芝加哥论文格式

CHICAGO AUTHOR-DATE(16th edition) REFERENCINGLast updated March 2011 This guide is primarily for students doing assignments at Curtin University.It is not for those publishing using the Chicago Author-Date style. For those publishing in the Chicago Author-Date style, please consult the Chicago Manual of Style: The Chicago Manual of Style. 2010. 16th ed. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.The Chicago Manual of Style Online (16th ed.) is also available via Databases link on the Library’shome page.The Chicago referencing style has two basic systems of documentation. There is the humanities style (which can also be known as the footnote and endnote or the notes and bibliography style), as well as the author-datestyle. This guide follows the author-date system of referencing. This involves citations within the text corresponding to a full bibliographic entry in the reference list at the end of the document. The in-text citations include the author‘s last name, followed by the date of publication in parentheses. The bibliographic entry in the reference list includes all the other necessary publication information.When using EndNote, it is recommended that the style system to use is Chicago 16th B CurtinIt is very important that you check your department or school's assignment guide as some details,eg. punctuation, may vary from the guidelines on this page. You may be penalised for notconforming to your school's requirements.What is Referencing?Referencing is a standardised method of acknowledging sources of information and ideas that you have usedin your assignment in a way that uniquely identifies their source. Direct quotations, facts and figures, as well asideas and theories, from both published and unpublished works must be referenced.There are many acceptable forms of referencing. This information sheet provides a brief guide to the ChicagoAuthor-Date referencing style. Within the text of the assignment the author‘s name is given first, followed by thepublication date. A reference list at the end of the assignment contains the full details of all the in-text citations.Why Reference?Referencing is necessary to avoid plagiarism, to verify quotations, and to enable readers to follow-up and readmore fully the cited author‘s arguments.Steps Involved in Referencing1. Note down the full bibliographic details including the page number(s) from which the information is taken.In the case of a book, ‗bibliographical details‘ refers to: author/editor, year of publication, title, edition, volumenumber, place of publication and publisher as found on the front and back of the title page. (Not all of thesedetails will necessarily be applicable).In the case of a journal article, the details required include: author of the article, year of publication, title ofthe article, title of the journal, volume and issue number of the journal, and page numbers.For all electronic information, in addition to the above you should note the date that you accessed theinformation, and database name or web address (URL).2. Insert the citation at the appropriate place within the text of the document (see examples below).3. Provide a reference list at the end of the document (see examples below).12In -Text CitationsUse the name of the author, followed by the year of publication when citing references within the text of an assignment.Where authors of different references have the same family name, include the author‘s personal name or initials in the in -text citation i.e.(Anderson, John 2008) or John Anderson (2008). If two or more authors are cited at the same point in the text then they are included in the same in -text citation, separated by a semicolon e.g. (Brown 1991; Smith 2003). They are presented alphabetically by author.When directly quoting from another source, the relevant page number must be given and quotation marks placed around the quote. It is not necessary to include the page number when paraphrasing or referring to an idea from another source which is a book or lengthy text.You can view an example of a Reference List using the Chicago Author -datereferencing style1. A reference list includes books, chapters, journal articles etc that you cite in the text of your essay.2. A bibliography is a list of relevant sources for background or for further reading.3. The reference list is arranged alphabetically by author – at the end of your essay..4. Where an item has no author it is cited and listed by its title.5. The Chicago Author -Date referencing style requires the second and subsequent lines of the reference to be indented.What is a Reference List? What is a Reference/Citation?A reference or citation consists of elements that allow the reader to trace the original book, article or website you have consulted and cited. Here are some examples in the Chicago Author -Date referencing style.Book:Journal article from a database:Web page:Place of publication Publisher Title of the journal article Journal titleuse URL.URL of the web pageExamples of Referencing3 of 175 of 176 of 178 of 179 of 1710 of 17Manual Changes—EndNote users, please note: Make any manual changes when you have finished creating your reference list with EndNote or convert your word document to plain text by clicking on the drop down arrow at Convert Citations and Bibliography and selecting Convert to Plain text, then make your changes in the new document this will create. Failure to follow this procedure will result in manual changes being lost, and the references reverting to their original form once the reference list is updated with any new entries.。

University of Chicago本内容为原作者申请Tufts University的Essays,仅供参考！University of Chicago essay set由于U Chi是我的DS，因此花了挺大的功夫写，不过现在用不到了。

同样，申这个学校还是出于一样的考虑：芝加哥也以essay BT而著称。

然后我同样的写超字了.....Question 1. How does the University of Chicago, as you know it now,satisfy your desire for a particular kind of learning, community, and future? Please address with some specificity your own wishes and how they relate to Chicago.To be honest, I applied to Chicago because of the unconventional essay question. Through the question, I can feel the thoughtful air and exploring mind of Chicago, which are what I love all the time. Everybody says it's the toughest one. However, my first reaction is not going for an easy topic, but welcoming and thinking about it. I am a boy who always wants to think a bit more about everything. Though the prompt is tough, challenging myself and touching something I seldom think about is really a pleasant game of brain.The thoughtful and exploring impression of Chicago was reinforced when I looked at the campus. At first, I saw the solemn buildings like Gothic castle. The carved patterns were just like wrinkles on an old philosopher’s face. I was immediately filled with deep reverence by this shrine of knowledge and meditation. Later, still that building, I saw the vive trees and ivies surrounding it under golden sunlight. If the buildings are mind, the trees will be life, the life of mind. That is a perfect combination of thought and vitality. Here, I will get unique experiences seemingly conflicting yet harmoniously mixed: an exploring scholar, and a scholarly explorer.Question 2. Would you please tell us about a few of your favorite books, poems, authors, films, plays, pieces of music, musicians,performers, paintings, artists, magazines, or newspapers? Feel free to touch on one, some, or all of the categories listed, or add a category of your own.My favorite film is The Patriots. In this film, there is a picture deeply engraved in my mind: As American militias fled under the attack of British army, Captain Martin held a flag and marched forward. The Stars and Stripes was tattered. There were holes of bullets and blood of soldiers on it. However, its red color brightened under the golden sunlight, and soldiers were held back by Martin and fought again…… I am deep impressed. I am not American, but I keep thinking: Had American people, who live in the world’s strongest country, ever thought that their national flag had been on the verge of breaking? Watching The Patriots, I ask myself: what kind of life is ideal? When I talked about our career plans with my friends, someone told me: study finance! You can earn $100000 a year! Someone told me: study business! You can have mansions and fabulous cars. When more and more people dream about luxurious life, I wonder: Are they that important?Perhaps, Martin is not a famous person. His name will not be written into history textbook like General Washington. However, when he saw the rosy down of hope in the sky, when he saw the people he shed his blood for constructing the new world, and when he saw, if possible, the country he devoted his life to is going to be a rising land of freedom in the world, what would he feel then? In my eyes, those who can smile with satisfaction when reviewing their life courses are richer than any millionaire. I watched the Patriots for many times, but each time I still could not stop my tears when I see the house that is being built, the flourishing life in the field, and the booming future of the new world before Captain Martin. I love those creators, because they have left endless hopes and possibilities for the world. Perhaps I do not have the noble spirit like those patriots, but I still think that there is something beyond blonde, Ferrari and a mansion. No matter what life cause I am going, I will always revive this movie when I am numb and lost in material reality. I believe that a man who can live his life like Captain Martin is the happiest one in this world.。

芝加哥论文格式范例篇一：论文格式Chicago该格式由芝加哥大学出版社( University of Chicago Press) 制定, 可用于人文科学类和自然科学类论文, 其基本格式为: 正文中按引用先后顺序连续编排序号, 在该页底以脚注( Footnotes ) 或在文末以尾注( Endnotes ) 形式注明出处, 或在文末单列参考文献项, 以Bibliography 为标题。

芝加哥引注格式在美国比在英国的应用更多，标准是《芝加哥引注格式使用指南》（The Chicago Manual of Style），但是也有很多用户把凯特?杜拉宾（Kate Turabian）为学生编写的《学期、学位、学术论文写作指南》（A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses and Dissertations）作为参考。

所以，芝加哥引注格式也称为杜拉宾引注格式。

芝加哥引注格式主要用脚注形式引注，但是也可以用作者姓名的文中引注格式。

文中引注与姓名日期名字日期（哈佛）格式和APA格式一样，芝加哥格式可以在文本中做引注，在括号中写出作者或组织者的姓氏全程或缩写，加上年份，如果需要的话，还可以加上页码，比如: (Goman 1989, 59) ，或者 (Fairbairn and Fairbairn 2001) ，或者 (MHRA 2004).如果一个文献有一到三个作者，在引注中依次写出他们的姓氏。

如果有4个或者多于4个作者，写出第一个作者的名字然后写‘et al.’代替其他作者的名字，比如：(Brown et al. 2009). 文后参考文献在论文最后制作一个标题为“参考文献”的书单，把所有的文献条目按照字母表顺序排列。

这样，上面说到的三个文献例子，按照顺序可以排列为：? Fairbairn, Gavin and Susan Fairbairn. 2001. Reading at university: A guide for students. Maidenhead: Open University Press.文后参考文献的格式要求：?使用作者的全名。

The Chicago Manual of Style芝加哥論文格式本資料取材自Chicago Manual of Style . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993.芝加哥論文格式有兩種基本的引註形式：1. 註釋和參考書目（人文類形式）Notes and Bibliographies (Humanities Style)2. 形式2：作者－－年份引註和參照表Author-Date Citations and Reference List本文以介紹第一種形式為主。

這兩種型式可以混用。

只要維持全論文統一、一致的格式即可。

形式1：註釋和參考書目註釋和參考書目（（人文類形式人文類形式））Notes and Bibliographies (Humanities Style) 。

註解以數字順序安插在論文中。

論文依序放在每一頁的最下方（頁尾註），或在文章結尾（結尾註）。

在第一次引註時，註解包括完整的參考資料。

參考書目一般只列出該論文中使用的資料來源 ，其條目中、日文依作者姓氏筆畫排列，西文依作者姓氏的字母排列，必須包括完整的參考資料之資訊。

芝加哥論文格式要求對引述材料的第一次註釋，必須包括所有可辨識與指認的資料來源：作者的全名、書籍的完整名稱、編輯者的名字、出版地、出版社、出版日期、引註資料的頁數。

再次參考該資料時，只需註明作者的姓，再加上逗點，書籍名稱的簡寫，逗點，頁數。

每一個註釋必須空五格（或和每一段論文本文起始空格相同）。

每一個註釋編號後加上句點，空一格之後再寫註釋。

如果本文是雙行間距，則註釋也必須採雙行間距。

範例：（芝加哥論文格式請依此順序寫註釋，參考書並請注意顏色所相對應之項目）書籍書籍－－－－註釋編號. （空一格空一格））作者名作者名，，書籍名稱書籍名稱（（以斜體字或畫底線處理字或畫底線處理）），（出版地出版地：：出版社出版社，，出版年），頁數。

