Colonial American and Revolution2

美国文学史及作品选读练习4I. Match the works with the authors given below. (每小题1分，共10分)a.Michael Wigglesworthb. Franklinc.John Smithd. William Cullen Bryante.James Fennimore Cooperf.Philip Freneaug.Washington Irving1.( ) A Description of New England2.( ) Rip Van Winkle3.( ) The Day of Doom4.( ) Autobiography5.( ) The Wild Honey suckle6.( ) To a Waterfowl7.( ) The Deerslayer8 ( ) The Thanatopsis9.( ) The Legend of Sleepy Hollow10.( ) The SpyII. Blank Filling. （每小题2分，共20分）1.The term “ Puritan” was applied to those settlers who originally were devout members ofthe Church of ________.2.Michael Wigglesworth, another important colonial poet, achieved wide popularity amonghis contemporaries with his gloomy entitled ___________.3.In 1620, a number of Puritans who tried to purify or reform the church of Englandstepped on the New England shore at Plymouth in the ship named ________.4.Among all the settlers in the New Continent, _________ settlers were the mostinfluential.5.In American Literature, the eighteenth century was an Age of ________ and Revolution.6.In Franklin’s ________________, he talks first of all about how he studied language.7.Irving was best known for his famous short stories such as ____________ which is abouta good-natured lazy husband who falls into a 20-year sleep.8.“Supernal beauty” is believed by ___________ to be the principle of Poetry.9.Published in 1823, ___________was the first of the Leatherstocking Tales, in their orderof publication time, and probably the first true romance of the frontier in American literature.10.____________was considered as the “poet of the American Revolution” a nd the “Father of American Poetry.”III. Multiple Choice.(每小题2分，共30分)1.In the early nineteenth century American moral values were essentially Puritan. Nothing has left a deeper imprint on the character of the people as a whole than did_______.A. PuritanismB RomanticismC RationalismD Sentimentalism2. Franklin wrote and published his famous__________, an annul collection of proverbs.A. The AutobiographyB. Poor Richard’s AlmanacC. Common SenseD. The General Magazine3. In American literature, the eighteenth century was the age of the Enlightenment. _______was the dominant spirit.A. Humanism B Rationalism C Revolution D Evolution4.________ usually was regarded as the first American writer.A.William BradfordB. Anne BradstreetC.Emily DickinsonD. Captain John Smith5.Which is not Irving’s works in the following.A. The Sketch BookB. Tales of a Travelle rC. A History of New YorkD．To A Waterfowl6. Choose Freneau’s poem from the following.A. The RavenB. T o a Waterfow lC. To HellenD. The Wild Honey Suckle7. In 1817, the stately poem called Thanatopsis introduced the best poet_ _____to appear in America up to that time.A. Edward TaylorB. Philip FreneauC. William Cullen BryantD. Edgar Allan Poepared with his contemporaries, _________was no doubt the best in exploring thewildness and frontier in fiction.A. Washington IrvingB. James Fenimore CooperC. William Cullen BryantD. Philip Freneau9. Washington Irving’s Rip Van Winkle is famous for_________.A. Rip’s escape into a mysterious valleyB. The story’s German legendary source materialC. Rip’s seeking for happinessD. Rip’s 20-years sleep10. Choose Poe’s work from the followingA. The Day of DoomB. The Last of the MohicansC. The Indian Burying GroundD The Cask of Amontillado11.Choose Irving’s work from the following .A. The Sketch BookB. ThanatopsisC. The SpyD. The British Prison Ship12._______ is the most