence of a date on the website, add the year the page is accessed after the author’s name and also include the month and date the page is accessed after the name of the owner or sponsor of the website as in the example above.If a date is provided for the website, add the year after the author but do not add an access date.Include the owner or sponsor of the site after the name of the site.Titles for websites are set in Roman, with no quote marks.Document on WWW –No author(One Life 2008)Shorten long titles for in-textcitations. Short titles mustinclude the first word of the longtitle. One Life: The Mask of Lincoln. 2008. National Portrait Gallery. /exhibit/lincoln/ index.html.Do not provide an access date when a date is provided for the website.Document on WWW – No date (Centers for Disease Control andPrevention 2010)Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2010.“Traveling With Children: Resources.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. AccessedNovember 25, /travel/page/child-travel.htm.Titled sections or pages on a website should be placed in quote marks.Use access year rather than n.d. when a website has no date listed.Use actual date of access after the sponsor of the site, but before the URL.Image on the web The image of the MV Derbyshire(Merseyside Maritime Museum2010)Merseyside Maritime Museum. 2010. The Sinking of MV Derbyshire. National Museums Liverpool./maritime/exhibitions/derbyshire/.Access date not necessary since a date is given for the website.10 of 14GovernmentPublicationsIn-Text Example Reference List ExampleAct of Parliament The Commonwealth’s Copyright Act1968…[future references do not includedate]Legislation is included in a list of references only if it is important to an understanding of the work. Set the list apart from the main body of the reference under the subheading'Legislation'.Essential elements: Short title and Date (Jurisdiction) e.g. Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) or Fair Trading Act 2010 (WA).If legislation is obtained from an electronic database, add a URL as for electronic journal articles.Cases British American Tobacco AustraliaLtd v Secretary, Department ofHealth and Ageing (2011) 281 ALR75 Legal authorities are included in a list of references only if they are important to an understanding of the work. Set the list apart from the main body of the reference under the subheading ‘Legal Authorities’.Fact sheet (Department of Fisheries 2011)Use initials if the organisation isbetter known by its initials - seealternative example below. Department of Fisheries. 2011. Sharks. Perth, W.A.: Department of Fisheries.http:// .au/docs/pub/FactSheets/Fisheries%20Fact%20Sheet%20-%20Sharks.pdf.Australian Bureau of Statistics from ABS website (ABS 2010)Use initials if the organisation isbetter known by its initials. Listname in initials in reference list,but put full name in brackets.ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics). 2010. Australian Demographic Statistics. Cat. No. 3101.0.Canberra, A.C.T.: ABS. .au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/3101.0Jun%202010?OpenDocument.Census information (ABS 2006)Use initials if the organisation isbetter known by its initials.ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics). 2006. Census ofPopulation and Housing: B01 SelectedCharacteristics (First Release Processing) Postal Area 6050. Canberra, A.C.T.: ABS. http:// .au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ViewData?&action=404&documentproductno=POA6050&documenttype=Details&tabname=Details&areac ode=POA6050&issue=2006&producttype=Community%20Profiles&&producttype=Community% 20Profiles&javascript=true&textversion=false&navmapdisplayed=true&breadcrumb=LPD&&coll ection=Census&period=2006&producttype=Community%20Profiles&#Basic%20Community% 20Profile.GovernmentPublicationsIn-Text Example Reference List ExampleGovernment report (Australian Greenhouse Office2005)Australian Greenhouse Office. 2005. Australia’s Fourth National Communication on Climate Change: A Report under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Canberra, A.C.T.: Australian Greenhouse Office.Patent (Cook and Donaldson 2010)Cook, Fred C. and William H. Donaldson. 2010. Mega yacht mast tracking system with articulating sailfeeder. US Patent US20100282152A1, filed May 7, 2009, and issued November 11, 2010.Do not put title in quote marks or italics.Do not use capital letters for the beginning of each significant word in the title.Do not include URL for documents found online.Standard (online)(Standards Australia 2009)Standards Australia. 2009. Wire-rope Slings: Product Specification. SAIGlobal (AS 1666.1-2009).If the standard is in book form, reference it as you would reference a book.Other Sources In-Text Example Reference List ExamplePersonal communication, e-mail and discussion lists with no web archive “It was confirmed that an outbreakoccurred in London in 1999” (S.Savieri, personal communicationMay 21, 2007).Use exact date if known.Use initials instead of full firstname.Do not use ‘et al.’ for multipleauthors.Not included in the reference list as they cannot be traced by the reader.Unpublished interviews (Cowdell 2006) Cowdell, John Alexander. 2006. Interview of John Alexander Cowdell, interview by John Ferrell,February 21, transcript, Curtin University, Bentley, W.A.Lecture notes (Brieger 2005) Brieger, William. 2005. “Lecture 3: Recruitment and Involvement of Trainees.” PowerPoint lecturenotes. course.TrainingMethods. ContinuingEducation/lectureNotes.cfmDVDs and videos (Cameron and Landau 2010) Cameron, James (producer/director), and Jon Landau (producer). 2010. Avatar. DVD. Moore Park,N.S.W.: Twentieth Century Fox Home Entertainment South Pacific.Television and radio programmes (single episode in a series) (Thomason, Rudd, and Fimeri2007)Thomason, Matthew, Paul Rudd, and Wain Fimeri 2007. “Episode 4: North West Passage,” CaptainCook: Obsession and Discovery. Melbourne: Film Australia.Television and radio programmes (series or single programme) ...the travels of medieval Venetiantraders down the Aegean coast(da Mosto 2008).da Mosto, Francesco. 2008. Francesco’s Mediterranean Voyage. Directed by Andrea Carnevali andNicola Searle. London: BBC.Podcasts (interviews) (Parmenter and Shepherdson2009)Parmenter, Ian, and Anne Shepherdson, interviewed by Geraldine Mellet. 2009. “Painted Cows,” 720 ABC Local Radio, podcast audio, June 15, .au/localaudio/2009/06/15/2598730.htm.Podcasts (singleprogrammes)(“The Private Life” 2010)Shorten long titles for in-textcitations. Short titles mustinclude the first word of thelong title. “The Private Life of a Brain Surgeon.” 2010. ABC Radio National, podcast audio, July 10, http:// .au/rn/allinthemind/stories/2010/2921360.htm.Video blog posts (Krempl 2008)Krempl, Sandra A. 2008. The Beauty of Story. YouTube video, 10:01. /watch?v=2zSb-m25SJ4.Include full URL.Include indication length (by time).Web streaming video (Bernstein 2006)Bernstein, Anya. 2006. In Pursuit of the Siberian Shaman. Streaming video, 74:28, Ethnographic VideoOnline, .au/View/764794.。