芝加哥论文格式范例篇一：APA,哈佛, MLA、温哥华和芝加哥和Turabian论文格式引用指导和对比 APA Harvard , MLA , Vancouver and Chicago and Turabian citing style citing guidance and comparisonAPA，哈佛,MLA、温哥华和芝加哥和Turabian论文格式的引用指导和对比Prepared by 李连发Date: January 17, 2021Content list (目录)Chapter one definition and application of APA Harvard , MLA , Vancouver and Chicago andTurabian citingstyle ............................................................... .. (3)第一章APA，哈佛,MLA、温哥华和芝加哥和Turabian论文格式的定义和应用 .................... 3 Chapter two citing guidance and example APA Harvard , MLA , Vancouver and Chicago andTurabian citingstyle ............................................................... .. (4)第二章APA，哈佛,MLA、温哥华和芝加哥和Turabian论文格式的引用指导和范例 (4)2.1 MLA CITINGSTYLE ............................................................... .. (4)2.1.1 MLA CITING STYLEbooks ............................................................... .. (4)2.1.2 MLA CITING STYLE--Magazine ............................................................ .. (4)2.1.3 MLA CITING STYLE --JournalArticle. ............................................................ .. (5)2.1.4 MLA CITING STYLE. Website withauthor. (5)2.2 APA CITING STYLE................................................................ (6)2.2.1 APA CITING STYLE–book .............................................................. . (6)APA CITING STYLE –book in adatabase ............................................................ .. (6)2.2.2 APA CITING STYLE--magazine ............................................................ . (7)APA CITING STYLE --magazine articleonline (7)2.2.3 APA CITING STYLE -Journalarticle ............................................................. (7)APA CITING STYLE -Journal articleonline .............................................................. .. (7)2.2.3 APA CITING STYLE –website with anauthor (8)2.3 Vancouer CITINGSTYLE ............................................................... .. (8)2.3.1 Vancouver CITING STYLE--books ............................................................. .. (8)2.3.2 Vancouver CITING STYLE --JournalArticle. (9)2.3.3 Vancouver CITING STYLE---Website. ......................................................... . (10)2.4 CHICAGO / Turabian CITINGSTYLE ............................................................... (10)2.4.1 CHICAGO / Turabian citing style--books ............................................................102.4.2 CHICAGO / Turabian citing style --Magazine (10)2.4.3 CHICAGO / Turabian citing style --JournalArticle. (11)2.4.4 CHICAGO / Turabian citing style---Website. (11)Chapter three Comparison between APA Harvard , MLA , Vancouver and Chicago and Turabiancitingstyle ............................................................... ..................................................................... (12)第三章APA，哈佛,MLA、温哥华和芝加哥和Turabian论文格式的对比 (12)3.1 citation ofbooks ............................................................... . (12)3.2 citation ofjournals ............................................................ (12)3.3 citation ofWebsite ............................................................. (13)Chapter one definition and application of APA Harvard , MLA , Vancouver and Chicago and Turabian citing style第一章APA，哈佛,MLA、温哥华和芝加哥和Turabian论文格式的定义和应用 APA citing style.APA格式APA citing style refers to the rules and conventions for source used in academic paper which is established by the American Psychological Association . Its documenting sources are author/date based style. This means emphasis is placed on the author and the date of a piece of work to uniquely identify it.APA格式是美国心理协会制定的学术论文参考文献的规则和约定。

芝加哥大学硕士论文模板(2023)
目录
1. 引言
2. 文献综述
3. 研究问题与目标
4. 方法学
5. 研究发现
6. 讨论与结论
7. 参考文献
1. 引言
本文是芝加哥大学2023年的硕士论文模板。

引言部分应概述研究的背景和意义，并提出研究问题和目标。

2. 文献综述
文献综述部分应对相关领域的研究进行综合梳理，分析现有研
究的不足之处，并为本研究的重要性提供支持。

3. 研究问题与目标
研究问题与目标部分应明确研究的具体问题和研究目标。

这部
分应简明扼要地阐述研究的根本目的，并提出相应的研究问题。

4. 方法学
方法学部分应详细描述研究所采用的方法和数据的收集方式。

应清晰地阐述研究的实施步骤，以确保研究的可复制性和可验证性。

5. 研究发现
研究发现部分应呈现研究结果和数据分析的主要结果。

应以简
明扼要的方式展示研究发现，并根据研究目标进行适当的解释和讨论。

6. 讨论与结论
讨论与结论部分应对研究发现进行深入分析和解读，并与文献综述进行比较和对照。

对研究结果的局限性进行讨论，并提出进一步研究的建议。

7. 参考文献
参考文献部分应列出本文所引用的所有文献，以便读者查阅并核实研究的来源。

以上是芝加哥大学硕士论文模板的基本结构和内容要点。

根据具体研究的主题和要求，可以对每个部分进行适当调整和扩展。

祝您顺利完成您的硕士论文！。

chicago英文文章格式
Chicago英文文章格式包括封面、目录、正文、脚注、尾注和参考文献等部分。

具体格式如下：
1.封面：包括文章标题、作者姓名、学校名称、课程名称、提交日
期等。

2.目录：列出文章的正文标题、子标题、页码等。

3.正文：包括引言、主体和结论等部分，其中引言应简要介绍研究
背景和目的，主体应包括研究方法、结果和讨论等内容，结论应总结研究结果和意义。

4.脚注：在正文中需要加注的地方，用数字或符号标记，并在文末
列出所有脚注。

5.尾注：在文章的最后，列出所有引用文献，按照作者姓氏的首字
母顺序排列。

6.参考文献：包括书籍、期刊、报纸、网站等所有引用文献的信息。

需要注意的是，Chicago英文文章格式要求严格，需要仔细核对每个部分的格式是否符合要求。

同时，在写作过程中需要注意语法、拼写、标点等方面的错误，保证文章的质量。

Chicago Manual of Style 15th Edition《芝加哥格式手册》（The Chicago Manual of Style，CMS）是一个适用于美国英语的格式指南。

该手册受到高度重视，主要用于解决格式、原稿预备，以及少数惯用法的问题（注意：在出版界的术语中，格式是指标点符号、斜体、粗体、大写、表格等等，而不是指如散文、抒情文的格式）。

出版商和编辑在遇到文本所表述的问题时，通常会将该手册列为最终的标准。

该手册由芝加哥大学出版社（University of Chicago Press）发行。

第一版的名称是《格式手册》（A Manual of Style），1906年由芝加哥大学出版社发行；至2005年为止共编辑了十五版。

Please note that these resources follow the 15th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style. The 16th edition of the manual was issued in September 2010, and we are working on updating our resources to reflect the changes. Thank you in advance for your patience.IntroductionThe Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) covers a variety of topics from manuscript preparation and publication to grammar, usage, and documentation. The material in this resource focuses primarily on the two CMS documentation styles: the Notes-Bibliography System (NB), which is used by those in literature, history, and the arts, and the Author-Date System, which is preferred in the sciences.In addition to consulting the The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, for more information, students may also find it useful to consult Kate L. Turabian's Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, 7th edition,. This manual, which presents what is commonly known as the "Turabian" citation style, follows the two CMS patterns of documentation but offers slight modifications suited to student texts.Notes and Bibliography in Chicago StyleThe Chicago NB system is often used in the humanities and provides writers with a system for referencing their sources through footnote or endnote citation in their writing and through bibliography pages. NB system is most commonly used in the discipline of History.The proper use of the NB system can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism, which is the intentional or accidental un-credited use of source material created by others. Most importantly, properly using the NB system builds credibility by demonstrating accountability to source material.If you are asked to use Chicago NB format, be sure to consult The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, and/or A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, 7th edition. Both are available in most writing centers and reference libraries and widely availablein bookstores. See the Additional Resources section for a list of helpful books and sites about using Chicago Style.Introduction to NotesIn the Chicago Notes-Bibliography (NB) system, you should include a note (endnote or footnote) each time you use a source, whether through a direct quote or through a paraphrase. Footnotes will be added at the end of the page on which the source is referenced, and endnotes will be compiled at the end of each chapter or at the end of the entire document.In either case, a superscript number corresponding to a note with the bibliographic information for that source should be placed in the text, following the end of the sentence in which the source is referenced.The first note for each source should include all relevant information about the source. If you cite the same source again, the note need only include the surname of the author, the title (or a shortened form of the title) and page number(s) cited.If you cite the same source and page number(s) from a single source two or more times consecutively, the corresponding note should use the word ‘Ibid.,’ an abbreviated form of the Latin ‘ibidem,’ which means ‘in the same place.’ If you use the same source but a different page number, the corresponding note should use ‘Ibid.’ foll owed by a comma and the new page number(s).In the Chicago NB system, the footnote or endnote begins with the appropriate number followed by a period and then a space. In Turabian style, the footnote or endnote begins with a superscript number.Introduction to BibliographiesIn the Notes-Bibliography System, the bibliography provides an alphabetical list of all sources used in a given work. This page, most often titled Bibliography, is usually placed at the end of the work, preceding the index. It should include all sources cited within the work and may sometimes include other relevant sources that were not cited but provide further reading.Although bibliographic entries for various sources may be formatted differently, all included sources (books, articles, websites, etc.) are arranged alphabetically by author’s last name. If no author or editor is listed, the title or keyword may be used instead.Common Elements:All entries in the bibliography will include the author (or editor, compiler, translator), title, and date of publication.Author’s Names:The author’s name is inverted in the bibliography, placing the last name first and separating the last name and first name with a comma, for example, John Smith becomes Smith, John. (If an author is not listed first, this applies to compilers, translators, etc.)Titles:Titles of books and journals are italicized. Titles of articles, chapters, poems, etc. are placed in quotation marks.Publication Information:The year of publication is listed after the publisher or journal name.Punctuation:In a bibliography, all major elements are separated by periods.For more information and specific examples see the sections on Books and Periodicals.Please note that this OWL resource provides information regarding the formatting of entries used in the bibliography. For more information about Selected Bibliographies, Annotated Bibliographies, and Bibliographic Essays, please consult Chapter 16 of The Chicago Manual of Style.。