commonly used in English poetry, in which an unstressed syllable comes first followed by a stressed.A. the trochaic footB. an anapestic footC.a quatrainD.a iambic foot13. The Indian Burying Ground by___________ is the earliest poem which romanticizes the Indian as a child of nature.A. Washington IrvingB. Adgar Allan PoeC. Philip FreneauD. Nathaniel Hawthorne14._______ is a poetic device used to increase the musical quality and link the lines and stanzas of a poem.A. meterB. repetitionC. rhymeD. foot15. Poetry is aimed at conveying and enriching human experience which is formed through sense impressions. __________ is the representation of sense experience through language.A .MeterB. ImageC. ThemeD. AssonanceIV. Decide Whether the Statements are True or False. (每小题1分，共10分) 1.The Puritans in New England embraced hardships, together with the discipline of a harshchurch.2.In 1625 a number of Puritans came to settle in Massachusetts3.Mayflower in American history is the name of a flower.4.American poetry of the eighteenth century has an imitative character, imitating thereigning English models of the eighteen century.5.In Franklin’s Autobiography, he talks first of all about how he studied language6. Philip Freneau was a most important writer in American poetry of the eighteenth century.7. The early American romanticism gave emphasis to emotion, feeling, intuition instead of reason.8. Cooper launched two kinds of immensely popular stories: the sea adventure tale, and the frontier stories.9. In the 19th century American literature, writers of Gothic terror novels sought to arouse in their readers a turbulent sense of the remote, the supernatural, and the terrifying by describing old castles ,deep valleys or bleak mountain tops.10.Puritan influence over American Romanticism was conspicuously noticeable.V. Choose the correct terms to match the following definitions. (每小题2分，共10分)a. iambic footb. meterc. image d . rhyme e. stanza f. alliterationg. trochaic foot h. consonance1._______ is the repetition of sounds in two or more words or phrases that usually appearclose to each other in a poem.2.________ is a regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables.3.________ is a structural division of a poem, consisting of a series of verse lines whichusually comprise a recurring pattern of meter and rhyme.4.________ is the most commonly used foot in English poetry, in which an unstressedsyllable comes first, followed by a stressed syllable.5.________ is the repetition of the same initial consonant sound within a line or a group ofwords.VI. Identify the fragments and answer the following questions.(共20分) Section A.(每小题2分，共10分)Fair flower, that does so comely grow,Hid in this silent, dull retreat,Untouched thy honied blossoms blow,Unseen thy little branches greet;No roving foot shall crush thee here,No busy hand provoke a tear.Questions:1.What is the title of this poem from which the selection is selected?2.The meter of this poem is_______.A. iambic pentameter B .tetrameter C anapestic rhythm D sonnet3.Who is the writer of the poem?4.To what does the writer compare the flower’s charms? ’5.What does the writer express in this poem?Section B（共10分）It was many and many a year ago,In a kingdom by the seaThat a maiden there lived whom you may knowBy the name of Annabel Lee----And this maiden she lived with no other thoughtThen to love and be loved by meShe was a child and I was a child,In this kingdom by the sea,But we loved with a love that was more than love—I and