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从属连接词 (副词子句, 名词子句)关系代名词 (形容词子句) 参考关系词章节(1)引导名词子句a.that引导的名词子句i.当主词1.That he will succeed is certain.It is certain that he will succeed.2.That Bill passed the entrance examination is true.It is true that Bill passed the entrance examination.3.That the world’s climate is getting hotter is beyondany doubt.It is beyond any doubt that the world’s climate isgetting hotter.beyond any doubt无疑地; 没有任何疑义地beyond description难以形容ii.当补语that 子句放在be 动词/连缀动词后当补语1.The trouble is that I cannot speak French.The trouble is, I cannot speak French.在口语中会省略作为补语的that，省略时，在原处加逗号。
2.The fact is that he couldn’t care about me in the least.他根本不可能关心我The fact is,he couldn’t care about me in the least.3.The problem is that I have no money with me.The problem is, I have no money with me. 身上没带钱solve the problemanswer the questioniii.当受词及物动词或(不及物动词的)介系词后面当受词(一)做及物动词的受词重点(1): 可省thatthat 引导的名词子句若接在say, explain, hope, wish, know,believe 等动词后常省略that1.I believe (that) he will do his best.2.The radio said (that) today is the hottest day thissummer.纸条上写着“我爱你”。
關係子句最前面，因此受格關係代名詞才被移到前面。
ex: The girl whom〈that/ who / x〉you talked to is my sister.※重點說明〈2〉：介係詞可移到受格關係代名詞之前→先行詞 +介係詞+受格關係代名詞 + 主詞 + be/V.〈受格關代不可省略或用that代替〉 ex: The girl to whom you talk is my sister.3. 先行詞 +所有格關係代名詞 + 名詞+ be/V. + …※重點說明：所有格關係代名詞 + 名詞是關係子句的主詞 〈務必了解句意，判斷清楚〉 ex: The cat whose color is black is very cute.◎注意事項：1.關係代名詞當受格用可省略，餘不可省略2.受格關係代名詞whom可用who或that代替ex: The girl whom you talk to is my sister.= The girl who you talk to is my sister.= The girl that you talk to is my sister.= The girl you talk to is my sister.= The girl to whom you talk is my sister.◎關係代名詞that的特殊用法(一定要用that)1.先行詞前面是最高級形容詞時ex: He is the tallest boy that I have ever seen.2.先行詞是人+物ex: I saw Mary and her dog that were running in the park.3.先行詞前面有序數ex: Cathy is the first girl that came yesterday.4.先行詞前面有all ; no ; every ; any ; the only ; the same ; the veryex: He is the only student that can answer the question.ex: All the girls that can answer the question can get candies.5.疑問句以Who ; Which ; What為首的問句 (避免重複 )ex: Who is the girl that has long hair?◎關係代名詞that的特殊用法(一定不能用that)1.介系詞之後ex: Do you know the man to whom John spoke yesterday?2.逗點之後ex: I like the house, which is big and new.◎關係代名詞的限定用法（關係代名詞與先行詞之間無逗點）→ 不只一個ex: I have a brother who lives in Taipei.不只一個哥哥◎關係代名詞的補述用法【非限定】（關係代名詞與先行詞之間有逗點）→表唯一ex: I have a brother, who lives in Taipei.只有一個哥哥3.不能代替所有格◎關係副詞where ; what的用法1. where表地方,=in whichex: This is the house where John lives.= This is the house in which John lives.= This is the house which John lives in.