1Chicago Author-DateReferencingLast updated March 2009Curtin University Library.auThe Chicago Author-Date referencing style has two basic systems of documentation. There is the humanities style (which can also be known as the footnote and endnote or the notes and bibliography style), as well as the author-date style. This guide follows the author-date system of referencing. This involves citations within the text corresponding to a full bibliographic entry in the reference list at the end of the document. The in-text citations include the author’s last name, followed by the date of publication in parentheses. The bibliographic entry in the reference list includes all the other necessary publication information.When using EndNote , it is recommended that the style system to use is Chicago Curtin 2009.Note: this page is only an introduction to the Chicago Author-Date referencing system. Curtin University Library provides a modified version of the author-date system presented in:The Chicago manual of style. 2003. 15th ed. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.How to cite references: Chicago style . 2008..au/find/citation/chicago.htmlThe information and examples contained on this page are chiefly derived from the above sources.It is very important that you check your department or school's assignment guide as some details, eg. punctuation, may vary from the guidelines on this page. You may be penalised for not conforming to your school's requirements.What is Referencing?Referencing is a standardised method of acknowledging sources of information and ideas that you have used in your assignment in a way that uniquely identifies their source. Direct quotations, facts and figures, as well as ideas and theories, from both published and unpublished works must be referenced.There are many acceptable forms of referencing. This information sheet provides a brief guide to the Chicago Author-Date referencing style. Within the text of the assignment the author’s name is given first, followed by the publication date. A reference list at the end of the assignment contains the full details of all the in-text citations.Why Reference?Referencing is necessary to avoid plagiarism, to verify quotations, and to enable readers to follow-up and read more fully the cited author’s arguments.Steps Involved in Referencing1. Note down the full bibliographic details including the page number(s) from which the information is taken.In the case of a book , ‘bibliographical details’ refers to: author/editor, year of publication, title, edition, volume number, place of publication and publisher as found on the front and back of the title page. (Not all of these details will necessarily be applicable).In the case of a journal article , the details required include: author of the article, year of publication, title of the article, title of the journal, volume and issue number of the journal, and page numbers.For all electronic information , in addition to the above you should note the date that you accessed the information, and database name or web address (URL).2. Insert the citation at the appropriate place within the text of the document (see examples below).3. Provide a reference list at the end of the document (see examples below).In-Text CitationsUse the name of the author, followed by the year of publication when citing references within the text of an assign-ment.Where authors of different references have the same family name, include the author’s initials in the in-text cita-tion i.e.(Hamilton, C. L. 1994) or C. L. Hamilton (1994). If two or more authors are cited at the same point in thetext then they are included in the same in-text citation, separated by a semicolon e.g. (Brown 1991; Smith 2003).They are presented alphabetically by author.When directly quoting from another source, the relevant page number must be given and quotation marksplaced around the quote. It is not necessary to include the page number when paraphrasing or referring to anidea from another source which is a book or lengthy text.You can view an example of a Reference List using the Chicago Author-dateWhat is a Reference List?referencing style at.au/research_and_information_skills/referencing/reference_list.pdfA reference list only includes books, articles etc that are cited in the text. A bibliography is a list containing thesources used in developing a publication and other sources the author considers might be of use or interest to thereader. The reference list is arranged alphabetically by author. Where an item has no author it is cited by its title,and ordered in the reference list or bibliography alphabetically by the first significant word of the title.Page numbers should only be included in in-text citations when directly quoting from anothersource.What is a Reference/Citation?A reference or citation consists of the elements that allow the reader to trace the original book or article you haveread or cited from. When citing a book you need the following elements, in this order:Author. Year of publication. Book title. City of publication: Name of the publisher.For example, if you looked at a book with these elements:Author: Mack, CharlesYear of publication: 2005Title: Looking at the Renaissance: essays toward a conceptual appreciationPublisher: Taylor & FrancisPlace of Publication: LondonYour citation would look like this:Mack, C. 2005. Looking at the Renaissance: essays toward a conceptual appreciation. London: Taylor & Francis.For a journal article, you need the following elements:Author(s). Year of publication. Title of article. Title of journal volume number (issue number): Page numbers.Authors of article: Labonte, R. Schrecker, T.Year of publication: 2007Tile of article: Globalisation and social determinants of healthTitle of Journal: Globalisation and HealthVolume: 3Issue: 7Pages: 190-200Your citation would look like this:Labonte, R., and T. Schrecker. 2007. Globalisation and social determinants of health. Globalisation and Health190-220.3(7):For information on citing electronic journals, see the examples in the list below.2Books In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote X1 (which reference type?)Single author‘The theory was first propounded in1982’ (Horwood 1982, 65)OR‘Horwood (1982, 65) claimedthat…’Horwood, J. 1982. Comfort. London: UnwinPaperbacks.Book2 authors(Madden and Hogan 1997, 22)ORMadden and Hogan (1997, 22)discuss this idea…Madden, R., and T. Hogan. 1997. The definition ofdisability in Australia: Moving towards nationalconsistency. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.List the family name first for the first author ONLY.Book4 or more authors Leeder et al. (1996, 24) suggest….OR(Leeder et al. 1996, 24) Leeder, S. R., A. J. Dobson, R. Gibbers, N. R. Patel, P. S.Mathews, D. A. Williams, and D. Mariot. 1996. TheAustralian film industry. Adelaide: Dominion Press.List the family name first for the first author ONLY.BookUnknown authorship or anonymous works (Advertising in the Western Cape1990, 74).Advertising in the Western Cape. 1990. Cape Town: ABCPublishers.BookMultiple works by same author ‘University research (Brown 1982,1988) has indicated that…’Brown, P. 1982. Corals in the Capricorn group.Rockhampton: Central Queensland University.———. 1988. The effects of anchor on corals.Rockhampton: Central Queensland University.Order chronologically in the reference list. Forsuccessive entries by the same author the dashreplaces the name.Book3 authors (Jones, Madding, and Davis 1998,34)ORJones, Madding, and Davis (1998,34) states…... Jones, J., M. Madding, and B. Davis. 1998. How to ride a pony. Sydney: Australian Aquarian Press.List the family name first for the first author ONLY.Examples of Referencing3 of 12Multiple works published in the same year by the same Author ‘In recent reports (Napier 1993a,55)…’Use a/b etc. to differentiatebetween works in same year.Napier, A. 1993a. Fatal storm. Sydney: Allen &Unwin.——— . 1993b. Survival at sea. Sydney: Allen &Unwin.Order alphabetically by title in the reference list.For successive entries by the same author the dashreplaces the name.BookEditor(Kastenbaum 1993, 91-2)Kastenbaum, R., ed. 1993. Adult development. Phoenix:Oryx Press.Edited BookDifferent Editions Neil Renton (2004, 75) suggeststhat…Renton, N. 2004. Compendium of good writing. 3rded. Milton: John Wiley & Sons.An edition number is placed after the title of the work- this is not necessary for a first edition.Book(put 3rd in Edition).No date (Housley [1806?])OR(Housley n.d.) Housley, N. [1806?]. Contesting the crusades.Malden, MA: Blackwell.ORHousley, N. n.d. Contesting the crusades.Malden, MA: Blackwell.Book(put [1806?] or n.d. in Year).Encyclopedia/ Dictionary ‘In the section on Sleepwalking inthe Encyclopedia of Sleep andDreaming (Mahowald 1993, 578)’Entries in an encyclopedia or dictionary are notlisted in the reference list.Enter the in-text citation manually.Article or chapter in a book As discussed by Blaxter (1976, 120-35)…OR(Blaxter 1976, 120-35)Blaxter, M. 1976. Social class and health inequalities. InEqualities and inequalities in health, eds. C. Carterand J. Peel, 120-35. London: Academic Press.Book SectionArticle or chapter in abook – no author(Solving the Y2K problem 1997, 23)Use the title of chapter/article Solving the Y2K problem. 1997. In Technology todayand tomorrow, ed. D. Bowd, 23-35. New York:Van Nostrand Reinhold.Book SectionBooks In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote X1 (which reference type?)4 of 12Brochure (Research and Training Centre2003) Research and Training Centre on Independent Living.2003. Guidelines for reporting and writingabout people with disabilities [Brochure].Melbourne: Research and Training Centre.The publisher’s name may be abbreviated if it isalso the author.BookType [Brochure] manually after theTitle.E-book(Pettinger 2002)Pettinger, R. 2002. Global organizations. Oxford:Capstone Publishing. Netlibrary. http:// (accessed September 28,2004).Shorten URL Electronic Book(put Netlibrary in Name of Database, September 28, 2004 in Access Date) Shorten URL in URL fieldThesis (Jones 1998, 89)Jones, F. 1998. The mechanism of Bayer residueflocculation. PhD diss., Curtin University ofTechnology. .au/theses(accessed November 28, 2006).Shorten URL Thesis(put PhD diss. in Thesis Type) Shorten URL in URL fieldConference Proceeding (Hill 2000, 112)Hill, R. 2000. Ninth Meeting of the InternationalNational Trust, March 3-5, 2000: The NationalTrust into the new millennium. Alice Springs, NT:Australian Council of National Trusts.Conference Proceeding(put 2000 in Year of Conference, TheNational Trust into the new millenniumin Title Ninth Meeting of the InternationalNational Trust in Conference Name,March 3-5, 2000 in Date, Alice Springs,NT in Conference Location, AustralianCouncil of National Trusts in Publisher).Annual report of an organisation (Department of Transport andRegional Services 2001)OR(Billabong International Ltd 2005)Department of Transport and Regional Services. 2001.Annual report 2001-02. Canberra: DTRS.ORBillabong International Ltd. 2005. Annual report 2005 –brands. Connect4. .au(accessed November 29, 2006).Shorten URLReport(put DTRS in Institution, Connect4 inName of Database)Shorten URL in URL fieldBooks In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote X1 (which reference type?)5 of 12Image in a book The poster ‘Buy Australian Apples’(Cowle and Walker 2005, 65)Cowle, C., and D. Walker. 2005. The art of applebranding [Image]. Hobart: Apples from Oz.BookType [Image] manually after the title.Print Journals In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote X1 (which reference type?)Article -single authorAs mentioned by Wharton (1996, 8)For multiple authors also see the in-text examples used for books andelectronic journals Wharton, N. 1996. Health and safety in outdooractivity centres. Journal of Adventure Educationand Outdoor Leadership 12 (1): 8-23.Journal ArticleArticle – no author‘It’s a growing problem in the UK.’(Anorexia nervosa 1969, 17)Use the title of the journal article Anorexia nervosa. 1969. British Medical Journal 12(2): 6-19.Journal ArticleYou will need to edit the in-textcitation so that the title willappear in italicsNewspaper, feature or magazine article (Towers 2000)Towers, K. 2000. Doctor not at fault: Coroner.The Australian, January 18.Newspaper Article(put January 18 in Issue Date)Newspaper, feature or magazine article – no author ‘The Sydney Morning Herald (January21, 2000) reported….’Provide all the details in the in-text citation – noneed for an entry in the reference list.Press release….’in the press release on 1 March,BHP enters new era, Watersmithexplains……’ Treated like an unpublished document. No needfor an entry in the reference list.You will need to enter the in-textcitation manually.Electronic Journals In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote X1 (which reference type?)Full text from an electronic database single author (Madden 2002, 562)Madden, G. 2002. Internet economics andpolicy: An Australian perspective. EconomicRecord 78 (2): 551-78. Informit Online. http://.au (accessed October 16,2003).Shorten URLJournal Article(put Informit Online in Name ofDatabase, http://.au in URL,October 16, 2003 in Access Date).Shorten URL in URL fieldBooks In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote X1 (which reference type?)6 of 12Full text article from an electronic database2 authors Walker and Taylor (2004, 13) state…OR(Walker and Taylor 2004, 13)Walker, D. J., and P. R. Taylor. 2004. Intelligence andeducational achievement. Intelligence 35 (1): 12-21. CSA. (accessedApril 24, 2007).Shorten URLList the family name first for the first author ONLYJournal Article(put CSA in Name of Database, in URL,April 24, 2007 in Access Date).Shorten URL in URL fieldFull text article from an electronic database3 authors (Bartlett, Wright and Konopak2005, 26)ORBartlett, Wright and Konopak(2005, 26) state…..Bartlett, P., L. Wright, and B. Konopak. 2005. Readingand writing: Aids to learning in the content areas.Journal of Reading 31 (2): 109-115. CSA. http:// (accessed April 24, 2007).Shorten URLList the family name first for the first author ONLYJournal Article(put CSA in Name of Database, in URL,April 24, 2007 in Access Date).Shorten URL in URL fieldFull text article from an electronic database4 or more authors Sechzer et al. (2000, 43) havefound….OR(Sechzer et al. 2000, 43)Sechzer, J. A., S. M. Pafflin, F. L. Demark, A. Griffin,and S. J. Blumenthal. 2000. Going global:Rethinking culture teaching in ELT context.Journal of Teacher Education 58 (6): 43-9. CSA. (accessed April 24, 2007).Shorten URLList the family name first for the first author ONLYJournal Article(put CSA in Name of Database, in URL,April 24, 2007 in Access Date).Shorten URL in URL fieldFull text article from an electronic database no author ‘There is certainly an argument forseparating some classes’(Thinking of boys 2001, 9)You will need to edit the in-textcitation for the title of the articleto appear in italics.Thinking of boys. 2001. SPELD Bulletin 32 (1): 8-9.Informit Online. .au(accessed July 16, 2004).Shorten URLJournal Article(put Informit Online in Name ofDatabase, .auin URL, July 16, 2004 in Access Date).Shorten URL in URL fieldFull text newspaper, newswire or magazine from an electronic databaseno author (Cup lifts Seven out of ratings blues2006)Use the title of the articleCup lifts Seven out of ratings blues. 2006. TheAustralian, November 13. Factiva. http:// (accessed November 24,2006).Shorten URLNewspaper Article(put November 13 in Issue Date,Factiva in Name of Database, http:// in URL, November 24,2006 in Access Date).Shorten URL in URL fieldElectronic Journals In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote X1 (which reference type?)7 of 12Electronic Journals In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote X1 (which reference type?)Full text from the Internet It was proposed by Byrne (2004,paragraph 5) that…Byrne, A. 2004. The end of history: censorship andlibraries. The Australian Library Journal 53 (2)..au/publishing/alj/53.2/full.text/byrne.html (accessed November 13, 2004).Journal Article(put .au/publishing/alj/53.2/full.text/byrne.html in URL,November 13, 2004 in Access Date).Article from Curtin E-Reserve (Andersen 2002, 343)Andersen, J. A. 2002. Organizational design: Twolessons to learn before re-organizing.International Journal of Organizational Theoryand Behavior 5 (3/4): 343. Curtin UniversityLibrary E-Reserve. .au(accessed November 24, 2006).Shorten URLJournal Article(put Curtin University Library E-Reservein Name of Database, http://.au in URL, November24, 2006 in Access Date).Shorten URL in URL fieldSecondary Sources In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote X1 (which reference type?)Book (Lewis and Carini 1984)Use ONLY the original author’sname and date here. Pagenumbers are included in thereference list unless quotingdirectly Lewis, E. N., and P. V. Carini. 1984. Nurse staffing andpatient classification: strategies for success.Rockville, Md: Aspens Systems Corp. Quoted inThibodeau and Patton, 2002, 77.Thibodeau, G. A. and K. T. Patton, eds. 2002. Thehuman body in health and disease. St Louis,Mo.: Mosby.Show original and secondary author as twoseparate entries in the reference listBook section(put secondary author in OriginalPublication (ie Quoted in Thibodeau andPatton, 2002, 77.)Book8 of 12Journal Article (Ebell 2006)Use ONLY the original author’sname and date here. Pagenumbers are included in thereference list unless quotingdirectly Ebell, M. H. 2006. Diagnosis of migraine headache.American Family Physician 74 (12): 2087-8. Quotedin Patton 2007, 597.Patton, K. T. 2007. Neuralgia and headaches.Science 316 (5824): 597-600.Show original and secondary author as twoseparate entries in the reference listJournal article(put secondary author in OriginalPublication (ie Quoted in Patton 2007,Science 316 (5824): 597.)World Wide Web In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote X1 (which reference type?)Document on WWW ‘It’s essential you learn how toreference’ (Dawson et al. 2002).For four or more authors useet al. See books and electronicjournals for other in-textexamples Dawson, J., L. Smith, J. Brooks, K. Deubert and S.Grey-Smith.2002. ‘S’ Trek 6: Referencing, notplagiarism. .au/research_and_information_skills/online_tutorials/studytrekk/trek6.html (accessed February 6, 2008).List the family name first for the first author ONLY.Web Page(put February 6, 2008 in Access Date).Document on WWW- No author (Leafy seadragons and weedyseadragons 2001)Leafy seadragons and weedy seadragons. 2001..au/~jenny/seadragons/(accessed July 14, 2001).Web Page(put July 14, 2001 in Access Date).Document on WWW – No date (Royal Institute of British Architectsn.d.)Royal Institute of British Architects. n.d. Shaping thefuture: Careers in architecture. http:/// (accessed May31, 2005).Web Page(put n.d. in Year, May 31, 2005 in AccessDate).Image on the web The image of the bleached coral(Coral bleaching and massbleaching events 2002)Coral bleaching and mass bleaching events [Image].2002. .au/corp_site/info_services/science/bleaching (accessedSeptember 2, 2005).Web Page(type [Image] manually after the title ofthe image)Secondary Sources In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote X1 (which reference type?)9 of 12GovernmentPublicationsIn-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote X1 (which reference type?)Act of Parliament The Commonwealth’s Copyright Act1968…[future references do not includedate]Legislation is included in a list of references only ifit is important to an understanding of the work. Setthe list apart from the main body of the referenceunder the subheading 'Legislation'.Essential elements: Short title Date (Jurisdiction)eg. Copyright Act 1968 (Cwlth).If legislation is obtained from an electronicdatabase, add a URL as for electronic journalarticles.Enter in-text citation manually.Cases The State of New South Wales v.The Commonwealth (1915) 20 CLR54 Legal authorities are included in a list of referencesonly if they are important to an understanding ofthe work. Set the list apart from the main body ofthe reference under the subheading ‘LegalAuthorities’.Case(put 1915 in Year, The State of New SouthWales v. The Commonwealth in CaseName, 20 in Reporter Volume, CLR inReporter Abbreviation, 54 in Page Cited).Australian Bureau of Statistics Bulletin (Australian Bureau of Statistics1999)Australian Bureau of Statistics. 1999. Disability, ageingand carers: Summary of findings. Cat. no. 4430.0.Canberra: ABS.Report(put Cat. no. 4430.0 in AccessionNumber, ABS in Institution).Australian Bureau of Statistics from AusStats (Australian Bureau of Statistics1999)Australian Bureau of Statistics. 1999. Disability, ageingand carers: Summary of findings. Cat. no. 4430.0.Canberra: ABS. .au(accessed February 7, 2008).Shorten URLReport(put Cat. no. 4430.0 in AccessionNumber, ABS in Institution.).Shorten URL in URL fieldCensus Information (Australian Bureau of Statistics2001)Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2001. Census ofpopulation and housing: B01 selectedcharacteristics (First release processing) postalarea 6050. .au (accessedFebruary 8, 2008).Shorten URLReport(put Cat. no. 4430.0 in AccessionNumber, ABS in Institution.)Shorten URL in URL field10 of 12GovernmentPublicationsIn-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote X1 (which reference type?)Government Report (Resource AssessmentCommission 1991)Australia. Resource Assessment Commission. 1991.Forest and timber inquiry: Draft report. Volume 1.Canberra: Australian Government PublishingService.Report(put Australia. Resource AssessmentCommission in Author, Forest and timberinquiry: Draft report in Title, Volume 1 inAccession Number, AustralianGovernment Publishing Service inInstitution).Patent (Cookson 1985)Cookson, A. H. 1985. Particle trap for compressed gasinsulated transmission systems. US Patent4,554,399, filed November 28, 1985, and issuedFebruary 11, 1988.Patent(put Cookson, A. H. in Inventor, US in Country, Patent 4,554,399 inPatent Number, November 28, 1985 in Date, February 11, 1988 in Issue Date).Standard(Standards Australia 1997)Standards Australia. 1997. Size coding scheme forinfants’ and children’s clothing – underwear andouterwear. AS 1182-1997. Standards AustraliaOnline. (accessedJanuary 10, 2006).Shorten URL Report(put AS 1182-1997 in Accession Number, January 10, 2006 in Access Date). Shorten URL in URL fieldOther Sources In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote X1 (which reference type?)Personal communication, e-mail and discussion lists with no web archive.‘It was confirmed that an outbreakoccurred in London in 1999’ (S.Savieri, personal communicationMay 21, 2007).Use exact date if knownNot included in the reference list as they cannot betraced by the readerEnter in-text citation manually.Unpublished Interviews (Campbell 2006) Campbell, B. 2006. Interview by A. Bond. Taperecording. December 1. CurtinUniversity of Technology, Perth.Personal Communication(put Campbell, Billie in Author, Interviewwith Andrea Bond in Title, Tape recording inDescription, December 1 in Date, CurtinUniversity of Technology in Publisher, Perthin City).11 of 12E-mail discussion list – web archiveAccording to John Little’s post on the ECPOLICY discussion list on April 16, 2002 (/Virtual_Listserv_Archives/ECPOLICY/2002/Apr_2002/Msg00003.html), it was determined that……Provide all the details in the in-text citation – no need for an entry in the reference list.Enter the in-text citation manually.ERIC document (microfiche) David and Lombardi (1996) put forward the proposal that….Davis, R.K. and T.P. Lombardi. 1996. The quality of life of rural high school special education graduates. In Rural goals 2000: Building programs that work . Microfiche. ERIC Document No. 394765.Generic(put Rural goals 2000: Building programs that work in Secondary Title, Microfiche in Type of Work, ERIC Document No. 394765 in Publisher ).CD-ROMS(Kingsley 1998)Kingsley, S. 1998. Dr Brain thinking games . Torrance, California: Knowledge Adventure Inc. CD-ROM. Computer Program (put Kingsley, S. in Programmer , Torrance, California in City , Knowledge AdventureInc. in Publisher , CD-ROM in Type ). Podcasts(The wings of a butterfly –children, teenagers and anxiety 2005)The wings of a butterfly - children, teenagers andanxiety . 2005. podcast radio program. Sydney: ABC Radio National, 10 September. http://.au/podcast/default.htm#mind (accessed September 16,2005).Film or Broadcast(put podcast radio program in Format , Sydney in Country , ABC Radio National in Distributor , 10 September in Date Released , September 16, 2005 in Access Date ). Other Sources In-Text ExampleReference List ExampleEndNote X1 (which reference type?) Films andvideorecordings(Grumpy meets the orchestra 1992)Grumpy meets the orchestra . 1992. DVD. Written anddirected by G. Smithson. Melbourne: Australian Broadcasting Corporation.Film or Broadcast(put DVD in Format , Written and directed by George Smithson in Credits , Melbourne in Country , Australian Broadcasting Corporation in Distributor ).Television and radio programmes (What are we going to do with the money? 1997)What are we going to do with the money? 1997. Television program. Sydney: SBS Television, 8August.Film or Broadcast(put television program in Format , Sydney in Country , SBS Television in Distributor , 8 August in Date Released ).12 of 12。