芝加哥论文格式手册《芝加哥论文格式手册》（Chicago Manual of Style）16th editionContentsPrefaceAcknowledgmentsPart One: The Publishing Process1 Books and Journals2 Manuscript Preparation, Manuscript Editing, and Proofreading3 Illustrations and Tables4 Rights, Permissions, and Copyright AdministrationbyWilliam S. StrongPart Two: Style and Usage5 Grammar and UsagebyBryan A. Garner6 Punctuation7 Spelling, Distinctive Treatment of Words, and Compounds8 Names and Terms9 Numbers10 Abbreviations11 Foreign Languages12 Mathematics in Type13 Quotations and DialoguePart Three: Documentation14 Documentation I: Notes and Bibliography15 Documentation II: Author-Date References16 IndexesAppendix A: Production and Digital Technology Appendix B: GlossaryBibliographyIndexFigures1 Books and Journals1.1 A typical copyright page1.2 Copyright notice of a second edition 1.3 The copyright page of a translation1.4 A copyright page acknowledging earlier publication of certain chapters1.5 Table of contents showing front matter, introduction, parts, chapters, back matter, and location of photo gallery1.6 Partial list of illustrations, with subheads for figures and tables1.7 Partial list of illustrations showing numbers, titles, and placement of unpaginated plates1.8 A list of abbreviations1.9 Opening page of a chronology1.10 Partial list of contributors to an edited collection1.11 Table of contents for an issue of an online scholarly journal2 Manuscript Preparation, Manuscript Editing, and Proofreading2.1 Sample design and production schedule for a printed book2.2 Sample production schedule for a quarterly journal published in both print and electronic forms2.3 Manuscript editor’s style sheet2.4 A manuscript page illustrating the principles of on-screen revision marks (redlining) and author queries2.5 An example of a hand-marked manuscript page2.6 Proofreaders’ marks2.7 Marked proofs3 Illustrations and Tables3.1 A halftone image of an original photo 3.2 Detail of figure 3.1 showing the halftone dot pattern3.3 A line drawing with descriptive labels 3.4 A line drawing with figure number and caption3.5 A musical example3.6 A figure consisting of a photograph anda line drawing3.7 Another composite figure, whose parts are identified in the caption3.8 A bar chart (also called a bar graph) 3.9 A graph with symbols identified in the caption3.10 A genealogical chart3.11 A four-column table with three column headings, three stub entries, and nine data cells3.12 A four-column table with two levels of stub entries3.13 A four-column table with a spanner head across the second and third columns3.14 A four-column table with two cut-in heads across three columns3.15 A four-column table with Total appearing in italics3.16 An eleven-column table with three levels of column heads3.17 A seven-column matrix3.18 An eight-column matrix3.19 A three-column table with no stub entries3.20 A three-column table in which values are aligned on the decimal point except for N values3.21 A five-column table with subtotals andtotal3.22 A four-column table with notes on significance, or probability, levels (p)3.23 A three-column table doubled into two columns3.24 An eight-column table with numbers replacing column heads to reduce width3.25 A six-column table with repeated column heads and “continued” indication following a page break4 Rights, Permissions, and Copyright Administration4.1 Agreement, or consent, for publication of an article or a chapter commissioned as a contribution to a collective work4.2 Agreement for publication of a journal article4.3 Suggestions for a letter seeking permission to reprint material in a scholarly book12 Mathematics in Type12.1 An example of typewritten andhand-marked mathematical copy12.2 The page of manuscript shown in figure 12.1 set in type12.3 LaTeX source listing that would generate a portion of the mathematical copy shown in figure 12.214 Documentation I: Notes and Bibliography 14.1 A page of text with footnotes14.2 A page of endnotes14.3 Chapter endnotes (first page)14.4 Translator’s footnote referenced by an asterisk, fol lowed by author’s numbered notes 14.5 Footnotes keyed to line numbers14.6 Endnotes keyed to page numbers 14.7 A short list of abbreviations preceding endnotes14.8 The first page of a bibliography for a book14.9 The opening page of a bibliography divided into sections14.10 Part of the first section of an annotated bibliography14.11 Part of the first section of a bibliographic essay14.12 The first page of a discography15 Documentation II: Author-Date References 15.1 Part of a reference list for a journal article in the social sciences15.2 A sample of text with both parenthetical text citations and a footnote16 Indexes16.1 Sample page of proof, marked up for indexingAppendix AProduction and Digital Technology A.1 An example of XML markup in a graphical interfaceA.2 Another view of figure A.1, showing the XML markup as plain textA.3 Sample set of rules for composition and page makeupA.4 Sample design specifications for a book A.5 A simplified XML workflowA.6 Principle of offset printingA.7 A sheet consisting of sixteen printedpagesA.8 Two methods of sewing used in binding A.9 Three methods of adhesive bindingTables6 Punctuation6.1 Punctuation relative to closing quotation marks and parentheses or brackets9 Numbers9.1 Roman and arabic numerals11 Foreign Languages11.1 Special characters (and Unicode numbers) for languages using the Latin alphabet 11.2 Special characters (and Unicode numbers) for transliterated Arabic, Hebrew, Japanese, and South Asian languages11.3 Russian alphabet (and Unicode numbers) and romanization11.4 Greek alphabet (and Unicode numbers) and romanization11.5 Greek numerals12 Mathematics in Type12.1 Common mathematical signs and symbols (with Unicode numbers and LaTeX commands)12.2 Standard abbreviated notations in mathematical copy12.3 Statistical notation12.4 Potentially ambiguous mathematical symbolsIndexA B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y ZAReferences are to paragraph numbers except where specified as table, figure (fig.), or page number (p.). Page numbers in the online edition link directly to terms in the glossary (appendix B).a and anabbreviations and, 7.44, 10.9acronyms and, 10.9appropriate use of, 5.72, 5.220, 7.44coordinate nouns and, 5.73disregarded in alphabetizing, 14.67, 16.51–52, 16.56, 16.68, 16.88as indefinite articles, 5.68, 5.70–71meaning affected by, 5.73–74, 5.76in proper names, 16.88in titles, 14.67, 16.51–52, 16.56when to drop from titles in running text, 8.167–68which to use, a vs. an, 5.72See also articles (definite and indefinite)AAs (author’s alterations), 2.67, 2.131–32, p. 891 abbreviations, general, 10.1a, an, or the, which to use, 7.44, 10.9 alphabetizing of, 1.43, 14.55, 16.64, 16.93, fig. 1.8, fig. 14.7chart labels, 3.43–44commas with: academic and professionaldesignations, 10.4, 10.16, 10.20–21; addresses, mailing, 6.46, 10.28, 10.30; e.g. and i.e., 5.220; etc. and et al., 6.20; Inc., Ltd., and such, 6.48; Jr., Sr., and such, 6.47compound, 6.80definitions and uses, 10.2–3after first occurrence of spelled-out version, 1.43, 10.24frequently cited works, 13.65, 14.54–55, fig. 14.7 indexing of: acronyms, 16.46, 16.49, 16.64; periodical titles, 16.49journal titles, 14.179, 15.13, 15.44, 16.49lists of: alphabetizing, 1.43, 14.55, 16.64, fig. 1.8, fig. 14.7; cross-checking, 2.29; format and placement, 1.43, 2.21, fig. 1.8; for frequently cited works, 13.65, 14.54–55, fig. 14.7numbers with, 9.16–17plurals of, 7.14publication details, 1.21punctuation with: ampersands, 6.21, 10.10; commas (see under commas with, above); hyphens vs. en dashes for compound, 6.80;periods with or not, 10.4; slashes, 6.107; surrounding text and, 6.117short title compared with, 14.54spelled out: capitals vs. lowercase, 10.6; guidance on, 10.3; marking manuscript for, 2.90; marking proofs for, 2.126typographic considerations: capitals vs. lowercase, 10.6; italic vs. roman type, 10.7; line breaks, 7.40; small vs. full-size capitals, 10.8, 10.24, 10.39, 10.42; space or no space, 10.5word division, 7.40See also acronyms; contractions; initialisms abbreviations, specificBible: books, Apocrypha, 10.49; books, New Testament, 10.50; books, Old Testament, 10.48; books, citing in text and notes, 10.46; resources on, 10.45; sections and versions of, 10.51; short forms, 10.47binary systems, 9.11business and commerce, 10.22–23, 10.72in documentation of: classical references, 14.258–59, 14.264, 14.266; dictionary andencyclopedia entries, 14.247–48; editor, translator, and such, 15.6, 15.15; English poems and plays (short forms), 14.268; frequently cited works, 13.65, 14.54–55, fig. 14.7; journal titles, 14.179, 15.13, 15.44; legal-style citations (see below); organization names, 15.36; publishers’ names, 14.139–40file formats (e.g., HTTP), 7.76genus, subspecies, and such, 8.120–23 geographical terms: avenue, street, and such, 10.34; Canadian provinces and territories, 10.29; city plus state, comma with, 10.30; compass points, 10.35–36; country names, 10.32; latitude and longitude, 10.37; place-names with Fort, Saint, and such, 10.31; US, when to use, 10.33; US states and territories, 10.4, 10.28legal-style citations, 14.286; cases and court decisions, 14.288–91, 14.306; constitutions, 14.292mathematical expressions, 12.17, 12.63, table 12.2names and titles: academic and professionaldesignations, 10.4, 10.16, 10.20–21; agencies and organizations, 10.24–25; author names, 1.18; civil titles, 10.13–14; firms and companies, 10.22–23; given names, 10.11; initials, 10.12; military, 10.15; Rev. and Hon., 10.18; Saint, St., and such, 10.26–27, 10.31, 11.29, 16.75, 16.90, 16.93; social, 10.16–17page, volume, and such, 14.157Rev. and Hon., 10.18scholarly words, 10.43scientific and technical: astronomical and astrophysical, 10.64–65; chemical elements, 10.66; latitude and longitude, 10.37; miscellaneous technical, list of, 10.52; periods omitted, 10.4; resources, 10.1; SI units, 10.52, 10.54–62; statistics, 10.53; US measurements, 10.67–71states and territories (US), 10.4, 10.28stub column of tables, 3.60time designations: a.m. and p.m., 9.38–40, 10.42; chronology systems, 9.35, 9.63, 10.39; days of the week, 10.41; months, 10.40; numerical, 9.31,9.34, 9.36, 9.38–41; time of day, 10.42; units (seconds, minutes, etc.), 10.71time zones, 8.89, 10.42See also postal codes; and under specific abbreviations (e.g., Jr. [“Junior”]) abridgementscopyright issues, 4.14, 4.69editing materials from, 2.58abstractions, 8.36, 8.93abstractscopyright issues and, 4.60description, 1.88, 1.90documentation of, 14.197hyperlinks to, 1.83, fig. 1.11submitted with manuscript, 2.3academic concernscourse names, 8.85degrees and affiliations: abbreviations, 10.4, 10.16, 10.20–21; of author, 1.49, 1.88, 1.94; capitalization, 8.28, 10.20–21; in contributors’ list, 1.62, fig. 1.10; indexing of, 16.40; omitted in documentation of works, 14.72; use of, 1.18, 1.20honors and awards, 8.30, 8.82institutions and departments: capitalization, 8.67, 8.84; in documentation of dissertations, theses, lectures, and such, 14.224, 14.226; place-names with, 6.46, 6.81; special imprints of, 14.146 (see also institutions; universities)letter grades, 7.60student status terms, 8.28subjects and disciplines: authorities in specific, 8.118; specific course names, 8.85; spellings peculiar to, 7.2; treatment of names, 8.84–85 titles and offices, 8.27, 8.29See also lectures and lecture series; universities accents. See diacritical marks; special charactersaccess datesonline journal articles, 14.7, 14.185online legal and public documents, 14.282 online reference works, 14.248undated online documents, 15.51 acknowledgmentson copyright page, 1.19, 1.30–31, fig. 1.1, figs.1.3–4of data sources, 3.75of grants and subventions, 1.19, 1.31, 1.40, fig.1.1illustration credits in, 3.29in journals, 1.85, 1.88material appropriate for, 1.42and indexing, 16.109of permissions, 4.98–99in preface, 1.40references to, 8.177separate section for, 1.41in table notes, 3.75in unnumbered notes, 14.50acronymsa, an, or the, which to use, 7.44, 10.9 capitalization of, 10.6definition and use, 10.2, 10.14disease and medical terms, 8.143indexing of, 16.46, 16.49, 16.64journal titles, 14.179, 15.13, 15.44, 16.49small vs. full-size capitals for, 10.8, 10.24space omitted in, 10.5See also abbreviations; initialismsactive voice, 5.18, 5.104, 5.115, 5.188acts and treatiesdocumentation of, 14.287, 14.302treatment in text, 8.65, 8.79–80See also legal documents; public documentsAD (anno Domini), and such, 9.35, 9.63, 10.39 additions and insertionsmarking manuscript for, 2.91–92marking proofs for, 2.122, 2.124, fig. 2.6 stetting or reversal of, 2.127address, spoken. See dialogue; direct address; speech; speechesaddresses, e-mail, 14.11hyperlinks to, 1.114hyphenation issues, 6.77line breaks in, 7.42punctuation of, 6.8See also addresses, mailing; URLs (uniform resource locators)addresses, mailingabbreviations: avenue, street, and such, 10.34; city plus state, comma with, 10.30; compass points, 10.35; provinces and territories (Canada), 10.29; states and territories (US), 10.28 compass points in, 10.35numbers in, 9.51–53publishers’, 1.18–19, 1.21treatment in text, 6.46, 10.28, 10.30See also addresses, e-mail; compass points and directions; geographical terminology