= This is the house John lives in.2. what為不須先行詞之複合關係代名詞 =the thing(s) whichex: I believe what you said. = I believe the thing(s) which you said.e x: She bought what she needed last night.=She bought the things which she needed last night.◎關係代名詞--關係副詞補充關係副詞=先行詞+關係代名詞（有先行詞的是形容詞子句，無先行詞的是名詞子句） what = the thing(s) + which ; where = the place in which ;w hen = the time when ;why = the reason why ; how = the wayex: What is expensive is not always good.ex: This is where he lives.e x: This is the place where he was born.ex: I don't know when the game will start.= I don't know the time when the game will start.ex: This is why he can't come. = This is the reason why he can't come.ex: Tell me how they won the game. = Tell me the way they won the game.(how與the way不能同時出現)◎關係代名詞--分詞片語補充 先行詞+介系詞…或 V-ing … 或 p.p. …1介系詞 + … 〈in穿；戴 / with有〉ex: The girl who has long hair is Mike’s girlfriend.= The boy with long hair is Mike’s girlfriend.形容詞片語分為三種： 2V-ing + … 〈主動〉ex: The boy who is writing in the room likes listening to music.= The boy writing in the room likes listening to music.3p.p. + … 〈被動〉ex: The name which is written on the seat is not clear enough.= The name written on the seat is not clear enough.II. 形容詞子句（Adjective Clause）◎ 在句子裡，相當形容詞作用的子句，稱為「形容詞子句」。
第十一章关系词（54-60）第一节：关系代名词的种类和格第二节：关系代名词的用法第三节：限定用法和非限定用法第四节：关系副词第五节：复合关系词第六节：关系形容词及as, but, than★关係词★〈第54卷〉关係代名词的种类和格、关係代名词的用法(1) 一、关系代名词的种类和格如何查找形容词子句：1.关代前面画括号；2.从句尾向前找到第一个动词前面画括号；3.看看括号外面是不是一个完整的句子。
The student [whose mother died yesterday] is absent today.二、关系代名词的用法先行词主格+ V 所有格+ N 受格+ S + V + (介)人Who Whose Whom先行词主格+ V 所有格+ N 受格+ S + V + (介)Which事物、动物Which WhoseOf which先行词主格+ V 所有格+ N 受格+ S + V + (介)人、事物、动物That Whose That善于关系词可以让句子缩短，关系词的用法就是这样的巧妙。
关系代名词 => 连接词 + 代名词代课老师，当你导师不在的时候就需要一个代替老师，身份一样才能代替。
关系代名词的功能就是避免名词一再重复地出现，同时它还是连接词，可以连接两个主词，两个动词，两个子句。
We met a man. The man directed us to the factory.两句话，两个主词，两个动词。
=>We met a man and he directed us to the factory.我们可以用连接词and来连接两个句子，同时避免名词重复用名称代名词he 。
=>We met a man who directed us to the factory.由于连接词+代名词就是关系代名词，and he => who ，这里的who 不是疑问词，它不是在疑问句中。
关系词一、关系代名词的种类和格如何查找形容词子句：1.关代前面画括号；2.从句尾向前找到第一个动词前面画括号；3.看看括号外面是不是一个完整的句子。
The student [whose mother died yesterday] is absent today.二、关系代名词的用法1.He looked for a car.Its engine was in good condition.=> He looked for a car whose engine was in good condition.2.He looked for a car.The engine of the car was in good condition.=> He looked for a car the engine of which was in good condition. => He looked for a car of which the engine was in good condition.注意：老外都是喜欢所有的关代不管是否有生命他们都是用whose 。
使用以上关系词的时候可以不用考虑先行词是什么性质，不管是人、事物、动物都可以通用。
重点：下列情况只能以that 作为关系代名词A.先行词前面有最高级、序数。
1.今天是我们经历过最寒冷的一天。
Today is the coldest day (that) we have (ever) experienced.最高级要加个定冠词the 表示最高只有一个，金字塔的顶端。
形容词子句中的“一天”是受格，关代受格是可以省略的。