my Annabel Lee---With a love that the winged seraphs of HeavenCroveted her and me.And this was the reason that, long ago,In this kingdom by the sea,A wind blew out of a cloud by nightChilling my Annabel Lee;So that her highborn kinsmen cameAnd bore her away from me,To shut her up in a sepulchreIn this kingdom by the sea.The angels, not half so happy in Heaven,Went envying her and me---Yes! That was the reason (as all men know,In this kingdom by the sea)That wind came out of the cloud, chillingAnd killing by the sea)… …Comment on the poem by answering the following questions:1.What’s the theme of the poem?（1分）2.How many poetic devices does the poet use to create a mood appropriate to the theme? （9分）参考答案:I (10%): 1.-5 C. G A .B F 6-10 D E D G EII. (20%)1.England2. The Day of Doom3. May Flower4. English5. reason6. Autobiograph7. Rip Van Winkle8. Adgar Allan Poe9. The Pioneer 10. Philip FreaneauIII. (30%)1-5 A B B D D 6-10 D C B D D 11-15. A D C C BIV. (10%)T F F T T T T T T TV. (10%) d b e a fVI.(20%)Section A1.The Wild Honey Suckle2. B3.Philip Freneau4.The writer compares the flower’s charms to the prime time of human being.5.In this poem, the poet expresses a keen awareness of the loveliness andtransience of nature.Section B.1.The death of a beautiful woman--- the recurrent theme of Poe’s poems(1%)2. The poet creates a melancholic tone in the poem In creating the mood, He uses alliteration-----her high born kinsman…. ; not half so happy in Heaven…(2%)the accumulative repetition----- It was many and many a year ago… She wasa child and I was a child….(2%):assonance----- To shut her up in a sepulchre… A wind blew out of a cloud by night;(2%) and makes the even lines and end lines of each stanza rhyme strongly with the name of the girl to have the effect of a refrain, thus best echoing the insistent tolling of the church bell at the funeral. In this solemnity, the poem reaches its emotional climax of melancholy.(3%)吨。

美国文学史及作品选读练习6I。

Blank filling。

(每小题2分，共20分)1.The Puritan philosophy known as ____________ was important in New England duringcolonial time， and had a profound influence on the early American mind for several generations。

2.The term “Puritan”was applied to those settlers who originally were devout membersof the Church of _________.3.___________ was considered as the “ Poet of the American Revolution", because hewrote impassioned verse in support of the American Revolution。

4.In American literature， the eighteenth century was an Age of _____________andRevolution。

5.In 1823 James Fenimore Cooper wrote The Pioneers, the first of the five novels thatmake up___________.6.In the early 19th century， Washington Irving wrote _________which became the firstwork by an American writer to win financial success on both sides of the Atlantic。

美国文学Part 1. Colonial America1、Thomas Paine托马斯·潘恩1737-1809The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题；Common Sense常识；American Crisis美国危机；Rights of Man人的权利；Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason理性时代2、Philip Freneau菲利普·弗伦诺1752-1832The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground 印第安人殡葬地3、Jonathan Edwards乔纳森爱德华The Freedom of the Will The Great Doctrine of Original Sin defended The Nature of True Virtue4、Benjamin Franklin本杰明·富兰克林1706-1790A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Money；Poor Richard’s Almanack穷查理历书；The Way to Wealth致富之道；The Autobiography自传Part 2. American Romanticism1、Washington Irving华盛顿·欧文1783-1859A History of New York纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄；Talks