adjectives, 5.66–94adverbs compared with, 5.156articles as limiting adjectives: articles defined, 5.68; a vs. an, 5.72; coordinate nouns with, 5.73; definite, 5.69, 5.73; indefinite, 5.70–71; meaning affected by, 5.73–74, 5.76; omitted, 5.76; as pronoun substitute, 5.77; zero (implicit), 5.75 avoiding biases in uses, 5.230coinage of, 8.59compound, 6.80dates as, 5.82definitions, 5.66degrees: comparative, 5.84, 5.86; equal and unequal comparisons, 5.87; positive or absolute, 5.83; superlative, 5.85–86; uncomparable, 5.88 derivations: from legislative bodies, 8.61; from place-names (e.g., Californian), 5.67, 8.44; from proper names, 8.59–60ethnic and national group names with, 8.37 functional variations of, 5.92–94idiomatic uses, 5.75infinitives as, 5.105as interjections, 5.210irregular, 5.86nouns as/as nouns, 5.22, 5.25, 5.92, 5.226, 7.25 participles and participial phrases as, 5.89, 5.109 position: basic rules, 5.78; dates and, 5.82; meaning affected by, 5.74, 5.76; when modifying pronoun, 5.80; after possessive pronoun, 5.79; predicate, 5.78, 5.81predicate, 5.78, 5.81prepositional phrase as, 5.173, 5.175 pronominal, 5.65pronouns and, 5.29, 5.47, 5.65, 5.77, 5.79–80proper, 5.67punctuation: commas, 5.90, 6.33–34; dates in text, 5.82; hyphenation, 5.91, 6.80repeated, 6.34sex-specific labels as, 5.226special types: coordinate, 5.90, 6.33; participial, 5.89, 5.109; phrasal (compound modifier), 5.78, 5.91, 7.81as verbs, 5.93administrative bodies, 8.62, 11.8. See also business and commerce; governmental entities; institutions; organizationsadverbs, 5.153–68adjectives compared with, 5.156as conjunctions, 5.202definition, 5.153degrees: comparative, 5.160; intensifiers, 5.164; irregular, 5.162; positive, 5.159; superlative, 5.161; uncomparable, 5.163flat, 5.157formation of, 5.154–55infinitives as, 5.105as interjections, 5.210introductory phrases, 6.36-ly ending, 5.91, 5.154, 5.160–61, 5.167, 7.82 nouns as, 5.24–25, 5.154participial phrases as, 5.109phrasal and compound, 5.158, 6.36, 7.82 position: intransitive verbs modified by, 5.166; linking verbs and, 5.167; meaning affected by, 5.165; placement considerations, 5.165; in verb phrases, 5.168prepositional phrases: as, 5.173, 5.175; compared with, 5.100, 5.156, 5.180; replaced by, 5.186punctuation with, 6.25, 6.36, 6.55simple, 5.157suffixes, 5.154–55transitional (however, therefore, and such), 5.207, 6.25, 6.55verb phrases modified by, 5.102See also infinitives; participles and participial phrasesadvertisements in journals, 1.72, 1.78, 1.82African languages, 11.14–15. See also Arabic languageafterwords, 1.26, 1.52, 14.91, 14.116agents, literary, 4.18age terms, hyphenation guide, 7.85ah, 6.37AH (anno Hegirae), and such, 9.35, 9.63, 10.39 aircraft, 8.2, 8.115–16. See also vehicles and vesselsa.k.a., 10.72Albanian language, 11.16–17alignmentchecking facing pages for, 2.114marking proofs for, 2.124of subscripts and superscripts, 12.21–22, 12.38 tables: cells, 3.68–72, figs. 3.19–21; decimal points, 3.70, 3.84, fig. 3.13, figs. 3.15–16, fig. 3.20 See also lists; margins; tablesall rights reserved, 1.19, 1.22, 4.40, figs. 1.1–4 alphabetizing, 16.56, 16.62–67abbreviations and abbreviations lists, 1.43, 14.55, 16.64, 16.93, fig. 1.8, fig. 14.7accented letters (diacritical marks and special characters), 16.29, 16.67bibliographies, 2.60, 14.57, 14.60–62, 14.64–65, 14.67, fig. 14.8business names, 16.88–89compound words, 16.59–60, 16.72, 16.84 computerized sorting options, 16.5, 16.57, 16.104, 16.123cross-references, 16.17, 16.20dates, 16.65elements to disregard in, 14.67, 16.48, 16.51–52, 16.56, 16.68, 16.88, 16.91foreign words, 16.67glossaries, 1.60indexes: main headings, 16.56; subentries, 16.68 letter-by-letter: basics of, 16.58–59; bibliographies, example of, 14.60; word-by-word compared, 16.61, 16.123names: abbreviations and acronyms, 16.64; basic rules, 16.71–76; compound, 16.72; foreign, 16.67, 16.76–87; initials vs. spelled-out, 16.63, 16.79; list of contributors, 1.62, fig. 1.10; Mac orMc with, 16.73; monarchs, popes, and such, 16.37; nobility, titles, and such, 16.38, 16.66; numerals in (e.g., Henry III), 16.66; O’ with, 16.74; with particles, 16.71, 16.84; personal, as corporate names, 16.89; Saint, St., and such, 16.75, 16.93; same, of person, place, and thing, 16.62names, foreign personal, 16.76–87; Arabic, 16.76; Asian, generally, 16.87; Burmese, 16.77; Chinese, 16.78; Hungarian, 16.79; Indian, 16.80; Indonesian, 16.81; Japanese, 16.82; Portuguese, 16.83; Spanish, 16.84; Thai, 16.85; Vietnamese, 16.86numerals, 16.65–66organization names, 16.46, 16.88–89place-names, 16.90–93punctuation and, 16.59–61reference lists, 2.60, 14.61–62, 15.11, fig. 15.1 titles of nobility and such, 16.66titles of works, 16.48–49, 16.51–52, 16.56word-by-word: basics of, 16.58, 16.60; bibliographies, example of, 14.60;letter-by-letter compared, 16.61, 16.123 alphabetscharacter sets for Latin, 11.12, table 11.1 character sets for non-Latin, 11.92, 11.110, tables 11.2–11.4dictionary tables of, 11.96, 11.111in mathematical expressions, 12.12 modernizing archaic letters, 13.7proofreading copy in non-Latin, 11.92See also Arabic language; Cyrillic alphabet; Greek language; Hebrew language; International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA); Latin alphabet; letters (alphabet); transliteration; Unicode standard; and names of other languagesalterationsauthor’s (AAs), 2.67, 2.131–32, p. 891 definition, p. 891designer’s (DAs), 2.131, p. 894editor’s (EAs), 2.131–32, p. 894printer’s errors (PEs) and, 2.131, p. 900a.m. and p.m., 9.38–40, 10.42American Indians, 7.9, 8.37American Medical Association (AMA), 10.7, 14.3, 14.76American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 1.34, A.44American Psychological Association (APA), 3.46, 3.78, 14.3American Sign Language (ASL), 11.144–54 Deaf and deaf, 8.42fingerspelling in, 6.77, 11.149resources on, 11.146signed languages, defined, 11.144signs: components of, 11.145; compound, 11.148; glosses of, 11.147–54; handshapes, 11.151; lexicalized, 11.150; nonmanual, 11.154; pronouns, possessives, and reference, 11.153 transcriptions and writing of, 11.146–54 American Society for Indexing (ASI), 16.104 ampersandschanged to and, 8.163in company names, 10.23initialisms with, 10.10in Old and Middle English, 11.143in publishers’ names, 14.141serial comma omitted before, 6.21spacing with, 10.10in URLs and e-mail addresses, 7.42See also and; conjunctionsandampersand changed to, 8.163appropriate use of, 5.220between with, 6.78, 9.59both with, 5.195, 5.214coordinate adjectives separated by, 5.90in generic cross-references of indexes, 16.23or with, 5.220pronoun and antecedent with, 5.32–34in publisher’s name, 14.141punctuation with, 6.18, 6.28–29sentences beginning with, 5.206serial commas and, 6.18–19slash instead of, 6.104two or more authors (or editors) in documentation, 14.76See also ampersands; conjunctionsand if, 6.32and/or, 5.220and other stories, 14.100and so forth or and the like, 6.20, 11.35angle bracketsin generic markup, 2.15, 2.27, 2.78for less than and more than, 3.81in mathematical expressions, 6.102, 12.26, 12.28, 12.31, 12.55, 12.58with URLs, 6.8, 14.11in XML, 6.102, fig. A.2See also bracketsanimalsdomestic breeds, 8.128scientific names: authorities on, 8.118; author names in, 8.123; divisions higher than genus, 8.125; English derivatives from taxonomic system, 8.126; genus, species, and subspecies, 8.119–21; unspecified species and varieties, 8.122vernacular names, 8.127–29See also scientific and technical terminology animations, 1.100, 2.4. See also audiovisual materialsAnnals of the Congress of the United States, 14.299annotated bibliographies, 14.59, fig. 14.10 annotationsas copyrightable, 4.5excessive, 2.59, 14.51–55See also documentation; notes announcements in journals, 1.83, 1.85, 1.93 anonymity of research subjects, 13.47 anonymous worksabbreviation of anonymous, 10.43copyright of, 4.24documentation of: known authorship, 14.80, 15.33; unattributed interviews, 14.220; unknown authorship, 14.79, 15.32use of anonymous, 14.79ANSI (American National Standards Institute), 1.34anthologiesauthor-and-title index of, 16.6as collective works, 4.8copyright issues and, 4.55, 4.60, 4.90editorial additions bracketed in, 6.97material copyrightable in, 4.5permissions and fees for, 4.101unnumbered source notes in, 3.31, 14.49See also collected works; compilations; derivative works; previously published materialsaphorisms. See figures of speech; maxims Apocryphaabbreviations of books, 10.49capitalization, 8.105See also Bibleapostrophes, 6.113–15in foreign languages: African languages, 11.15; Chinese, 11.104; French, 11.38; German, 11.43; Hebrew, 11.113; Italian, 11.53, 11.57–58; Japanese, 11.107and manuscript cleanup, 2.77marking on manuscript, 2.91marking on proofs, 2.129other punctuation with: generally, 6.115; periods or commas, 6.115; single closing quotation mark, 6.9in plurals: abbreviations, 7.14; letters as letters, 7.14, 7.59–61; noun coinages, 7.13; proper nouns, 7.8; words in quotation marks, 7.12in possessives: basic use, 5.50; compounds, 7.23; for . . . sake expressions, 7.20; general rule, 7.15; genitive case, 7.24; gerunds, 7.26; italicized or quoted words, 7.28; nouns, proper, 7.16–18; nouns ending in eez sound, 7.18; nouns plural in form, singular in meaning, 7.19; nouns used attributively, 7.25; of, 7.27; two nouns as unit, 7.22; words ending in unpronounced s, 7.17 “smart,” 6.114, 7.29uses, other, 6.113; abbreviated decades (e.g., ’70s), 9.34; abbreviated years, 9.31; contractions, 7.29; hamza vs., 11.97; inappropriate, 5.47, 5.50, 6.114, 7.60; nouns, genitive, 5.12, 5.19–20appendixeschronologies as, 1.58, fig. 1.9content and format of, 1.57figures or illustrations in, numbering of, 3.11 indexing of, 16.109multiple, 1.47note materials moved to, 14.51numbering of, 8.178online alternative to, 1.57part title for, 1.47references to, 8.177running heads for, 1.13web-based publications, 1.117as work made for hire, 4.10appositives, 5.21, 6.23, 6.51Arabic language, 11.96–101capitalization, 11.100definite article, al, 11.99hamza and ʿayn, 11.97, 11.101, 11.112, table 11.2 names: alphabetizing, 16.76; treatment, 8.14 spelling, 11.98transliteration, 11.99; resources on, 11.96word division, 11.101arabic numeralsbuilding and apartment numbers, 9.53 Chicago’s preference for, 9.66columns in tables, 3.54definition, p. 891documentation and references: chapters, figures, and such, 8.178, 14.154; classical Greek and Latin references, 14.256–66; parts of poems and plays, 8.182, 14.267–68; ranges (inclusive), 9.60–61, 14.155; volume numbers of multivolume works, 14.121–27; when to use, 14.154highways and streets, 9.51–52illustrations, 3.12, fig. 3.7line breaks and, 7.39manuscript page numbers, 1.4, 1.7, 1.45–46, 2.35 numbered divisions in publications and documents, 9.27–29roman numerals compared with, table 9.1 spelled out: alternative rule, 9.3; beginning a sentence, 9.5; Chicago’s general rule, 9.2; consistency, readability, and flexibility, 9.7;direct discourse, 13.42; fractions, 9.14–15; hundreds, thousands, and hundred thousands (round numbers), 9.4; hyphens with, 7.85; marking manuscript for, 2.90; marking proofs for, 2.126; ordinals, 9.6; physical quantities, 9.13; to vs. en dash with, 9.59See also inclusive (or continuing) numbers; numbers; roman numeralsarchaeology, 7.2, 9.35archival practices, 1.107, 2.86–87. See also backup copiesarchiveselectronic sources, 14.282unpublished government documents, 14.232, 14.304, 14.308See also legal documents; legal-style citations; letters (correspondence); manuscript collections; public documents; unpublished and informally published materialsarticles (definite and indefinite)a vs. an, 5.72abbreviations and, 7.44, 10.9acronyms and, 7.44, 10.9in alphabetizing, disregarded, 14.67, 16.48, 16.51–52, 16.56, 16.68, 16.88, 16.91 appropriate use of, 5.72, 5.220, 7.44in Arabic, 11.99, 16.76in blog titles, 8.187celestial bodies and, 8.137coordinate nouns with, 5.73definite, 5.69, 5.71, 5.73, 16.91–92definition, 5.68dropping of, 5.76, 8.167–68, 14.28, 14.179, 14.210 earth with, 8.139in foreign names for places and structures, 8.58 gender indicated by, 5.14implicit, 5.75indefinite, 5.70–71indexing: articles disregarded, 16.48, 16.51–52, 16.56, 16.68, 16.88, 16.91; first lines, 16.144; organization and business names, 16.88; personal and foreign names, 16.76, 16.91–92; place-names, 16.91–92; in subentries, 16.51, 16.68, 16.129; titles of newspapers andperiodicals, 16.48–49; titles of works, 16.51–52, 16.56as limiting adjectives: articles defined, 5.68; a vs. an, 5.72; coordinate nouns with, 5.73; definite, 5.69, 5.73; indefinite, 5.70–71; indefinite, in specific reference, 5.71; meaning affected by, 5.74, 5.76; omitted, 5.76; as pronoun substitute, 5.77; zero (implicit), 5.75meaning affected by, 5.73–74, 5.76names with: articles disregarded in alphabetizing, 16.88; capitalized or not, 8.67, 8.69; publisher’s, in documentation, 14.140; titles and the, 8.20, 8.29, 8.35, 10.18newspaper and periodical titles beginning with, 8.168, 14.179, 14.210, 16.48–49organization and business names with, 8.67, 16.88place-names with, 8.58, 16.91–92preceding mass noun followed by prepositional phrase, 5.9as pronoun substitute, 5.77in titles in running text, 8.167–68。

