论文参考书目引用格式-芝加哥16版_Chicago_16th

引用及参考书目格式一、正文要求及格式：1. 直接引文的摆放：插入正文或单独排列（Quotations run into the text or set off from the text）。

引用的是散文而又不超过40字，那么应该放入正文中，并用引号引起来；引用的是诗歌而又不超过两行，也应当放入正文中。

诗行之间用“/”，符号两边留空；保留原诗中的大写。

Curtius’s term “the Latin Middle Ages” covers a range of Roman legacies, including “the share of Rome, of the Roman idea of the state, of the Roman church, and of Roman culture.”In his “Hymn to Intellectual Beauty”, Shelley personifies the immaterial spiritual world: “The awful shadow of some unseen Power / Floats through unseen amongst us.”当然，为了强调也可以将篇幅短的诗歌或散文断开，以获得强调的效果。

直接引用应该保持原貌，包括原始资料中的各种标点和符号。

断开的引文的格式为：另起一行，左右都缩进3个字符，斜体，并和正文之间空一行，如果原文为1.5倍行距，引文就改为单倍行距，以示区别，达到醒目的效果。

如：…Wolfson argues:[W]here secretaries did use first name for women while reserving title and lastname for male faculty, this usage appeared to be a manifestation of a combinationof female solidarity with a sense that female professors were in lower statuspositions than their male colleagues, even where age and rank were similar. (p.168)We prefer to point out the ways that …注意，中括号为作者自己加上去的，表示对原文中字母w作了改动。

浙江越秀外国语学院英语本科毕业论文参考文献及文内引用格式要求一、参考文献的类型1. 传统参考文献的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下：M——专著N——报纸文章J——期刊文章D——学位论文R——报告C——论文集A——论文集中的析出文献2. 电子文献用双字母表示载体类型：磁带(magnetic tape)——MT，磁盘(disk)——DK，光盘(CD-ROM)——CD，联机网络(online)——OL并以下列格式表示包括了文献载体类型的参考文献类型标识：［文献类型标识/载体类型标识］［DB/OL］——联机网上数据库(database online)［DB/MT］——磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape)［M/CD］——光盘图书(monograph on CD-ROM)［CP/DK］——磁盘软件(computer program on disk)［J/OL］——网上期刊(serial online)［EB/OL］——网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online)对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。

对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点：①作者姓名采用“姓前名后”原则，具体格式是：姓+名字的首字母. 如：Malcolm Richard Cowley 应为：Cowley, M.R.，如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为：Norris, F. & I. Gordon，依此类推。

②英文书名、报刊名、期刊名使用斜体字，如：Mastering English Literature，English Weekly。

二、参考文献的格式及举例在排列参考文献时，英文在前，中文在后，按照作者姓氏的首字母顺序排列。

1. 期刊类[序号] 作者. 篇名[J]. 刊名，出版年份（期号）：起止页码. 如：[1] Heider, E. R. & D. C. Oliver. The Structure of Color Space in Naming andMemory of Two Languages[J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999(3): 62- 67.[2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业论文教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育，2004(1):46-52.[3] 王海粟.浅议会计信息披露模式[J].财政研究，2004 (1)：56-58.2. 专著类[序号] 作者. 书名[M]. 出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码. 如：[4] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45.[5] 葛家澍，林志军.现代西方财务会计理论[M].厦门：厦门大学出版社，2001：42.3. 报纸类[序号] 作者. 篇名[N]. 报纸名，出版日期（版次）.如：[6] French, W. Between Silences: A V oice from China[N]. Atlantic Weekly,1987-8-15(33).[7] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N].光明日报，1998-12-27(3).4. 论文集[序号] 作者. 篇名[C]. 出版地：出版者，出版年份：起止页码.如果是论文集中的析出文章，应该是：[序号] 析出文献作者．析出文献题名[A]．论文集编著者．论文集题名[C]．出版地：出版者，出版年：析出文献起止页码。