of Travellers旅客谈；The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉2、James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀1789-1851The Spy间谍；The Pilot领航者；The Littlepage Manuscripts利特佩奇的手稿；Leatherstocking Tales皮裹腿故事集；The Pioneer拓荒者；The Last of Mohicans最后的莫希干人；The Prairie大草原；The Pathfinder探路者；The Deerslayer杀鹿者Part 3.New England Transcendentalism1、Ralf Waldo Emerson拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生1803-1882Essays散文集；Nature论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书；The American Scholar论美国学者；Divinity;The Oversoul论超灵；Self-reliance论自立；The Transcendentalist超验主义者；Representative Men代表人物；English Traits英国人的特征；School Address神学院演说；Concord Hymn康考德颂；The Rhodo杜鹃花；The Humble Bee野蜂；Days日子-首开自由诗之先河2、Henry David Threau亨利·大卫·梭罗1817-1862Wadden,or Life in the Woods华腾湖或林中生活；Resistance to Civil Government/Civil Disobedience抵制公民政府；A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers3、Henry Wadsworth Longfellow亨利·沃兹沃思·朗费罗1807-1882The Song of Hiawatha海华沙之歌----美国人写的第一部印第安人史诗；Voices of the Night夜吟；Ballads and Other Poens民谣及其他诗；Belfry of Bruges and Other Poems布鲁茨的钟楼及其他诗；Tales of a Wayside Inn路边客栈的故事---诗集；An April Day四月的一天；A Psalm of Life 人生礼物；Paul Revere’s Ride保罗·里维尔的夜奔；Evangeline伊凡吉琳；The Courtship of Miles Standish迈尔斯·斯坦迪什的求婚----叙事长诗；Poems on Slavery奴役篇---反蓄奴组诗4、Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔·霍桑1804-1864Twice-told Tales尽人皆知的故事；Mosses from an Old Manse古屋青苔；Young Goodman Brown年轻的古德曼·布朗；The Scarlet Letter红字；The House of the Seven Gables有七个尖角阁的房子--------心理若们罗曼史；The Blithedale Romance福谷传奇；The Marble Faun玉石雕像5、Herman Melville赫尔曼·梅尔维尔1819-1891Moby Dick莫比·迪克；The White Whale 白鲸；Typee泰比；Omoo奥穆；Mardi玛地；Redburn雷得本；White Jacket白外衣；Pierre皮尔埃；Piazza广场故事；Billy Budd比利·巴德6、Walt Whitman沃尔特·惠特曼1819-1892Leaves of Grass草叶集；Song of the Broad-Axe阔斧之歌；I hear America Singing我听见美洲在歌唱；When Lilacs Lost in the Dooryard Bloom’d小院丁香花开时；Democratic Vistas民主的前景；The Tramp and Strike Question流浪汉和罢工问题；Song of Myself自我之歌7、Emily Dickinson埃米莉·迪金森1830-1886The Poems of Emily Dichenson埃米莉·迪金森诗集-----“Tell all the truth and tell it slant”迂回曲折的，玄学的8、Edgar Allan Poe埃德加·爱伦·坡1809-1849（以诗为诗；永为世人共赏的伟大抒情诗人-----叶芝）Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque怪诞奇异故事集；Tales故事集；The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍古屋的倒塌；Ligeia莱琪儿；Annabel Lee 安娜贝尔·李-----歌特风格；首开近代侦探小说先河，又是法国象征主义运动的源头Tamerlane and Other Poems帖木儿和其他诗；Al Araaf,Tamerlane and Minor Poems艾尔·阿拉夫，帖木儿和其他诗；The Raven and OtherPoems乌鸦及其他诗；The Raven乌鸦；The City in the Sea海城；Israfel 伊斯拉菲尔；To Hellen致海伦9、Harriet Beecher Stowe哈丽特·比彻·斯托1811-1896Uncle Tom’s Cabin汤姆叔叔的小屋；A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp德雷德阴暗大沼地的故事片；The Minister’s Wooing牧师的求婚；The Pearl of Orr’s Island奥尔岛的珍珠；Oldtown Folks老城的人们Part 4. The age of Realism1、William Dean Howells 威廉·狄恩·豪威尔斯1837-1920The Rise of Silas Lapham赛拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹；A Modern Instance现代婚姻; A Hazard of Now Fortunes时来运转；A Traveller from Altruia从利他国来的旅客;Through the Eye of the Needle透过针眼----乌托邦小说;Criticism and Fiction;Novel-Writing and Novel-Reading小说创作与小说阅读2、Henry James享利·詹姆斯1843-1916小说：Daisy Miller苔瑟·米乐；The Portrait of a Lady贵妇人画像；The Bostonians波士顿人；The Real Thing and Other Tales真货色及其他故事；The Wings of the Dove鸽翼；The Ambassadors大使；The Golden Bowl金碗评论集：French Poets and Novelists法国诗人和小说家;Hawthorne霍桑;Partial Portraits不完全的画像;Notes and Reviews札记与评论;Art of Fiction and Other Essays小说艺术Part 5. Local Colorism1、Mark Twain马克·吐温（Samuel Longhorne