论文写作中的文献引用格式在论文写作中，文献引用格式是十分重要的一部分。

正确引用文献不仅可以增加文章的可信度和权威性，还可以避免抄袭行为。

本文将介绍几种常用的文献引用格式，包括APA、MLA和芝加哥风格。

1. APA风格APA（美国心理学协会）风格是社会科学领域中最常用的文献引用格式之一。

在APA风格中，文献引用一般包括作者的姓氏和名字的首字母缩写，出版年份和引文页码（如果有）。

具体格式如下：- 书籍引用格式：作者姓氏，作者名字首字母缩写。

（出版年份）。

书名（第版）。

出版地：出版社。

- 学术期刊文章引用格式：作者姓氏，作者名字首字母缩写。

（出版年份）。

文章标题。

期刊名，卷号（期号），页码范围。

- 网络文章引用格式：作者姓氏，作者名字首字母缩写。

（发布年份）。

文章标题。

检索日期，来源网站：网址。

2. MLA风格MLA（现代语言协会）风格主要用于人文学科领域的论文写作。

在MLA风格中，文献引用一般包括作者的全名，标题，出版信息等。

具体格式如下：- 书籍引用格式：作者全名。

书名。

出版地：出版社，出版年份。

- 学术期刊文章引用格式：作者全名。

"文章标题。

" 期刊名，卷号.期号（出版年份）：页码范围。

- 网络文章引用格式：作者全名。

"文章标题。

" 来源网站名，发布日期，网址（如果有）。

3. 芝加哥风格芝加哥风格在人文和社会科学领域中广泛使用。

芝加哥风格的文献引用格式主要有两个版本：脚注（注释）式和作者-日期式。

- 脚注（注释）式：书籍引用格式：^1作者全名，书名（出版地：出版社，出版年份），页码范围。

期刊文章引用格式：^1作者全名，"文章标题，" 期刊名卷号，期号（出版年份）：页码范围。

- 作者-日期式：书籍引用格式：作者全名。

书名。

出版地：出版社，出版年份。

期刊文章引用格式：作者全名。

“文章标题。

” 期刊名卷号，期号（出版年份）：页码范围。

以上是论文写作中常见的文献引用格式，不同领域和期刊可能有略微不同的规定，请根据具体要求进行参考和引用。

google学术芝加哥格式全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：Google学术是一个强大的学术搜索工具，可以帮助学术研究人员快速找到最新的学术文章和研究成果。

在进行学术研究和写作时，引用是至关重要的一环。

芝加哥格式是一种广泛使用的引用格式，与MLA和APA格式并列为最常用的三种引用格式之一。

在本文中，我们将探讨如何使用Google学术来生成芝加哥格式的引用。

要使用Google学术来生成芝加哥格式的引用，你需要打开Google学术的网站并输入你要搜索的关键词或题目。

在搜索结果页面中，每篇学术文章的下方都会有一个“引用”按钮，点击该按钮可以查看引用格式。

在弹出的引用窗口中，你可以选择不同的引用格式，包括芝加哥格式。

选择芝加哥格式后，系统将为你生成符合芝加哥格式要求的引用，包括作者姓名、文章标题、期刊名称、卷号、页码等信息。

芝加哥格式有两种主要的引用样式：脚注和尾注。

在芝加哥脚注样式中，引用信息通常会出现在文章的底部，而在尾注样式中，引用信息则会出现在文章的尾部。

在Google学术生成的芝加哥格式引用中，你可以选择使用脚注或尾注样式，根据你的写作风格和要求来决定。

除了生成芝加哥格式的引用外，Google学术还提供了其他有用的功能，帮助学术研究人员更高效地进行学术研究和写作。

你可以在Google学术中创建个人图书馆，保存和管理你感兴趣的学术文章和研究成果。

你还可以设置定期更新提醒，获取最新发表的与你研究领域相关的学术文章和期刊。

Google学术是一个强大的学术搜索工具，可以帮助学术研究人员更快速、更便捷地找到自己需要的学术信息，并生成符合芝加哥格式要求的引用。

通过充分利用Google学术的功能，学术研究人员可以更加高效地进行学术研究和写作，提升自己的学术水平和研究成果。

希望本文能帮助你更好地使用Google学术和芝加哥格式引用，提升自己的学术研究能力和写作效率。

第二篇示例：Google学术是一个强大的学术搜索引擎，它可以帮助研究人员找到他们感兴趣的学术文章和论文。

芝加哥引用格式
芝加哥引用格式（Chicago Citation Style）一般用
于学术论文的撰写、文章出版和作者间交流引文。

芝加哥引用格式特点如下：
1、引文括在括号内，作者的姓在末尾的句号之后，然后是出处及页码；
2、当引用大于3行，可以用块引用，即将引文和出处与其它正文段落分开；
3、正文正文正式正文文中提及作者，可以在作者名下用括号表示，详细页码；
4、可以引用来自其它源的引用，但醉酒记明二次
引证者和原源；
5、所有的引用需要在论文尾部的参考文献页完整地列出，按照作者姓的拼音进行排序；
6、可以引用网站等电子形式文献及多媒体形式的文献，但需要记下文献出处以便他人以及出版者更细致地审查。

