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英语 第三章

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●EXERCISES
3–1
1. Total Cost Unit Cost
Plastic1$ 10,800 $0.027
Direct labor and
variable overhead28,000 0.020 Mold sets320,000 0.050
Other facility costs410,000 0.025 Total $ 48,800 $0.122
10.90 ⨯ $0.03 ⨯ 400,000 = $10,800; $10,800/400,000 = $0.027
2$0.02 ⨯ 400,000 = $8,000; $8,000/400,000 = $0.02
3$5,000 ⨯ 4 quarters = $20,000; $20,000/400,000 = $0.05
4$10,000; $10,000/400,000 = $0.025
2. Plastic, direct labor, and variable overhead are flexible resources; molds and other facility
costs are committed resources. The cost of plastic, direct labor, and variable overhead are strictly variable. The cost of the molds is fixed for the particular action figure being produced; it is a step cost for the production of action figures in general. Other facility costs are strictly fixed.
3–2
1. Committed resources: trucks and technicians’ salaries
Flexible resources: supplies, small tools, and fuel
2. Variable activity rate = $840,000/70,000 = $12 per call
Fixed activity rate = $1,200,000*/80,000 = $15 per call
Total cost of one call = $12 + $15 = $27 per call
*($26,250 ⨯ 40) + ($6,000 ⨯ 25)
3. Activity availability =Activity usage + Unused capacity
Calls available = Calls made + Unmade calls
80,000 calls = 70,000 calls + 10,000 calls
4. Total cost of Cost of Cost of
c ommitte
d resources = activity used + unused capacity
$1,200,000 = ($15 ⨯ 70,000) + ($15 ⨯ 10,000)
$1,200,000 = $1,050,000 + $150,000 Note: The analysis is restricted to committed resources, since only these resources will ever have any unused capacity.
3–
3
Cost of Oil Changes
$0
$2,000
$4,000$6,000$8,000
$10,0000
500
1,000
1,500
Number of Oil Changes
C o s t
The scattergraph provides evidence for a linear relationship. 2. High (1,400, $7,950); Low (700, $5,150) V = ($7,950 – $5,150)/(1,400 – 700) = $2,800/700 = $4 per oil change F = $5,150 – $4(700)
= $5,150 – $2,800 = $2,350 Cost = $2,350 + $4 (oil changes)
Predicted cost for January = $2,350 + $4(1,000) = $6,350 3–3 Concluded
3. Output of the regression routine calculated by a spreadsheet:
Rounding the coefficients: Variable rate = $4.65 per oil change Fixed cost = $1,697 Predicted cost for January = $1,697 + $4.65 (oil changes)
= $1,697 + $4.65(1,000) = $6,347
R 2
= 0.97 (rounded)
This says that 97 percent of the variability in the cost of providing oil changes is explained by the number of oil changes performed.
4.
The least-squares method is better because it uses all eight data points instead of just two.。

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第三章 英语词汇的形态结构

第三章 英语词汇的形态结构

第三章英语词汇的形态结构第三章英语词汇的形态结构【概要】本单元阐释了英语词汇的形态结构～讨论了词素、词素变体、词素的分类和辨别、以及词素和构词的关系～并介绍了词缀、词根、词干、词基等基本概念。

【知识点】1. Morphemes2. Morphs and Allomorphs3. Classifying Morphemes4. Identifying Morphemes5. Morpheme and Word-formation(1)Affix(2)Root, Stem, Base【文本翻译】我们已经讨论了推动英语词汇发展的历史、文化和社会因素。

正如我们所见，借词在扩大词汇量方面起到了积极的作用。

然而，在现代，主要是在内部基础之上来扩大词汇量的。

也就是说，我们运用英语中可以得到的构词材料去创造新的单词。

但是在我们讨论创造新词的实际方法和途径以前，我们需要对英语单词的结构和它们的成分—构词因素有一个清楚的认识。

这一章将讨论词素、词素的分类和辨别，以及词素与构词法之间的关系。

3.1 词素传统上，单词通常被作为一种语言里基本和最小的单位用于遣词造句，而句子则是根据句法规则将单词组合到一起。

但是，从结构上来看，单词并不是最小的单元，因为很多单词都能被分解成更小的意义单位。

以decontextualization一词为例，这是一个单词，但是可以被分解为de-， con-， text，-al， -iz(e)， -ation，每一个都有其独特的意义。