Chicago Citation StyleUBC Okanagan Library The Chicago Manual of Style (16th ed) provides two distinct citation styles: Humanities style (notes andbibliography) and Scientific/Social Sciences styles (parenthetical author/date references and reference list). This handout covers only the Humanities style of Chicago. The manual is available in the library at: Z 253.U69 2010.General Rules▪ When to Cite?: You need to cite all sources that you have consulted, even if you present the ideas from thesesources in your own words. “Ethics, copyright laws, and courtesy to readers require authors to identify the sources of direct quotations and of any facts or opinions not generally known or easily checked …The primary criterion of any source citation is sufficient information to lead readers directly to the sourcesconsulted…whether these are published or unpublished , in printed or electronic form.” (14.1)▪ Citation Appears in Two Places: Chicago requires that you cite sources consulted in the body of your paper (“in -text citations” or footnotes/endnotes) and in the bibliography. (14.2) If the bibliography includes all of the works cited in the notes, then the notes can be formatted in the short form , even for the first citation (14.14, 14.18). Note that discipline/professor preferences may vary and you should consult your professor with questions .▪ Spacing : Double-space the body of the paper. Single space footnotes/endnotes and bibliographies, leaving a blank line between entries.▪ Page Numbers : Every page of your paper must be assigned a page number, including blank pages,appendices, and bibliography. Use Arabic numerals centered or on the far right at the top of the page.▪Page Number Ranges : For all numbers less than 100, use all digits (Ex. 3-10; 71-71; 96-117). For 100 ormultiples of 100, use all digits (Ex. 100-104; 1100-1113). For numbers 101-109/ 201-209, use the changed part of the number only (Ex. 101-8; 808-33). For numbers 110-199, 210-299, use two digits unless more are needed to include all changed parts (Ex. 321-28; 498-532; 11564-615). (9.60)▪Spelling : Chicago recommends Webster’s Third New International Dictionary (PE 1625.W36 1993) and the abridged Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (PE 1628.M36 2003). (7.1)▪ Italics: Titles of books and journals in the body of the paper should be written in italics. (14.94; 14.177) ▪ Capitalization: Capitalize all significant words of a title and subtitle regardless of how they appear in your source.▪ Publisher Location: When more than one place of publication is listed, document the first one that appears on the title page. (14.135)▪ Block Quotes : Chicago does not provide a specific word count guideline. Long quotes or entire paragraphs should be quoted in single-spaced, indented blocks of text. (13.20-13.22) ▪ Title page : include the title, author and date. Do not include page numbers or running head. Consult your professor regarding their preference for the inclusion of course number, professor name, and other details. In-text Citations: Footnotes & Endnotes (14.38-14.43 / p. 671-676) ▪ Wherever you incorporate another person’s words, facts, or ideas, insert a footnote or endnote.▪ Footnotes are numbered citations listed at the bottom of each page within your paper.▪ Endnotes are numbered citations listed on a separate page at the end of the research paper (before the bibliography and/or any appendices).▪ Single space within footnotes and endnotes, double space between entries.▪ Indent the first line of the note (tab once to indent; a tab is 1 inch).▪ In-text Example :Jones states “‘genocide’ is one of the most powerful words in the English language.”12▪If the bibliography includes all of the works cited in the notes, then the notes can be formatted in the short form, even for the first citation. (14.14, 14.18)▪Instructions: In MS Word 2010, u nder the “References” tab, insert a footnote or endnote. MS Word will automatically make in-text citations into superscript and properly number footnotes/endnotes to correspond. In-text Citations: Shortened Citations(14.24-14.31 / p. 667-670)A.If the bibliography includes all of the works cited in the notes, then the notes can be formatted in the shortform, even for the first citation. (14.14, 14.18)B.If you do not have a bibliography or if you have only a selected bibliography, then you must provide fulldetails of the citation in the notes. (14.14)▪The first time you cite a resource, it must be cited in full with the following information: author/s, title, place of publication, name of publisher, and page number/s of the cited reference. Example:1. Adam Jones, Crimes Against Humanity: A Beginner’s Guide (Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2008), 156. ▪Short form notes/ Subsequent notes may be shortened to include: author’s last name, abbreviated title, and the appropriate page number/s (14.24-14.29). Example:2. Jones, Crimes, 97.▪Ibid – If you cite the exact same resource multiple times, one immediately after the other, you can replace the normal note format with ‘Ibid’ (Ibid means: in the same place) and the page number/s. (14.29) Example:3. Ibid., 121.Bibliography (14.56-14.67 / p. 684-692) **See Sample Bibliography at end of this guide.▪The bibliography appears at the end of your paper– it is a list of all sources cited within your paper. If you have a bibliography, use the short form of the notes throughout your paper.▪List entries in alphabetical order according to the authors’ last names. If no author is provided, then use the title instead; note that the words the, a, or an are ignored.▪Single space each entry in the bibliography and double space between entries.▪Indent the second and subsequent lines of the entry (tab once to indent).▪If you have multiple entries by the same author, replace the author’s name in second and subsequent entries with a 3-em dash, followed by a period. Example:Jones, Adam. Crimes Aga inst Humanity: A Beginner’s Guide. Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2008.—. Gender Inclusive: Essays on Violence, Men, and Feminist International Relations. New York: Routledge, 2009. Common Abbreviations(14.87-14.88 / p. 699-700)When books have editors, translators, or compilers, the following abbreviations are used:▪One editor – ed.▪Two or more editors – eds. ▪Translators – trans. ▪Compilers – comp.For editions of books other than the first, the edition number (or description) and the abbreviation “ed.” are placed after the book’s title in all notes and bibliogr aphic citations. (14.118-14.120)▪Second edition – 2nd ed. ▪Revised edition – rev.ed.Days and months can be spelled out or abbreviated; they must be used consistently. (10.38-10.42, 14.235) Need Citation Help?1.Ask your question at the Library Information Desk2.Call the Library Information Desk at 250-807-91283.Ask a librarian through online chat service – AskAway – linked from the Okanagan Library website4.Additional examples of Chicago Style are available at: Book – One Author / E-Book Example (Book: 14.75 / p. 695)(E-Book: 14.167 / p. 727)Note 1. Adam Jones, Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction (London: Routledge, 2006), 112, ?id=54893.Short Note 1. Jones, Genocide, 112.Bibliography Jones, Adam. Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction. London: Routledge, 2006.?id=54893.Comments ▪Notes: the author’s name is ordered normally: first name last name. Bibliography: the author’s name is inverted: last name, first name.▪For an E-book, the citation is includes a DOI or URL at the end of the citation. For a print book the citation is the same, except that the DOI or URL is omitted.▪If an e-book has section headings (ex. “Introduction”) rather than page numbers, replace the page number(s) with the section heading in quotations.Book – Two or Three Authors or Editors / E-Book Example (Book: 14.76 / p. 695-696) (E-Book: 14.167 / p. 727)Note 2. Heinz H. Bauschke and Patrick L. Combettes, Convex Analysis and Monotone Operator Theory in Hilbert Spaces (New York: Springer, 2011), 42, doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-9467-7.Short Note 2. Bauschke and Combettes, Convex Analysis and Monotone, 42.Bibliography Bauschke, Heinz H. and Patrick L. Combettes. Convex Analysis and Monotone Operator Theory in Hilbert Spaces. New York: Springer, 2011. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-9467-7.Comments ▪Bibliography: if two or three authors/editors are listed, only the first author’s name is inverted.▪Select the o rder the author’s names based on how they appear on the title page.▪Use ‘and’, not an ampersand ‘&’.▪For three authors, the conjunction ‘and’ following a comma is used before the last author’s name (Example: Smith, Heather, James Hudson, and Marjorie Talbot).Book – Four to Ten Authors or Editors (14.76 / p. 695-696)Note 3. Sara Ahmed et al., eds., Uprootings/ Regroundings: Questions of Home and Migration (New York: Berg, 2003), 9.Short Note 3. Ahmed et al., Uprootings/Regroundings, 9.Bibliography Ahmed, Sara, Claudia Castañeda, Anne-Marie Fortier, and Mimi Sheller, editors. Uprootings/Regroundings: Questions of Home and Migration. New York: Berg, 2003.Comments ▪Notes: the first author’s name is listed and subsequent names are replaced by ‘et al.’.▪Bibliography: all author’s names are fully cited, unless there are more than ten.▪If more than ten authors are listed, include only the first seven in a bibliography and replace the rest of the names with ‘et al.’Book – Editor, Translator, Compiler in Addition to Author (14.88 / p. 700)Note 4. Gabriel García Márquez, One Hundred Years of Solitude, trans. Gregory Rabassa (New York: Harper & Row, 1970), 234-44.Short Note 4. Garcia Márquez, One Hundred Years, 234-44.Bibliography Garcia Márquez, Gabriel. One Hundred Years of Solitude. Translated by Gregory Rabassa. New York: Harper & Row, 1970.Comments ▪The author’s name appears firs t and the name(s) of the editor(s), compiler(s), or translator(s) appear after the title.▪The abbreviation (ex. ‘ed.’, ‘trans.’) appears in the notes, but is spelled-out in the bibliography.▪Notes: use the abbreviation ‘ed.’ not ‘eds’ and ‘comp.’ not ‘comps.’ even if there is more than one editor or compiler.Book Chapter – Anthology or Compilation (14.112 / p. 708)Note 5. Onesimo Teotonio Almeida, “Value Conflicts and Cultural Adjustment in North America,”in The Portuguese in Canada: Diasporic Challenges and Adjustment, 2nd ed., ed. Carlos Teixeira andVictor M.P. Da Rosa (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2009), 257.Short Note 5. Onesimo, “Value Conflicts,” 257.Bibliography Almeida, Onesimo Teotonio. “Value Conflicts and Cultural Adjustment in North America.” In The Portuguese in Canada: Diasporic Challenges and Adjustment, 2nd ed., edited by CarlosTeixeira and Victor M.P. Da Rosa, 255-68. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2009. Comments ▪Notes: Author of chapter, chapter title in quotation marks, ‘in’, title of book, editor(s), page number being cited, publication place, publisher, year published.▪Bibliography: Author of chapter, chapter title in quotation marks, period, ‘In’, title of book, editor(s), page range of chapter, place of publication, publisher, year published.Journal Article – Print and Online (14.170-14.198 / p. 728-738)Note 6. H.B. McCullough, “Critique of the Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations,” Pepperdine Law Review 29, no. 1 (2001): 16, /HOL/Page?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/pepplr29&id=25.7. James F. Rochlin, “Latin America's Left Turn and the New Strategic Landscape: The Case ofBolivia,” Third World Quarterly 28, no. 7 (2007): 1331-33, doi:10.1080/01436590701591838. Short Note 6. McCullough, “Critique of the Report,” 16.7. Rochlin, “Latin America’s Left Turn,” 1331-33.Bibliography McCullough, H.B. “Critique of the Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations.”Pepperdine Law Review 29, no. 1 (2001): 15-32. /HOL/Page?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/pepplr29&id=25.Rochlin, James F. “Latin America’s Left Turn and the New Strategic Landscape: The Case of Bolivia.”Third World Quarterly 28, no. 7 (2007): 1327-42. doi:10.1080/01436590701591838. Comments ▪If a print journal article is cited, the citation is the same as for an online article except that there will be no URL or DOI.▪In a note refer to the exact page(s) being cited. In the bibliography provide the entire page range of the article.▪If a DOI is available, it is preferable to a URL. If using a URL, look for the most stable link available, which may not be the link in your I nternet browser’s address bar.▪Chicago does not require an access date for electronic sources. However, certaindisciplines/professors may require this information. Include the access date information in thefollowing format and place it before the doi or URL: Accessed September 27, 2010. Secondary Source - “Citation within a citation” (14.273 / p. 764)Note In this example, de Beauvoir’s book is referenced in Butler’s journal article:8. Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex (New York: Vintage, 1974), 38, quoted in JudithButler, “Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminis tTheory,” Theatre Journal 40, no. 4 (December 1988): 519, doi:10.2307/j100575.In this example, Zukofsky’s article is referenced in Costello’s book:9. Louis Zukofsky, “Sincerity and Objectification,” Poetry 37 (February 1931): 269, quoted inBonnie Costello, Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions (Cambridge: Harvard University Press,1981), 78.Bibliography de Beauvoir, Simone. The Second Sex. New York: Vintage, 1974. Quoted in Judith Butler.“Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and FeministTheory,” Theatre Journal 40, no. 4 (December 1988): 519-31. doi:10.2307/j100575.Zukofsky, Louis. “Sincerity and Objectification,” Poetry 37 (February 1931): 269. Quoted in Bonnie Costello, Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions. Cambridge: Harvard University Press,1981.Comments ▪Chicago generally discourages secondary citations as the author is “expected to have examined the works they cite.”▪ A short note example is not provided, as secondary sources should be cited fully in notes. Encyclopedia / Dictionary Entry – Online and Print (14.247-14.248 / p. 755-756)Note 10. Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. “power”, accessed May 30, 2011,/.11. Encyclopedia of Homelessness, s.v. “Canada,” by Gerald Daly, accessed November 17,2010, /ps/i.do?id=GALE|CX3452400028&v=2.1&u=ubcolumbia&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w.12. Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed., s.v. “beautiful.”13. Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, by Carl Cavanagh Hodge, (Westport, CT:Greenwood Press, 2008), s.v. “Dost Muhammad Khan (1793-1863).”Short Note 10. Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. “power.”11. Encyclopedia of Homelessness, s.v. “Canada.”Bibliography Daly, Gerald. “Canada.” In Encyclopedia of Homelessness, edited by David Levinson. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Reference, 2004. Accessed November 17, 2010. /ps/i.do?id=GALE|5DVM&v=2.1&u=ubcolumbia&it=aboutBook&p=GVRL&sw=w.Hodge, Carl Cavanagh. “Dost Muhammad Khan (1793-1863).” In Encyclopedia of the Age ofImperialism, edited by Carl Cavanagh Hodge. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2008. Comments ▪Well-known reference works are usually cited only in notes and not the bibliography. In a note, the edition is specified but not the publication details (See examples: #10 and 12). Referenceworks that are not well known are cited in both places (See examples: #11 and 13).▪Online reference works are subject to continuous updates. As such, Chicago recommends always including an access date in addition to the DOI or URL.▪ A DOI is preferred for online works. If there is no DOI, include the full stable URL.▪The abbreviation ‘s.v.’(sub verbo, Latin for “under the word”) is used in works arranged by alphabetical order instead of volume or page number. Place ‘s.v’ in front of the entry/wordthat you are citing.▪In notes: the abbreviation ‘s.v.’ is placed near the beginning of an o nline citation and near the end of a print citation (See examples: #11 and #13).Magazine Article – Online and Print (14.199-14.202 / p. 738-739)Note 14. Erin Biba, “Amber Ale: Brewing Beer from 45-Million-Year-Old Yeast,” Wired Magazine, August 17, 2009, /science/discoveries/magazine/17-08/ff_primordial_yeast.15. Timothy Taylor, “Showdown on Scott Road,” The Walrus, September 2009, 30.Short Note 14. Biba, “Amber Ale.”15. Taylor, “Showdown on Scott,” 30.Bibliography Biba, Erin. “Amber Ale: Brewing Beer from 45-Million-Year-Old Yeast.” Wired Magazine, August 17, 2009. /science/discoveries/magazine/17-8/ff_primordial_yeast.Taylor, Timothy. “Showdown on Scott Road.” The Walrus, September 2009, 30-37.Comments ▪If a print magazine article is cited, the citation is the same as for an online article except that there will be no URL or DOI.▪Chicago does not require an access date for electronic sources. However, certaindisciplines/professors may require this information. See the Journal Article example in thisguide for details on where to place the access date and DOI or URL.▪Weekly or monthly magazines are cited by date only, not by volume/issue number.▪ A DOI is preferred for online works. If there is no DOI, include the full stable URL. Newspaper Article – Online and Print (14.203-14.213 / p. 739-742)Note 16. Globe and Mail, “The End of the Beginning,” August 24, 2009,/pqdweb?did=1843066511&sid=1&Fmt=3&clientId=6993&RQT=309&VName=PQD17. Jason Luciw, “UBCO Continues to Evolve,” Kelowna Capital News, August 23, 2009,/pqdweb?did=1843074861&sid=1&Fmt=3&clientId=6993&RQT=309&VName=PQD.Short Note 16. Globe and Mail, “End of the Beginning.”17. Luciw, “UBCO Continues.”Bibliography Globe and Mail. “The End of the Beginning.” August 24, 2009, /pqdweb?did=1843066511&sid=1&Fmt=3&clientId=6993&RQT=309&VName=PQD Luciw, Jason. “UBCO Continues to Evolve.” Kelowna Capital News, August 23, 2009./pqdweb?did=1843074861&sid=1&Fmt=3&clientId=6993&RQT=309&VName=PQD.Comments ▪Citations for print and online newspapers are identical except for the addition of the URL in the citation of an online paper.▪Newspapers are produced in many editions and formats and page numbers are not required.▪If no author is listed, the newspaper title should be used in its place (See example #17).▪Chicago does not require an access date for electronic sources. However, certaindisciplines/professors may require this information. Include the access date information in thefollowing format and place it before the URL: Accessed September 27, 2010.Thesis / Dissertation(14.224 / p. 746-747)Note 18. Stanley Arthur Copp, “Similkameen Archeology (1993-2004)” (PhD diss. Simon Fraser University, 2006), 302-10, ProQuest (AAT NR29354).19. Vida Yakong, “Rural Ghanaian Women's Experience of Seeking Reproductive HealthCare” (master’s thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008, 27, /2429/3805. Short Note 18. Copp, “Similkameen,” 302-10.19. Yakong, “Rural Ghanaian,” 27-29.Bibliography Copp, Stanley Arthur. “Similkameen Archeology (1993-2004).” PhD diss., Simon Fraser University, 2006. ProQuest (AAT NR29354).Yakong, Vida. “Rural Ghanaian Women's Experience of Seeking Reproductive Health Care.”Master’s thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. /2429/3805. Comments ▪For dissertations on microfilm see 14.120. For published abstracts of dissertations see 14.197. Film / Film Scene / Online Video (14.279 / p. 768-769)Note 20. “Fallacies of Hope,” Civilization, directed by Michael Gill, narrated by Kenneth Clark (London: BBC, 1996), streaming video, /view/883243.21. Genocide in Me, directed by Araz Artinian (Montreal: InformAction/Twenty Voices,2005), DVD.22. “Great Plains,” Planet Earth, narrated by David Attenborough (London: BBC, 2006), DVD.23. Hans Rosling. “Hans Rosling Shows the Best Stats You’ve Ever Seen,” TED video, 19:53,filmed February 2006, posted June 2006, /talks/hans_rosling_shows_the_best_stats_you_ve_ever_seen.html.24. “UBC Okanagan Creative Studies,” YouTube video, 3:02, posted by“TheQueenOfDiamonds,” November 4, 2008, /watch?v=GlQPvududgM. Bibliography “Fallacies of Hope.” Civilization. Directed by Michael Gill, narrated by Kenneth Clark. London: BBC, 1996. Streaming video. /view/883243.Genocide in Me. DVD. Directed by Araz Artinian. Montreal: InformAction/Twenty Voices, 2005.“Great Plains.” Planet Earth. DVD. Narrated by David Attenborough. London: BBC, 2006.Rosling, Hans. “Hans Rosling Shows the Best Stats You’ve Ever Seen.” Filmed February 2006. TED video, 19:53. Posted June 2006. /talks/hans_rosling_shows_the_best_stats_you_ve_ever_seen.html.“UBC Okanagan Creative Studies.” YouTube video, 3:02. Posted by “TheQueenOfDiamonds,”November 4, 2008. /watch?v=GlQPvududgM.Comments ▪Indexed scenes are treated as chapters and cited by title or number (See Examples #21 & 24).▪For online multimedia, if no date can be determined from the source, include the date the material was last accessed.▪If the online version is a reproduction of an original performance, include the information about the original performance as well as online access (See p. 769 for examples).▪Providing a link to an online video is not sufficient; provide as full a citation as possible.▪ A short note example is not provided, as multimedia should be cited fully in notes.Website (14.243-14.246 / p. 752-754)Note 25. “Guide to Copyrights,” Canadian Intellectual Property Office, last modified September 20, 2009, accessed May 25, 2011, http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/cipointernetinternetopic.nsf/eng/h_wr02281.html.26. Barack Obama’s Facebook page, accessed November 22, 2010,/barackobama.27. Jack Layton, “My Commitment to You: Leadership You Can Trust To Give Your Family aBreak,” New Democratic Party of Canada, accessed April 17, 2011, http://www.ndp.ca/platform. Bibliography “Guide to Copyrights.” Canadian Intellectual Property Office. Las t modified September 20, 2009.Accessed May 25, 2011. http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/cipointernetinternetopic.nsf/eng/h_wr02281.html.Barack Obama’s Facebook page. Accessed November 22, 2010. /barackobama.Layton, Jack. “My Commitment to You: Leadership You Can Trust To Give Your Family a Break.”New Democratic Party of Canada. Accessed April 17, 2011. http://www.ndp.ca/platform. Comments ▪All attempts should be made to include the following: title of webpage, author of content, owner or sponsor of website, and the URL. If available, include the publication date. If no dateis available or if content is likely to change, include the access date.▪Chicago prefers for website references to be cited in notes. Discipline/Professor preferences may vary and bibliography examples have been provided.▪Include the date the website was last modified/revised, if that is provided on the website (See example #25). If the last modified date is not provided, use the access date (See example #26).▪ A short note example is not provided, as websites should be cited fully in notes and in the bibliography if required by discipline/professor.Images / Illustrations / Figures / Tables / Artwork (14.165 / p. 726 & 14.280 / p. 768-769)Note 28. Adam Jones, “Detail of Grave of Oskar Schindler - Old City - Jerusalem - Israel,”photograph, 2011, /photos/adam_jones/5676115255/.29. “A Patagonian W igwam,” print, 1869, reprinted from The Illustrated London News, Mid-Manhattan Library, /nypldigital/id?807422.30. Salvador Dali, “The Persistence of Memory,” painting, 1931, Museum of Modern Art,.Short Note 28. Jones, “Grave of Oskar Schindler,” photograph.29. “A Patagonian Wigwam,” print.30. Dali, “The Persistence of Memory,” painting.Bibliography Jones, Adam. “Detail of Grave of Oskar Schindler - Old City - Jerusalem - Israel.” Photograph. 2011./photos/adam_jones/5676115255/.“A Patagonian Wigwam.” Print. 1869. Reprinted from The Illustrated London News. Mid-Manhattan Library. /nypldigital/id?807422. [**file under P in bibliography] Dali, Salvador. “The Persistence of Memory.” Painting. 1931. Museum of Modern Art..Comments ▪Basic elements of “image” citation: Name of performer, artist, creator, author, “Title of Work,”indication of format/medium, running time (if applicable), publication date, URL or DOI.▪Citations to works published previously should also include the original citation information.▪The following words can be used to represent various “images” – cartoon, drawing, figure, graph, map, painting, photograph, portrait, table.▪If using Google Images or a similar website, click through to the original location of the image and create your citation based on that source.▪Providing a link to an online image is not sufficient; provide as full a citation as possible.E-mail Correspondence (14.222 / p. 745-746)Note 31. Jan Gattrell, e-mail message to author, June 21, 2011.Bibliography ▪Not applicable.Comments ▪References to conversations (in person, by letter, by e-mail) are generally referenced in text and in notes and are rarely included in the bibliography. For electronic mailing lists see 14.223.9 Blog (14.246 / p. 754)Note 32. Peggy Olive, “Is There a Cancer Threat from the Oil Sands Industry?,” Suzuki Elders (blog), April 19, 2011, /blogs/suzuki-elders/Bibliography Olive, Peggy. “Is There a Cancer Threat from the Oil Sands Industry?” Suzuki Elders (blog). April 19, 2011. /blogs/suzuki-elders/Comments ▪If the word blog is not part of the title of the blog, then add (blog) in brackets after the title.▪Blogs are normally cited only in the notes and not the bibliography.▪ A short note example is not provided, as blogs should be cited fully in notes and in the bibliography if required by discipline/professor.Course Sites (Connect) (Based on 14.224-14.231 / p. 746-748)Note 33. Jim Robinson, “Power Point Pre sentation for September 30, 2011,” PHIL 221 Connect Course Web site at UBC Okanagan, accessed November 26, 2011, https://connect.ubc.ca.Short Note 33. Robinson, “Power Point for September 30, 2011.”Bibliography Robinson, Jim. “Power Point Presentation for September 30, 2011.” PHIL 221 Connect Course Web site at UBC Okanagan. Accessed November 26, 2011. https://connect.ubc.ca. Comments ▪Course sites and other similar online resources are subject to continuous updates. It is recommended to include the access date and the URL.。

The Chicago Manual of Style芝加哥論文格式本資料取材自Chicago Manual of Style . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993.芝加哥論文格式有兩種基本的引註形式：1. 註釋和參考書目（人文類形式）Notes and Bibliographies (Humanities Style)2. 形式2：作者－－年份引註和參照表Author-Date Citations and Reference List本文以介紹第一種形式為主。

這兩種型式可以混用。

只要維持全論文統一、一致的格式即可。

形式1：註釋和參考書目註釋和參考書目（（人文類形式人文類形式））Notes and Bibliographies (Humanities Style) 。

註解以數字順序安插在論文中。

論文依序放在每一頁的最下方（頁尾註），或在文章結尾（結尾註）。

在第一次引註時，註解包括完整的參考資料。

參考書目一般只列出該論文中使用的資料來源 ，其條目中、日文依作者姓氏筆畫排列，西文依作者姓氏的字母排列，必須包括完整的參考資料之資訊。

芝加哥論文格式要求對引述材料的第一次註釋，必須包括所有可辨識與指認的資料來源：作者的全名、書籍的完整名稱、編輯者的名字、出版地、出版社、出版日期、引註資料的頁數。

再次參考該資料時，只需註明作者的姓，再加上逗點，書籍名稱的簡寫，逗點，頁數。

每一個註釋必須空五格（或和每一段論文本文起始空格相同）。

每一個註釋編號後加上句點，空一格之後再寫註釋。

如果本文是雙行間距，則註釋也必須採雙行間距。

範例：（芝加哥論文格式請依此順序寫註釋，參考書並請注意顏色所相對應之項目）書籍書籍－－－－註釋編號. （空一格空一格））作者名作者名，，書籍名稱書籍名稱（（以斜體字或畫底線處理字或畫底線處理）），（出版地出版地：：出版社出版社，，出版年），頁數。