芝加哥引用格式有条不紊、简洁明了的特点，使提交论文时引用他人文章显得既专业又有序。

由于其特性，仅凭括号内核对作者及页码，便可判断出该引用的来源，且因使用同一风格，读者也可以很容易地理解并获取相关素材。

此外，芝加哥引用格式严格规定参考文献应如何列出，避免
了随意打杂错漏，大大减轻了编辑格式的工作量，也有利于降低由于文献管理混乱的错误发生的概率。

然而，使用芝加哥引用格式也存在一定的弊端，
如为了追求正式准确却忽略了代表性，容易使文
章显得不够生动。

同时，芝加哥引用格式有些难
以理解，因此，引用者需要深入了解并加以发挥，才能准确完整地表达出其思想。

独立于该问题，令人值得关注的是，芝加哥引用
格式也被大多数学术期刊、出版社和大学使用，
尽管有别的著名引用风格，芝加哥引用格式仍然
是学术研究的主流，在文本的撰写和出版中继续发挥着重要的作用。

芝加哥 apa mla引用格式随着学术研究的深入，引用文献成为学术论文中不可或缺的一部分。

在学术界中，常用的引用格式有APA和MLA 两种，其中APA常用于社会科学和工程领域，MLA则主要用于人文学科领域。

本文将介绍芝加哥、APA和MLA三种引用格式的基本规则、注意事项及示例。

一、芝加哥引用格式芝加哥引用格式主要用于历史、文化研究等领域。

其引用格式主要包括两种方式：脚注和尾注。

脚注通常出现在每页页面下方，也可以将脚注转移到页面的末尾形成尾注。

（一）脚注引用格式脚注的引用格式通常由三个部分组成：作者姓名、书名及页码。

书籍：作者姓名，书名（出版地：出版社，出版年份），页码。

例如：1. Joel Mokyr, The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 20.2. Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877 (New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1988), 12-13.期刊文章：作者姓名，“文章标题”，期刊名，卷数，期数（出版年份）：页码。

例如：1. Laura Cohen, “The Future of Genetically Modified Seeds,” The Environmental Review 22, no.4 (1998): 147.2. Jack A. Goldstone, “Efflorescences and Economic Growth in World History: Rethinking the ‘Rise of the West’ and the Industrial Revolution”， Journal of World History 13, no.2 (2002): 356-357。