Clemens）---美国文学的一大里程碑The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County加拉维拉县有名的跳蛙；The Innocent’s Abroad傻瓜出国记；The Gilded Age镀金时代；The Adventures of Tom Sawyer汤姆·索耶历险记；The Prince and the Pauper王子与贫儿；The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn哈克贝利·费恩历险记；A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court亚瑟王宫中的美国佬；The Tragedy of Pudd’nhead Wilson 傻瓜威尔逊；Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc冉·达克；The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg败坏哈德莱堡的人；How to Tell a Story怎样讲故事---对美国早期幽默文学的总结Part 6. American Naturalism1、Stephen Crane斯蒂芬·克莱恩1871-1900Magic:A Girl of the Streets街头女郎梅姬（美国文学史上首次站在同情立场上描写受辱妇女的悲惨命运）；The Red Badge of Courage红色英勇勋章；The Open Boat小划子；The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky新娘来到黄天镇2、Frank Norris弗兰克·诺里斯1870-1902Moran of the Lady Letty茱蒂夫人号上的莫兰（romantic）；Mc-Teague麦克提格（naturalistic）；The Epic of the Wheat(realistic)小麦诗史；(The Octopus章鱼,The Pit小麦交易所)；A Deal in Wheat and Other Stories of the Old and New West小麦交易所及其他新老西部故事3、Theodore Dreiser西奥多·德莱塞1871-1945Sister Carrie嘉莉姐妹；Jennie Gerhardt珍妮姑娘；Trilogy of Desire欲望三部曲(Financer金融家,The Titan巨人,The Stoic)；An American Tragedy 美国的悲剧（被称为美国最伟大的小说）；Nigger Jeff黑人杰弗4、Edwin Arlington Robinson鲁宾逊1869-1935Captain Craig克雷格上尉---诗体小说；The Town Down the River河上的城镇；The Man Against the Sky衬托着天空的人;Avon’s Harvest沃冯的收成；Collected Poems诗集5、、Jack London杰克·伦敦1876-1916The Son of the Wolf狼之子；The Call of the Wild野性的呼唤；The Sea-wolf海狼；White Fang白獠牙；The People of the Abyss深渊中的人们；The Iron Heel铁蹄；Marti Eden马丁·伊登；How I become a Socialist我怎样成为社会党人；The War of the Classes阶级之间的战争；What Life Means to Me生命对我意味着什么；Revolution革命；Love of Life热爱生命；The Mexican墨西哥人；Under the Deck Awings在甲板的天蓬下6、Upton Sinclair厄普顿·辛克莱尔1878-1968Spring and Harvest春天与收获；The Jungle屠场（揭发黑幕运动的代表作家）；King Coal煤炭大王；Oil石油；Boston波士顿；Dragon’s Teeth龙齿Part 7. The 1920s1、Imagism Ezra Pound艾兹拉·庞德1885-1972The Spirit of Romance罗曼司精神；The Anthology Des Imagistes意像派诗选；Cathay华夏（英译中国诗）；Literary Essays文学论；Hugh Swlwyn Mauberley；A Few Don’ts by Imagiste意像派戒条；Personage面具；Polite Essays文雅集；The Cantos of Ezra Pound庞德诗章（109首及8首未完成稿）2、Thomas Stearns Eliot托马斯·艾略特1888-1965Prufrock and Other Observations普罗夫洛克（荒原意识）；The Waste Land荒原；The Burial of the Dead死者的葬礼；A Game of Chess弈棋；The Fire Sermon火诫；Death by Water水边之死；What the Thunder Said雷电之言名诗：Ash Wednesday圣灰星期三;Four Quarters四个四重奏诗剧：Murder in the Cathedral大教堂谋杀案;Family Reunion大团圆;Cocktail Party鸡尾酒会3、Wallace Stevens华莱士·史蒂文斯1879-1955Harmonium风琴;The Man With the Blue Guitar弹蓝吉他的人;Notes Toward a Supreme Fiction关于最高虚构的札记Peter Quince at the Clavier 彼得·昆斯弹风琴；Sunday Morning礼拜天早晨；The Auroras of Autumn 秋天的晨曦;Collected Poems诗集4、William Carlos Williams威廉·卡罗斯·威廉斯1883-1963收入Des Imagistes意像派（意像派的第一部诗选）诗集：Sour Grapes;Spring and All春;The Desert Music;The Journey of Love爱的历程;Collected Poems;Complete Poems；Collected Later Poems;Pictures from Brueghel布留盖尔的肖像;Paterson佩特森（5卷长诗）;Asphodal,That Green Flower常青花日光兰（长诗）名诗：Red Wheelbarrow红色手推车;The Widow’s Lament in Spring寡妇的春怨；The Dead Baby；The Sparrow ,to My Father麻雀—致父亲；Proletarian Portrait无产阶级画像（from An Early Martyr先驱）;The Great American Novels伟大的美国小说；In the American Grain美国性格；Autobiography自传5、Robert Frest罗伯特·弗罗斯特1874-1963A Boy’s Wish少年心愿；North of Boston波士顿之北(Mending Wall修墙,After Apple-picking摘苹果之后)；Mountain Interval山间（成熟阶段）；The Road Not taken没有选择的道路；West-running Brook西流的溪涧；A Further Range又一片牧场；A Witness Tree一株作证的树6、Carl Sandburg卡尔·桑德堡1878-1967Always the Young Stranger永远是陌生的年轻人；In Reckless Ecstasy肆无忌惮的狂热；The Prairie Years草原的年代一、二；The War Years战争的年代（林肯传记）；The American Songbag美国歌袋；The People,Yes人民，好；Honey