芝加哥格式的引用
芝加哥格式的引用一般包括书目引用与脚注引用两种形式。

一、书目引用格式
书目引用格式一般写在文章的末尾，列出所有引用过的书籍、期刊、网页等来源，按照作者字母顺序排列。

书目引用格式一般包括：
1. 书籍：作者姓名，书名，出版城市，出版社，出版年份。

例如：
张爱玲，色戒，香港，香港文化出版社，2015年。

2. 期刊文章：作者姓名，文章标题，期刊名，卷号（如果有），期号（如果有），出版年份，页码。

例如：
张维为，中国社会科学院院士教授、原国家发改委副主任，科技创新的驱动力应是市场需求，科技导报，2016年第35卷第13期，第62-67页。

3. 网络资源：作者姓名（如果有），文章标题，网站名称，发布日期，获取日期。

例如：
联合国，世界人口前景报告（2019版）：摘要，联合国人口司，2019年6月17日，2021年3月22日获取。

二、脚注引用格式
脚注引用格式一般写在文章正文中，用于注明引用的具体内容。

格式包括：
1. 书籍：作者姓名，书名（出版年份），页码。

例如：
张爱玲，《色戒》（香港文化出版社，2015年），43页。

2. 期刊文章：作者姓名，文章标题，期刊名（出版年份），卷号（如果有），期号（如果有），页码。

例如：
张维为，"科技创新的驱动力应是市场需求"，《科技导报》（2016年），第35卷第13期，63页。

3. 网络资源：作者姓名（如果有），文章标题或网站名称，获取日期。

例如：
联合国，"世界人口前景报告（2019版）：摘要"，2021年3月22日获取。

芝加哥引注规则
芝加哥引注规则是在学术写作中广泛使用的一种引用规范。

它起源于芝加哥大学出版社，后来被其他出版社和学术界广泛采用。

芝加哥引注规则主要用于学术论文、期刊文章和书籍等出版物中，目的是为了保证学术著作的准确性和可信度。

它要求作者在引用其他人的观点、研究成果或文字时，必须注明出处，以便读者可以追溯和核查原始资料。

在芝加哥引注规则中，引用的方式有两种：脚注和尾注。

脚注通常出现在每一页的底部，而尾注则出现在整个文档的末尾。

这两种方式都能够清晰地显示出处信息，使读者可以方便地查找参考资料。

引用的格式也有一定的规范。

在芝加哥引注规则中，书籍的引用包括作者的姓氏、名字，书名，出版地点，出版社和出版年份等信息。

期刊文章的引用则包括作者的姓氏、名字，文章题目，期刊名称，年份，卷号和页码等。

这些详细的信息能够帮助读者准确地找到引用的原始资料。

芝加哥引注规则的使用不仅能够提高学术著作的可信度，还能够保护作者的知识产权。

通过明确注明引用来源，读者可以更好地了解作者的参考依据，从而更好地理解作者的观点和研究成果。

同时，引用规则也能够避免学术界出现抄袭等不正当行为，维护学术界的诚信和公正。

总的来说，芝加哥引注规则是学术写作中一个重要的引用规范。

它要求作者在引用他人观点时注明出处，并提供详细的引用信息。

这种规则的使用不仅能够提高学术著作的可信度，还能够保护作者的知识产权。

因此，学术界广泛采用芝加哥引注规则，以确保学术研究的质量和公正性。

国外译著参考文献格式When it comes to referencing foreign translated works, it is crucial to follow the appropriate citation format to ensure accurate and reliable information. The format may vary depending on the citation style guide you are using, such as APA, MLA, or Chicago. In this response, we will discuss the general guidelines for citing foreign translated books, the importance of referencing, and the potential challenges that may arise.Referencing foreign translated books is essential for several reasons. Firstly, it allows readers to locate and access the original source material, enabling them to verify the accuracy of the translation and delve deeper into the subject matter. Secondly, proper referencing acknowledges the intellectual property of the original author and provides them with due credit for their work. Additionally, referencing enhances the credibility of your own research by demonstrating that you have conducted a thorough literature review and have built upon existingscholarship.When citing foreign translated books, it is important to include key elements such as the translator's name, the title of the translated work, the original author's name, the publication year, the title of the book, and the publication information. These details may vary slightly depending on the citation style guide you are using, so it is crucial to consult the specific guidelines for the appropriate format.One common challenge when referencing foreign translated books is determining whether to prioritize the translator or the original author in the citation. Some citation styles prioritize the translator's name, while others prioritize the original author. It is important to adhere to the specific guidelines of your chosen citation style to ensure consistency and accuracy throughout your work.Another challenge may arise when the translated work has multiple editions or versions. In such cases, it isimportant to specify the edition or version you are referencing to avoid confusion. Additionally, if you are using a translated quote or specific passage from the book, it is advisable to provide page numbers to facilitate easy retrieval and verification by readers.In conclusion, referencing foreign translated books is an essential aspect of academic writing. It not only allows readers to locate the original source material but also acknowledges the intellectual property of the original author and enhances the credibility of your own research. By following the specific guidelines of your chosencitation style, you can ensure accurate and consistent referencing throughout your work.。