2.头一件[你需要做的]事就是研读数学。
The first thing [(that) you have to do] is (to) study mathematics.老外在讲话的时候习惯将be 动词后面的to 省略掉，称为“原形不定词”，并不是be 动词后面直接加动词哦。
台湾与大陆英语语法术语对照表台湾大陆台湾大陆单字………………………单词文法………………………语法代名词……………………代词连接词……………………连词对等连接词…………并列连词所有格代名词………物主代词介系词……………………介词片语………………………短语动词片语……………动词短语介系词片语…………介词短语主词………………………主语受词………………………宾语子句………………………从句受格………………………宾格主词子句……………主语从句受词子句……………宾语从句形容词子句…………表语从句副词子句……………状语从句连缀动词………………系动词行动动词……………行为动词个别动词……………单个动词简单式…………………一般时进行式…………………进行时完成式…………………完成时简单现在式………一般现在时简单未来式………一般将来时过去未来式………过去将来时现在进行式………现在进行时过去进行式………过去进行时现在完成式………现在完成时过去完成式………过去完成时是否疑问句………一般疑问句讯息疑问句………特殊疑问句不定词…………………不定式母音………………………元音子音………………………辅音无声子音………………清辅音有声子音………………浊辅音台湾省中国大陆台湾省中国大陆单字………………………单词文法………………………语法代名词……………………代词连接词……………………连词复合主词……………并列主语限定形容词………定语形容词对等连接词…………并列连词所有格代名词………物主代词所有格形容词……物主形容词自身代词…………反身代名词介系词……………………介词片语………………………短语动词片语……………动词短语介系词片语…………介词短语主词………………………主语主词补语…………………表语受词………………………宾语叙述形容词………表语形容词子句、从属子句…………从句受格………………………宾格主词子句……………主语从句受词子句……………宾语从句形容词子句…………定语从句副词子句……………状语从句对等子句……………并列子句合句……………………并列句叙述用法……………表述用法单句……………………简单句复句……………………复合句复合动词……………并列动词混合句……………并列复合句叙述句…………………陈述句直接叙述……………直接陈述间接叙述……………间接陈述补述关系子句…………………………………………继续性关系从句动状词……………………………非限定性动词、动词的非谓语形式连缀动词………………系动词行动动词……………行为动词个别动词……………单个动词简单式…………………一般时进行式…………………进行时完成式…………………完成时简单现在式………一般现在时简单未来式………一般将来时过去未来式………过去将来时现在进行式………现在进行时过去进行式………过去进行时现在完成式………现在完成时过去完成式………过去完成时是否疑问句………一般疑问句讯息疑问句………特殊疑问句不定词…………………不定式母音………………………元音子音………………………辅音无声子音………………清辅音有声子音………………浊辅音直说法………………陈述语气假设法………………虚拟语气祈使法………………祈使语气省略式…………………缩略式插语……………………插入语倒置………………………倒装。
形容词简体形结句
形容词是一种用来描述名词性质或特征的词语。
在汉语中，形容词可以通过简体形结句来表达。
简体形结句是一种常见的句式结构，由主语、系动词和形容词构成。
它可以用来简洁地描述一个事物的特征或属性。
下面是一些例子：
1. 这个苹果红（主语 + 系动词 + 形容词）。
2. 那只猫胖（主语 + 系动词 + 形容词）。
3. 这个房间干净（主语 + 系动词 + 形容词）。
4. 这个孩子聪明（主语 + 系动词 + 形容词）。
5. 这本书有趣（主语 + 系动词 + 形容词）。
通过简体形结句，我们可以用简短的语言表达出事物的特征，使句子更加简洁明了。
希望以上例子能够帮助你理解形容词的简体形结句用法。
如果你还有其他问题，请继续提问。
英语真经：学英文必背七大心得口诀2011年05月17日10:18:01 来源:英语教研组推荐【字体：大中小】About Sentences1. 一个句子只能有一个动词(两个动词在一起会打架)2. 当主词和受词的一定是名词(或做名词用)3. 一定要形容词或名词才能当补语4. 助动词和be 动词的否定在后面直接加not 即可5. 有疑问词的问句，疑问词要摆最前面6. 有助动词和be 动词的疑问句，要把助动词或be 动词移到主词前7. 用什么助动词问，就用什么助动词回答8. 一般动词的否定和疑问要用助动词9. 祈使句要用动词原形10. 祈使句的否定在前面加Don't 或never11. 间接问句不是问句12. 关系子句一定是形容词子句，形容前面的先行词13. 有连接词带头的句子是次要子句14. 某处有某物要用“There is(are) ..。
”的句型About Nouns。
1. 一个名词在句中一定要当主词或受词或补语2. 普通名词前面要有冠词，要不然就是后面要加-s 或-es3. 有指定的名词前面要有定冠词About Verbs。
1. 及物动词后一定要有受词，不及物动词后一定不能直接接受词2. 不完全的(及物和不及物)动词后面，一定有补语3. 助动词后用原形动词4. 及物动词和介系词后面才能有受词5. 连缀动词后面要用形容词6. 主词第三人称单数，现在式一般动词要加-s 或-es7. 过去的过去用过去完成式8. 表示时间或条件的副词子句，要用现在式代替未来式9. 与现在事实相反用过去式，与过去事实相反用过去完成式10. 使役动词后面用原形动词(受词主动去做某事时)使役动词后面用过去分词(受词被...。
时)11. 感官动词后面用原形动词或现在分词(受词主动去做某事时)使役动词后面用过去分词(受词被...。
时)12. 感官动词和使役动词本身被动时，后面原形动词要恢复不定词to13. 不定词、分词、动名词的否定在前面直接加not 即可About Adjectives。