and Salt蜜与盐；Corn-huskers辗米机（Fog雾）；Smoke and Steel烟与钢7、E Cumings肯明斯1894-1962Tulips anddd Chimneys郁金香与烟囱；The Enormous Room大房间；XLI Poems诗41首；Viva万岁;No， Thanks不，谢谢；Collected Poems诗集；Eimi爱米（访苏游记）8、F Scott Fitzgerald弗朗西斯·菲茨杰拉德1896-1940(迷惘的一代)The Side of Paradise人间天堂；The Beautiful and the Damned美丽的和倒霉；The Great Gatsby了不起的盖茨比；Tender in the Night夜色温柔；The Last Tycoon最后的巨头短篇小说：Flappers and Philosophers姑娘们和哲学家们；Tales of the Jazz爵士时代的故事；Taps at Reveille早晨的起床号；The Ice Palace冰宫；May Days五一节；The Diamond as Big as the Ritz像里茨饭店那样大的钻石；Winter Dreams冬天的梦；The Rich Boy富家子弟；Babylon Revisted重访巴比伦敦；The Crack-up崩溃（自传体文集）9、Ernest Hemingway欧内斯特·海明威1899-1961（“迷惘的一代”的代表人物）In Our Time在我们的年代里；The Torrents of Spring春潮；The Sun Also Rises太阳照样升起；Farewell to Arms永别了，武器；For Whom the Bell Tolls丧钟为谁而鸣短篇小说：Men Without Women没有女人的男人；The Winners Take Notheing胜者无所获；The Fifth Column and First Forty-nine Stories第五纵队与首次发表的四十九个短篇政论：To Have and Have Not贫与富回忆录：A Moveable Feast到处逍遥10、William Faulkner威廉·福克纳1897-1962The Marble Faun云石林神（诗集）；Soldiers’Pay兵饷（小说）短篇小说：Dry September干燥的九月；The Sound and the Fury愤怒与喧嚣；As I lay dying当我垂死的时候；Light in August八月之光；Absalom,Absolam押沙龙，押沙龙（家世小说）11、Sherwood Anderson舍伍德·安德森1876-1941Windy McPherson’s Son饶舌的麦克斐逊的儿子；Marching Men前进中的人们；Mid-American Chants美国中部之歌；Winesburg,Ohio俄亥俄州的温斯堡；The Book of the Grotesque 畸人志；Poor White穷苦的白人；Many Marriages多种婚姻；Dark Laughter阴沉的笑声；The Triumph of the Egg and Other Stories鸡蛋的胜利和其他故事；Death in the Woods and Other Stories林中之死及其他故事；I Want to Know Why我想知道为什么12、Sinclair Lewis辛克莱·刘易斯1885-1951(美国第一个获诺贝尔奖)Dur Mr Wrenn我们的雷恩先生；The Job求职；The Main Street大先进；Babbitt巴比特；Arrowsmith艾罗史密斯；Elmer Gantry艾尔默·甘特里；Dodsworth多兹沃斯；It can’t Happen Here事情不会发生在这里；Kingsblood Royal王孙梦13、Villa Sibert Cather维拉·凯塞1873-1947O,Pioneers啊，先驱们；My Antonia我的安东尼亚；The Professor’s House教授之家；Death Comes for the Archibishop大主教之死14、Thomas Wolfe托马斯·沃尔夫1900-1938Look Homeward,Angel天使，望乡；（续）Of Time and the River时间与河流；The Web and the Rock蛛网与岩石；You Can’t Go Home Again有家归不得；The Hills Beyond远山（未完成）短篇小说：From Death to Morning从死亡到早晨Part 8. The 1930s1、John Dos Passos帕索斯1896-1970The Three Soldiers;Manhattan Transfer；U.S.A(The Forty-second Parallel;1919;The Big Money)；District of Columbia哥伦比亚大区；The Adventures of a Young Man一个年轻人的冒险；Number One第一号；The Grand Design伟大的计划；Orient Express东方特别快车（游记）2、John Steinbeck约翰·斯坦贝克1902-1966Cup of Gold金杯；Tortilla Flat煎饼房；In Dubious Battle胜负未定；Of Mice and Men鼠和人；The Grapes of Wrath愤怒的葡萄；The Moon is Down月亮下去了；Cannery Row罐头厂街；The Pearl珍珠；短篇小说：The Red Pony小红马；The Gift；The Great Mountains大山；The Promise许诺；The Leader of the People人们的领袖Part 9. Black American Literature1、Frederick Douglass弗莱德里克·道格拉斯1817-1895Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass an American Slave弗莱德里克·道格拉斯，一个美国黑人的自；My Bondage and My Freedom我的枷锁与我的自由；The life and Time of Frederick Douglass弗莱德里克·道格拉斯的生平与时代Booker T. Washington2、William E·B Dubois威廉·艾伯·杜波依斯1868-1963Souls of Black Folk黑人的灵魂(Of Booker T Washington and Others)；The Suppression of the African Slave Trade into the USA制止非洲奴隶贸易进入美国；The Philadephia Negro;John Brown；The Black Flame黑色的火焰（三部曲）3、James Langston Hughes詹姆斯·兰斯顿·休斯1902-1969Mulatto混血儿（剧本）；The Weary Blues疲倦的歌声；Dear Lovely Death亲爱的死神；Shakespear in Harlem哈莱姆的莎士比亚；I Wonder asI Wander我漂泊我思考；The Best of Simple辛普尔精选4、Ralph Ellison拉尔夫·埃利林1914-长篇小说：Invisible Man看不见的人散文集：Shadow and Act影子与行动；Going to the Territory步入文学界5、James Baldwin詹姆斯·鲍德温1924-1987散文集：Note of a Native Son土生子的笔记；Nobody Knows My Name；Fire Next Time下一次烈火；No Name in the Street他的名字被遗忘；The Devil Finds Work魔鬼找到工作小说：Go Tell it on the