Chicago Style Citations(Author-Date Style)This guide provides basic guidelines and examples for citing sources using The Chicago Manual of Style, 16th edition. Chicago style includes two options for citing sources. This guide covers the author-date style for writers who use parenthetical references as a means of giving attribution to sources. Guidelines for creating parenthetical references are included at the end of this guide. Citations for Electronic Sources: URLs are required for online sources. If a DOI (digital object identifier) number is available, this should be inserted in the place of the URL preceded by “doi:”BooksBook:Format:Author Last, First. Year of Pub. Title. Location of Publisher: Publisher. Sample Citation:Welch, Kathleen E. 1999. Electric Rhetoric: Classical Rhetoric, Oralism, and a New Literacy. Cambridge: MIT Press.Book: Authors Format:Author Last, First, and Author First Last. Year of Pub. Title. Location of Publisher: Publisher.[Note: If a book is credited to 4 to 10 authors, include all authors in the bibliographic citation. In the parenthetical citation, include the first author’s name followed by “et al.” If more than 10 authors are cited, include the first 7authors in the bibliographic citation followed by “et al.”]Sample Citation:Lunsford, Andrea, and Lisa Ede. 1990. Singular Texts/Plural Authors:Perspectives on Collaborative Writing.Carbondale: SouthernIllinois University Press.Patten, Michael A., Guy McCaskie, and Philip Unitt. 2003. Birds of theSalton Sea: Status, Biogeography, and Ecology. Berkeley:University of California Press.Electronic Book Format:Author Last, First. Year of Publication. Title. Location of Publisher: Publisher.URL.Sample Citation:Welch, Kathleen E. 1999. Electric Rhetoric: Classical Rhetoric, Oralism, and a New Literacy. Cambridge: MIT Press..Format:Author Last, First. Year of Pub. “Title of Chapter/Article.”In Title, edited by First Last, inclusive page numbers. Location of Publisher: Publisher,Year.Sample Citation:Wells, Ida B. 1995. “Lynch Law in All its Phases.”In With Pen and Voice:A Critical Anthology of Nineteenth-Century African-AmericanWomen, edited by Shirley Wilson Logan, 80-99. Carbondale:Southern Illinois University Press.Format:Original Author Last, First. Year of Publication. Title. Translated by First Name Last. Location of Publisher: Publisher.Sample Citation:Eisenstein, Sergei. 1968. Film Sense. Translated by Jay Leyda. London: Faber and Faber.[Note: The Chicago style suggests that only specialized encyclopedias, dictionaries, and other reference works be included in the list of References.]Format:Author Last Name, First. Year of Publication. Title of Book.Ed. First Name Last of editor if necessary. Edition information if available.Location of Publisher: Publisher.Sample Citation:Murphy, Bruce F. 1999. Encyclopedia of Murder and Mystery. New York: St. Martins.JournalsFormat:Author Last, First. Year of Pub. “Title.”Journal Name volume # (issue #): inclusive page numbers.[Note:Day, month or season of publication are rarely included if an issue number is present.]Sample Citation:Haraway,Donna J. 1994. “A Game of Cat's Cradle: Science Studies,Feminist Theory, Cultural Studies.”Configurations2 (1): 59-71.Format:Author Last, First, and Author First Last. Year of Pub. “Title.”Journal Name volume # (no. issue #): inclusive page numbers.[Note: If an article is credited to 4 to 10 authors, include all authors in the bibliographic citation. In the parenthetical citation, include the first author’s name followed by “et al.” If more than 10 authors are cited, include the first 7 authors in the bibliographic citation followed by “et al.”]Sample Citation:Gautreau, Ronald, and Jeffrey M. Cohen. 1997. “Birth and Death of aBlack Hole.”American Journal of Physics65: 444-446.Pridmore, William, Mitchell Chamlin, and Adam Trahan. 1997. “A Test of Competing Hypotheses about Homicide Following Terrorist Attacks: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis of September 11 and Oklahoma City.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology24 (December): 381-96.Format:Author Last, First. Year of Pub. “Title.”Journal Name volume # (issue #): inclusive page numbers if available. URL or doi number.Sample Citation:Ferrell, Robert H. 1990. “Truman's Place in History.”Reviews in American History 18(1): 1-9. /stable/2702718.Format:Author Last, First. Year of Publication. “Title.”Journal Name volume #, no. issue # (Month Day of Pub): inclusive page numbers, URL.[Note on page numbers:If online articles do not include page numbers, leave this space blank in the citation. See the sample. Note on dates:If a season is provided instead of a publication date, include the season in place of the Month and Day. See sample.]Sample Citation:Jobe, Karen D. 2000. “Women and the Language of Hackerdom: TheGendered Nature of Hacker Jargon.”Kairos 5, no. 2 (Fall),/kairos/5.2/binder.html?coverbweb/jobe/women&hackerdom.htm.MagazinesFormat:Author Last, First. Year of Pub. “Title.”Magazine Name, Month Day.[Note:Chicago Notes style does not require page numbers for a magazine article, although these may be included. Page numbers should be included in parenthetical citations.]Sample Citation:Swartz, Mimi. 2002. “An Enron Yard Sale.”New Yorker, May 6.Format:Author Last, First, and Author First Last. Year of Pub. “Title.”Magazine Name, Month Day.Sample Citation:Silver, Marc, and James M. Pethokoukis. 2002. “Attack of the Cloned Light Sabers.”U.S. News & World Report, May 13.Format:Author Last, First. Year of Pub. “Title.”Magazine Name, Month Day. URL or doi. Sample Citation:Swartz, Mimi. 2002. “An Enron Yard Sale.”New Yorker, May 6..Format:Author Last, First. Year of Publication. “Title.”Magazine Name, Month Day.URL.Sample Citation:Leonard, Andrew. 2005. “Embracing the Dark Side of the Brand.”Salon, May 18./mwt/feature/2005/05/18/star_wars_lego/index.np.html.NewspapersArticles from daily newspapers are rarely cited in Chicago style; however,these sources may be referenced within the text.If articles from daily newspapers must be cited in the bibliography,writers should use the following forms.Format:Author Last, First. Year of Publication. “Title.”Newspaper Name, Month Day ofPublication.[Note:Chicago Notes style does not require page numbers for a newspaper article,although these may be included. Page numbers should be included in parentheticalcitations.]Sample Citation:Lewin, Tamar. 2003. “Disability Requests Reflect Changes in SAT Procedure.”New York Times, November 8.Format:Author Last, First. Year of Publication. “Title.”Newspaper Name,Month Day of Pub. URL.Sample Citation:Flores, Matt. 2001. “San Antonio, Texas-Area Business Students ManageReal Portfolio.”San Antonio Express-News, December 18..Format:Author Last, First. Year of Publication. “Title.”Newspaper Name,Month Day of Publication. URL.Sample Citation:Mapes, Lynda V. 2005. “Unearthing Tse-whit-zen.”Seattle Times, May 25./news/local/klallam/index.html.Electronic SourcesFormat:Last Name, First of Author. Year of Pub. Title of Site. Last modified or AccessedMonth Day, Year. URL.Sample Citation:Weissmann, Anne. 2006. Ernest Haeckel: Art Forms in Nature. AccessedJanuary 14, 2007. /haeckel/index.html. Format:Author Last, First. Year of Publication. "Title of Page." Title of st modifiedor Accessed Month Day, Year. URL.Sample Citation:Sun, Yee-Fan. 2005. "Shacking Up." . Accessed March 2, 2005. /lounge/lounge_shackingup.htm.Format:Corporate Author Name. Year of Publication. Title of Site. Last modified orAccessed Month Day, Year. URL.Sample Citation:Miller Center of Public Affairs. 2005. American st modified 2010. http:// .Format:Author Last, First. Year of Publication. Title of Site. Last modified or AccessedMonth Day, Year.URL.Sample Citation:Harvey, Billy. 2004. Billy Harvey Has Had Hair Longer Than Yours. AccessedMay 24, 2008. .Parenthetical ReferencesThe Chicago Author-Date style requires the use of parenthetical references in the text of the essay as well as a list of citations on a “References” page at the end of a text. Parenthetical references should be placed at the end of the sentence, before the period, when a resource has been used.If the sentence is either long enough or complex enough so that the cited portion of the sentence is not obvious, the parenthetical reference may instead be inserted immediately after the use of information from the source.Page numbers should be included whenever possible.General Form:(Author Last Name Year of Publication, Page #)Example:(Smith 1992, 142)The following examples illustrate parenthetical reference formats for works with more than one author.(Smith and Johnson 1998, 14)(Smith, Johnson, and White 2001, 42)(Smith et al. 1998, 203)(National Alliance for Social Consideration 1932, 11)When organizations or corporate authors are the author of a text, the name of the organization may be shortened to its most basic title.Abbreviations for the organization are not encouraged.In the Chicago style, daily newspapers are rarely included in a list of References.Instead, attribution may be given to information from a daily newspaper in a parenthetical reference. General Form:(Newspaper Name, Day Month Year of Publication, Section and Page #) Examples:(San Antonio Express-News, 2 June 2005, B2)(New York Times, 2 June 2005, A2)(Durant Daily Democrat, 2 June 2005, 3)The Chicago style guide does not offer examples for creating parenthetical references when there is no given author.Standard practice has been to include the title of the work in place of the author.The title should be formatted in the same manner as the formatting in the References list entry.(Plagiarism and You2002, 142)("Five Ways to Protect Yourself" 2000, 33)Electronic sources commonly lack a date of publication, as do other sources.When there is no date of publication listed for a source, include the abbreviation "n.d." in place of the date. (Statistics for Water Rights n.d.)For further information on citing sources using the Chicago style, see pages 796-810 in The Chicago Manual of Style, 16th ed.。