芝加哥论文格式手册LT1.5 Table of contents showing front matter, introduction, parts, chapters, back matter, and location of photo gallery1.6 Partial list of illustrations, with subheads for figures and tables1.7 Partial list of illustrations showing numbers, titles, and placement of unpaginated plates1.8 A list of abbreviations1.9 Opening page of a chronology1.10 Partial list of contributors to an edited collection1.11 Table of contents for an issue of an online scholarly journal2 Manuscript Preparation, Manuscript Editing, and Proofreading2.1 Sample design and production schedule for a printed book2.2 Sample production schedule for a quarterly journal published in both print and electronic forms2.3 Manuscript edito r’s style sheet2.4 A manuscript page illustrating the principles of on-screen revision marks (redlining) and author queries2.5 An example of a hand-marked manuscript page2.6 Proofreaders’ marks2.7 Marked proofs3 Illustrations and Tables3.1 A halftone image of an original photo 3.2 Detail of figure 3.1 showing the halftone dot pattern3.3 A line drawing with descriptive labels 3.4 A line drawing with figure number and caption3.5 A musical example3.6 A figure consisting of a photograph anda line drawing3.7 Another composite figure, whose parts are identified in the caption3.8 A bar chart (also called a bar graph) 3.9 A graph with symbols identified in the caption3.10 A genealogical chart3.11 A four-column table with three column headings, three stub entries, and nine data cells3.12 A four-column table with two levels of stub entries3.13 A four-column table with a spanner head across the second and third columns3.14 A four-column table with two cut-in heads across three columns3.15 A four-column table with Total appearing in italics3.16 An eleven-column table with three levels of column heads3.17 A seven-column matrix3.18 An eight-column matrix3.19 A three-column table with no stub entries3.20 A three-column table in which values are aligned on the decimal point except for N values3.21 A five-column table with subtotals andtotal3.22 A four-column table with notes on significance, or probability, levels (p)3.23 A three-column table doubled into two columns3.24 An eight-column table with numbers replacing column heads to reduce width3.25 A six-column table with repeated column heads and “continued” indication following a page break4 Rights, Permissions, and Copyright Administration4.1 Agreement, or consent, for publication of an article or a chapter commissioned as a contribution to a collective work4.2 Agreement for publication of a journal article4.3 Suggestions for a letter seeking permission to reprint material in a scholarly book12 Mathematics in Type12.1 An example of typewritten andhand-marked mathematical copy12.2 The page of manuscript shown in figure 12.1 set in type12.3 LaTeX source listing that would generate a portion of the mathematical copy shown in figure 12.214 Documentation I: Notes and Bibliography 14.1 A page of text with footnotes14.2 A page of endnotes14.3 Chapter endnotes (first page)14.4 Translator’s footnote referenced by an asterisk, f ollowed by author’s numbered notes 14.5 Footnotes keyed to line numbers14.6 Endnotes keyed to page numbers 14.7 A short list of abbreviations preceding endnotes14.8 The first page of a bibliography for a book14.9 The opening page of a bibliography divided into sections14.10 Part of the first section of an annotated bibliography14.11 Part of the first section of a bibliographic essay14.12 The first page of a discography15 Documentation II: Author-Date References 15.1 Part of a reference list for a journal article in the social sciences15.2 A sample of text with both parenthetical text citations and a footnote16 Indexes16.1 Sample page of proof, marked up for indexingAppendix AProduction and Digital Technology A.1 An example of XML markup in a graphical interfaceA.2 Another view of figure A.1, showing the XML markup as plain textA.3 Sample set of rules for composition and page makeupA.4 Sample design specifications for a book A.5 A simplified XML workflowA.6 Principle of offset printingA.7 A sheet consisting of sixteen printedpagesA.8 Two methods of sewing used in binding A.9 Three methods of adhesive bindingTables6 Punctuation6.1 Punctuation relative to closing quotation marks and parentheses or brackets9 Numbers9.1 Roman and arabic numerals11 Foreign Languages11.1 Special characters (and Unicode numbers) for languages using the Latin alphabet 11.2 Special characters (and Unicode numbers) for transliterated Arabic, Hebrew, Japanese, and South Asian languages11.3 Russian alphabet (and Unicode numbers) and romanization11.4 Greek alphabet (and Unicode numbers) and romanization11.5 Greek numerals12 Mathematics in Type12.1 Common mathematical signs and symbols (with Unicode numbers and LaTeX commands)12.2 Standard abbreviated notations in mathematical copy12.3 Statistical notation12.4 Potentially ambiguous mathematical symbolsIndexA B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y ZAReferences are to paragraph numbers except where specified as table, figure (fig.), or page number (p.). Page numbers in the online edition link directly to terms in the glossary (appendix B).a and anabbreviations and, 7.44, 10.9acronyms and, 10.9appropriate use of, 5.72, 5.220, 7.44coordinate nouns and, 5.73disregarded in alphabetizing, 14.67, 16.51–52, 16.56, 16.68, 16.88as indefinite articles, 5.68, 5.70–71meaning affected by, 5.73–74, 5.76in proper names, 16.88in titles, 14.67, 16.51–52, 16.56when to drop from titles in running text, 8.167–68which to use, a vs. an, 5.72See also articles (definite and indefinite)AAs (author’s alterations), 2.67, 2.131–32, p. 891 abbreviations, general, 10.1a, an, or the, which to use, 7.44, 10.9 alphabetizing of, 1.43, 14.55, 16.64, 16.93, fig. 1.8, fig. 14.7chart labels, 3.43–44commas with: academic and professionaldesignations, 10.4, 10.16, 10.20–21; addresses, mailing, 6.46, 10.28, 10.30; e.g. and i.e., 5.220; etc. and et al., 6.20; Inc., Ltd., and such, 6.48; Jr., Sr., and such, 6.47compound, 6.80definitions and uses, 10.2–3after first occurrence of spelled-out version, 1.43, 10.24frequently cited works, 13.65, 14.54–55, fig. 14.7 indexing of: acronyms, 16.46, 16.49, 16.64; periodical titles, 16.49journal titles, 14.179, 15.13, 15.44, 16.49lists of: alphabetizing, 1.43, 14.55, 16.64, fig. 1.8, fig. 14.7; cross-checking, 2.29; format and placement, 1.43, 2.21, fig. 1.8; for frequently cited works, 13.65, 14.54–55, fig. 14.7numbers with, 9.16–17plurals of, 7.14publication details, 1.21punctuation with: ampersands, 6.21, 10.10; commas (see under commas with, above); hyphens vs. en dashes for compound, 6.80;periods with or not, 10.4; slashes, 6.107; surrounding text and, 6.117short title compared with, 14.54spelled out: capitals vs. lowercase, 10.6; guidance on, 10.3; marking manuscript for, 2.90; marking proofs for, 2.126typographic considerations: capitals vs. lowercase, 10.6; italic vs. roman type, 10.7; line breaks, 7.40; small vs. full-size capitals, 10.8, 10.24, 10.39, 10.42; space or no space, 10.5word division, 7.40See also acronyms; contractions; initialisms abbreviations, specificBible: books, Apocrypha, 10.49; books, New Testament, 10.50; books, Old Testament, 10.48; books, citing in text and notes, 10.46; resources on, 10.45; sections and versions of, 10.51; short forms, 10.47binary systems, 9.11business and commerce, 10.22–23, 10.72in documentation of: classical references, 14.258–59, 14.264, 14.266; dictionary andencyclopedia entries, 14.247–48; editor, translator, and such, 15.6, 15.15; English poems and plays (short forms), 14.268; frequently cited works, 13.65, 14.54–55, fig. 14.7; journal titles, 14.179, 15.13, 15.44; legal-style citations (see below); organization names, 15.36; publishers’ names, 14.139–40file formats (e.g., HTTP), 7.76genus, subspecies, and such, 8.120–23 geographical terms: avenue, street, and such, 10.34; Canadian provinces and territories, 10.29; city plus state, comma with, 10.30; compass points, 10.35–36; country names, 10.32; latitude and longitude, 10.37; place-names with Fort, Saint, and such, 10.31; US, when to use, 10.33; US states and territories, 10.4, 10.28legal-style citations, 14.286; cases and court decisions, 14.288–91, 14.306; constitutions, 14.292mathematical expressions, 12.17, 12.63, table 12.2names and titles: academic and professionaldesignations, 10.4, 10.16, 10.20–21; agencies and organizations, 10.24–25; author names, 1.18; civil titles, 10.13–14; firms and companies, 10.22–23; given names, 10.11; initials, 10.12; military, 10.15; Rev. and Hon., 10.18; Saint, St., and such, 10.26–27, 10.31, 11.29, 16.75, 16.90, 16.93; social, 10.16–17page, volume, and such, 14.157Rev. and Hon., 10.18scholarly words, 10.43scientific and technical: astronomical and astrophysical, 10.64–65; chemical elements, 10.66; latitude and longitude, 10.37; miscellaneous technical, list of, 10.52; periods omitted, 10.4; resources, 10.1; SI units, 10.52, 10.54–62; statistics, 10.53; US measurements, 10.67–71states and territories (US), 10.4, 10.28stub column of tables, 3.60time designations: a.m. and p.m., 9.38–40, 10.42; chronology systems, 9.35, 9.63, 10.39; days of the week, 10.41; months, 10.40; numerical, 9.31,9.34, 9.36, 9.38–41; time of day, 10.42; units (seconds, minutes, etc.), 10.71time zones, 8.89, 10.42See also postal codes; and under specific abbreviations (e.g., Jr. [“Junior”]) abridgementscopyright issues, 4.14, 4.69editing materials from, 2.58abstractions, 8.36, 8.93abstractscopyright issues and, 4.60description, 1.88, 1.90documentation of, 14.197hyperlinks to, 1.83, fig. 1.11submitted with manuscript, 2.3academic concernscourse names, 8.85degrees and affiliations: abbreviations, 10.4, 10.16, 10.20–21; of author, 1.49, 1.88, 1.94; capitalization, 8.28, 10.20–21; in contributors’ list, 1.62, fig. 1.10; indexing of, 16.40; omitted in documentation of works, 14.72; use of, 1.18, 1.20honors and awards, 8.30, 8.82institutions and departments: capitalization, 8.67, 8.84; in documentation of dissertations, theses, lectures, and such, 14.224, 14.226; place-names with, 6.46, 6.81; special imprints of, 14.146 (see also institutions; universities)letter grades, 7.60student status terms, 8.28subjects and disciplines: authorities in specific, 8.118; specific course names, 8.85; spellings peculiar to, 7.2; treatment of names, 8.84–85 titles and offices, 8.27, 8.29See also lectures and lecture series; universities accents. See diacritical marks; special charactersaccess datesonline journal articles, 14.7, 14.185online legal and public documents, 14.282 online reference works, 14.248undated online documents, 15.51 acknowledgmentson copyright page, 1.19, 1.30–31, fig. 1.1, figs.1.3–4of data sources, 3.75of grants and subventions, 1.19, 1.31, 1.40, fig.1.1illustration credits in, 3.29in journals, 1.85, 1.88material appropriate for, 1.42and indexing, 16.109of permissions, 4.98–99in preface, 1.40references to, 8.177separate section for, 1.41in table notes, 3.75in unnumbered notes, 14.50acronymsa, an, or the, which to use, 7.44, 10.9 capitalization of, 10.6definition and use, 10.2, 10.14disease and medical terms, 8.143indexing of, 16.46, 16.49, 16.64journal titles, 14.179, 15.13, 15.44, 16.49small vs. full-size capitals for, 10.8, 10.24space omitted in, 10.5See also abbreviations; initialismsactive voice, 5.18, 5.104, 5.115, 5.188acts and treatiesdocumentation of, 14.287, 14.302treatment in text, 8.65, 8.79–80See also legal documents; public documentsAD (anno Domini), and such, 9.35, 9.63, 10.39 additions and insertionsmarking manuscript for, 2.91–92marking proofs for, 2.122, 2.124, fig. 2.6 stetting or reversal of, 2.127address, spoken. See dialogue; direct address; speech; speechesaddresses, e-mail, 14.11hyperlinks to, 1.114hyphenation issues, 6.77line breaks in, 7.42punctuation of, 6.8See also addresses, mailing; URLs (uniform resource locators)addresses, mailingabbreviations: avenue, street, and such, 10.34; city plus state, comma with, 10.30; compass points, 10.35; provinces and territories (Canada), 10.29; states and territories (US), 10.28 compass points in, 10.35numbers in, 9.51–53publishers’, 1.18–19, 1.21treatment in text, 6.46, 10.28, 10.30See also addresses, e-mail; compass points and directions; geographical terminology adjectives, 5.66–94adverbs compared with, 5.156articles as limiting adjectives: articles defined, 5.68; a vs. an, 5.72; coordinate nouns with, 5.73; definite, 5.69, 5.73; indefinite, 5.70–71; meaning affected by, 5.73–74, 5.76; omitted, 5.76; as pronoun substitute, 5.77; zero (implicit), 5.75 avoiding biases in uses, 5.230coinage of, 8.59compound, 6.80dates as, 5.82definitions, 5.66degrees: comparative, 5.84, 5.86; equal and unequal comparisons, 5.87; positive or absolute, 5.83; superlative, 5.85–86; uncomparable, 5.88 derivations: from legislative bodies, 8.61; from place-names (e.g., Californian), 5.67, 8.44; from proper names, 8.59–60ethnic and national group names with, 8.37 functional variations of, 5.92–94idiomatic uses, 5.75infinitives as, 5.105as interjections, 5.210irregular, 5.86nouns as/as nouns, 5.22, 5.25, 5.92, 5.226, 7.25 participles and participial phrases as, 5.89, 5.109 position: basic rules, 5.78; dates and, 5.82; meaning affected by, 5.74, 5.76; when modifying pronoun, 5.80; after possessive pronoun, 5.79; predicate, 5.78, 5.81predicate, 5.78, 5.81prepositional phrase as, 5.173, 5.175 pronominal, 5.65pronouns and, 5.29, 5.47, 5.65, 5.77, 5.79–80proper, 5.67punctuation: commas, 5.90, 6.33–34; dates in text, 5.82; hyphenation, 5.91, 6.80repeated, 6.34sex-specific labels as, 5.226special types: coordinate, 5.90, 6.33; participial, 5.89, 5.109; phrasal (compound modifier), 5.78, 5.91, 7.81as verbs, 5.93administrative bodies, 8.62, 11.8. See also business and commerce; governmental entities; institutions; organizationsadverbs, 5.153–68adjectives compared with, 5.156as conjunctions, 5.202definition, 5.153degrees: comparative, 5.160; intensifiers, 5.164; irregular, 5.162; positive, 5.159; superlative, 5.161; uncomparable, 5.163flat, 5.157formation of, 5.154–55infinitives as, 5.105as interjections, 5.210introductory phrases, 6.36-ly ending, 5.91, 5.154, 5.160–61, 5.167, 7.82 nouns as, 5.24–25, 5.154participial phrases as, 5.109phrasal and compound, 5.158, 6.36, 7.82 position: intransitive verbs modified by, 5.166; linking verbs and, 5.167; meaning affected by, 5.165; placement considerations, 5.165; in verb phrases, 5.168prepositional phrases: as, 5.173, 5.175; compared with, 5.100, 5.156, 5.180; replaced by, 5.186punctuation with, 6.25, 6.36, 6.55simple, 5.157suffixes, 5.154–55transitional (however, therefore, and such), 5.207, 6.25, 6.55verb phrases modified by, 5.102See also infinitives; participles and participial phrasesadvertisements in journals, 1.72, 1.78, 1.82African languages, 11.14–15. See also Arabic languageafterwords, 1.26, 1.52, 14.91, 14.116agents, literary, 4.18age terms, hyphenation guide, 7.85ah, 6.37AH (anno Hegirae), and such, 9.35, 9.63, 10.39 aircraft, 8.2, 8.115–16. See also vehicles and vesselsa.k.a., 10.72Albanian language, 11.16–17alignmentchecking facing pages for, 2.114marking proofs for, 2.124of subscripts and superscripts, 12.21–22, 12.38 tables: cells, 3.68–72, figs. 3.19–21; decimal points, 3.70, 3.84, fig. 3.13, figs. 3.15–16, fig. 3.20 See also lists; margins; tablesall rights reserved, 1.19, 1.22, 4.40, figs. 1.1–4 alphabetizing, 16.56, 16.62–67abbreviations and abbreviations lists, 1.43, 14.55, 16.64, 16.93, fig. 1.8, fig. 14.7accented letters (diacritical marks and special characters), 16.29, 16.67bibliographies, 2.60, 14.57, 14.60–62, 14.64–65, 14.67, fig. 14.8business names, 16.88–89compound words, 16.59–60, 16.72, 16.84 computerized sorting options, 16.5, 16.57, 16.104, 16.123cross-references, 16.17, 16.20dates, 16.65elements to disregard in, 14.67, 16.48, 16.51–52, 16.56, 16.68, 16.88, 16.91foreign words, 16.67glossaries, 1.60indexes: main headings, 16.56; subentries, 16.68 letter-by-letter: basics of, 16.58–59; bibliographies, example of, 14.60; word-by-word compared, 16.61, 16.123names: abbreviations and acronyms, 16.64; basic rules, 16.71–76; compound, 16.72; foreign, 16.67, 16.76–87; initials vs. spelled-out, 16.63, 16.79; list of contributors, 1.62, fig. 1.10; Mac orMc with, 16.73; monarchs, popes, and such, 16.37; nobility, titles, and such, 16.38, 16.66; numerals in (e.g., Henry III), 16.66; O’ with, 16.74; with particles, 16.71, 16.84; personal, as corporate names, 16.89; Saint, St., and such, 16.75, 16.93; same, of person, place, and thing, 16.62names, foreign personal, 16.76–87; Arabic, 16.76; Asian, generally, 16.87; Burmese, 16.77; Chinese, 16.78; Hungarian, 16.79; Indian, 16.80; Indonesian, 16.81; Japanese, 16.82; Portuguese, 16.83; Spanish, 16.84; Thai, 16.85; Vietnamese, 16.86numerals, 16.65–66organization names, 16.46, 16.88–89place-names, 16.90–93punctuation and, 16.59–61reference lists, 2.60, 14.61–62, 15.11, fig. 15.1 titles of nobility and such, 16.66titles of works, 16.48–49, 16.51–52, 16.56word-by-word: basics of, 16.58, 16.60; bibliographies, example of, 14.60;letter-by-letter compared, 16.61, 16.123 alphabetscharacter sets for Latin, 11.12, table 11.1 character sets for non-Latin, 11.92, 11.110, tables 11.2–11.4dictionary tables of, 11.96, 11.111in mathematical expressions, 12.12 modernizing archaic letters, 13.7proofreading copy in non-Latin, 11.92See also Arabic language; Cyrillic alphabet; Greek language; Hebrew language; International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA); Latin alphabet; letters (alphabet); transliteration; Unicode standard; and names of other languagesalterationsauthor’s (AAs), 2.67, 2.131–32, p. 891 definition, p. 891designer’s (DAs), 2.131, p. 894editor’s (EAs), 2.131–32, p. 894printer’s errors (PEs) and, 2.131, p. 900a.m. and p.m., 9.38–40, 10.42American Indians, 7.9, 8.37American Medical Association (AMA), 10.7, 14.3, 14.76American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 1.34, A.44American Psychological Association (APA), 3.46, 3.78, 14.3American Sign Language (ASL), 11.144–54 Deaf and deaf, 8.42fingerspelling in, 6.77, 11.149resources on, 11.146signed languages, defined, 11.144signs: components of, 11.145; compound, 11.148; glosses of, 11.147–54; handshapes, 11.151; lexicalized, 11.150; nonmanual, 11.154; pronouns, possessives, and reference, 11.153 transcriptions and writing of, 11.146–54 American Society for Indexing (ASI), 16.104 ampersandschanged to and, 8.163in company names, 10.23initialisms with, 10.10in Old and Middle English, 11.143in publishers’ names, 14.141serial comma omitted before, 6.21spacing with, 10.10in URLs and e-mail addresses, 7.42See also and; conjunctionsandampersand changed to, 8.163appropriate use of, 5.220between with, 6.78, 9.59both with, 5.195, 5.214coordinate adjectives separated by, 5.90in generic cross-references of indexes, 16.23or with, 5.220pronoun and antecedent with, 5.32–34in publisher’s name, 14.141punctuation with, 6.18, 6.28–29sentences beginning with, 5.206serial commas and, 6.18–19slash instead of, 6.104two or more authors (or editors) in documentation, 14.76See also ampersands; conjunctionsand if, 6.32and/or, 5.220and other stories, 14.100and so forth or and the like, 6.20, 11.35angle bracketsin generic markup, 2.15, 2.27, 2.78for less than and more than, 3.81in mathematical expressions, 6.102, 12.26, 12.28, 12.31, 12.55, 12.58with URLs, 6.8, 14.11in XML, 6.102, fig. A.2See also bracketsanimalsdomestic breeds, 8.128scientific names: authorities on, 8.118; author names in, 8.123; divisions higher than genus, 8.125; English derivatives from taxonomic system, 8.126; genus, species, and subspecies, 8.119–21; unspecified species and varieties, 8.122vernacular names, 8.127–29See also scientific and technical terminology animations, 1.100, 2.4. See also audiovisual materialsAnnals of the Congress of the United States, 14.299annotated bibliographies, 14.59, fig. 14.10 annotationsas copyrightable, 4.5excessive, 2.59, 14.51–55See also documentation; notes announcements in journals, 1.83, 1.85, 1.93 anonymity of research subjects, 13.47 anonymous worksabbreviation of anonymous, 10.43copyright of, 4.24documentation of: known authorship, 14.80, 15.33; unattributed interviews, 14.220; unknown authorship, 14.79, 15.32use of anonymous, 14.79ANSI (American National Standards Institute), 1.34anthologiesauthor-and-title index of, 16.6as collective works, 4.8copyright issues and, 4.55, 4.60, 4.90editorial additions bracketed in, 6.97material copyrightable in, 4.5permissions and fees for, 4.101unnumbered source notes in, 3.31, 14.49See also collected works; compilations; derivative works; previously published materialsaphorisms. See figures of speech; maxims Apocryphaabbreviations of books, 10.49capitalization, 8.105See also Bibleapostrophes, 6.113–15in foreign languages: African languages, 11.15; Chinese, 11.104; French, 11.38; German, 11.43; Hebrew, 11.113; Italian, 11.53, 11.57–58; Japanese, 11.107and manuscript cleanup, 2.77marking on manuscript, 2.91marking on proofs, 2.129other punctuation with: generally, 6.115; periods or commas, 6.115; single closing quotation mark, 6.9in plurals: abbreviations, 7.14; letters as letters, 7.14, 7.59–61; noun coinages, 7.13; proper nouns, 7.8; words in quotation marks, 7.12in possessives: basic use, 5.50; compounds, 7.23; for . . . sake expressions, 7.20; general rule, 7.15; genitive case, 7.24; gerunds, 7.26; italicized or quoted words, 7.28; nouns, proper, 7.16–18; nouns ending in eez sound, 7.18; nouns plural in form, singular in meaning, 7.19; nouns used attributively, 7.25; of, 7.27; two nouns as unit, 7.22; words ending in unpronounced s, 7.17 “smart,” 6.114, 7.29uses, other, 6.113; abbreviated decades (e.g., ’70s), 9.34; abbreviated years, 9.31; contractions, 7.29; hamza vs., 11.97; inappropriate, 5.47, 5.50, 6.114, 7.60; nouns, genitive, 5.12, 5.19–20appendixeschronologies as, 1.58, fig. 1.9content and format of, 1.57figures or illustrations in, numbering of, 3.11 indexing of, 16.109multiple, 1.47note materials moved to, 14.51numbering of, 8.178online alternative to, 1.57part title for, 1.47references to, 8.177running heads for, 1.13web-based publications, 1.117as work made for hire, 4.10appositives, 5.21, 6.23, 6.51Arabic language, 11.96–101capitalization, 11.100definite article, al, 11.99hamza and ʿayn, 11.97, 11.101, 11.112, table 11.2 names: alphabetizing, 16.76; treatment, 8.14 spelling, 11.98transliteration, 11.99; resources on, 11.96word division, 11.101arabic numeralsbuilding and apartment numbers, 9.53 Chicago’s preference for, 9.66columns in tables, 3.54definition, p. 891documentation and references: chapters, figures, and such, 8.178, 14.154; classical Greek and Latin references, 14.256–66; parts of poems and plays, 8.182, 14.267–68; ranges (inclusive), 9.60–61, 14.155; volume numbers of multivolume works, 14.121–27; when to use, 14.154highways and streets, 9.51–52illustrations, 3.12, fig. 3.7line breaks and, 7.39manuscript page numbers, 1.4, 1.7, 1.45–46, 2.35 numbered divisions in publications and documents, 9.27–29roman numerals compared with, table 9.1 spelled out: alternative rule, 9.3; beginning a senten ce, 9.5; Chicago’s general rule, 9.2; consistency, readability, and flexibility, 9.7;direct discourse, 13.42; fractions, 9.14–15; hundreds, thousands, and hundred thousands (round numbers), 9.4; hyphens with, 7.85; marking manuscript for, 2.90; marking proofs for, 2.126; ordinals, 9.6; physical quantities, 9.13; to vs. en dash with, 9.59See also inclusive (or continuing) numbers; numbers; roman numeralsarchaeology, 7.2, 9.35archival practices, 1.107, 2.86–87. See also backup copiesarchiveselectronic sources, 14.282unpublished government documents, 14.232, 14.304, 14.308See also legal documents; legal-style citations; letters (correspondence); manuscript collections; public documents; unpublished and informally published materialsarticles (definite and indefinite)a vs. an, 5.72abbreviations and, 7.44, 10.9acronyms and, 7.44, 10.9in alphabetizing, disregarded, 14.67, 16.48, 16.51–52, 16.56, 16.68, 16.88, 16.91 appropriate use of, 5.72, 5.220, 7.44in Arabic, 11.99, 16.76in blog titles, 8.187celestial bodies and, 8.137coordinate nouns with, 5.73definite, 5.69, 5.71, 5.73, 16.91–92definition, 5.68dropping of, 5.76, 8.167–68, 14.28, 14.179, 14.210 earth with, 8.139in foreign names for places and structures, 8.58 gender indicated by, 5.14implicit, 5.75indefinite, 5.70–71indexing: articles disregarded, 16.48, 16.51–52, 16.56, 16.68, 16.88, 16.91; first lines, 16.144; organization and business names, 16.88; personal and foreign names, 16.76, 16.91–92; place-names, 16.91–92; in subentries, 16.51, 16.68, 16.129; titles of newspapers andperiodicals, 16.48–49; titles of works, 16.51–52, 16.56as limiting adjectives: articles defined, 5.68; a vs. an, 5.72; coordinate nouns with, 5.73; definite, 5.69, 5.73; indefinite, 5.70–71; indefinite, in specific reference, 5.71; meaning affected by, 5.74, 5.76; omitted, 5.76; as pronoun substitute, 5.77; zero (implicit), 5.75meaning affected by, 5.73–74, 5.76names with: articles disregarded in alphabetizing, 16.88; capitalized or not, 8.67, 8.69; publisher’s, in documentation, 14.140; titles and the, 8.20, 8.29, 8.35, 10.18newspaper and periodical titles beginning with, 8.168, 14.179, 14.210, 16.48–49organization and business names with, 8.67, 16.88place-names with, 8.58, 16.91–92preceding mass noun followed by prepositional phrase, 5.9as pronoun substitute, 5.77in titles in running text, 8.167–68zero (implicit), 5.75See also a and an; thearticles (journal)abstracts of, 1.88, 1.90copyright lines in, 1.97corrections to, 1.105endnotes in, 14.38, 14.41first-page information, 1.88, 1.97, 1.98 illustrations and tables in, 1.99–100“in press” versions, 1.73making changes to after submission, 2.5note referring to entire, 1.48, 14.22 photocopying of, 1.97, 4.88–91publishing agreement for, 4.55–58, fig. 4.2 subheads in, 1.91substantive editing of, 2.47–48table of contents in, 1.83titles: editing of, 2.55; note reference numbers and, 14.22; proofreading of, 2.110, 2.130; quotation marks for, 8.161, 8.175unique identifiers for, 1.74See also abstracts; articles, documentation of;。