前言英文文法是英文写作必备的基础。
写作牵涉到的问题可说千头万绪，小自用字、中间是句子、大到文章组织，每一个环节都必须处理得当。
在「听、说、读、写」的英文学习过程中，写作一向是最后、也是最困难的一步。
英文文法探讨的对象是「句子」；学习文法的目的在于认识英文句子的构造与所有的变化、看懂最复杂的句子，进一步能够写出从单句到复合句到减化子句、清楚正确而又富有变化的各种英文句子。
初级句型这本文法书将带领读者，分成三个层次逐步打通英文句子写作的所有环节。
第一个层次是最基本的单句层次，介绍英文单句的五种基本句型。
这个部分的目标在于建立一个架构：最基本的英文单句必须符合五种基本句型之一，才是正确的英文句子。
这个部分最简单，但也可以说是最重要，因为单句是往后架构复合句以及减化子句等一切变化的基础。
英文单句中可能出现的一些元素，包括名词词组、动词词组、修饰语（形容词与副词、含介系词词组）等等，这些元素本书也都安排在单句的层次一一处理。
处理名词词组这个元素时将一并处理到限定符的用法。
处理动词词组时将一并处理到一些依赖动词来表现的变化，包括时态、语气（含助动词与假设法）、以及语态（主动与被动）等等。
处理这些问题时难免要牵扯到复句的观念进来，例如解说时态的变化必须提到时间副词子句。
但是本书在单句这个层次并不会深入探讨复句，只是先引用一些复句做为例子、留待以后再做更完整的说明。
接下来本书将处理一些介乎单句与复句之间的元素：动名词词组、现在分词词组、过去分词词组、不定词词组、原形动词等等。
这些元素，传统文法视为词组看待，统称为动状词（verbals），仍然属于单句的层次。
新的文法观念则将其视为子句看待，统称为非限定子句（nonfinite clauses）。
本书在单句的层次将先采取传统文法的认定、以词组的角度向读者介绍一次这些元素，留待后面再来做更深入完整的探讨。
中级句型告别了初级的单句层次，接下来就要进入复合句的层次了。
这个部分可以称为中级句型的层次。
形容詞子句（關係子句）※術語：1. 子句：含有主詞及動詞的一組單字。
2. 獨立子句（主要子句）：是一個完整的句子，它含句子的主要主詞及動詞。
3. 附屬子句：是一個不完整的句子，須與獨立子句相連接。
分為三種：A.副詞子句：由「副詞連接詞」when, before, after, if , because, so …等引導，具有「副詞」性質的子句。
功用在修飾「主要子句的動詞」。
B.名詞子句：具有「名詞」的性質，可當句子的「主詞」、動詞或介系詞的「受詞」以及「主詞補語」的句子。
C. 形容詞子句：（本課重點）------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 一.概述：1. 形容詞子句：具有「形容詞」的性質，用來修飾名詞的附屬子句。
它描述、說明或更詳細地解釋名詞。
也稱「關係子句」，因為是由關係代名詞who，which 和that 所引導的子句。
2. 關係代名詞＝代名詞＋連接詞。
位於「形容詞子句」之首，目的在引導形容詞子句，修飾它的先行詞。
3. 先行詞：關係代名詞所代替的名詞或代名詞叫先行詞。
先行詞通常位於關係代名詞之前，原則上兩者須緊靠在一起。
二. 關係代名詞的格：主格、所有格、受格三. 作主詞用的代名詞：WHO、WHICH、THAT例1：I thanked the girl. She helped me.＝I thanked the girl who helped me.＝I thanked the girl that helped me.（先行詞）（形容詞子句）例2：The books are mine. They are on the table.＝The books which are on the table are mine.＝The books that are on the table are mine.（先行詞）（形容詞子句）※「形容詞子句」中的「動詞」須和「先行詞」一致。
四. 作受詞用的代名詞：WHO (M)、WHICH、THATA. 代名詞做「動詞」的受詞：例1：The man was Mr. Jones. I saw him.＝The man I saw was Mr. Jones.＝The man that I saw was Mr. Jones.＝The man who(m) I saw was Mr. Jones.例2：The books were expensive. We bought them last night.＝The books we bought last night were expensive.＝The books that we bought last night were expensive.＝The books which we bought last night were expensive..※作為「受詞」的關係代名詞，在形容詞子句中常常被省略。
（作「主詞」的代名詞，則不能被省略。
）B. 代名詞做「介系詞」的受詞：例1：She is the woman. I told you about her.＝She is the woman I told you about..＝She is the woman that I told you about..＝She is the woman who(m)I told you about..＝She is the woman about whom I told you..例2：The music was good. We listened to it last night.＝The music we listened to last night was good.＝The music that we listened to last night was good.＝The music which we listened to last night was good.＝The music to which we listened last night was good.※ 1. 在極為正式的英語中，介系詞置於形容詞子句句首。
但在大多數情況下，日常用語把介系詞用於形容詞子句的主詞及動詞之後，如上所列的例句。