Last updated April 2012BEFORE you begin, please note:∙ This brief guide is primarily for students doing assignments at Curtin University, not for those publishingusing the Chicago Author-Date 16th edition style.∙ If you are publishing in the Chicago Author-Date 16th edition style, please consult the Chicago Manual of Style:The Chicago Manual of Style. 2010. 16th ed. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.∙ The Chicago Manual of Style Online (16th ed.) is also available via the Library catalogue .∙ It is important that you check the assignment guide of your Department or School as details may vary fromthe guidelines on this sheet. You may be penalised for not using the referencing style that is required by your School/Department.∙ The Chicago referencing style has two basic systems of documentation: the humanities style (which is also knownas the footnote and endnote or the notes and bibliography style), and the author-date style.∙ This information sheet provides a brief guide to the Chicago Author-Date referencing style.What is Referencing?Referencing is a standardised method of acknowledging sources of information and ideas that you have used in your assignment in a way that uniquely identifies their source. Direct quotations, facts and figures, as well as ideas and theories, from both published and unpublished works must be referenced.The Chicago Author-Date 16th edition referencing style requires citations within the text corresponding to a fullbibliographic entry in the reference list at the end of the document. The in-text citations include the author’s last name, followed by the date of publication in parentheses. The bibliographic entry in the reference list includes all the other necessary publication information.Why Reference?Referencing is necessary to avoid plagiarism, to verify quotations, and to enable readers to follow-up and read more fully the cited author’s arguments.Steps Involved in Referencing1. Note down the full bibliographic details including the page number(s) from which the information is taken.In the case of a book , ‘bibliographical details’ refers to: author/editor, year of publication, title, edition, volume number, place of publication and publisher as found on the front and back of the title page. (Not all of these details will necessarily be applicable).In the case of a journal article , the details required include: author of the article, year of publication, title of the article, title of the journal, volume and issue number of the journal, and page numbers.For all electronic information , in addition to the above details you should also include a DOI (Digital ObjectIdentifier) if provided. If a DOI has not been provided, then include the web address (URL) of the database you found the article in. For more details see the DOI Information Sheet .2. Insert the citation at the appropriate place within the text of the document (see examples below).3. Provide a reference list at the end of the document (see examples below).In-Text CitationsUse the name of the author, followed by the year of publication when citing references within the text of an assignment.Where authors of different references have the same family name, include the author’s personal name or initials in the in-text citation i.e. (Anderson, John 2008) or John Anderson (2008). If two or more authors are cited at the same point in the text then they are included in the same in-text citation, separated by a semicolon e.g. (Brown 1991; Smith 2003). They are presented alphabetically by author.When directly quoting from another source, the relevant page number must be given and quotation marksplaced around the quote. It is not necessary to include the page number when paraphrasing or referring to an idea from another source which is a book or lengthy text.∙ A reference list includes books, chapters, journal articles etc. that you cite in the text of your assignment. ∙ A bibliography is a list of relevant sources for background or for further reading.∙ The reference list is arranged alphabetically by author – at the end of your assignment. ∙ Where an item has no author it is cited and listed by its title.∙The Chicago Author-Date referencing style requires the second and subsequent lines of the reference to be indented.What is a Reference List? See a sample reference list .Dawson, Jeanne, Lesley Smith, Kathy Deubert, and Sue Grey-Smith. 2002. Study Trekk 6: Referencing, not plagiarism. .au/research_and_information_skills/online_tutorials/studytrekk/trek6.html.AuthorsYear TitleURL of the web page Marshall, Kevin, and John Anderson . 2008. “The Emperor's New Clothes A Meta-study of Education Technology Policies in Ireland, North and South (1996-2006).” Computers & Education 50(2): 463-474. doi:10.1016/pedu.2007.09.010.Authors YearTitle of the journal articleJournal titleVolume number(Issue number)Article page numbersDOI of article - if DOI not provided, use URLWhat is a Reference/Citation?A reference or citation consists of elements that allow the reader to trace the original book, article or website you have consulted and cited. Here are some examples in the Chicago Author-Date referencing style.Book:Journal article from a database:Web page:Mack, Charles R. 2005. Looking at the Renaissance: Essays Toward a Conceptual Appreciation.London: Taylor & Francis.Author Year Place of publication PublisherBook titleBooks In-Text Example Reference List ExampleSingle author The method was first suggested in2009 (Zeegan 2009, 65)ORZeegan (2009, 65) claimed that…Zeegen, Lawrence. 2009. What Is Illustration? Mies, Switzerland: RotoVision.2 authors(Benson and Brack 2010, 22)ORBenson and Brack (2010, 22) discussthis idea…Benson, Robyn, and Charlotte Brack. 2010. Online Learning and Assessment in Higher Education: A Planning Guide. Oxford: Chandos Publishing.List the family name first for the first author ONLY.3 authors (Lewis, Jurmain, and Kilgore 2007,34)ORLewis, Jurmain, and Kilgore (2007,34) state that…. Lewis, Barry, Robert Jurmain, and Lynn Kilgore. 2007. Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology. 9th ed.Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth.List the family name first for the first author ONLY.4 or more authors Cicmil et al. (2009, 24) suggest….OR(Cicmil et al. 2009, 24)List only the first author’s familyname, followed by ‘et al.’ Cicmil, Svetlana, Terry Cooke-Davis, Lynn Crawford, Kurt A. Richardson, and Project Management Institute. 2009. Exploring the Complexity of Projects: Implications of Complexity Theory for Project Management Practice. Newtown Square, PA: Project ManagementInstitute.List the family name first for the first author ONLY.List the names of all authors in the reference list.No author (Valuing Integrity 2010, 24).Valuing Integrity: Guide for the Workplace. 2010. Bentley, W.A.: Curtin University.Where there is no author and the title is long, shorten the title, but ensure that the item canbe identified with its corresponding entry in the reference list.Multiple works by same author Research (Hubbard 2008, 2010) intothe theory has indicated that…Hubbard, Christopher. 2008. An Australian Introduction to International Relations. Frenchs Forest,N.S.W.: Pearson Education Australia.———. 2010. Power Plays: Enriched Uranium and Homeland Security. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.Order chronologically in the reference list. For successive entries by the same author thedash replaces the name.Examples of Referencing:For Reference Types to use with EndNote, see the EndNote X5 LibGuide.3 of 14Books In-Text Example Reference List ExampleMultiple works published in the same year by the same author The American rail system (Watson2009a, 42)…Use a/b etc. to differentiatebetween works in same year.Watson, Don. 2009a. American Journeys. North Sydney, N.S.W.: Vintage Books.———. 2009b. Bendable Learnings: The Wisdom of Modern Management. North Sydney, N.S.W.:Random House Australia.Order alphabetically by title in the reference list. For successive entries by the same authorthe dash replaces the name.Editor(Goggin and Hjorth 2009, 91-2)Goggin, Gerard, and Larissa Hjorth, eds. 2009. Mobile Technologies: From Telecommunications toMedia. New York: Routledge.Add ‘ed.’ before or after the editor’s name, depending on how this appears on the title pageof the work, or add ‘edited by’ before the name of the editor if this is how it appears. Different editions McNair (2011, 17) suggests that…McNair, Brian. 2011. An Introduction to Political Communication. 5th ed. London: Routledge.An edition number is placed after the title of the work - this is not necessary for a firstedition.No date (Olsen [1950?])OR(Olsen n.d.) Olsen, Donald J. [1950?]. The Growth of Victorian London. London: Batsford. OROlsen, Donald J. n.d. The Growth of Victorian London. London: Batsford.Encyclopedia/Dictionary (print) In the section on HomeopathicMedicine in the Gale Encyclopedia ofMedicine (Longe 2006, 3rd ed.,1830)...Entries in an encyclopedia or dictionary are not listed in the reference list.Encyclopedia/Dictionary (online) The article on Evidence Interpretationin the Wiley Encyclopedia of ForensicScience (Champod and Evett 2009,accessed December 20, http://.dbgw.lis.curtin.edu.au/doi/10.1002/9780470061589.fsa122/full)In the absence of a postedpublication date, use the yearaccessed, and add actual monthand date accessed before the URL.Entries in an encyclopedia or dictionary are not listed in the reference list.4 of 14Encyclopedia/Dictionary (authored article) “Music, rhythm, and imaginationintermingle” (Eliassen 2009, 635)Eliassen, Meredith. 2009. “Singing Games.” In Encyclopedia of Play in Today’s Society, RodneyP. Carlisle, ed., 635-636. Los Angeles: SAGE.Add ‘ed.’ before or after the editor’s name, depending on how this appears on the title pageof the work, or add ‘edited by’ before the name of the editor if this is how it appears.Article or chapter in a book (Halsall 2006, 280) Halsall, Guy. 2006. “Movers and Shakers: the Barbarians and the Fall of Rome.” In From RomanProvinces to Medieval Kingdoms, edited by Thomas F.X. Noble, 277-291. London:Routledge.Add ‘ed.’ before or after the editor’s name, depending on how this appears on the title pageof the work, or add ‘edited by’ before the name of the editor if this is how it appears.Brochure (Curtin University 2010) Curtin University. 2010. Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Social MediaGuidelines. Bentley, W.A.: Curtin University.E-book (books consulted online)(Aaker and Smith 2010)Aaker, Jennifer, and Andy Smith. 2010. The Dragonfly Effect: Quick, Effective, and Powerful Waysto Use Social Media to Drive Social Change. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. http://.dbgw.lis,.au/Open.aspx?id=277342&loc=&srch=undefined&src=0.E-book (downloaded from a library or bookseller) According to Reagan (2010, chap. 3)Reagan, Timothy G. 2010. Non-Western Educational Traditions: Indigenous Approaches toEducational Thought and Practice. 3rd ed. New York: Routledge. Kindle edition.Use chapter or section numbers if there is no stable page number.Thesis (Doctorate) (Sharp 2010, 234)Sharp, Jennifer A. 2010. “Limiting Loss: A Grounded Theory of Mothers Who Use Illicit Drugs.”PhD diss., Curtin University of Technology. .au/R/?func=search-advanced-go&request1=144026.Thesis (Master’s) Lee (2008, 27) makes the point that...Lee, Shereen. 2008. “A New Taste of Tradition: Chinese Snacks and Hawker-Entrepreneurs inSingapore.” Master’s thesis, Curtin University of Technology.Include URL if electronic version is available.5 of 14Conference proceeding(Brebbia 2009, 12)Brebbia, C. A., ed. 2009. Structural Studies, Repairs and Maintenance of Heritage ArchitectureXI:11th International Conference on Structural Studies, Repairs and Maintenance of HeritageArchitecture, Tallinn, Estonia, 2009. Southampton, U.K.: WIT Press.Paper in a conference (print) (Prayag and Ramjee 2009)ORAs discussed by Prayag and Ramjee(2009)Prayag, I. L., and R. Ramjee. 2009. “The Impact of Newcastle Disease Control on SmallholderPoultry Production in Mauritius.” In Village Chickens, Poverty Alleviation and the SustainableControl of Newcastle Disease: Proceedings of an International Conference Held in Dar esSalaam, Tanzania, 5-7 October 2005, edited by Robyn G. Alders, Peter Spradbrow and M. P.Young, 132-134. Canberra, A.C.T.: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research.Use initials for names if only initials are provided in the publication.Paper in a conference (online) (Smierzchalski 2008, sec. 4:Structure of the Simulator)Use section or paragraph numberswhere no page number isavailable.Smierzchalski, R. 2008. “Simulation System for Marine Engine Control Room.” Paper presented atInternational Biennial Baltic Electronic Conference, Tallinn, Estonia, October 6-8. doi:10.1109/BEC.2008.4657535.Annual report of an organisation (print or electronic) (Director of National Parks 2010)OR(Black Range Minerals Ltd 2010)Director of National Parks. 2010. Annual Report 2009-2010. Canberra, A.C.T.: Department ofSustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities.ORBlack Range Minerals Ltd. 2010. Annual Report 20 June 2010. http://.au/docserver/01001315.pdf?fileid=01001315&datedir=20091022&edt=MjAxMC0xMS0yMisxOTowNjoyNCsxMjArNTA3ODQxK0N1cnRpblVuaXZlcnNpdHlBUk8rcmVkaXJlY3QrL2ltYWdlc2lnbmFsL2Vycm9ycGFnZXMvUERGVGltZW91dC5odG1sKy9pbWFnZXNpZ25hbC9lcnJvcnBhZ2VzL3BkZmRlbGF5ZWQuanNw.Do not include issuing organisation if report is electronic.Image in a book The photograph “Regatta. PearlingLuggers c. 1898” (Stephen 2005, 84,illustration 17)Stephen, Matthew. 2010. Contact Zones: Sport and Race in the Northern Territory 1869-1953.Darwin, N.T.: Charles Darwin University.6 of 14Article - single author As mentioned by Shaner (2010,1988)For multiple authors also see thein-text examples used for booksand electronic journals.Shaner, Malcolm. 2010. “Up in the Air - Suspending Ethical Medical Practice.” New EnglandJournal of Medicine 363 (21): 1988-1989.Article – no author “Some 68 days later, all 33 minerswere rescued” (“Australians PlayPart” 2010, 15)Use the title of the journal article.Shorten title, ensuring the firstword remains the same.“Australians Play Part in Mine Rescue.” 2010. Engineers Australia 82 (11): 14-15.Newspaper, feature or magazine article (Narushima 2010)Narushima, Yuko. 2010. “Indigenous Artists Want to Take on Management.” Sydney MorningHerald, November 23.Newspaper, feature or magazine article – no author The Australian (December 20, 2010)reported….OR“...the polls exposed a failure… tomount a credible challenge” (TheAustralian, December 20, 2010)Provide all the details in the in-text citation – no need for an entry in the reference list.Press release On 18 December 2010, the statementBHP Billiton Submits EnvironmentalImpact Statement for Jansen Project,announces that “Jansen is a worldclass ore body.” (Graham Kerr, pressrelease) Treated like an unpublished document. No need for an entry in the reference list. Provide description of document – in this case, ‘press release’ – after the author of the press release.Image in a journal article Several mummies have beenidentified as related (Hawass et al.2010, 640 table 1). Hawass, Zahi, Yehia Z. Gad, Somaia Ismail, Rabab Khairat, Dina Fathalla, Amal Ahmed, Hisham Elleithy et al. 2010. “Ancestry and Pathology in King Tutankhamun’s Family.” JAMA 303 (7): 638-647. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.121.For more than 10 authors, list the first 7 authors, then use ‘et al.’.7 of 14Electronic Journals In-Text Example Reference List ExampleFull text from an electronic databasesingle author (Bosma 2009, 320)Bosma, Ulbe. 2009. “European Colonial Soldiers in the Nineteenth Century: Their Role in WhiteGlobal Migration and Patterns of Colonial Settlement.” Journal of Global History 4 (2): 317-336. doi:10.1017/S1740022809003179.Full text article from an electronic database2 authors Cross and Smits (2005, 873) state …OR(Cross and Smits 2005, 873)Cross, Gary and Gregory Smits. 2005. “Japan, the U.S. and the Globalization of Children’sConsumer Culture.” Journal of Social History 38 (4): 873-890. http://.au/pqdweb?did=859478591&sid=1&Fmt=3&clientId=22212&RQT=309&Vname=PQD.Use stable/durable URL where provided.List the family name first for the first author ONLY.Full text article from an electronic database3 authors (Pambudi, McCaughey and Smyth2009, 236)ORPambudi, McCaughey and Smyth(2009, 26) state…..Pambudi, Djauhuri, Nathalie McCaughey, and Russell Smyth. 2009. “Computable GeneralEquilibrium Estimates of the Impact of the Bali Bombing on the Indonesian Economy.”Tourism Management 30 (2): 232-239. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2008.06.007.List the family name first for the first author ONLY.Full text article from an electronic database4 to 10 authors Tao et al. (2009, 43) have found….OR(Tao et al. 2009, 43)Tao, Donghua, Patrick G. McCarthy, Mary M. Krieger, and Annie B. Webb. 2009. “The MobileReference Service: A Case Study of an Onsite Reference Service Program at the School ofPublic Health.” Journal of the Medical Library Association 97 (1): 34-40. doi:10.3163/1536-5050.97.1.006.List the family name first for the first author ONLY.Full text article from an electronic database More than 10 authors (Johnson et al. 2010, 1642)ORJohnson et al. 2010, 1642 point outthat...Johnson, Warren E., David P. Onorato, Melody E. Roelke, E. Darrell Land, Mark Cunningham,Robert C. Belden, Roy McBride et al. 2010. “Genetic Restoration of the Florida Panther.”Science 329 (5999): 1641-1645. doi: 10.1126/science.1192891.List the family name first for the first author ONLY.For more than 10 authors, list the first 7 authors, then add ‘et al.’.Full text article from an electronic databaseno author “...the aging bad boy is still dishingdirt about the industry” (“MediumRaw” 2010, 12).Shorten long titles for in-textcitations. Short titles must includethe first word of the long title.“Medium Raw: A Bloody Valentine to the World of Food and the People Who Can Cook.” 2010.Food Management 45 (9): 12. .au/pqdweb?did=2137096321&sid=12&Fmt=3&clientId=22212&RQT=309&VName=PQD.8 of 14Electronic Journals In-Text Example Reference List ExampleFull text newspaper, newswire or magazine from an electronic databaseno author (“Runners Leading by Example”2010)Use the title of the article.You can shorten the title of thearticle if it is longer than 4words.“Runners Leading by Example: Marathon Effort by Indigenous Athletes”. 2010. TheMercury, November 12. .au/pqdweb?did=2186214831&sid=2&Fmt=3&clientId=22212&RQT=309&VName=PQD.Full text from the Internet It was proposed by Keogh et al.(2009, 256) that…Keogh, Louise A., Christine M. van Vliet, David M. Studdert, Judith A. Maskiell, Findlay A. Macrae, D.James St John, Clara F. Gaff et al. 2009. “Is the Uptake of Genetic Testing for ColorectalCancer Influenced by Knowledge of Insurance Implications?” Medical Journal of Australia 191(5): 255-258. .au/public/issues/191_05_070909/keo11470_fm.html.For more than 10 authors, list the first 7 authors then add ‘et al.’.Article from Curtin E-Reserve (Newman 2006, 277)Newman, Peter. 2006. "The Environmental Impact of Cities." Environment and Urbanization 18 (2):275-295..au/eres_display.cgi?url=DC60266188.pdf&copyright=1.Secondary Sources In-Text Example Reference List ExampleBook (Jenkins 2004, quoted in JonesFiner 2006, 27)Use the original author’s nameand date first, add ‘quoted in’ toindicate the secondary source.Page numbers are included inthe in-text citation but not thereference list.Jones Finer, Catherine, ed. 2006. Migration, Immigration and Social Policy. Malden, MA: Blackwell. Show secondary author only in the reference list.Journal article(Ebell 2006, quoted in Patton 2007,598)Use the original author’s nameand date first, add ‘quoted in’ toindicate the secondary source.Page numbers are included inthe in-text citation and thereference list.Patton, Kevin T. 2007. “Neuralgia and Headaches.” Science 316 (5824): 597-600.Show secondary author only in the reference list.9 of 14World Wide Web In-Text Example Reference List ExampleDocument on WWW “Our art has got to be protectedbecause it belongs to individualpeople and their families.” (Martin2010) Martin, Valerie Napaljari. 2010. DesArt: Aboriginal Art in Central Australia. Association of Central Aboriginal Art and Craft Centres. Accessed December 16, .au/AboriginalArtinCentralAustralia/tabid/56/Default.aspx.In the absence of a date on the website, add the year the page is accessed after the author’s name and also include the month and date the page is accessed after the name of the owner or sponsor of the website as in the example above.If a date is provided for the website, add the year after the author but do not add an access date.Include the owner or sponsor of the site after the name of the site.Titles for websites are set in Roman, with no quote marks.Document on WWW –No author(One Life 2008)Shorten long titles for in-textcitations. Short titles mustinclude the first word of the longtitle. One Life: The Mask of Lincoln. 2008. National Portrait Gallery. /exhibit/lincoln/ index.html.Do not provide an access date when a date is provided for the website.Document on WWW – No date (Centers for Disease Control andPrevention 2010)Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2010.“Traveling With Children: Resources.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. AccessedNovember 25, /travel/page/child-travel.htm.Titled sections or pages on a website should be placed in quote marks.Use access year rather than n.d. when a website has no date listed.Use actual date of access after the sponsor of the site, but before the URL.Image on the web The image of the MV Derbyshire(Merseyside Maritime Museum2010)Merseyside Maritime Museum. 2010. The Sinking of MV Derbyshire. National Museums Liverpool./maritime/exhibitions/derbyshire/.Access date not necessary since a date is given for the website.10 of 14GovernmentPublicationsIn-Text Example Reference List ExampleAct of Parliament The Commonwealth’s Copyright Act1968…[future references do not includedate]Legislation is included in a list of references only if it is important to an understanding of the work. Set the list apart from the main body of the reference under the subheading'Legislation'.Essential elements: Short title and Date (Jurisdiction) e.g. Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) or Fair Trading Act 2010 (WA).If legislation is obtained from an electronic database, add a URL as for electronic journal articles.Cases British American Tobacco AustraliaLtd v Secretary, Department ofHealth and Ageing (2011) 281 ALR75 Legal authorities are included in a list of references only if they are important to an understanding of the work. Set the list apart from the main body of the reference under the subheading ‘Legal Authorities’.Fact sheet (Department of Fisheries 2011)Use initials if the organisation isbetter known by its initials - seealternative example below. Department of Fisheries. 2011. Sharks. Perth, W.A.: Department of Fisheries.http:// .au/docs/pub/FactSheets/Fisheries%20Fact%20Sheet%20-%20Sharks.pdf.Australian Bureau of Statistics from ABS website (ABS 2010)Use initials if the organisation isbetter known by its initials. Listname in initials in reference list,but put full name in brackets.ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics). 2010. Australian Demographic Statistics. Cat. No. 3101.0.Canberra, A.C.T.: ABS. .au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/3101.0Jun%202010?OpenDocument.Census information (ABS 2006)Use initials if the organisation isbetter known by its initials.ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics). 2006. Census ofPopulation and Housing: B01 SelectedCharacteristics (First Release Processing) Postal Area 6050. Canberra, A.C.T.: ABS. http:// .au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ViewData?&action=404&documentproductno=POA6050&documenttype=Details&tabname=Details&areac ode=POA6050&issue=2006&producttype=Community%20Profiles&&producttype=Community% 20Profiles&javascript=true&textversion=false&navmapdisplayed=true&breadcrumb=LPD&&coll ection=Census&period=2006&producttype=Community%20Profiles&#Basic%20Community% 20Profile.GovernmentPublicationsIn-Text Example Reference List ExampleGovernment report (Australian Greenhouse Office2005)Australian Greenhouse Office. 2005. Australia’s Fourth National Communication on Climate Change: A Report under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Canberra, A.C.T.: Australian Greenhouse Office.Patent (Cook and Donaldson 2010)Cook, Fred C. and William H. Donaldson. 2010. Mega yacht mast tracking system with articulating sailfeeder. US Patent US20100282152A1, filed May 7, 2009, and issued November 11, 2010.Do not put title in quote marks or italics.Do not use capital letters for the beginning of each significant word in the title.Do not include URL for documents found online.Standard (online)(Standards Australia 2009)Standards Australia. 2009. Wire-rope Slings: Product Specification. SAIGlobal (AS 1666.1-2009).If the standard is in book form, reference it as you would reference a book.Other Sources In-Text Example Reference List ExamplePersonal communication, e-mail and discussion lists with no web archive “It was confirmed that an outbreakoccurred in London in 1999” (S.Savieri, personal communicationMay 21, 2007).Use exact date if known.Use initials instead of full firstname.Do not use ‘et al.’ for multipleauthors.Not included in the reference list as they cannot be traced by the reader.Unpublished interviews (Cowdell 2006) Cowdell, John Alexander. 2006. Interview of John Alexander Cowdell, interview by John Ferrell,February 21, transcript, Curtin University, Bentley, W.A.Lecture notes (Brieger 2005) Brieger, William. 2005. “Lecture 3: Recruitment and Involvement of Trainees.” PowerPoint lecturenotes. course.TrainingMethods. ContinuingEducation/lectureNotes.cfmDVDs and videos (Cameron and Landau 2010) Cameron, James (producer/director), and Jon Landau (producer). 2010. Avatar. DVD. Moore Park,N.S.W.: Twentieth Century Fox Home Entertainment South Pacific.Television and radio programmes (single episode in a series) (Thomason, Rudd, and Fimeri2007)Thomason, Matthew, Paul Rudd, and Wain Fimeri 2007. “Episode 4: North West Passage,” CaptainCook: Obsession and Discovery. Melbourne: Film Australia.Television and radio programmes (series or single programme) ...the travels of medieval Venetiantraders down the Aegean coast(da Mosto 2008).da Mosto, Francesco. 2008. Francesco’s Mediterranean Voyage. Directed by Andrea Carnevali andNicola Searle. London: BBC.Podcasts (interviews) (Parmenter and Shepherdson2009)Parmenter, Ian, and Anne Shepherdson, interviewed by Geraldine Mellet. 2009. “Painted Cows,” 720 ABC Local Radio, podcast audio, June 15, .au/localaudio/2009/06/15/2598730.htm.Podcasts (singleprogrammes)(“The Private Life” 2010)Shorten long titles for in-textcitations. Short titles mustinclude the first word of thelong title. “The Private Life of a Brain Surgeon.” 2010. ABC Radio National, podcast audio, July 10, http:// .au/rn/allinthemind/stories/2010/2921360.htm.Video blog posts (Krempl 2008)Krempl, Sandra A. 2008. The Beauty of Story. YouTube video, 10:01. /watch?v=2zSb-m25SJ4.Include full URL.Include indication length (by time).Web streaming video (Bernstein 2006)Bernstein, Anya. 2006. In Pursuit of the Siberian Shaman. Streaming video, 74:28, Ethnographic VideoOnline, .au/View/764794.。