Mountain向苍天呼吁；Giovanni’s Room乔万尼的房间；Another Country另一个国度；Tell Me How Long the Train’s Been Gone告诉我火车已开多久；If Beale Street Could Talk假如比尔能说话；Just Above My Head就在我头上短篇小说集：Going to Meet the Man去见这个人剧本：The Amen Corner阿门角；Blues for Mister Charley为查理先生唱布鲁斯/黑人怨；One Day When I was Lost有一天当我迷失的时候/迷路前后Gwendolyn BrooksPart 10. American Drama1、Eugene Oneil尤金·奥尼尔1888-1953独幕剧：Bound East to Cardiff东航卡迪夫；The Long Voyage Home归途迢迢；The Moon of the Carribbeans加勒比人之月多幕剧：Beyond the Horizon天边外（其成名作）；Anna Christie安娜·克里斯蒂；The Emperor Jones琼斯皇；The Hairy Ape毛猿；All the God’s Children Got Wings上帝的儿女都有翅膀；The Great God Brown大神布朗；The Strange Interlude奇异的插曲；Mourning Becomes Electr素娥怨/悲悼；The Iceman Cometh送冰的人来了；The Long Days Journey Into Night进入黑夜的漫长旅程/日长路远夜常深沉Clifford Odets2、J D Salinger杰罗姆·大卫·塞林格1919-短篇小说：The Young Folks年轻人；短篇小说集：Nine Stories故事九篇；中篇小说：Franny弗兰尼；Zooey卓埃；Raise High the Roof Beam,Carpenters木匠们，把屋梁升高；Seymour:An Introduction西摩其人长篇小说：The Cather in the Rye麦田守望者3、Tennessee William田纳西·威廉斯1911-1983American Blues美国的布鲁斯；Battle of Angels天使的战斗；The Glass Menagerie玻璃动物园；The Streetcar Named Desire欲望号街车；Cat on a Hot Tin Roof热铁皮屋顶上的猫；The Night of The Iguana鬣蜥之夜；Summer and Smoke夏与烟；The Rose Tattoo玫瑰纹；Sweet Bird of Yout 可爱的青春鸟4、Arthur Miller阿瑟·米勒1915-Situation Normal情况正常；The Man Who Had All the Luck吉星高照的人；All My Sons都是我的儿子；The Death of a Salesman推销员；The Crucible严峻的考验/萨姆勒的女巫；A View from the Bridge桥头眺望；A Memory of Two Mondays两个星期一的回忆；After the Fall堕落之后；Incident at Vichy维希事件；The Price代价；The Creation of the World and Other Business创世及其他；The Archbishop’s Ceiling大主教的天花板；The American Clock美国时钟5、Edward Albee爱德华·阿尔比1928-The Zoo Story动物园的故事；The Death of Bessie Smith贝西·史密斯之死；The Sandbox沙箱；The American Dream美国梦；Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?谁害怕弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫；Tiny Alice小爱丽丝；A Delicate Balance脆弱的羊群；Seascape海景；The Lady from Dubuque来自杜布克的女人；The Man With Three Arms在臂人Part 11. The Post-War Scene: The Novel . Poetry1、Saul Bellow索尔·贝娄1915-长篇小说：Dangling Man晃来晃去/挂起来的人；The Victim受害者；The Adventure of Augie March奥基·马奇历险记；Henderson the Rain King 雨王汉德逊；Herzog赫索格；Mr Summlar’s Planet塞姆勒先生的行星；Humboldt’s Gift洪堡的礼物；中篇小说：Seize the Day且乐今朝2、Norman Mailer诺曼·米勒1923- (垮掉的一代；文学恐怖主义者/亡命之徒)裸者与死者；Barbary Shore巴巴里海滨；The Deer Park廘苑；An American Dream一场美国梦；The White Negro白色黑人；Advertisement for Myself为自己做广告；Why Are We in Vietnam我们为什么要去越南；The Executioner’s Song刽子手之歌；The Armies of the Night夜色幕下的大军(History as a Novel/The Novel as History)—非虚构小说；New Journalism新新闻报道3、Joseph Heller约瑟夫·海勒1923-长篇小说：Catch-22第二十二条军规；Something Happened出了毛病；As Good as Gold像高尔德一样好剧本：We Bombed in New Haven我们轰炸纽黑文；Catch-22;Clevinger’s Trial克莱文杰受审（据Catch-22第八章）4、John Barth约翰·巴思1930-长篇小说：The Floating Opera漂浮的歌剧；The End of the Road穷途末路；The Sot-weed Factor烟草代理商；Letters书信集；Giles Goat-boy山羊孩子贾尔斯；Lost in the Funhouse迷失在开心馆里（Title题目）；Chimera客迈拉；Sabbatical学院的轮休假；The Friday Book:Essays and Other Nonfictions星期五的书；论文及其他非小说5、Thomas Pynchon托马斯·品钦1937- (后现代主义)Geography of a Horse Dreamer马塞梦测者的地理；Angel City天使城；The Tooth of Crime罪恶的牙齿；Family家庭 Curse of the Starving Class饥饿阶级的诅咒；Buried Child被埋葬的孩子；True West真正的西部)；Fool for Love情痴；A Lie of the Mind心灵的谎言;Paris/Texas德州的巴黎。