CHICAGO STYLE GUIDE (15th edition)Explanation of the Chicago reference system:1.The easiest way to create notes: Use Microsoft Word’s “Insert Reference” function to add asuperscripted number in the text where you need to acknowledge the work of another author. Word automatically numbers your notes sequentially (re-numbering them if you add or delete any).Do not manually type or change numbers.These are the basic models for placement of note numbers in the text:The reference usually appears at the end of your sentence.1You can put it in mid-sentence,2 but only if it would be misleading at the end.The reference follows punctuation. Examples are “words in quotations,”3 (words inparentheses),4 commas,5 semi-colons;6 and periods.7 However, put the note number before adash8—not after it.2. Word automatically places a corresponding footnote at the bottom of the page or endnote followingthe text and any appendixes. The first time you cite a source you must give a complete citation.Subsequent notes for the same source are shorter, as shown in the tables below.Use this basic order for notes: author, title, publication details, date, page number(s).3.The bibliography appears at the end of your paper and includes all the works cited in the notes (withexceptions noted in the tables below).Use this basic order for a bibliographic entry:author, title, publication details, date.Use hanging indentation (as shown in the tables below), using Word’s “Format Paragraph.”Alphabetize the bibliography by author’s family name. Family name always comes first,regardless of the custom in the author’s country.Do not number the bibliography or divide it into sections (books, articles, websites, etc.). How to use this guide:1.The tables below (Print References and Electronic References) show how to cite different works.2.Find the type of work you want to cite in the left-hand column.3.The right-hand column shows a full citation for the first note(N), the short form (S) for subsequentcitations of the same work, and the bibliographic form (B).Note on ibid. When you cite the same work in direct sequence, you may use “ibid.” (although the short form is also fine). “Ibid.” is an abbreviation of the Latin ibidem, meaning “in the same place.”If all of the reference information is identical, just the word “ibid.” is used. If the page number is different, “ibid.” and the page number are needed. “Ibid.” is not italicized.In the following example, note 8 cites the same source as note 7, but a different page; note 9 cites the same source and page as note 8:7. Oxford Essential World Atlas (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1996), 23.8. Ibid., 89.9. Ibid.4.Create an entry in the bibliography for each work you cite using the bibliographic form (B). Someelectronic references do not require a bibliographic entry; these are noted in the table below.Print ReferencesType of Entry (N) Note Form (first citation)(S) Short Form (subsequent citations)(B) Bibliographic FormBook with1 author(N)(S)(B) 1. Elizabeth J. Remick, Building Local States: China during the Republican and Post-Mao Periods (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004), 85.2. Remick, Building Local States, 31.Remick, Elizabeth J. Building Local States: China during the Republican and Post-Mao Periods. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004.Book with2 or3 authors(N)(S)(B) 3. Peter J. Katzenstein and Yutaka Tsujinaka, Defending the Japanese State (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University East Asia Program, 1991), 129.4. Katzenstein and Tsujinaka, Defending the Japanese State, 136. Katzenstein, Peter J., and Tsujinaka, Yutaka. Defending the Japanese State.Ithaca, NY: Cornell University East Asia Program, 1991.Book with4 or moreauthors(N)(S)(B) 5. Lynn Hunt et al., The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures (Boston: Bedford, 2001), 541.6. Hunt et al., The Making, 543.Hunt, Lynn, Thomas R. Martin, Barbara H. Rosenwein, R. Po-chia Hsia, and Bonnie G. Smith. The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures. Boston: Bedford, 2001.Book withno author(N)(S)(B) 7. Oxford Essential World Atlas (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1996), 23.8. World Atlas, 27.Oxford Essential World Atlas. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1996.Translatedbook(N)(S)(B) 9. Boris Rumer, ed. Central Asia in Transition: Dilemmas of Political and Economic Development, trans. Gregory Freeze (New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1996).10. Rumer, Central Asia in Transition.Rumer, Boris. Central Asia in Transition. Translated by Gregory Freeze. New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1996.Non-Englishbook with translatedtitle(N)(S)(B) 11. N. M. Pirumova, Zemskoye liberal’noe dvizenie: Sotsial’nye korni i evoliutsia do nachala XX veka [The Zemstvo Liberal Movement: Its Social Roots and Evolution to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century] (Moscow: Izdatel’stvo “Nauka,” 1977), 23.12. Pirumova, Zemskoye liberal’noe dvizenie, 45.Pirumova, N. M. Zemskoye liberal’noe dvizenie: Sotsial’nye korni i evoliutsia do nachala XX veka [The Zemstvo Liberal Movement: Its Social Roots andEvolution to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century]. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo “Nauka,” 1977.Edited book(i.e., chaptersby different authors)(N)(S)(B) 13. Kartik C. Roy, Clement A. Tisdell, and Hans C. Blomqvist, eds., Economic Development and Women in the World Community (Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 1999), 55.14. Roy and Tisdell, Economic Development and Women, 80.Roy, Kartik C., Clement A. Tisdell, and Hans C. Blomqvist, eds. Economic Development and Women in the World Community. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 1999.Chapter inan editedbook(N)(S)(B) 15. Jane Richardson and Paul Riethmuller, “Women in the Japanese Workplace,” in Economic Development and Women in the World Community, ed. Kartik C. Roy, Clement A. Tisdell, and Hans C. Blomqvist (Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 1999), 85.16. Richardson and Riethmuller, “Women,” 93.Richardson, Jane, and Paul Riethmuller. “Women in the Japanese Workplace.” In Economic Development and Women in the World Community, edited byKartik C. Roy, Clement A. Tisdell, and Hans C. Blomqvist, 79-96. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 1999.Journalarticle(N)(S)(B) 17. Lisa Claypool, “Zhang Jian and China’s First Museum,” The Journal of Asian Studies 64, no. 3 (2005): 575.18. Claypool, “Zhang Jian,” The Journal of Asian Studies, 580. Claypool, Lisa. “Zhang Jian and China’s First Museum.” The Journal of Asian Studies 64, no. 3 (2005): 567-604.Journal article (volume only) (N)(S)(B)19. Janet R. Jenkins, “Learning Vocabulary through Reading,” AmericanEducational Research Journal 21 (1984): 772.20. Jenkins, “Learning Vocabulary,” American Educational Research Journal,775.Jenkins, Janet R. “Learning Vocabulary through Reading.” American Educational Research Journal 21 (1984): 767-787.Journalarticle with 2or 3 authors(N)(S)(B) 21. Roger C. Kneip and Anthony Lee, “Self-ratings of Anger as a Predictor of Heart Disease,” Health Psychology 12 (1993), 303.22. Kneip and Lee, “Self-ratings,” Health Psychology, 304.Kneip, Roger C., and Anthony Lee. “Self-ratings of Anger as a Predictor of Heart Disease.” Health Psychology 12 (1993): 301-307.Journal article with 4 or more authors (N)(S)(B)23. Roger C. Kneip et al., “Self-ratings of Anger as a Predictor of HeartDisease,” Health Psychology 12 (1993), 303.24. Kneip et al., “Self-ratings,” Health Psychology, 304.Kneip, Roger C., Anthony Lee, Timothy Ismond, Clay Milford, Lucia Salvia, and David Schwartz. “Self-ratings of Anger as a Predictor of Heart Disease.”Health Psychology 12 (1993): 301-307.Book review (N)(S)(B) 25. Frank Vibert, review of After ENRON: Lessons for Public Policy, by William A. Niskanen (ed.), Journal of Public Policy 25, no. 3 (2005): 396.26. Vibert, After ENRON, 395.Vibert, Frank. Review of After ENRON: Lessons for Public Policy, by William A.Niskanen (ed.), Journal of Public Policy 25, no. 3 (2005): 395–396.Newspaperarticle(N)(S)(B) 27. Ian Stewart, “Book Fuels Mistrust of Meritocracy,” South China Morning Post, December 18, 2000, p. A12.28. Stewart, “Book Fuels Mistrust of Meritocracy.”Stewart, Ian. “Book Fuels Mistrust of Meritocracy.” South China Morning Post, December 18, 2000, p. A12.Newspaperarticle withno author(N)(S)(B) 29. South China Morning Post, “Book Fuels Mistrust of Meritocracy,” December 18, 2000, p. A12.30. South China Morning Post, “Book Fuels Mistrust of Meritocracy.” South China Morning Post. “Book Fuels Mistrust of Meritocracy.” December 18, 2000, p. A12.Non-English article with translated title (N)(S)(B)31. Hadi Utomo, “Pendidikan Asar untuk Rakyat Miskin” [Primary Educationfor Poor People] Kompas, August 1, 2005, p. 34.32. Utomo, “Pendidikan Asar.”Utomo, Hadi. “Pendidikan Asar untuk Rakyat Miskin” [Primary Education for Poor People]. Kompas, August 1, 2005, p. 34.Document or report:Private organization(N)(S)(B) 33. Geneva Call, Seeking Rebel Accountability, Report of the Geneva Call Mission to the Moro Islamic Liberation Front in Central Mindanao, Philippines, April 3-8 (Geneva: Geneva Call, 2002), 112.34. Geneva Call, Seeking Rebel Accountability, 120.Geneva Call, Seeking Rebel Accountability. Report of the Geneva Call Mission to the Moro Islamic Liberation Front in Central Mindanao, Philippines, April 3-8. Geneva: Geneva Call, 2002.Government (N)(S)(B) 35. Department of Revenue and Customs, Royal Government of Bhutan, Bhutan Tax Manual, 1998,Thimphu: Royal Government of Bhutan, 1998, 118. 36. Department of Revenue and Customs, Bhutan Tax Manual, 1998, 145–150. Department of Revenue and Customs. Royal Government of Bhutan. Bhutan Tax Manual, 1998. Thimphu: Royal Government of Bhutan. 1998.Internationalbody(N)(S)(B) 37. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Controlling Carbon Dioxide Emissions: The Tradeable Permit System (Geneva: UNCTAD, 1995), 24.38. UNCTAD, Controlling Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 26.United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Controlling Carbon Dioxide Emissions: The Tradeable Permit System. Geneva: UNCTAD, 1995.Electronic ReferencesType of Entry (N) Note Form (first citation)(S) Short Form (subsequent citations)(B) Bibliographic FormBook withoriginal date of publication(N)(S)(B)39. Alfred Russell Wallace, The Malay Archipelago, vol. 1 (1902; Project Gutenberg, 2001), par. 23, /etext/2530.40. Wallace, The Malay Archipelago, vol. 1, par. 32.Wallace, Alfred Russell. The Malay Archipelago. Vol. 1. 1902; Project Gutenberg, 2001. /etext/2530.Journal article based on aprint source(N)(S)(B) 41. Eugene F. Provenzo, “Time Exposure,” Educational Studies 34, no. 2 (2003): 266, .42. Provenzo, “Time Exposure,” 268.Provenzo, Eugene F. “Time Exposure.” Educational Studies 34, no. 2 (2003): 250-75. .Journal articlein an electronic journal(N)(S)(B) 43. Linda Belau, “Trauma and the Material Signifier,” Postmodern Culture 11, no. 2 (2001): par. 6, / text-only/11.2belau.txt.44. Linda Belau, “Trauma,” par. 9.Belau, Linda. “Trauma and the Material Signifier.” Postmodern Culture 11, no. 2 (2001). /text-only/11.2belau.txt.Workingpaper(N)(S)(B) 45. Benoit Mercereau, “FDI Flows to Asia,” Working Paper 07/199 (International Monetary Fund, 2005), /external/pubind.htm (accessed October 30, 2005).46. Mercereau, “FDI Flows.”Mercereau, Benoit. “FDI Flows to Asia.” Working Paper 07/199, International Monetary Fund, 2005. /external/pubind.htm (accessed October 30, 2005).Encyclopediaentry(N)(S)(B) 47. Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed., s.v. “Ethnology,”/65/et/ethnolog.html (accessed November 21, 2005).48. Columbia Encyclopedia, s.v. “Ethnology.”[No entry]Newspaperarticle(N)(S)(B) 49. Ian Stewart, “Book Fuels Mistrust of Meritocracy,” South China Morning Post, December 18, 2004, /sw00/001218sc.htm (accessed January 3, 2005).50. Stewart, “Book Fuels Mistrust of Meritocracy.”Stewart, Ian. “Book Fuels Mistrust of Meritocracy.” South China Morning Post, December 18, 2004. /sw00/001218sc.htm (accessed January 3, 2005).Non-Englisharticle with translated title(N)(S)(B) 51. Hadi Utomo, “Pendidikan Asar untuk Rakyat Miskin” [Primary Education for Poor People], Kompas, August 1, 2005, /kompas-cetak/0508/01.htm (accessed August 1, 2005).52. Utomo, “Pendidikan Asar.”Utomo, Hadi. “Pendidikan Asar untuk Rakyat Miskin” [Primary Education for Poor People]. Kompas, August 1, 2005, /kompas-cetak/0508/01.htm.News release (N)(S)(B) 53. World Health Organization, “Shelter and Water Remain a Top Priority in Pakistan,” October 21, 2005, http://www.who.int/en/ (accessed November 4, 2005).54. World Health Organization, “Shelter and Water.”World Health Organization, “Shelter and Water Remain a Top Priority in Pakistan,” October 21, 2005, http://www.who.int/en/ (accessed November 4, 2005).Website of a private organization (N)(S)(B)49. Council for Responsible Voting, Web site,/~chapelnet/trivia.html (accessed June 1, 2004).50. Council for Responsible Voting.[No entry]Document orreport(N)(S)(B) 51. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Trends in International Migration: Continuous Reporting System on Migration, Annual Report, 2001 ed., /dataoecd/23/41/2508596.pdf (accessed October 24, 2005).52. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Trends. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Trends in International Migration: Continuous Reporting System on Migration. Annual Report, 2001 edition. /dataoecd/23/41/2508596.pdf(accessed October 24, 2005).Document orreportwith author(N)(S)(B)53. Anoop Singh, “Global Context and Regional Outlook for Latin America and the Caribbean,” Regional Economic Outlook Report, International Monetary Fund, /external/np/speeches/2005/101305.htm (accessed November 21, 2005).54. Singh, “Global Context.”Singh, Anoop. “Global Context and Regional Outlook for Latin America and the Caribbean.” Regional Economic Outlook Report, International Monetary Fund. /external/np/speeches/2005/101305.htm (accessed November 21, 2005).Document or report with no author (N)(S)(B)55. World Bank, “Governance Indicators: 1996-2002,”/wbi/governance/govdata2002 (accessed July 21, 2004).56. World Bank, “Governance Indicators.”World Bank. “Governance Indicators: 1996-2002.”/wbi/governance/govdata2002 (accessed July 21,2004).Government document withno date(N)(S)(B) 57. Ministry of Coal, Government of India, Pricing of Coal,.in/pol_show_doc.asp?pid=delh242&dno=1 (accessed September 23, 2005).58. Ministry of Coal, Pricing of Coal.Ministry of Coal, Government of India. Pricing of Coal..in/pol_show_doc.asp?pid=delh242&dno=1 (accessed September 23, 2005).Stand-alone document with no author,no date (N)(S)(B)59. Consumer Survey Report, n.d., er_survey (accessedAugust 8, 2006).60. Consumer Survey Report.Consumer Survey Report. N.d. er_survey (accessed August 8, 2006).。