引用及参考书目格式（APA）１．文中引用直接引文的摆放：插入正文或单独排列（Quotations run into the text or set off from the text）。

引用的是散文而又不超过40字，那么应该放入正文中，并用引号引起来；引用的是诗歌而又不超过两行，也应当放入正文中。

诗行之间用“/”，符号两边留空；保留原诗中的大写。

Curtius’s term “the Latin Middle Ages” covers a range of Roman legacies, including “the share of Rome, of the Roman idea of the state, of the Roman church, and of Roman culture.”In his “Hymn to Intellectual Beauty”, Shelley personifies the immaterial spiritual world: “The awful shadow of some unseen Power / Floats through unseen amongst us.”当然，为了强调也可以将篇幅短的诗歌或散文断开，以获得强调的效果。

直接引用应该保持原貌，包括原始资料中的各种标点和符号。

断开的引文的格式为：另起一行，左右都缩进3个字符，斜体，并和正文之间空一行，如果原文为1.5倍行距，引文就改为单倍行距，以示区别，达到醒目的效果。

如：…Wolfson argues:[W]here secretaries did use first name for women while reserving title and lastname for male faculty, this usage appeared to be a manifestation of a combinationof female solidarity with a sense that female professors were in lower statuspositions than their male colleagues, even where age and rank were similar. (p.168)We prefer to point out the ways that …注意，中括号为作者自己加上去的，表示对原文中字母w作了改动。