这些成分不能被进一步地切分了，否则，它们中的任何一个都不会具有完整的意义。

虽然-ation有着一系列的变体形式，比如-tion，-sion，-ion，它们都属于同一个后缀。

因为它们有着同样的意义和语法功能，仅仅是出现在不同的语音环境之中。

这些最小的意义单位被称为词素(morphe 是希腊词汇，意思是…形式?;-eme出现于…phoneme?这样的单词中，意为…类?)。

初高中英语衔接课程讲义：第三章 重要词性了解

初高中英语衔接课程讲义：第三章 重要词性了解

第三章重要词性了解二、代词Exercises:1. Here is the that his younger brother loves best.A. coffee cupB. coffee’s cupC. cup of coffeeD. coffee of cup2. Mr. Tony always has to tell his students at the beginning of his lectures.A. some good pieces of newsB. some pieces of good newsC. some good piece of newsD. some piece of good news3. As a businessman, Mr. Li gained his by selling famous of English and American writers.A. wealth; workB. wealth; worksC. wealths ; worksD. wealths ; work4. He is a kind-hearted man. People can get on well with him.A. FewB. A littleC. Quite a fewD. Little5. The post office isn’t far from here. It’s only bicycle ride.A. half an hours’B. an hour and a halfC. half an hourD. half an hour’s6. The population of Shanghai very big and most of its population native people.A. are ; isB. is ; isC. are; areD. is; are7. —Would you like to have ,Tom?—No, thanks, l have had enough.A. any more orange and applesB. some more oranges and applesC. any more oranges and applesD. some more oranges and apple8. —Which do you prefer to drink, or coffee?—, please.A. teas; Two teaB. tea; Two teaC. tea; Two teasD. teas; Two teas9. lt was really to get a present from him on her birthday party that she couldn’t believe it, looking at him in .A. such big surprise; a surpriseB. such a big surprise; surpriseC. so big surprise; a surpriseD. such big surprise; surprise10. These are bikes. The twin brothers like them very much.A. Jack’s and Jerry’sB. Jack’s and JerryC. Jack’s and Jerry B. Jack and Jerry’s11. —How much water is there in the bottle?—.You’d better come to fetch another bottle.A. A littleB. NothingC. No oneD. None12. Bill works harder than in his class. He is the most excellent student l have met.A. the other boysB. other boysC. any boyD. another boy三、形容词二、比较级1、只能修饰形容词原级的词very, quite, so, too. 例如：He is too tired to walk on. 他太累了以至不能再继续走了。

第三章 英语词汇学

第三章 英语词汇学


3.3.2 Bound morphemes
6. Bound Morphemes —— The morphemes cannot occur as separate words. They are bound to other morphemes to form words. Bound morphemes are found in derived words. 粘附词素——它们主要粘附在别的词素上才能构成词。 粘附词素主要出现在派生词里。 e.g. recollection （re + collect + ion） collect – free morpheme re-and –ion are bound morphemes. （include bound root and affix）
词素变体有些词素根据他们在词中的位置不同可以有一个以上的不同形素实现这些不同的形素叫词素变体
Chapter 3
Word Formation Ⅰ
It seems to be generally agreed that a word is the smallest unit of a language that stands alone to communicate meaning. However, structurally, a word is not the smallest unit because many word can be separated into even smaller meaningful unit.
What is the smallest unit of a language?
3.1 Morphemes
1. Morpheme —— A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. （The smallest functional unit in the composition of words.） 词素是最小的有意义的语言单位。（最小的功 能单位） 比较：a word is a minimal free form of a 比较 language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.
英语语法教案第三章(虚拟语气定稿)

英语语法教案第三章(虚拟语气定稿)

虚拟语气第一部分：语气的定义和种类1 语气(mood)语气是动词的一种形式，表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。

2 语气的种类陈述语气：表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。

如：There are two sides to every question.每个问题都有两个方面。

Were you busy all day yesterday?昨天一整天你都很忙吗？How good a teacher she is!她是多好的一位老师啊！祈使语气：表示说话人对对方的请求或命令。

如：Never be late again!再也不要迟到了。

Don’t forget to turn off the light.别忘了关灯。

虚拟语气：表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。

如：If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。

I wish I could pass the examination.我希望我能通过考试。

May you succeed!祝您成功！虚拟语气在语法里算得上是个难点。

让我们就从最简单的开始吧。

第二部分：虚拟语气的用法I. 简单句中虚拟语气的用法一、动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌、或委婉的语气，常用于日常会话中。

如：Would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office? 请你告诉我去邮局的路好吗？It would be better for you not to stay up too late.你最好别熬夜到很晚。

二、表示祝愿。

1、常用“may+动词原形”表示祝愿，此时may须置于句首（多用于正式文体中）。

May good luck be yours! 祝你好运！May you be happy! 祝你快乐！May you do even better! 祝你取得更大成就！May you have a good time. 祝愿你玩的痛快。