GHS 介绍和元素分类

IntroductionThe Globally Harmonized System was initiated at the UN Conference on the Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. It aims, amongst other goals, to harmonize the classification and the hazard communication elements of chemicals (labeling and safety data sheets). The first version became available in 2003 in the form of the so called purple book (compared to the orange book for transportation). Regular updates should take place every 2 years. GHS harmonizes most classification criteria for supply and transportation and is based on the intrinsic properties of substances. GHS allows individual countries or regions to implement building blocks at their own discretion. The building blocks, however, may not be altered. Additionally there is room for Competent Authority Options and special limits for the communication of components in mixtures.Reasons for the development of GHS•Growing international trade•Different requirements for labeling of chemicals•Different classifications of identical products in different countries•Requirement for an international safety standardGHS ElementsCompared to the current EU system the most noticeable change are the pictograms (formerly: hazard symbols). While the most of the GHS pictograms have an equivalent in the old system, the pictograms GHS 04, GHS 07 and GHS 08 are completely new.The GHS System is built on 16 physical, 10 health and 3 environmental hazard classes and comprises the following communication elements:9 PictogramsDescription Pictogram Hazard class and hazard category:Exploding Bomb Unstable explosivesExplosives of Divisions 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4Self reactive substances and mixtures, Types A,BOrganic peroxides, Types A,BFlame Flammable gases, category 1Flammable aerosols, categories 1,2Flammable liquids, categories 1,2,3Flammable solids, categories 1,2Self-reactive substances and mixtures, Types B,C,D,E,FPyrophoric liquids, category 1Pyrophoric solids, category 1Self-heating substances and mixtures, categories 1,2Substances and mixtures, which in contact with water,emit flammable gases, categories 1,2,3Organic peroxides, Types B,C,D,E,FFlame Over Circle Oxidizing gases, category 1Oxidizing liquids, categories 1,2,3Gas Cylinder Gases under pressure:- Compressed gases- Liquefied gases- Refrigerated liquefied gases- Dissolved gasesCorrosion Corrosive to metals, category 1Skin corrosion, categories 1A,1B,1CSerious eye damage, category 1Acute toxicity (oral, dermal, inhalation), categories 1,2,3 Skull andCrossbonesExclamation Mark Acute toxicity (oral, dermal, inhalation), category 4Skin irritation, category 2Eye irritation, category 2Skin sensitisation, category 1Specific Target Organ Toxicity – Single exposure,category 3Health Hazard Respiratory sensitization, category 1Germ cell mutagenicity, categories 1A,1B,2Carcinogenicity, categories 1A,1B,2Reproductive toxicity, categories 1A,1B,2Specific Target Organ Toxicity – Single exposure,categories 1,2Specific Target Organ Toxicity – Repeated exposure,categories 1,2Aspiration Hazard, category 1Environment Hazardous to the aquatic environment- Acute hazard, category1- Chronic hazard, categories 1,2Back to Top 2 Signal words "Danger" or "Warning"72 individual and 17 combined Hazard statements - these are assigned a unique alphanumerical code which consists of one letter and three numbers as follows:a. the letter "H" (for "hazard statement");b. a number designating the type of hazard as follows:- "2" for physical hazards- "3" for health hazards- "4" for environmental hazardsc. two numbers corresponding to the sequential numbering of hazards arising from theintrinsic properties of the substance or mixture, such as explosive properties (codes from 200 to 210), flammability (codes from 220 to 230), etc.>>> Hazard statement overview116 individual and 33 combined Precautionary statements – these are assigned a unique alphanumerical code which consists of one letter and three numbers as follows:a. the letter "P" (for "precautionary statement");b. one number designating the type of precautionary statement as follows: - "1" for generalprecautionary statements- "2" for prevention precautionary statements- "3" for response precautionary statements- "4" for storage precautionary statements- "5" for disposal precautionary statementsc. two numbers (corresponding to the sequential numbering of precautionary statements) >>> Precautionary statement overview。