芝加哥格式的引用
芝加哥格式的引用一般包括书目引用与脚注引用两种形式。

一、书目引用格式
书目引用格式一般写在文章的末尾，列出所有引用过的书籍、期刊、网页等来源，按照作者字母顺序排列。

书目引用格式一般包括：
1. 书籍：作者姓名，书名，出版城市，出版社，出版年份。

例如：
张爱玲，色戒，香港，香港文化出版社，2015年。

2. 期刊文章：作者姓名，文章标题，期刊名，卷号（如果有），期号（如果有），出版年份，页码。

例如：
张维为，中国社会科学院院士教授、原国家发改委副主任，科技创新的驱动力应是市场需求，科技导报，2016年第35卷第13期，第62-67页。

3. 网络资源：作者姓名（如果有），文章标题，网站名称，发布日期，获取日期。

例如：
联合国，世界人口前景报告（2019版）：摘要，联合国人口司，2019年6月17日，2021年3月22日获取。

二、脚注引用格式
脚注引用格式一般写在文章正文中，用于注明引用的具体内容。

格式包括：
1. 书籍：作者姓名，书名（出版年份），页码。

例如：
张爱玲，《色戒》（香港文化出版社，2015年），43页。

2. 期刊文章：作者姓名，文章标题，期刊名（出版年份），卷号（如果有），期号（如果有），页码。

例如：
张维为，"科技创新的驱动力应是市场需求"，《科技导报》（2016年），第35卷第13期，63页。

3. 网络资源：作者姓名（如果有），文章标题或网站名称，获取日期。

例如：
联合国，"世界人口前景报告（2019版）：摘要"，2021年3月22日获取。

芝加哥论文格式手册《芝加哥论文格式手册》（Chicago Manual of Style）16th editionContentsPrefaceAcknowledgmentsPart One: The Publishing Process1 Books and Journals2 Manuscript Preparation, Manuscript Editing, and Proofreading3 Illustrations and Tables4 Rights, Permissions, and Copyright AdministrationbyWilliam S. StrongPart Two: Style and Usage5 Grammar and UsagebyBryan A. Garner6 Punctuation7 Spelling, Distinctive Treatment of Words, and Compounds8 Names and Terms9 Numbers10 Abbreviations11 Foreign Languages12 Mathematics in Type13 Quotations and DialoguePart Three: Documentation14 Documentation I: Notes and Bibliography15 Documentation II: Author-Date References16 IndexesAppendix A: Production and Digital Technology Appendix B: GlossaryBibliographyIndexFigures1 Books and Journals1.1 A typical copyright page1.2 Copyright notice of a second edition 1.3 The copyright page of a translation1.4 A copyright page acknowledging earlier publication of certain chapters1.5 Table of contents showing front matter, introduction, parts, chapters, back matter, and location of photo gallery1.6 Partial list of illustrations, with subheads for figures and tables1.7 Partial list of illustrations showing numbers, titles, and placement of unpaginated plates1.8 A list of abbreviations1.9 Opening page of a chronology1.10 Partial list of contributors to an edited collection1.11 Table of contents for an issue of an online scholarly journal2 Manuscript Preparation, Manuscript Editing, and Proofreading2.1 Sample design and production schedule for a printed book2.2 Sample production schedule for a quarterly journal published in both print and electronic forms2.3 Manuscript editor’s style sheet2.4 A manuscript page illustrating the principles of on-screen revision marks (redlining) and author queries2.5 An example of a hand-marked manuscript page2.6 Proofreaders’ marks2.7 Marked proofs3 Illustrations and Tables3.1 A halftone image of an original photo 3.2 Detail of figure 3.1 showing the halftone dot pattern3.3 A line drawing with descriptive labels 3.4 A line drawing with figure number and caption3.5 A musical example3.6 A figure consisting of a photograph anda line drawing3.7 Another composite figure, whose parts are identified in the caption3.8 A bar chart (also called a bar graph) 3.9 A graph with symbols identified in the caption3.10 A genealogical chart3.11 A four-column table with three column headings, three stub entries, and nine data cells3.12 A four-column table with two levels of stub entries3.13 A four-column table with a spanner head across the second and third columns3.14 A four-column table with two cut-in heads across three columns3.15 A four-column table with Total appearing in italics3.16 An eleven-column table with three levels of column heads3.17 A seven-column matrix3.18 An eight-column matrix3.19 A three-column table with no stub entries3.20 A three-column table in which values are aligned on the decimal point except for N values3.21 A five-column table with subtotals andtotal3.22 A four-column table with notes on significance, or probability, levels (p)3.23 A three-column table doubled into two columns3.24 An eight-column table with numbers replacing column heads to reduce width3.25 A six-column table with repeated column heads and “continued” indication following a page break4 Rights, Permissions, and Copyright Administration4.1 Agreement, or consent, for publication of an article or a chapter commissioned as a contribution to a collective work4.2 Agreement for publication of a journal article4.3 Suggestions for a letter seeking permission to reprint material in a scholarly book12 Mathematics in Type12.1 An example of typewritten andhand-marked mathematical copy12.2 The page of manuscript shown in figure 12.1 set in type12.3 LaTeX source listing that would generate a portion of the mathematical copy shown in figure 12.214 Documentation I: Notes and Bibliography 14.1 A page of text with footnotes14.2 A page of endnotes14.3 Chapter endnotes (first page)14.4 Translator’s footnote referenced by an asterisk, fol lowed by author’s numbered notes 14.5 Footnotes keyed to line numbers14.6 Endnotes keyed to page numbers 14.7 A short list of abbreviations preceding endnotes14.8 The first page of a bibliography for a book14.9 The opening page of a bibliography divided into sections14.10 Part of the first section of an annotated bibliography14.11 Part of the first section of a bibliographic essay14.12 The first page of a discography15 Documentation II: Author-Date References 15.1 Part of a reference list for a journal article in the social sciences15.2 A sample of text with both parenthetical text citations and a footnote16 Indexes16.1 Sample page of proof, marked up for indexingAppendix AProduction and Digital Technology A.1 An example of XML markup in a graphical interfaceA.2 Another view of figure A.1, showing the XML markup as plain textA.3 Sample set of rules for composition and page makeupA.4 Sample design specifications for a book A.5 A simplified XML workflowA.6 Principle of offset printingA.7 A sheet consisting of sixteen printedpagesA.8 Two methods of sewing used in binding A.9 Three methods of adhesive bindingTables6 Punctuation6.1 Punctuation relative to closing quotation marks and parentheses or brackets9 Numbers9.1 Roman and arabic numerals11 Foreign Languages11.1 Special characters (and Unicode numbers) for languages using the Latin alphabet 11.2 Special characters (and Unicode numbers) for transliterated Arabic, Hebrew, Japanese, and South Asian languages11.3 Russian alphabet (and Unicode numbers) and romanization11.4 Greek alphabet (and Unicode numbers) and romanization11.5 Greek numerals12 Mathematics in Type12.1 Common mathematical signs and symbols (with Unicode numbers and LaTeX commands)12.2 Standard abbreviated notations in mathematical copy12.3 Statistical notation12.4 Potentially ambiguous mathematical symbolsIndexA B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y ZAReferences are to paragraph numbers except where specified as table, figure (fig.), or page number (p.). Page numbers in the online edition link directly to terms in the glossary (appendix B).a and anabbreviations and, 7.44, 10.9acronyms and, 10.9appropriate use of, 5.72, 5.220, 7.44coordinate nouns and, 5.73disregarded in alphabetizing, 14.67, 16.51–52, 16.56, 16.68, 16.88as indefinite articles, 5.68, 5.70–71meaning affected by, 5.73–74, 5.76in proper names, 16.88in titles, 14.67, 16.51–52, 16.56when to drop from titles in running text, 8.167–68which to use, a vs. an, 5.72See also articles (definite and indefinite)AAs (author’s alterations), 2.67, 2.131–32, p. 891 abbreviations, general, 10.1a, an, or the, which to use, 7.44, 10.9 alphabetizing of, 1.43, 14.55, 16.64, 16.93, fig. 1.8, fig. 14.7chart labels, 3.43–44commas with: academic and professionaldesignations, 10.4, 10.16, 10.20–21; addresses, mailing, 6.46, 10.28, 10.30; e.g. and i.e., 5.220; etc. and et al., 6.20; Inc., Ltd., and such, 6.48; Jr., Sr., and such, 6.47compound, 6.80definitions and uses, 10.2–3after first occurrence of spelled-out version, 1.43, 10.24frequently cited works, 13.65, 14.54–55, fig. 14.7 indexing of: acronyms, 16.46, 16.49, 16.64; periodical titles, 16.49journal titles, 14.179, 15.13, 15.44, 16.49lists of: alphabetizing, 1.43, 14.55, 16.64, fig. 1.8, fig. 14.7; cross-checking, 2.29; format and placement, 1.43, 2.21, fig. 1.8; for frequently cited works, 13.65, 14.54–55, fig. 14.7numbers with, 9.16–17plurals of, 7.14publication details, 1.21punctuation with: ampersands, 6.21, 10.10; commas (see under commas with, above); hyphens vs. en dashes for compound, 6.80;periods with or not, 10.4; slashes, 6.107; surrounding text and, 6.117short title compared with, 14.54spelled out: capitals vs. lowercase, 10.6; guidance on, 10.3; marking manuscript for, 2.90; marking proofs for, 2.126typographic considerations: capitals vs. lowercase, 10.6; italic vs. roman type, 10.7; line breaks, 7.40; small vs. full-size capitals, 10.8, 10.24, 10.39, 10.42; space or no space, 10.5word division, 7.40See also acronyms; contractions; initialisms abbreviations, specificBible: books, Apocrypha, 10.49; books, New Testament, 10.50; books, Old Testament, 10.48; books, citing in text and notes, 10.46; resources on, 10.45; sections and versions of, 10.51; short forms, 10.47binary systems, 9.11business and commerce, 10.22–23, 10.72in documentation of: classical references, 14.258–59, 14.264, 14.266; dictionary andencyclopedia entries, 14.247–48; editor, translator, and such, 15.6, 15.15; English poems and plays (short forms), 14.268; frequently cited works, 13.65, 14.54–55, fig. 14.7; journal titles, 14.179, 15.13, 15.44; legal-style citations (see below); organization names, 15.36; publishers’ names, 14.139–40file formats (e.g., HTTP), 7.76genus, subspecies, and such, 8.120–23 geographical terms: avenue, street, and such, 10.34; Canadian provinces and territories, 10.29; city plus state, comma with, 10.30; compass points, 10.35–36; country names, 10.32; latitude and longitude, 10.37; place-names with Fort, Saint, and such, 10.31; US, when to use, 10.33; US states and territories, 10.4, 10.28legal-style citations, 14.286; cases and court decisions, 14.288–91, 14.306; constitutions, 14.292mathematical expressions, 12.17, 12.63, table 12.2names and titles: academic and professionaldesignations, 10.4, 10.16, 10.20–21; agencies and organizations, 10.24–25; author names, 1.18; civil titles, 10.13–14; firms and companies, 10.22–23; given names, 10.11; initials, 10.12; military, 10.15; Rev. and Hon., 10.18; Saint, St., and such, 10.26–27, 10.31, 11.29, 16.75, 16.90, 16.93; social, 10.16–17page, volume, and such, 14.157Rev. and Hon., 10.18scholarly words, 10.43scientific and technical: astronomical and astrophysical, 10.64–65; chemical elements, 10.66; latitude and longitude, 10.37; miscellaneous technical, list of, 10.52; periods omitted, 10.4; resources, 10.1; SI units, 10.52, 10.54–62; statistics, 10.53; US measurements, 10.67–71states and territories (US), 10.4, 10.28stub column of tables, 3.60time designations: a.m. and p.m., 9.38–40, 10.42; chronology systems, 9.35, 9.63, 10.39; days of the week, 10.41; months, 10.40; numerical, 9.31,9.34, 9.36, 9.38–41; time of day, 10.42; units (seconds, minutes, etc.), 10.71time zones, 8.89, 10.42See also postal codes; and under specific abbreviations (e.g., Jr. [“Junior”]) abridgementscopyright issues, 4.14, 4.69editing materials from, 2.58abstractions, 8.36, 8.93abstractscopyright issues and, 4.60description, 1.88, 1.90documentation of, 14.197hyperlinks to, 1.83, fig. 1.11submitted with manuscript, 2.3academic concernscourse names, 8.85degrees and affiliations: abbreviations, 10.4, 10.16, 10.20–21; of author, 1.49, 1.88, 1.94; capitalization, 8.28, 10.20–21; in contributors’ list, 1.62, fig. 1.10; indexing of, 16.40; omitted in documentation of works, 14.72; use of, 1.18, 1.20honors and awards, 8.30, 8.82institutions and departments: capitalization, 8.67, 8.84; in documentation of dissertations, theses, lectures, and such, 14.224, 14.226; place-names with, 6.46, 6.81; special imprints of, 14.146 (see also institutions; universities)letter grades, 7.60student status terms, 8.28subjects and disciplines: authorities in specific, 8.118; specific course names, 8.85; spellings peculiar to, 7.2; treatment of names, 8.84–85 titles and offices, 8.27, 8.29See also lectures and lecture series; universities accents. See diacritical marks; special charactersaccess datesonline journal articles, 14.7, 14.185online legal and public documents, 14.282 online reference works, 14.248undated online documents, 15.51 acknowledgmentson copyright page, 1.19, 1.30–31, fig. 1.1, figs.1.3–4of data sources, 3.75of grants and subventions, 1.19, 1.31, 1.40, fig.1.1illustration credits in, 3.29in journals, 1.85, 1.88material appropriate for, 1.42and indexing, 16.109of permissions, 4.98–99in preface, 1.40references to, 8.177separate section for, 1.41in table notes, 3.75in unnumbered notes, 14.50acronymsa, an, or the, which to use, 7.44, 10.9 capitalization of, 10.6definition and use, 10.2, 10.14disease and medical terms, 8.143indexing of, 16.46, 16.49, 16.64journal titles, 14.179, 15.13, 15.44, 16.49small vs. full-size capitals for, 10.8, 10.24space omitted in, 10.5See also abbreviations; initialismsactive voice, 5.18, 5.104, 5.115, 5.188acts and treatiesdocumentation of, 14.287, 14.302treatment in text, 8.65, 8.79–80See also legal documents; public documentsAD (anno Domini), and such, 9.35, 9.63, 10.39 additions and insertionsmarking manuscript for, 2.91–92marking proofs for, 2.122, 2.124, fig. 2.6 stetting or reversal of, 2.127address, spoken. See dialogue; direct address; speech; speechesaddresses, e-mail, 14.11hyperlinks to, 1.114hyphenation issues, 6.77line breaks in, 7.42punctuation of, 6.8See also addresses, mailing; URLs (uniform resource locators)addresses, mailingabbreviations: avenue, street, and such, 10.34; city plus state, comma with, 10.30; compass points, 10.35; provinces and territories (Canada), 10.29; states and territories (US), 10.28 compass points in, 10.35numbers in, 9.51–53publishers’, 1.18–19, 1.21treatment in text, 6.46, 10.28, 10.30See also addresses, e-mail; compass points and directions; geographical terminology adjectives, 5.66–94adverbs compared with, 5.156articles as limiting adjectives: articles defined, 5.68; a vs. an, 5.72; coordinate nouns with, 5.73; definite, 5.69, 5.73; indefinite, 5.70–71; meaning affected by, 5.73–74, 5.76; omitted, 5.76; as pronoun substitute, 5.77; zero (implicit), 5.75 avoiding biases in uses, 5.230coinage of, 8.59compound, 6.80dates as, 5.82definitions, 5.66degrees: comparative, 5.84, 5.86; equal and unequal comparisons, 5.87; positive or absolute, 5.83; superlative, 5.85–86; uncomparable, 5.88 derivations: from legislative bodies, 8.61; from place-names (e.g., Californian), 5.67, 8.44; from proper names, 8.59–60ethnic and national group names with, 8.37 functional variations of, 5.92–94idiomatic uses, 5.75infinitives as, 5.105as interjections, 5.210irregular, 5.86nouns as/as nouns, 5.22, 5.25, 5.92, 5.226, 7.25 participles and participial phrases as, 5.89, 5.109 position: basic rules, 5.78; dates and, 5.82; meaning affected by, 5.74, 5.76; when modifying pronoun, 5.80; after possessive pronoun, 5.79; predicate, 5.78, 5.81predicate, 5.78, 5.81prepositional phrase as, 5.173, 5.175 pronominal, 5.65pronouns and, 5.29, 5.47, 5.65, 5.77, 5.79–80proper, 5.67punctuation: commas, 5.90, 6.33–34; dates in text, 5.82; hyphenation, 5.91, 6.80repeated, 6.34sex-specific labels as, 5.226special types: coordinate, 5.90, 6.33; participial, 5.89, 5.109; phrasal (compound modifier), 5.78, 5.91, 7.81as verbs, 5.93administrative bodies, 8.62, 11.8. See also business and commerce; governmental entities; institutions; organizationsadverbs, 5.153–68adjectives compared with, 5.156as conjunctions, 5.202definition, 5.153degrees: comparative, 5.160; intensifiers, 5.164; irregular, 5.162; positive, 5.159; superlative, 5.161; uncomparable, 5.163flat, 5.157formation of, 5.154–55infinitives as, 5.105as interjections, 5.210introductory phrases, 6.36-ly ending, 5.91, 5.154, 5.160–61, 5.167, 7.82 nouns as, 5.24–25, 5.154participial phrases as, 5.109phrasal and compound, 5.158, 6.36, 7.82 position: intransitive verbs modified by, 5.166; linking verbs and, 5.167; meaning affected by, 5.165; placement considerations, 5.165; in verb phrases, 5.168prepositional phrases: as, 5.173, 5.175; compared with, 5.100, 5.156, 5.180; replaced by, 5.186punctuation with, 6.25, 6.36, 6.55simple, 5.157suffixes, 5.154–55transitional (however, therefore, and such), 5.207, 6.25, 6.55verb phrases modified by, 5.102See also infinitives; participles and participial phrasesadvertisements in journals, 1.72, 1.78, 1.82African languages, 11.14–15. See also Arabic languageafterwords, 1.26, 1.52, 14.91, 14.116agents, literary, 4.18age terms, hyphenation guide, 7.85ah, 6.37AH (anno Hegirae), and such, 9.35, 9.63, 10.39 aircraft, 8.2, 8.115–16. See also vehicles and vesselsa.k.a., 10.72Albanian language, 11.16–17alignmentchecking facing pages for, 2.114marking proofs for, 2.124of subscripts and superscripts, 12.21–22, 12.38 tables: cells, 3.68–72, figs. 3.19–21; decimal points, 3.70, 3.84, fig. 3.13, figs. 3.15–16, fig. 3.20 See also lists; margins; tablesall rights reserved, 1.19, 1.22, 4.40, figs. 1.1–4 alphabetizing, 16.56, 16.62–67abbreviations and abbreviations lists, 1.43, 14.55, 16.64, 16.93, fig. 1.8, fig. 14.7accented letters (diacritical marks and special characters), 16.29, 16.67bibliographies, 2.60, 14.57, 14.60–62, 14.64–65, 14.67, fig. 14.8business names, 16.88–89compound words, 16.59–60, 16.72, 16.84 computerized sorting options, 16.5, 16.57, 16.104, 16.123cross-references, 16.17, 16.20dates, 16.65elements to disregard in, 14.67, 16.48, 16.51–52, 16.56, 16.68, 16.88, 16.91foreign words, 16.67glossaries, 1.60indexes: main headings, 16.56; subentries, 16.68 letter-by-letter: basics of, 16.58–59; bibliographies, example of, 14.60; word-by-word compared, 16.61, 16.123names: abbreviations and acronyms, 16.64; basic rules, 16.71–76; compound, 16.72; foreign, 16.67, 16.76–87; initials vs. spelled-out, 16.63, 16.79; list of contributors, 1.62, fig. 1.10; Mac orMc with, 16.73; monarchs, popes, and such, 16.37; nobility, titles, and such, 16.38, 16.66; numerals in (e.g., Henry III), 16.66; O’ with, 16.74; with particles, 16.71, 16.84; personal, as corporate names, 16.89; Saint, St., and such, 16.75, 16.93; same, of person, place, and thing, 16.62names, foreign personal, 16.76–87; Arabic, 16.76; Asian, generally, 16.87; Burmese, 16.77; Chinese, 16.78; Hungarian, 16.79; Indian, 16.80; Indonesian, 16.81; Japanese, 16.82; Portuguese, 16.83; Spanish, 16.84; Thai, 16.85; Vietnamese, 16.86numerals, 16.65–66organization names, 16.46, 16.88–89place-names, 16.90–93punctuation and, 16.59–61reference lists, 2.60, 14.61–62, 15.11, fig. 15.1 titles of nobility and such, 16.66titles of works, 16.48–49, 16.51–52, 16.56word-by-word: basics of, 16.58, 16.60; bibliographies, example of, 14.60;letter-by-letter compared, 16.61, 16.123 alphabetscharacter sets for Latin, 11.12, table 11.1 character sets for non-Latin, 11.92, 11.110, tables 11.2–11.4dictionary tables of, 11.96, 11.111in mathematical expressions, 12.12 modernizing archaic letters, 13.7proofreading copy in non-Latin, 11.92See also Arabic language; Cyrillic alphabet; Greek language; Hebrew language; International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA); Latin alphabet; letters (alphabet); transliteration; Unicode standard; and names of other languagesalterationsauthor’s (AAs), 2.67, 2.131–32, p. 891 definition, p. 891designer’s (DAs), 2.131, p. 894editor’s (EAs), 2.131–32, p. 894printer’s errors (PEs) and, 2.131, p. 900a.m. and p.m., 9.38–40, 10.42American Indians, 7.9, 8.37American Medical Association (AMA), 10.7, 14.3, 14.76American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 1.34, A.44American Psychological Association (APA), 3.46, 3.78, 14.3American Sign Language (ASL), 11.144–54 Deaf and deaf, 8.42fingerspelling in, 6.77, 11.149resources on, 11.146signed languages, defined, 11.144signs: components of, 11.145; compound, 11.148; glosses of, 11.147–54; handshapes, 11.151; lexicalized, 11.150; nonmanual, 11.154; pronouns, possessives, and reference, 11.153 transcriptions and writing of, 11.146–54 American Society for Indexing (ASI), 16.104 ampersandschanged to and, 8.163in company names, 10.23initialisms with, 10.10in Old and Middle English, 11.143in publishers’ names, 14.141serial comma omitted before, 6.21spacing with, 10.10in URLs and e-mail addresses, 7.42See also and; conjunctionsandampersand changed to, 8.163appropriate use of, 5.220between with, 6.78, 9.59both with, 5.195, 5.214coordinate adjectives separated by, 5.90in generic cross-references of indexes, 16.23or with, 5.220pronoun and antecedent with, 5.32–34in publisher’s name, 14.141punctuation with, 6.18, 6.28–29sentences beginning with, 5.206serial commas and, 6.18–19slash instead of, 6.104two or more authors (or editors) in documentation, 14.76See also ampersands; conjunctionsand if, 6.32and/or, 5.220and other stories, 14.100and so forth or and the like, 6.20, 11.35angle bracketsin generic markup, 2.15, 2.27, 2.78for less than and more than, 3.81in mathematical expressions, 6.102, 12.26, 12.28, 12.31, 12.55, 12.58with URLs, 6.8, 14.11in XML, 6.102, fig. A.2See also bracketsanimalsdomestic breeds, 8.128scientific names: authorities on, 8.118; author names in, 8.123; divisions higher than genus, 8.125; English derivatives from taxonomic system, 8.126; genus, species, and subspecies, 8.119–21; unspecified species and varieties, 8.122vernacular names, 8.127–29See also scientific and technical terminology animations, 1.100, 2.4. See also audiovisual materialsAnnals of the Congress of the United States, 14.299annotated bibliographies, 14.59, fig. 14.10 annotationsas copyrightable, 4.5excessive, 2.59, 14.51–55See also documentation; notes announcements in journals, 1.83, 1.85, 1.93 anonymity of research subjects, 13.47 anonymous worksabbreviation of anonymous, 10.43copyright of, 4.24documentation of: known authorship, 14.80, 15.33; unattributed interviews, 14.220; unknown authorship, 14.79, 15.32use of anonymous, 14.79ANSI (American National Standards Institute), 1.34anthologiesauthor-and-title index of, 16.6as collective works, 4.8copyright issues and, 4.55, 4.60, 4.90editorial additions bracketed in, 6.97material copyrightable in, 4.5permissions and fees for, 4.101unnumbered source notes in, 3.31, 14.49See also collected works; compilations; derivative works; previously published materialsaphorisms. See figures of speech; maxims Apocryphaabbreviations of books, 10.49capitalization, 8.105See also Bibleapostrophes, 6.113–15in foreign languages: African languages, 11.15; Chinese, 11.104; French, 11.38; German, 11.43; Hebrew, 11.113; Italian, 11.53, 11.57–58; Japanese, 11.107and manuscript cleanup, 2.77marking on manuscript, 2.91marking on proofs, 2.129other punctuation with: generally, 6.115; periods or commas, 6.115; single closing quotation mark, 6.9in plurals: abbreviations, 7.14; letters as letters, 7.14, 7.59–61; noun coinages, 7.13; proper nouns, 7.8; words in quotation marks, 7.12in possessives: basic use, 5.50; compounds, 7.23; for . . . sake expressions, 7.20; general rule, 7.15; genitive case, 7.24; gerunds, 7.26; italicized or quoted words, 7.28; nouns, proper, 7.16–18; nouns ending in eez sound, 7.18; nouns plural in form, singular in meaning, 7.19; nouns used attributively, 7.25; of, 7.27; two nouns as unit, 7.22; words ending in unpronounced s, 7.17 “smart,” 6.114, 7.29uses, other, 6.113; abbreviated decades (e.g., ’70s), 9.34; abbreviated years, 9.31; contractions, 7.29; hamza vs., 11.97; inappropriate, 5.47, 5.50, 6.114, 7.60; nouns, genitive, 5.12, 5.19–20appendixeschronologies as, 1.58, fig. 1.9content and format of, 1.57figures or illustrations in, numbering of, 3.11 indexing of, 16.109multiple, 1.47note materials moved to, 14.51numbering of, 8.178online alternative to, 1.57part title for, 1.47references to, 8.177running heads for, 1.13web-based publications, 1.117as work made for hire, 4.10appositives, 5.21, 6.23, 6.51Arabic language, 11.96–101capitalization, 11.100definite article, al, 11.99hamza and ʿayn, 11.97, 11.101, 11.112, table 11.2 names: alphabetizing, 16.76; treatment, 8.14 spelling, 11.98transliteration, 11.99; resources on, 11.96word division, 11.101arabic numeralsbuilding and apartment numbers, 9.53 Chicago’s preference for, 9.66columns in tables, 3.54definition, p. 891documentation and references: chapters, figures, and such, 8.178, 14.154; classical Greek and Latin references, 14.256–66; parts of poems and plays, 8.182, 14.267–68; ranges (inclusive), 9.60–61, 14.155; volume numbers of multivolume works, 14.121–27; when to use, 14.154highways and streets, 9.51–52illustrations, 3.12, fig. 3.7line breaks and, 7.39manuscript page numbers, 1.4, 1.7, 1.45–46, 2.35 numbered divisions in publications and documents, 9.27–29roman numerals compared with, table 9.1 spelled out: alternative rule, 9.3; beginning a sentence, 9.5; Chicago’s general rule, 9.2; consistency, readability, and flexibility, 9.7;direct discourse, 13.42; fractions, 9.14–15; hundreds, thousands, and hundred thousands (round numbers), 9.4; hyphens with, 7.85; marking manuscript for, 2.90; marking proofs for, 2.126; ordinals, 9.6; physical quantities, 9.13; to vs. en dash with, 9.59See also inclusive (or continuing) numbers; numbers; roman numeralsarchaeology, 7.2, 9.35archival practices, 1.107, 2.86–87. See also backup copiesarchiveselectronic sources, 14.282unpublished government documents, 14.232, 14.304, 14.308See also legal documents; legal-style citations; letters (correspondence); manuscript collections; public documents; unpublished and informally published materialsarticles (definite and indefinite)a vs. an, 5.72abbreviations and, 7.44, 10.9acronyms and, 7.44, 10.9in alphabetizing, disregarded, 14.67, 16.48, 16.51–52, 16.56, 16.68, 16.88, 16.91 appropriate use of, 5.72, 5.220, 7.44in Arabic, 11.99, 16.76in blog titles, 8.187celestial bodies and, 8.137coordinate nouns with, 5.73definite, 5.69, 5.71, 5.73, 16.91–92definition, 5.68dropping of, 5.76, 8.167–68, 14.28, 14.179, 14.210 earth with, 8.139in foreign names for places and structures, 8.58 gender indicated by, 5.14implicit, 5.75indefinite, 5.70–71indexing: articles disregarded, 16.48, 16.51–52, 16.56, 16.68, 16.88, 16.91; first lines, 16.144; organization and business names, 16.88; personal and foreign names, 16.76, 16.91–92; place-names, 16.91–92; in subentries, 16.51, 16.68, 16.129; titles of newspapers andperiodicals, 16.48–49; titles of works, 16.51–52, 16.56as limiting adjectives: articles defined, 5.68; a vs. an, 5.72; coordinate nouns with, 5.73; definite, 5.69, 5.73; indefinite, 5.70–71; indefinite, in specific reference, 5.71; meaning affected by, 5.74, 5.76; omitted, 5.76; as pronoun substitute, 5.77; zero (implicit), 5.75meaning affected by, 5.73–74, 5.76names with: articles disregarded in alphabetizing, 16.88; capitalized or not, 8.67, 8.69; publisher’s, in documentation, 14.140; titles and the, 8.20, 8.29, 8.35, 10.18newspaper and periodical titles beginning with, 8.168, 14.179, 14.210, 16.48–49organization and business names with, 8.67, 16.88place-names with, 8.58, 16.91–92preceding mass noun followed by prepositional phrase, 5.9as pronoun substitute, 5.77in titles in running text, 8.167–68。