芝加哥论文格式手册《芝加哥论文格式手册》（Chicago Manual of Style）16th editionContentsPrefaceAcknowledgmentsPart One: The Publishing Process1 Books and Journals2 Manuscript Preparation, Manuscript Editing, and Proofreading3 Illustrations and Tables4 Rights, Permissions, and Copyright AdministrationbyWilliam S. StrongPart Two: Style and Usage5 Grammar and UsagebyBryan A. Garner6 Punctuation7 Spelling, Distinctive Treatment of Words, and Compounds8 Names and Terms9 Numbers10 Abbreviations11 Foreign Languages12 Mathematics in Type13 Quotations and DialoguePart Three: Documentation14 Documentation I: Notes and Bibliography15 Documentation II: Author-Date References16 IndexesAppendix A: Production and Digital Technology Appendix B: GlossaryBibliographyIndexFigures1 Books and Journals1.1 A typical copyright page1.2 Copyright notice of a second edition 1.3 The copyright page of a translation1.4 A copyright page acknowledging earlier publication of certain chapters1.5 Table of contents showing front matter, introduction, parts, chapters, back matter, and location of photo gallery1.6 Partial list of illustrations, with subheads for figures and tables1.7 Partial list of illustrations showing numbers, titles, and placement of unpaginated plates1.8 A list of abbreviations1.9 Opening page of a chronology1.10 Partial list of contributors to an edited collection1.11 Table of contents for an issue of an online scholarly journal2 Manuscript Preparation, Manuscript Editing, and Proofreading2.1 Sample design and production schedule for a printed book2.2 Sample production schedule for a quarterly journal published in both print and electronic forms2.3 Manuscript editor’s style sheet2.4 A manuscript page illustrating the principles of on-screen revision marks (redlining) and author queries2.5 An example of a hand-marked manuscript page2.6 Proofreaders’ marks2.7 Marked proofs3 Illustrations and Tables3.1 A halftone image of an original photo 3.2 Detail of figure 3.1 showing the halftone dot pattern3.3 A line drawing with descriptive labels 3.4 A line drawing with figure number and caption3.5 A musical example3.6 A figure consisting of a photograph anda line drawing3.7 Another composite figure, whose parts are identified in the caption3.8 A bar chart (also called a bar graph) 3.9 A graph with symbols identified in the caption3.10 A genealogical chart3.11 A four-column table with three column headings, three stub entries, and nine data cells3.12 A four-column table with two levels of stub entries3.13 A four-column table with a spanner head across the second and third columns3.14 A four-column table with two cut-in heads across three columns3.15 A four-column table with Total appearing in italics3.16 An eleven-column table with three levels of column heads3.17 A seven-column matrix3.18 An eight-column matrix3.19 A three-column table with no stub entries3.20 A three-column table in which values are aligned on the decimal point except for N values3.21 A five-column table with subtotals andtotal3.22 A four-column table with notes on significance, or probability, levels (p)3.23 A three-column table doubled into two columns3.24 An eight-column table with numbers replacing column heads to reduce width3.25 A six-column table with repeated column heads and “continued” indication following a page break4 Rights, Permissions, and Copyright Administration4.1 Agreement, or consent, for publication of an article or a chapter commissioned as a contribution to a collective work4.2 Agreement for publication of a journal article4.3 Suggestions for a letter seeking permission to reprint material in a scholarly book12 Mathematics in Type12.1 An example of typewritten andhand-marked mathematical copy12.2 The page of manuscript shown in figure 12.1 set in type12.3 LaTeX source listing that would generate a portion of the mathematical copy shown in figure 12.214 Documentation I: Notes and Bibliography 14.1 A page of text with footnotes14.2 A page of endnotes14.3 Chapter endnotes (first page)14.4 Translator’s footnote referenced by an asterisk, fol lowed by author’s numbered notes 14.5 Footnotes keyed to line numbers14.6 Endnotes keyed to page numbers 14.7 A short list of abbreviations preceding endnotes14.8 The first page of a bibliography for a book14.9 The opening page of a bibliography divided into sections14.10 Part of the first section of an annotated bibliography14.11 Part of the first section of a bibliographic essay14.12 The first page of a discography15 Documentation II: Author-Date References 15.1 Part of a reference list for a journal article in the social sciences15.2 A sample of text with both parenthetical text citations and a footnote16 Indexes16.1 Sample page of proof, marked up for indexingAppendix AProduction and Digital Technology A.1 An example of XML markup in a graphical interfaceA.2 Another view of figure A.1, showing the XML markup as plain textA.3 Sample set of rules for composition and page makeupA.4 Sample design specifications for a book A.5 A simplified XML workflowA.6 Principle of offset printingA.7 A sheet consisting of sixteen printedpagesA.8 Two methods of sewing used in binding A.9 Three methods of adhesive bindingTables6 Punctuation6.1 Punctuation relative to closing quotation marks and parentheses or brackets9 Numbers9.1 Roman and arabic numerals11 Foreign Languages11.1 Special characters (and Unicode numbers) for languages using the Latin alphabet 11.2 Special characters (and Unicode numbers) for transliterated Arabic, Hebrew, Japanese, and South Asian languages11.3 Russian alphabet (and Unicode numbers) and romanization11.4 Greek alphabet (and Unicode numbers) and romanization11.5 Greek numerals12 Mathematics in Type12.1 Common mathematical signs and symbols (with Unicode numbers and LaTeX commands)12.2 Standard abbreviated notations in mathematical copy12.3 Statistical notation12.4 Potentially ambiguous mathematical symbolsIndexA B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y ZAReferences are to paragraph numbers except where specified as table, figure (fig.), or page number (p.). Page numbers in the online edition link directly to terms in the glossary (appendix B).a and anabbreviations and, 7.44, 10.9acronyms and, 10.9appropriate use of, 5.72, 5.220, 7.44coordinate nouns and, 5.73disregarded in alphabetizing, 14.67, 16.51–52, 16.56, 16.68, 16.88as indefinite articles, 5.68, 5.70–71meaning affected by, 5.73–74, 5.76in proper names, 16.88in titles, 14.67, 16.51–52, 16.56when to drop from titles in running text, 8.167–68which to use, a vs. an, 5.72See also articles (definite and indefinite)AAs (author’s alterations), 2.67, 2.131–32, p. 891 abbreviations, general, 10.1a, an, or the, which to use, 7.44, 10.9 alphabetizing of, 1.43, 14.55, 16.64, 16.93, fig. 1.8, fig. 14.7chart labels, 3.43–44commas with: academic and professionaldesignations, 10.4, 10.16, 10.20–21; addresses, mailing, 6.46, 10.28, 10.30; e.g. and i.e., 5.220; etc. and et al., 6.20; Inc., Ltd., and such, 6.48; Jr., Sr., and such, 6.47compound, 6.80definitions and uses, 10.2–3after first occurrence of spelled-out version, 1.43, 10.24frequently cited works, 13.65, 14.54–55, fig. 14.7 indexing of: acronyms, 16.46, 16.49, 16.64; periodical titles, 16.49journal titles, 14.179, 15.13, 15.44, 16.49lists of: alphabetizing, 1.43, 14.55, 16.64, fig. 1.8, fig. 14.7; cross-checking, 2.29; format and placement, 1.43, 2.21, fig. 1.8; for frequently cited works, 13.65, 14.54–55, fig. 14.7numbers with, 9.16–17plurals of, 7.14publication details, 1.21punctuation with: ampersands, 6.21, 10.10; commas (see under commas with, above); hyphens vs. en dashes for compound, 6.80;periods with or not, 10.4; slashes, 6.107; surrounding text and, 6.117short title compared with, 14.54spelled out: capitals vs. lowercase, 10.6; guidance on, 10.3; marking manuscript for, 2.90; marking proofs for, 2.126typographic considerations: capitals vs. lowercase, 10.6; italic vs. roman type, 10.7; line breaks, 7.40; small vs. full-size capitals, 10.8, 10.24, 10.39, 10.42; space or no space, 10.5word division, 7.40See also acronyms; contractions; initialisms abbreviations, specificBible: books, Apocrypha, 10.49; books, New Testament, 10.50; books, Old Testament, 10.48; books, citing in text and notes, 10.46; resources on, 10.45; sections and versions of, 10.51; short forms, 10.47binary systems, 9.11business and commerce, 10.22–23, 10.72in documentation of: classical references, 14.258–59, 14.264, 14.266; dictionary andencyclopedia entries, 14.247–48; editor, translator, and such, 15.6, 15.15; English poems and plays (short forms), 14.268; frequently cited works, 13.65, 14.54–55, fig. 14.7; journal titles, 14.179, 15.13, 15.44; legal-style citations (see below); organization names, 15.36; publishers’ names, 14.139–40file formats (e.g., HTTP), 7.76genus, subspecies, and such, 8.120–23 geographical terms: avenue, street, and such, 10.34; Canadian provinces and territories, 10.29; city plus state, comma with, 10.30; compass points, 10.35–36; country names, 10.32; latitude and longitude, 10.37; place-names with Fort, Saint, and such, 10.31; US, when to use, 10.33; US states and territories, 10.4, 10.28legal-style citations, 14.286; cases and court decisions, 14.288–91, 14.306; constitutions, 14.292mathematical expressions, 12.17, 12.63, table 12.2names and titles: academic and professionaldesignations, 10.4, 10.16, 10.20–21; agencies and organizations, 10.24–25; author names, 1.18; civil titles, 10.13–14; firms and companies, 10.22–23; given names, 10.11; initials, 10.12; military, 10.15; Rev. and Hon., 10.18; Saint, St., and such, 10.26–27, 10.31, 11.29, 16.75, 16.90, 16.93; social, 10.16–17page, volume, and such, 14.157Rev. and Hon., 10.18scholarly words, 10.43scientific and technical: astronomical and astrophysical, 10.64–65; chemical elements, 10.66; latitude and longitude, 10.37; miscellaneous technical, list of, 10.52; periods omitted, 10.4; resources, 10.1; SI units, 10.52, 10.54–62; statistics, 10.53; US measurements, 10.67–71states and territories (US), 10.4, 10.28stub column of tables, 3.60time designations: a.m. and p.m., 9.38–40, 10.42; chronology systems, 9.35, 9.63, 10.39; days of the week, 10.41; months, 10.40; numerical, 9.31,9.34, 9.36, 9.38–41; time of day, 10.42; units (seconds, minutes, etc.), 10.71time zones, 8.89, 10.42See also postal codes; and under specific abbreviations (e.g., Jr. [“Junior”]) abridgementscopyright issues, 4.14, 4.69editing materials from, 2.58abstractions, 8.36, 8.93abstractscopyright issues and, 4.60description, 1.88, 1.90documentation of, 14.197hyperlinks to, 1.83, fig. 1.11submitted with manuscript, 2.3academic concernscourse names, 8.85degrees and affiliations: abbreviations, 10.4, 10.16, 10.20–21; of author, 1.49, 1.88, 1.94; capitalization, 8.28, 10.20–21; in contributors’ list, 1.62, fig. 1.10; indexing of, 16.40; omitted in documentation of works, 14.72; use of, 1.18, 1.20honors and awards, 8.30, 8.82institutions and departments: capitalization, 8.67, 8.84; in documentation of dissertations, theses, lectures, and such, 14.224, 14.226; place-names with, 6.46, 6.81; special imprints of, 14.146 (see also institutions; universities)letter grades, 7.60student status terms, 8.28subjects and disciplines: authorities in specific, 8.118; specific course names, 8.85; spellings peculiar to, 7.2; treatment of names, 8.84–85 titles and offices, 8.27, 8.29See also lectures and lecture series; universities accents. See diacritical marks; special charactersaccess datesonline journal articles, 14.7, 14.185online legal and public documents, 14.282 online reference works, 14.248undated online documents, 15.51 acknowledgmentson copyright page, 1.19, 1.30–31, fig. 1.1, figs.1.3–4of data sources, 3.75of grants and subventions, 1.19, 1.31, 1.40, fig.1.1illustration credits in, 3.29in journals, 1.85, 1.88material appropriate for, 1.42and indexing, 16.109of permissions, 4.98–99in preface, 1.40references to, 8.177separate section for, 1.41in table notes, 3.75in unnumbered notes, 14.50acronymsa, an, or the, which to use, 7.44, 10.9 capitalization of, 10.6definition and use, 10.2, 10.14disease and medical terms, 8.143indexing of, 16.46, 16.49, 16.64journal titles, 14.179, 15.13, 15.44, 16.49small vs. full-size capitals for, 10.8, 10.24space omitted in, 10.5See also abbreviations; initialismsactive voice, 5.18, 5.104, 5.115, 5.188acts and treatiesdocumentation of, 14.287, 14.302treatment in text, 8.65, 8.79–80See also legal documents; public documentsAD (anno Domini), and such, 9.35, 9.63, 10.39 additions and insertionsmarking manuscript for, 2.91–92marking proofs for, 2.122, 2.124, fig. 2.6 stetting or reversal of, 2.127address, spoken. See dialogue; direct address; speech; speechesaddresses, e-mail, 14.11hyperlinks to, 1.114hyphenation issues, 6.77line breaks in, 7.42punctuation of, 6.8See also addresses, mailing; URLs (uniform resource locators)addresses, mailingabbreviations: avenue, street, and such, 10.34; city plus state, comma with, 10.30; compass points, 10.35; provinces and territories (Canada), 10.29; states and territories (US), 10.28 compass points in, 10.35numbers in, 9.51–53publishers’, 1.18–19, 1.21treatment in text, 6.46, 10.28, 10.30See also addresses, e-mail; compass points and directions; geographical terminology