2. 介系詞若置於形容詞子句之首，則只用whom、which。
絕不可跟that、who。
3. 當「受詞」用的關係代名詞可以省略，但前面有介系詞時，則不可。
五. WHOSE的使用：例1：I know the man. His name is Tony.＝I know the man whose name is Tony.例2：The people were nice. We visited their house.＝The people whose house we visited were nice.※whose 表示「所有」，用來代替his，her，its 和their 等代名詞所有格。
whose + 名詞，whose不可省略。
六. 形容詞子句的限定用法和補述用法：A.限定用法：形容詞子句用來指出特定的人、事、物。
此時關係代名詞之前沒有逗點，可用that 代替who 或which。
B.補述用法：形容詞子句對已知的人、事、物做補充、附帶說明。
此時關係代名詞之前有逗點，不可用that 代替who 或which，也不可省略。
例1：（a）We took some children on a picnic. The children who wanted to play soccer ran to an open field as soon as we arrived at the park. The others played a differentgame. 【只有一些孩子都想踢足球。
】（b）We took some children on a picnic. The children, who wanted to play soccer, ran to an open field as soon as we arrived at the park.【所有的孩子都想踢足球。
】例2：（a）The cake which Mary made is a very good one. 【Mary做的那蛋糕很棒。
】（b）The cake, which Mary made, is a very good one. 【那蛋糕很棒，Mary做的。
】七. 關係代名詞的“that”使用：A.使用時機：(a) 先行詞同時有「人和物」時。
例：1. There are a man and his dog that are running over there.2. The man and his dog that saved a child’s life will always be remembered.(b) 先行詞之前有「最高級形容詞」時，且形容詞子句為完成式。
例：1. Mary is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.2. This is the best novel that I have ever read.(c) 先行詞之前有「序數：the first, the second, ...the last」時。
例：1. This is the first book that interests me.2. No one knows the second man that went to the moon.(d) 先行詞之前有the only, the same, the very, all, any, no, ...時。
（唯一的）（同一）（正是）例：1. Paula was the only one that I knew at the party.2. This is the same watch that I lost yesterday.3. This is the very restaurant that I first met my wife in.4. All that we do every day is sit inside and study.5. Any newspaper that you read gave the same story.6. No man that has common sense can believe it.(e) 主要子句是「疑問詞」開頭的疑問句，為避免如who...who ~ 或which...which~等重複現象時，關係代名詞常用that。
例：1. Who was the teacher that came here yesterday?2. Which is the story book that your sister likes best?B.不可使用that 情況：1.前面有介系詞時。
2.補述用法中。
3.先行詞是people, those, 形成people who...，those who（凡是...的人...）時。
例：People who use their free time well are usually healthy.八. 關係副詞（where）用法：例1：I can’t forget the house. I grew up in that house.＝I can’t forget the house where I grew up.例2：There are many websites. We can find a lot of information there.＝The are many websites where we can find a lot of information..例3：The building is very old. He lives there.（in the building）＝The building where he lives is very old.＝The building in which he lives is very old.＝The building which he lives in is very old.＝The building that he lives in is very old.＝The building he lives in is very old.※先行詞表「場所」時，用「關係副詞」where 來引導形容詞子句，修飾先行詞。