常用的书刊参考文献引用格式一、参考文献类型【论著报告类型】专著[M],报纸文章[N],期刊文章[J],学位论文[D], 论文集[C],报告[R],标准[S],专利[P],论文集中的析出文献[A],汇编[G],参考工具[K],对于其他未说明的文献类型，建议采用单字母[Z]。

【电子文献类型】数据库[DB],计算机程序[CP],电子公告[EB]【电子文献的载体类型】互联网[OL],光盘[CD],磁带[MT],磁盘[DK]二、各类文献引用格式M.专著[序号] 主要责任者.文献题名[M].版本项(初版不加).出版地:出版社,出版年份:起止页码(可选,当整体引用时不注).[1] 南国农,李运林.电化教育学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1998:55.文中多处用到同一文献的情况[1][4] 南国农,李运林.电化教育学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1998:55,163.译著类[序号] 主要责任者.文献题名[M].其他责任者(译著作者等).版本项(初版不加).出版地:出版者,出版年份:起止页码(可选,当整体引用时不注).[2] [美]登哈特 J V,登哈特 R B.新公共服务:服务,而不是掌舵[M].丁煌译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004:7.J.期刊文章[序号] 主要责任者.文献题名[J].刊名,年,卷(期):起止页码.[3] 祝智庭.教育信息化——教育技术的新高地[J].中国电化教育,2001(2):5-10.[4] 袁庆龙,候文义.Ni-P合金镀层组织形貌及显微硬度研究[J].太原理工大学学报,2001,32(1):51-53.注：没有卷的不加卷。

合期刊物的在括号内注明合期。

如:1999(9/10):36-39.A.论文集中的析出文献[序号] 析出文献主要责任者.析出文献题名[A].原文献主要责任者(可选).原文献题名[C].出版地:出版者,出版年份:起止页码.[4] 张舒予.英国新工党的第三条道路与教育现代化[A].李艺.第七届全球华人计算机教育应用大会论文集(下)[C].南京:南京师范大学出版社,2003:1009-1012.N.报纸文章[序号] 主要责任者.文献题名[N].报纸名,出版日期(版次).[5] 谢希德.创造学习的新思路[N].人民日报,1998-02-05(10).电子文献【文献类型/载体类型标识】[J/OL]网上期刊、[EB/OL]网上电子公告、[M/CD]光盘图书、[DB/OL]网上数据库、[DB/MT]磁带数据库【格式规范】[序号] 主要责任者.电子文献题名[电子文献及载体类型标识].电子文献的出版或获得地址,发表更新日期/引用日期[6] 王明亮.关于中国学术期刊标准化数据库系统工程的进展[EB/OL]. /pub/wml.html,1998-08-16/1998-10-01.[7] 万锦.中国大学学报文摘(1983-1993).英文版[DB/CD].北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1996.R.报告[序号] 主要责任者.文献题名[R].报告地:报告会主办单位,年份:起始页码.[6] 冯西桥.核反应堆压力容器的LBB分析[R].北京:清华大学核能技术设计研究院,1997:12.S.标准(包括国际标准、国家标准、规范、法规等)[序号] 主要责任者(任选).标准编号,标准名称[S].出版地(任选):出版者(任选),出版年(任选).[15] GB/T 7714-2005,文后参考文献著录规则[S].[16] 中华人民共和国交通部.JT/T 623-2005,集装箱吊具[S].北京:人民交通出版社出版,2005.D.学位论文[序号] 主要责任者.文献题名[D].保存地:保存着,出版年份:起始页码.[4] 张筑生.微分半动力系统的不变集[D].北京:北京大学数学系数学研究所,1983:4. Z.条例[序号] 颁布单位.条例名称[Z].发布日期.[15] 中华人民共和国科学技术委员会.科学技术期刊管理办法[Z].1991-06-05.K.参考工具[序号] 主要责任者.文献题名[K].版本项(初版不加).出版地:出版社,出版年份:起止页码(可选，当整体引用时不注).[1] 张永录.唐代长安词典[K].西安:陕西人民出版社,1980:55.[2] 张加铨,关景时,程鹏.常用药物手册[K].北京:人民卫生出版社,1982:337.G.汇编[序号] 主要责任者.文献题名[G].版本项(初版不加).出版地:出版社,出版年份:起止页码(可选，当整体引用时不注).[1] 朱一玄.聊斋志异资料汇编[G].郑州:中州古籍出版社,1985:177-178.[2] 公安部交管局.49～99五十年交通事故统计资料汇编[G].北京:群众出版社,2000. 外文文献各类外文文献的文后参考文献格式与中文示例相同；外文文献题名的首字母及各个实词的首字母大写，期刊的刊名等可用全称或按规定的缩写格式，并以（SXXXX-XXXX）格式在刊名后加ISSN号。

论⽂参考书⽬引⽤格式-芝加哥16版_Chicago_16thCHICAGO AUTHOR-DATE(16th edition) REFERENCINGLast updated March 2011 This guide is primarily for students doing assignments at Curtin University.It is not for those publishing using the Chicago Author-Date style. For those publishing in the Chicago Author-Date style, please consult the Chicago Manual of Style: The Chicago Manual of Style. 2010. 16th ed. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.The Chicago Manual of Style Online (16th ed.) is also available via Databases link on the Library’shome page.The Chicago referencing style has two basic systems of documentation. There is the humanities style (which can also be known as the footnote and endnote or the notes and bibliography style), as well as the author-datestyle. This guide follows the author-date system of referencing. This involves citations within the text corresponding to a full bibliographic entry in the reference list at the end of the document. The in-text citations include the author‘s last name, followed by the date of publication in parentheses. The bibliographic entry in the reference list includes all the other necessary publication information.When using EndNote, it is recommended that the style system to use is Chicago 16th B CurtinIt is very important that you check your department or school's assignment guide as some details,eg. punctuation, may vary from the guidelines on this page. You may be penalised for notconforming to your school's requirements.What is Referencing?Referencing is a standardised method of acknowledging sources of information and ideas that you have usedin your assignment in a way that uniquely identifies their source. Direct quotations, facts and figures, as well asideas and theories, from both published and unpublished works must be referenced.There are many acceptable forms of referencing. This information sheet provides a brief guide to the ChicagoAuthor-Date referencing style. Within the text of the assignment the author‘s name is given first, followed by thepublication date. A reference list at the end of the assignment contains the full details of all the in-text citations.Why Reference?Referencing is necessary to avoid plagiarism, to verify quotations, and to enable readers to follow-up and readmore fully the cited author‘s arguments.Steps Involved in Referencing1. Note down the full bibliographic details including the page number(s) from which the information is taken.In the case of a book, ?bibliographical details‘ refers to: author/editor, year of publication, title, edition, volumenumber, place of publication and publisher as found on the front and back of the title page. (Not all of thesedetails will necessarily be applicable).In the case of a journal article, the details required include: author of the article, year of publication, title ofthe article, title of the journal, volume and issue number of the journal, and page numbers.For all electronic information, in addition to the above you should note the date that you accessed theinformation, and database name or web address (URL).2. Insert the citation at the appropriate place within the text of the document (see examples below).3. Provide a reference list at the end of the document (see examples below).12In -Text CitationsUse the name of the author, followed by the year of publication when citing references within the text of an assignment.Where authors of different references have the same family name, include the author‘s personal name or initials in the in -text citation i.e.(Anderson, John 2008) or John Anderson (2008). If two or more authors are cited at the same point in the text then they are included in the same in -text citation, separated by a semicolon e.g. (Brown 1991; Smith 2003). They are presented alphabetically by author.When directly quoting from another source, the relevant page number must be given and quotation marks placed around the quote. It is not necessary to include the page number when paraphrasing or referring to an idea from another source which is a book or lengthy text.You can view an example of a Reference List using the Chicago Author -datereferencing style1. A reference list includes books, chapters, journal articles etc that you cite in the text of your essay.2. A bibliography is a list of relevant sources for background or for further reading.3. The reference list is arranged alphabetically by author – at the end of your essay..4. Where an item has no author it is cited and listed by its title.5. The Chicago Author -Date referencing style requires the second and subsequent lines of the reference to be indented.What is a Reference List? What is a Reference/Citation?A reference or citation consists of elements that allow the reader to trace the original book, article or website you have consulted and cited. Here are some examples in the Chicago Author -Date referencing style.Book:Journal article from a database:Web page:Place of publication Publisher Title of the journal article Journal titleuse URL.URL of the web pageExamples of Referencing6 of 178 of 179 of 1710 of 1711 of 1712 of 1713 of 1714 of 1715 of 1716 of 17Manual Changes—EndNote users, please note: Make any manual changes when you have finished creating your reference list with EndNote or convert your word document to plain text by clicking on the drop down arrow at Convert Citations andBibliography and selecting Convert to Plain text, then make your changes in the new document this will create. Failure to follow this procedure will result in manual changes being lost, and the references reverting to their original form once the reference list is updated with any new entries.17 of 17。