adjectives, 5.66–94adverbs compared with, 5.156articles as limiting adjectives: articles defined, 5.68; a vs. an, 5.72; coordinate nouns with, 5.73; definite, 5.69, 5.73; indefinite, 5.70–71; meaning affected by, 5.73–74, 5.76; omitted, 5.76; as pronoun substitute, 5.77; zero (implicit), 5.75 avoiding biases in uses, 5.230coinage of, 8.59compound, 6.80dates as, 5.82definitions, 5.66degrees: comparative, 5.84, 5.86; equal and unequal comparisons, 5.87; positive or absolute, 5.83; superlative, 5.85–86; uncomparable, 5.88 derivations: from legislative bodies, 8.61; from place-names (e.g., Californian), 5.67, 8.44; from proper names, 8.59–60ethnic and national group names with, 8.37 functional variations of, 5.92–94idiomatic uses, 5.75infinitives as, 5.105as interjections, 5.210irregular, 5.86nouns as/as nouns, 5.22, 5.25, 5.92, 5.226, 7.25 participles and participial phrases as, 5.89, 5.109 position: basic rules, 5.78; dates and, 5.82; meaning affected by, 5.74, 5.76; when modifying pronoun, 5.80; after possessive pronoun, 5.79; predicate, 5.78, 5.81predicate, 5.78, 5.81prepositional phrase as, 5.173, 5.175 pronominal, 5.65pronouns and, 5.29, 5.47, 5.65, 5.77, 5.79–80proper, 5.67punctuation: commas, 5.90, 6.33–34; dates in text, 5.82; hyphenation, 5.91, 6.80repeated, 6.34sex-specific labels as, 5.226special types: coordinate, 5.90, 6.33; participial, 5.89, 5.109; phrasal (compound modifier), 5.78, 5.91, 7.81as verbs, 5.93administrative bodies, 8.62, 11.8. See also business and commerce; governmental entities; institutions; organizationsadverbs, 5.153–68adjectives compared with, 5.156as conjunctions, 5.202definition, 5.153degrees: comparative, 5.160; intensifiers, 5.164; irregular, 5.162; positive, 5.159; superlative, 5.161; uncomparable, 5.163flat, 5.157formation of, 5.154–55infinitives as, 5.105as interjections, 5.210introductory phrases, 6.36-ly ending, 5.91, 5.154, 5.160–61, 5.167, 7.82 nouns as, 5.24–25, 5.154participial phrases as, 5.109phrasal and compound, 5.158, 6.36, 7.82 position: intransitive verbs modified by, 5.166; linking verbs and, 5.167; meaning affected by, 5.165; placement considerations, 5.165; in verb phrases, 5.168prepositional phrases: as, 5.173, 5.175; compared with, 5.100, 5.156, 5.180; replaced by, 5.186punctuation with, 6.25, 6.36, 6.55simple, 5.157suffixes, 5.154–55transitional (however, therefore, and such), 5.207, 6.25, 6.55verb phrases modified by, 5.102See also infinitives; participles and participial phrasesadvertisements in journals, 1.72, 1.78, 1.82African languages, 11.14–15. See also Arabic languageafterwords, 1.26, 1.52, 14.91, 14.116agents, literary, 4.18age terms, hyphenation guide, 7.85ah, 6.37AH (anno Hegirae), and such, 9.35, 9.63, 10.39 aircraft, 8.2, 8.115–16. See also vehicles and vesselsa.k.a., 10.72Albanian language, 11.16–17alignmentchecking facing pages for, 2.114marking proofs for, 2.124of subscripts and superscripts, 12.21–22, 12.38 tables: cells, 3.68–72, figs. 3.19–21; decimal points, 3.70, 3.84, fig. 3.13, figs. 3.15–16, fig. 3.20 See also lists; margins; tablesall rights reserved, 1.19, 1.22, 4.40, figs. 1.1–4 alphabetizing, 16.56, 16.62–67abbreviations and abbreviations lists, 1.43, 14.55, 16.64, 16.93, fig. 1.8, fig. 14.7accented letters (diacritical marks and special characters), 16.29, 16.67bibliographies, 2.60, 14.57, 14.60–62, 14.64–65, 14.67, fig. 14.8business names, 16.88–89compound words, 16.59–60, 16.72, 16.84 computerized sorting options, 16.5, 16.57, 16.104, 16.123cross-references, 16.17, 16.20dates, 16.65elements to disregard in, 14.67, 16.48, 16.51–52, 16.56, 16.68, 16.88, 16.91foreign words, 16.67glossaries, 1.60indexes: main headings, 16.56; subentries, 16.68 letter-by-letter: basics of, 16.58–59; bibliographies, example of, 14.60; word-by-word compared, 16.61, 16.123names: abbreviations and acronyms, 16.64; basic rules, 16.71–76; compound, 16.72; foreign, 16.67, 16.76–87; initials vs. spelled-out, 16.63, 16.79; list of contributors, 1.62, fig. 1.10; Mac orMc with, 16.73; monarchs, popes, and such, 16.37; nobility, titles, and such, 16.38, 16.66; numerals in (e.g., Henry III), 16.66; O’ with, 16.74; with particles, 16.71, 16.84; personal, as corporate names, 16.89; Saint, St., and such, 16.75, 16.93; same, of person, place, and thing, 16.62names, foreign personal, 16.76–87; Arabic, 16.76; Asian, generally, 16.87; Burmese, 16.77; Chinese, 16.78; Hungarian, 16.79; Indian, 16.80; Indonesian, 16.81; Japanese, 16.82; Portuguese, 16.83; Spanish, 16.84; Thai, 16.85; Vietnamese, 16.86numerals, 16.65–66organization names, 16.46, 16.88–89place-names, 16.90–93punctuation and, 16.59–61reference lists, 2.60, 14.61–62, 15.11, fig. 15.1 titles of nobility and such, 16.66titles of works, 16.48–49, 16.51–52, 16.56word-by-word: basics of, 16.58, 16.60; bibliographies, example of, 14.60;letter-by-letter compared, 16.61, 16.123 alphabetscharacter sets for Latin, 11.12, table 11.1 character sets for non-Latin, 11.92, 11.110, tables 11.2–11.4dictionary tables of, 11.96, 11.111in mathematical expressions, 12.12 modernizing archaic letters, 13.7proofreading copy in non-Latin, 11.92See also Arabic language; Cyrillic alphabet; Greek language; Hebrew language; International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA); Latin alphabet; letters (alphabet); transliteration; Unicode standard; and names of other languagesalterationsauthor’s (AAs), 2.67, 2.131–32, p. 891 definition, p. 891designer’s (DAs), 2.131, p. 894editor’s (EAs), 2.131–32, p. 894printer’s errors (PEs) and, 2.131, p. 900a.m. and p.m., 9.38–40, 10.42American Indians, 7.9, 8.37American Medical Association (AMA), 10.7, 14.3, 14.76American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 1.34, A.44American Psychological Association (APA), 3.46, 3.78, 14.3American Sign Language (ASL), 11.144–54 Deaf and deaf, 8.42fingerspelling in, 6.77, 11.149resources on, 11.146signed languages, defined, 11.144signs: components of, 11.145; compound, 11.148; glosses of, 11.147–54; handshapes, 11.151; lexicalized, 11.150; nonmanual, 11.154; pronouns, possessives, and reference, 11.153 transcriptions and writing of, 11.146–54 American Society for Indexing (ASI), 16.104 ampersandschanged to and, 8.163in company names, 10.23initialisms with, 10.10in Old and Middle English, 11.143in publishers’ names, 14.141serial comma omitted before, 6.21spacing with, 10.10in URLs and e-mail addresses, 7.42See also and; conjunctionsandampersand changed to, 8.163appropriate use of, 5.220between with, 6.78, 9.59both with, 5.195, 5.214coordinate adjectives separated by, 5.90in generic cross-references of indexes, 16.23or with, 5.220pronoun and antecedent with, 5.32–34in publisher’s name, 14.141punctuation with, 6.18, 6.28–29sentences beginning with, 5.206serial commas and, 6.18–19slash instead of, 6.104two or more authors (or editors) in documentation, 14.76See also ampersands; conjunctionsand if, 6.32and/or, 5.220and other stories, 14.100and so forth or and the like, 6.20, 11.35angle bracketsin generic markup, 2.15, 2.27, 2.78for less than and more than, 3.81in mathematical expressions, 6.102, 12.26, 12.28, 12.31, 12.55, 12.58with URLs, 6.8, 14.11in XML, 6.102, fig. A.2See also bracketsanimalsdomestic breeds, 8.128scientific names: authorities on, 8.118; author names in, 8.123; divisions higher than genus, 8.125; English derivatives from taxonomic system, 8.126; genus, species, and subspecies, 8.119–21; unspecified species and varieties, 8.122vernacular names, 8.127–29See also scientific and technical terminology animations, 1.100, 2.4. See also audiovisual materialsAnnals of the Congress of the United States, 14.299annotated bibliographies, 14.59, fig. 14.10 annotationsas copyrightable, 4.5excessive, 2.59, 14.51–55See also documentation; notes announcements in journals, 1.83, 1.85, 1.93 anonymity of research subjects, 13.47 anonymous worksabbreviation of anonymous, 10.43copyright of, 4.24documentation of: known authorship, 14.80, 15.33; unattributed interviews, 14.220; unknown authorship, 14.79, 15.32use of anonymous, 14.79ANSI (American National Standards Institute), 1.34anthologiesauthor-and-title index of, 16.6as collective works, 4.8copyright issues and, 4.55, 4.60, 4.90editorial additions bracketed in, 6.97material copyrightable in, 4.5permissions and fees for, 4.101unnumbered source notes in, 3.31, 14.49See also collected works; compilations; derivative works; previously published materialsaphorisms. See figures of speech; maxims Apocryphaabbreviations of books, 10.49capitalization, 8.105See also Bibleapostrophes, 6.113–15in foreign languages: African languages, 11.15; Chinese, 11.104; French, 11.38; German, 11.43; Hebrew, 11.113; Italian, 11.53, 11.57–58; Japanese, 11.107and manuscript cleanup, 2.77marking on manuscript, 2.91marking on proofs, 2.129other punctuation with: generally, 6.115; periods or commas, 6.115; single closing quotation mark, 6.9in plurals: abbreviations, 7.14; letters as letters, 7.14, 7.59–61; noun coinages, 7.13; proper nouns, 7.8; words in quotation marks, 7.12in possessives: basic use, 5.50; compounds, 7.23; for . . . sake expressions, 7.20; general rule, 7.15; genitive case, 7.24; gerunds, 7.26; italicized or quoted words, 7.28; nouns, proper, 7.16–18; nouns ending in eez sound, 7.18; nouns plural in form, singular in meaning, 7.19; nouns used attributively, 7.25; of, 7.27; two nouns as unit, 7.22; words ending in unpronounced s, 7.17 “smart,” 6.114, 7.29uses, other, 6.113; abbreviated decades (e.g., ’70s), 9.34; abbreviated years, 9.31; contractions, 7.29; hamza vs., 11.97; inappropriate, 5.47, 5.50, 6.114, 7.60; nouns, genitive, 5.12, 5.19–20appendixeschronologies as, 1.58, fig. 1.9content and format of, 1.57figures or illustrations in, numbering of, 3.11 indexing of, 16.109multiple, 1.47note materials moved to, 14.51numbering of, 8.178online alternative to, 1.57part title for, 1.47references to, 8.177running heads for, 1.13web-based publications, 1.117as work made for hire, 4.10appositives, 5.21, 6.23, 6.51Arabic language, 11.96–101capitalization, 11.100definite article, al, 11.99hamza and ʿayn, 11.97, 11.101, 11.112, table 11.2 names: alphabetizing, 16.76; treatment, 8.14 spelling, 11.98transliteration, 11.99; resources on, 11.96word division, 11.101arabic numeralsbuilding and apartment numbers, 9.53 Chicago’s preference for, 9.66columns in tables, 3.54definition, p. 891documentation and references: chapters, figures, and such, 8.178, 14.154; classical Greek and Latin references, 14.256–66; parts of poems and plays, 8.182, 14.267–68; ranges (inclusive), 9.60–61, 14.155; volume numbers of multivolume works, 14.121–27; when to use, 14.154highways and streets, 9.51–52illustrations, 3.12, fig. 3.7line breaks and, 7.39manuscript page numbers, 1.4, 1.7, 1.45–46, 2.35 numbered divisions in publications and documents, 9.27–29roman numerals compared with, table 9.1 spelled out: alternative rule, 9.3; beginning a sentence, 9.5; Chicago’s general rule, 9.2; consistency, readability, and flexibility, 9.7;direct discourse, 13.42; fractions, 9.14–15; hundreds, thousands, and hundred thousands (round numbers), 9.4; hyphens with, 7.85; marking manuscript for, 2.90; marking proofs for, 2.126; ordinals, 9.6; physical quantities, 9.13; to vs. en dash with, 9.59See also inclusive (or continuing) numbers; numbers; roman numeralsarchaeology, 7.2, 9.35archival practices, 1.107, 2.86–87. See also backup copiesarchiveselectronic sources, 14.282unpublished government documents, 14.232, 14.304, 14.308See also legal documents; legal-style citations; letters (correspondence); manuscript collections; public documents; unpublished and informally published materialsarticles (definite and indefinite)a vs. an, 5.72abbreviations and, 7.44, 10.9acronyms and, 7.44, 10.9in alphabetizing, disregarded, 14.67, 16.48, 16.51–52, 16.56, 16.68, 16.88, 16.91 appropriate use of, 5.72, 5.220, 7.44in Arabic, 11.99, 16.76in blog titles, 8.187celestial bodies and, 8.137coordinate nouns with, 5.73definite, 5.69, 5.71, 5.73, 16.91–92definition, 5.68dropping of, 5.76, 8.167–68, 14.28, 14.179, 14.210 earth with, 8.139in foreign names for places and structures, 8.58 gender indicated by, 5.14implicit, 5.75indefinite, 5.70–71indexing: articles disregarded, 16.48, 16.51–52, 16.56, 16.68, 16.88, 16.91; first lines, 16.144; organization and business names, 16.88; personal and foreign names, 16.76, 16.91–92; place-names, 16.91–92; in subentries, 16.51, 16.68, 16.129; titles of newspapers andperiodicals, 16.48–49; titles of works, 16.51–52, 16.56as limiting adjectives: articles defined, 5.68; a vs. an, 5.72; coordinate nouns with, 5.73; definite, 5.69, 5.73; indefinite, 5.70–71; indefinite, in specific reference, 5.71; meaning affected by, 5.74, 5.76; omitted, 5.76; as pronoun substitute, 5.77; zero (implicit), 5.75meaning affected by, 5.73–74, 5.76names with: articles disregarded in alphabetizing, 16.88; capitalized or not, 8.67, 8.69; publisher’s, in documentation, 14.140; titles and the, 8.20, 8.29, 8.35, 10.18newspaper and periodical titles beginning with, 8.168, 14.179, 14.210, 16.48–49organization and business names with, 8.67, 16.88place-names with, 8.58, 16.91–92preceding mass noun followed by prepositional phrase, 5.9as pronoun substitute, 5.77in titles in running text, 8.167–68。