芝加哥文献格式
芝加哥风格的文献格式是一种常用的学术引用方法，主要用于人文、社会科学和历史学科的论文和研究报告中。

以下是关于芝加哥文献格式的介绍，所有示例中均不包含网址、超链接和电话。

1. 打印图书：
作者姓名，书名（城市：出版社，出版年）。

例如：
李宇春，《自由行者》（北京：人民文学出版社，2021）。

2. 学术期刊文章：
作者姓名，题目，期刊名，卷号，期号（出版年）：起止页码。

例如：
陈大雄，“中国传统文化的现代发展”，《文化研究》，第20卷，第3期（2018）：135-150。

3. 学位论文：
作者姓名，题目，学位论文类型（学位授予机构，完成年份）。

例如：
王小明，“城市化对环境影响的研究”，硕士论文（清华大学，2020）。

4. 网络资源（如果不包含网址）：
作者姓名（如果适用），文章题目，网站名，出版日期或更新日期（如适用）。

例如：
张三，“中国古代文学发展概述”，中国文化网，发布日期：2022年1月1日。

以上只是一些常见的芝加哥文献格式示例，具体的引用格式还要根据具体情况进行调整。

在使用芝加哥风格时，还需注意著作权、来源及引文的一致性和准确性，以确保文献引用的可信度。

芝加哥引注格式
芝加哥引注格式是一种学术引用风格，常用于人文科学领域的论文和研究文献中。

它采用脚注或尾注的形式，用于在正文中引用其他作者的观点、引用段落或提供补充信息。

在芝加哥引注格式中，脚注或尾注是引用的主要方式。

当引用某一段文字或具
体观点时，首先需要在相应的位置插入一个数字上标。

在文末或页面底部的脚注或尾注中，根据这个数字上标给出详细的引用信息。

脚注或尾注应按照以下格式提供：作者姓名、题目、出版物信息和引用页码。

以下是一个示例：
在一本书的引文中，使用芝加哥引注格式，通常如下所示：
[^1]
脚注/尾注部分：
1. 作者全名，书名（出版地：出版商，出版年），引用页码。

需要注意的是，芝加哥引注格式的具体要求可能会因不同的学术领域或机构而
有所不同。

因此，在使用芝加哥引注格式前，建议查阅所需文献中所提及的具体引用规范以确保准确性和符合要求。

总之，芝加哥引注格式是一种常用于人文科学领域的学术引用风格。

通过脚注
或尾注的形式，它提供详细的引用信息，使读者能够轻松找到引用来源。

正确使用芝加哥引注格式是保证学术研究质量和遵循学术规范的重要步骤。