高教论坛参考文献格式高教论坛参考文献的格式通常遵循学术规范和出版要求，一般可以采用APA、MLA、芝加哥或哈佛等格式。

以下是一些常见的参考文献格式示例：1. APA格式：作者姓，作者名字的首字母. (出版年). 文章标题. 期刊名，卷号(期号)，页码范围.例如：Smith, J. (2005). The impact of technology on education. Higher Education Forum, 15(2), 123-136.2. MLA格式：作者姓，作者名. "文章标题." 期刊名，卷号.期号 (出版年): 页码范围. 打印/网址.例如：Smith, John. "The impact of technology on education." Higher Education Forum 15.2 (2005): 123-136. Print.3. 芝加哥格式：作者名字，作者姓，"文章标题," 期刊名卷号, 期号 (出版年): 页码范围.例如：Smith, John. "The impact of technology on education." Higher Education Forum 15, no. 2 (2005): 123-136.4. 哈佛格式：作者姓，作者名字的首字母. (出版年) 文章标题. 期刊名，卷号(期号)，页码范围.例如：Smith, J. (2005) The impact of technology on education. Higher Education Forum, 15(2), 123-136.以上是一些常见的参考文献格式示例，具体的格式要求可能会根据不同的期刊或学术机构有所不同，建议在撰写论文时，仔细查阅期刊的投稿要求，并严格按照要求进行格式化。

《Chicago格式参考文献模板：深度解析》在学术写作和论文撰写中，参考文献的格式和引用规范是至关重要的。

而在众多的引用格式中，Chicago格式参考文献模板因其广泛应用和规范性而备受青睐。

本文将深入探讨Chicago格式参考文献模板，从简单的介绍到深入的解析，帮助读者全面地了解和掌握这一重要内容。

一、什么是Chicago格式参考文献模板？Chicago格式参考文献模板，又称芝加哥引用格式，是一种通用的学术引用格式，被广泛运用于人文学科、社会科学等领域的学术著作中。

它要求引用者在文中引用他人观点和研究成果时，给予详尽的资料来源信息，并在文章末尾列出所有引用过的文献和资料，以供读者查证。

在学术界，严谨的引用格式是保证学术诚信和文章质量的重要保障，而Chicago格式参考文献模板正是其中的一种。

二、Chicago格式参考文献模板的要求及特点在使用Chicago格式参考文献模板时，需要遵循一定的要求和特点。

引用时需要提供完整的作者、题目、出版信息等信息，以便读者可以准确追溯到引用的具体来源。

引用的格式要求使用专用的标点符号和格式，如斜体、冒号、点号等，以保证引用信息的清晰可读性和统一性。

再次，参考文献列表需要按照作者姓氏的字母顺序排列，并注意不同类型文献的格式略有不同，如书籍、期刊、全球信息湾等。

这些要求和特点使得Chicago格式参考文献模板成为一种具有规范性和可操作性的引用格式。

三、使用Chicago格式参考文献模板的优势相比其他引用格式，Chicago格式参考文献模板有其独特的优势。

它强调详尽的文献信息，有助于读者追溯到原始资料，从而增强了文章的可信度和可读性。

Chicago格式参考文献模板不仅适用于书籍、期刊等常见文献类型，还可以很好地适应各种新型文献来源，如网络文章、数据库资料等，更具适应性和灵活性。

再次，Chicago格式参考文献模板注重引用格式的一致性和规范性，有助于提升学术著作的质量和水平，受到学术界的广泛认可。

参考文献应用格式
参考文献的应用格式可以根据不同的引用风格和学术规范而有所不同。

以下是常见的几种引用格式的示例：
1. MLA 格式（现代语言协会风格）：
-书籍引用格式：作者姓, 作者名. 书名. 出版地: 出版商, 出版年.
-文章引用格式：作者姓, 作者名. "文章标题." 杂志名, 卷号.期号(出版年): 起止页码.
2. APA 格式（美国心理学会风格）：
-书籍引用格式：作者姓, 作者名. (出版年). 书名. 出版地: 出版商.
-文章引用格式：作者姓, 作者名. (出版年). 文章标题. 杂志名, 卷号(期号), 起止页码.
3. Chicago 格式（芝加哥大学风格）：
-书籍引用格式：作者姓, 作者名. 书名. 出版地: 出版商, 出版年.
-文章引用格式：作者姓, 作者名. "文章标题." 杂志名卷号, no. 期号(出版年): 起止页码.
这些仅是一些常见的引用格式示例，不同学科和期刊可能有自己的引用规范。

在撰写学术论文或其他研究报告时，请确保参考文献格式符合目标期刊或学术机构的要求，并参考相关的引用指南或手册。

APA引用格式说明一、正文中引用标注格式要求● 正文中引用的内容后标注为（作者姓，出版年，页码），如：Even Einstein recoiled from the implication of quantum mechanics that reality is an illusion (Gribbin, 1984, p.2) .注：如文内已出现作者名，括号里就只要加出版年和页码，如In a recent study Harvey (1993, p.2) argued that ...● 当直接引用的原话超过三行以上时，引文须另起一行，左右各缩进3个字符，并用斜体书写，不需用引号，在引文结束处将页码放入小括号内。

比如，Paine etal.(1983) added that good praise follows the “if-then” rule:The “if-then rule” states that if thestudent is doing something you want toencourage—something youwant to see the student do again or domore oftenin the future (and if you aresure that that is what the student is doing)—then(and onlythen) you should praise the student for it(p.46).二、文尾 References页格式要求● 按作者姓的首字母顺序排列引用，网页引用放在最后● References页不会添加的话，请在如下网址自动生成。

MLA引用格式说明一、正文中引用标注格式要求● 正文中引用的内容后标注为（作者姓页码），如Naiman et al. (49-52) found a similar relationship, although in this case ‘ effort’ on the part of the learners was also associated withinstrumental motivation (Ellis 512).注意：MLA 格式不加年代，只加作者姓和页码，没有逗号。

毕业论文参考文献规范格式一、参考文献的类型参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下：M——专著C——论文集N——报纸文章J——期刊文章D——学位论文R——报告对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母―Z‖标识。

对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点：①作者姓名采用―姓在前名在后‖原则，具体格式是：姓，名字的首字母. 如：Malcolm Richard Cowley 应为：Cowley, M.R.，如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为：Norris, F. & I.Gordon.；②书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：Mastering English Literature，English Weekly。

二、参考文献的格式及举例1.期刊类【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名，出版年份，卷号（期号）：起止页码.【举例】[1] 王海粟.浅议会计信息披露模式[J].财政研究，2004,21(1)：56-58.[2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业论文教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育，2004(1):46-52.[3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 – 67.2.专著类【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码.【举例】[4] 葛家澍，林志军.现代西方财务会计理论[M].厦门：厦门大学出版社，2001：42.[5] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45.3.报纸类【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名，出版日期（版次）.【举例】[6] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27(3).[7] French, W. Between Silences: A Voice from China[N]. Atlantic Weekly, 1987-8-15(33).4.论文集【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[C].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码.【举例】[8] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979：12-17.[9] Spivak,G. ―Can the Subaltern Speak?‖[A]. In C.Nelson & L. Grossberg(eds.). Victory in Limbo: Imigism [C]. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988, pp.271-313.[10] Almarza, G.G. Student foreign language teacher’s knowledge growth [A]. InD.Freeman and J.C.Richards (eds.). Teacher Learning in Language Teaching [C]. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1996. pp.50-78.5.学位论文【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[D].出版地：保存者，出版年份：起始页码.【举例】[11] 张筑生.微分半动力系统的不变集[D].北京：北京大学数学系数学研究所, 1983：1-7. 6.研究报告【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[R].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码.【举例】[12] 冯西桥.核反应堆压力管道与压力容器的LBB分析[R].北京：清华大学核能技术设计研究院, 1997：9-10.7.条例【格式】[序号]颁布单位.条例名称.发布日期【举例】[15] 中华人民共和国科学技术委员会.科学技术期刊管理办法[Z].1991—06—05 8.译著【格式】[序号]原著作者. 书名[M].译者，译.出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码.三、注释注释是对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明。

论文引用格式第一篇：论文引用格式一、参考文献的类型参考文献(即引文出处)的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下：M——专著 C——论文集 N——报纸文章J——期刊文章 D——学位论文 R——报告对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。

对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点：①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则，具体格式是：姓，名字的首字母.如： Malcolm Richard Cowley 应为：Cowley, M.R.，如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为：Norris, F.& I.Gordon.;②书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：Mastering English Literature，English Weekly。

二、参考文献的格式及举例1.期刊类【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名，出版年份，卷号(期号)：起止页码.【举例】[1] 王海粟.浅议会计信息披露模式[J].财政研究，2004,21(1)：56-58.[2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业论文教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育，2004(1):46-52.[3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver.The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J].Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999,(3): 62 – 67.2.专著类【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码.【举例】[4] 葛家澍，林志军.现代西方财务会计理论[M].厦门：厦门大学出版社，2001：42.[5] Gill, R.Mastering English Literature [M].London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45.3.报纸类【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名，出版日期(版次).【举例】[6] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N].光明日报，1998-12-27(3).[7] French, W.Between Silences: A Voice from China[N].Atlantic Weekly, 1987-8-15(33).4.论文集【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[C].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码.【举例】[8] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C].上海：上海译文出版社，1979：12-17.[9] Spivak,G.“Can the Subaltern Speak?”[A].In C.Nelson & L.Grossberg(eds.).Victory in Limbo: Imigism [C].Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988, pp.271-313.[10] Almarza, G.G.Student foreign language teacher’s knowledge growth [A].In D.Freeman and J.C.Richards(eds.).Teacher Learning in Language Teaching [C].New York: Cambridge University Press.1996.pp.50-78.5.学位论文【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[D].出版地：保存者，出版年份：起始页码.【举例】[11] 张筑生.微分半动力系统的不变集[D].北京：北京大学数学系数学研究所, 1983：1-7.6.研究报告【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[R].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码.【举例】[12] 冯西桥.核反应堆压力管道与压力容器的LBB分析[R].北京：清华大学核能技术设计研究院, 1997：9-10.7.条例【格式】[序号]颁布单位.条例名称.发布日期【举例】[15] 中华人民共和国科学技术委员会.科学技术期刊管理办法[Z].1991—06—058.译著【格式】[序号]原著作者.书名[M].译者，译.出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码.三、注释注释是对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明。

论文文献引用格式示范引言研究论文是学术界的重要成果之一，除了突破性研究结果，文献引用也是论文的重要组成部分之一。

在论文中，引用文献不仅有助于展示个人观点、证明研究成果的可信度，更是对前人研究成果的致敬和承认。

因此，正确的文献引用方式对于论文的写作来说至关重要。

文献引用格式指的是在论文中对参考文献的引用方式。

本文将结合国内外的文献引用规范和实践，为读者详细介绍文献引用的格式和示范。

一、文献引用格式的种类常用的文献引用格式有美国心理学会（APA）、现代语言协会（MLA）、芝加哥大学（Chicago）等。

美国心理学会APA格式是一种广泛使用的文献引用格式，它适用于社会科学、心理学、教育等领域的论文写作。

其中最新的APA格式为第七版。

现代语言协会（MLA）格式适用于文学、文化研究等领域的论文写作。

最新的麦克拉灵使用指南是第八版。

芝加哥大学格式是应用于历史、文化研究等领域的论文写作。

芝加哥大学格式有两种类型，一种是注释式格式，另一种是著者式格式，根据不同学科会有所变化。

本文主要讲解APA格式下的文献引用方式。

二、文献引用方式文献引用格式在不同领域有着不同的规范，但通常都由两部分组成：第一部分是文中的引用（In-text citation）；第二部分是文后的参考文献列表（Reference）。

下面我们就依次来进行解释。

1. 文中引用文中引用指的是在论文正文中对于外部文献的引用。

文中引用是识别文献来源的有效方式之一，要求论文作者必须准确描述、标记被引用的内容以及文献的来源。

在文中引用时，需要在引用的内容或对应的段落结尾处，加上作者姓氏与发表年份的括号，在括号外部的标点符号（如逗号、句号等）要放在括号内，如下所示：•直接引用直接引用指的是一句话、一段话或者一篇文章中的具体内容直接引用自外部文献并标注来源。

直接引用时，应该在引用内部加上页面（页码）“p.”，如下所示：•引用文章的概念或观点如果引用文章的概念或观点，而不是直接引用文章中的具体内容，则不需要页面（页码）。

芝加哥引注规则
芝加哥引注规则是在学术写作中广泛使用的一种引用规范。

它起源于芝加哥大学出版社，后来被其他出版社和学术界广泛采用。

芝加哥引注规则主要用于学术论文、期刊文章和书籍等出版物中，目的是为了保证学术著作的准确性和可信度。

它要求作者在引用其他人的观点、研究成果或文字时，必须注明出处，以便读者可以追溯和核查原始资料。

在芝加哥引注规则中，引用的方式有两种：脚注和尾注。

脚注通常出现在每一页的底部，而尾注则出现在整个文档的末尾。

这两种方式都能够清晰地显示出处信息，使读者可以方便地查找参考资料。

引用的格式也有一定的规范。

在芝加哥引注规则中，书籍的引用包括作者的姓氏、名字，书名，出版地点，出版社和出版年份等信息。

期刊文章的引用则包括作者的姓氏、名字，文章题目，期刊名称，年份，卷号和页码等。

这些详细的信息能够帮助读者准确地找到引用的原始资料。

芝加哥引注规则的使用不仅能够提高学术著作的可信度，还能够保护作者的知识产权。

通过明确注明引用来源，读者可以更好地了解作者的参考依据，从而更好地理解作者的观点和研究成果。

同时，引用规则也能够避免学术界出现抄袭等不正当行为，维护学术界的诚信和公正。

总的来说，芝加哥引注规则是学术写作中一个重要的引用规范。

它要求作者在引用他人观点时注明出处，并提供详细的引用信息。

这种规则的使用不仅能够提高学术著作的可信度，还能够保护作者的知识产权。

因此，学术界广泛采用芝加哥引注规则，以确保学术研究的质量和公正性。