英文引用芝加哥第17版格式全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Chicago Style Citation: The Ultimate GuideThe Chicago Manual of Style, commonly referred to as CMS or CMOS, is one of the most widely used style guides for writing and citation in the humanities and social sciences. The 17th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style, published in 2017, offers a comprehensive set of guidelines on formatting, referencing, and citing sources. In this guide, we will provide an overview of the key elements of Chicago style citation and how to apply them in your writing.1. Basic Principles of Chicago StyleChicago style citation follows the author-date andnotes-bibliography systems. The author-date system is commonly used in the natural and social sciences, while the notes-bibliography system is preferred in the humanities. In both systems, sources are cited in footnotes or endnotes and listed in a bibliography at the end of the text.2. Formatting CitationsIn Chicago style, citations are formatted differently depending on whether they are in the text or in a footnote or endnote. In-text citations include the author's last name, the publication year, and page number(s) if applicable, e.g., (Smith 2010, 25). Footnotes and endnotes provide more detailed information about the source, including the author's full name, the title of the work, publication information, and page numbers.3. Creating a BibliographyThe bibliography in Chicago style includes all sources cited in the text. Each entry should include the author's name, the title of the work, publication information, and page numbers if relevant. The bibliography is arranged alphabetically by the author's last name or by the title if there is no author.4. Citing Different Types of SourcesChicago style provides specific guidelines for citing various types of sources, including books, journal articles, websites, and more. When citing a book, for example, you should include the author's full name, the title of the book in italics, the publication information, and the publication year. For journal articles, you need to include the author's name, the title of the article, the journal title, publication information, and page numbers.5. The Importance of ConsistencyConsistency is key when using Chicago style citation. Make sure your citations follow the same format throughout your paper and that your bibliography is properly organized and formatted. Pay attention to details such as punctuation, capitalization, and italics to ensure your citations are accurate and consistent.6. Using Citation Management ToolsTo simplify the process of formatting citations in Chicago style, consider using citation management tools such as Zotero, EndNote, or RefWorks. These tools can help you organize your sources, generate citations automatically, and create bibliographies with ease.In conclusion, Chicago style citation is a widely used and respected system for documenting sources in academic writing. By following the guidelines outlined in the 17th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style, you can ensure that your writing is clear, credible, and properly referenced. Whether you are a student, researcher, or writer, mastering Chicago style citation will enhance the quality and professionalism of your work.篇2Chicago Manual of Style, 17th Edition is a comprehensive guide for authors, editors, and publishers in various academic and professional fields. This document provides guidelines for writing and formatting scholarly articles, books, and other written works in accordance with the Chicago Manual of Style.The Chicago Manual of Style is a widely used style guide for academic writing in the humanities and social sciences. It provides detailed guidelines on citation and bibliography formatting, as well as general rules for grammar, punctuation, and manuscript preparation.One key feature of the Chicago Manual of Style is its citation system, which uses footnotes and a bibliography to credit sources in written work. Footnotes allow readers to see the source of a quotation or idea at a glance, while the bibliography provides a full list of works cited in the text.In addition to citation guidelines, the Chicago Manual of Style also covers a wide range of topics related to manuscript preparation, including capitalization, abbreviations, numbers, and punctuation. The manual offers clear and concise rules for formatting headings, block quotations, and lists, as well as guidance on the use of italics, bold, and other typographical elements.Overall, the Chicago Manual of Style, 17th Edition is an essential resource for anyone engaged in academic writing or publishing. With its detailed guidelines on citation, grammar, and manuscript preparation, the Chicago Manual of Style helps authors and editors produce clear, accurate, and well-organized written works in accordance with academic standards.篇3The Chicago Manual of Style is a widely-used style guide for writing and publishing in the English language. The 17th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style, published in 2017, provides detailed guidelines on formatting, citation, and other aspects of writing. In this article, we will provide an overview of the key features of the Chicago Manual of Style 17th edition.One of the most important aspects of the Chicago Manual of Style is its citation system. The manual provides two main citation styles: the notes and bibliography system and the author-date system. Under the notes and bibliography system, footnotes or endnotes are used to provide information about sources, while a bibliography is included at the end of the document. In the author-date system, in-text citations are used to provide information about sources, and a reference list is included at the end of the document.In addition to citation guidelines, the Chicago Manual of Style also provides detailed guidance on other aspects of writing, such as punctuation, grammar, and word usage. The manual includes information on topics such as the use of commas, semicolons, and colons, as well as guidance on how to use hyphens, ellipses, and other punctuation marks. The manual also includes a comprehensive guide to grammar, covering topics such as subject-verb agreement, pronoun usage, and sentence structure.Another important feature of the Chicago Manual of Style is its guidance on formatting manuscripts. The manual provides detailed guidelines on how to format headings, margins, and page numbers, as well as how to format citations, references, and bibliographies. The manual also includes information on how to use italics, boldface, and other formatting elements in a document.Overall, the Chicago Manual of Style 17th edition is an invaluable resource for writers, editors, and publishers. Its comprehensive guidelines on citation, formatting, and other aspects of writing make it an essential reference for anyone working in the English language. Whether you are writing an academic paper, a book, or a business document, the ChicagoManual of Style can help you ensure that your writing is clear, consistent, and professional.。

大学论文写作中的参考文献格式与引用风格在大学论文写作中，参考文献的格式和引用风格是非常重要的。

正确地引用和列出参考文献能够帮助读者深入了解你的研究基础，并且显示出你对相关学术资料的了解和借鉴。

在学术界，有多种引用风格和参考文献格式被广泛使用，其中包括现代语言协会（MLA）引用风格、美国心理学协会（APA）引用风格以及芝加哥引用风格等。

不同的学科领域和学术机构可能会有不同的要求，因此在写作过程中要根据具体需求选择合适的格式。

一、MLA引用风格MLA引用风格广泛应用于人文学科领域，其格式要求如下：1. 在正文中使用作者的姓氏和页码进行引用，例如（Smith 25）；2. 引用长篇作品时，用书名或文章标题代替作者的姓名，并在引用后加上页码，例如（《哈姆雷特》2.2.120-124）；3. 在引用的句子或段落的结尾处加上作者的姓名和页码，例如（Smith 25）；4. 在论文的末尾提供一个参考文献列表，按照作者的姓氏的字母顺序排列。

以下是一个使用MLA引用风格的例子：（25）。

他的发现进一步支持了此前的研究成果（Johnson 42）。

对于这种现象的解释，史密斯（25）认为……参考文献：Johnson, Mark. "A Study on the Impact of Climate Change." Journal of Environmental Studies, vol. 10, no. 2, 2018, pp. 38-45.Smith, Bob. A Comparative Analysis of Environmental Policies. University Press, 2017.二、APA引用风格APA引用风格通常应用于社会科学领域，尤其是心理学和教育学。

其格式要求如下：1. 在正文中使用作者的姓氏和出版年份进行引用，例如（Smith, 2017）；2. 如果需要引用长篇作品的特定部分，使用页码，例如（Smith, 2017, p. 25）；3. 在引用的句子或段落的结尾处加上作者的姓名和出版年份，例如（Smith, 2017）；4. 在论文的末尾提供一个参考文献列表，按照作者的姓氏的字母顺序排列。

Latex Chicago参考文献格式是学术写作中常用的一种引用格式，它符合芝加哥大学出版社颁布的《芝加哥样式手册》中规定的引用规范。

这种格式要求作者在文章中使用脚注或者直接在文中引用的方式注明文献来源，并在文章末尾列出所有引用文献的详细信息。

在Latex中实现Chicago参考文献格式的引用，一般使用biblatex宏包和biber引擎，通过指定引用样式和文献数据库文件，可以方便地生成符合要求的参考文献列表。

下面我们将介绍如何在Latex中使用biblatex和biber实现Chicago参考文献格式的引用。

1. 引用样式的选择在使用biblatex宏包时，可以通过指定引用样式来实现不同的参考文献格式。

对于Chicago参考文献格式，可以选择biblatex-chicago宏包，并在文档开始时声明引用样式为Chicago。

在Latex文档的导言部分，添加如下代码：```latex\usepackage[notes,backend=biber]{biblatex-chicago}```这样就指定了使用biblatex-chicago宏包，并将引擎设置为biber。

采用notes选项可以生成符合Chicago样式要求的脚注引用格式。

2. 文献数据库的管理在使用biblatex宏包时，需要准备一个bib文件来管理引用的文献信息。

bib文件是一种特定格式的文本文件，每条文献信息包含在一个@entry类型的条目内，如@article、@book、@inproceedings等。

每个条目包含作者、标题、出版信息等字段，通过特定的关键字来引用。

在Latex文档的文末，可以通过如下命令加载bib文件：```latex\addbibresource{yourbibfile.bib}```这样就将名为yourbibfile.bib的bib文件加载到文档中。

在正文中，通过cite命令引用文献条目的关键字，如\cite{key}。

标准的英文参考文献格式The standard format for referencing in English academic writing typically follows one of four main styles: APA (American Psychological Association), MLA (Modern Language Association), CMS (Chicago Manual of Style), or Harvard System. Each of these styles has its own unique set ofrules and guidelines for formatting references.APA Format:The APA format is widely used in the social sciencesand is characterized by its use of author-date citations in the text and a detailed reference list at the end of the paper. References are double-spaced and indented, with each entry beginning with the author's last name and initial, followed by the year of publication in parentheses. Thetitle of the article or book is italicized and follows the author's name, along with the name of the publication (e.g., journal), volume number, issue number, and pagination.MLA Format:MLA style is commonly used in the humanities andliberal arts. It differs from APA in that it typically includes the author's full name, the title of the work, the name of the publisher, and the date of publication. References are double-spaced and indented, with each entry beginning with the author's last name, followed by a comma and the first name. The title of the book or article is italicized, and the publication information is provided in parentheses after the title.CMS Format:The Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) is a widely respected guide for writing and editing in many fields, including history, literature, and the sciences. CMS format calls for a bibliography at the end of the paper that includes the author's name, the title of the work, the publisher, the place of publication, and the date of publication. References are double-spaced and indented, with each entry beginning with the author's last name, followed by a commaand the first name. The title of the book or article is italicized, and the publication information is provided in parentheses after the title.Harvard System:The Harvard System, also known as the Author-Date System, is used primarily in the natural sciences and some social science disciplines. It involves the use of author-date citations in the text, with the full reference list appearing at the end of the paper. References are double-spaced and indented, with each entry beginning with the author's last name, followed by a comma and the year of publication in parentheses. The title of the article or book is italicized, and the publication information, including the name of the journal or publisher, volume number, issue number, and pagination, is provided after the title.Regardless of which format is chosen, it is crucial to follow the specific guidelines and rules for referencing accurately and consistently throughout the paper. Thisensures that the reader can easily find and verify the sources used in the research, and it also helps to avoid accusations of plagiarism. Additionally, it is important to note that some journals or institutions may have their own unique referencing requirements, so it is always best to check with the relevant guidelines before beginning a paper.。