Part 1:Colonial and Revolutionary PeriodSeparatists①In the colonial period, the Puritans who gone to extreme were known as ―S eparatists‖.②Unlike the majority of Puritans, they saw no hope of reforming the Church of England from within. They felt that the influence of politics and the court had led to corruptions within the church. They wished to break free from the Church of England.③Among them was the Plymouth plantation group. They wished to follow Calvin’s model, and toset up ―particular‖ churches.①It refers to the people who believed in Puritanism.②In England they wanted to ―purify‖ the Church of England and was prosecuted.③They accept the doctrine and practice of predestination, original sin and total depravity and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from god.①They were the people, mostly Puritans, who arrived in New England in 1620 in May Flower.②In a broad sense, they represented the ancestors of the American people.美国清教主义)①It arose in the early 17th century. Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of puritans.②The American puritans, like their English brothers, are idealist. They accept the doctrine andpractice of predestination, original sin and total depravity and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from god.③But due to the grim struggle for living in the new continent, they become more and more practical. Besides, the American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influence over American moral values, and this Puritan influence over American Romanticism was conspicuously noticeable.原罪)①Original sin, in Christian theology, the sin of Adam: by which humankind fell from divine grace.②It is the central religious belief of the Puritans that people are sinful ever since their birth.③The purpose of baptism(洗礼) is to wash away original sin and to restore the individual to an innocent state, although even after baptism a tendency to sin remains as a result of original sin.神权政体)①It is a state system in which the state and church are combined into one, with the idea that God would govern through the church.②It was the major form of government in colonial American.Literary Journals①A journal is an individual’s day-by-day account of events. It provides valuable details that can be supplied only by a participant or an eyewitness. As a record of personal relations, a journal reveals much about the writers.②While offering insights into the life of the writer, a journal is not necessarily a reliable record of facts. The writer’s impression may color the telling of events, particularly when he or she is a participant.③Journals written for publication rather than private use are even less likely to be objective. TheEuropean encounters with and conquest of the Americas are recorded in the journals of the explorers.John Smith①He was one of England’s most famous explorers by helping to lead the first successful English colony in American,②Stories of his adventures, often embellished by his own pen, fascinated readers of his day and continue to provide details about early explorations of the Americans.①It refers to the literary period roughly from 1776 to 1823 in American literature.②The Enlightenment is the dominant literary movement in this period.③Reason is the key notion for writers of the Enlightenment like Franklin.It is a famous pamphlet by Thomas Paine, which appeared in 1776, and boldly advocates a ―Declaration for Independence‖ and brings the separatist agitation to a crisis.American Enlightenment (美国启蒙运动)th and early 17th centuries.) The American Enlightenment is the intellectual thriving period in America in the mid-to-late 18th century, especially as it relates to American Revolution on the one hand and the European Enlightenment on the other.②Influenced by the scientific revolution of the 17th century and the humanist period during the Renaissance, the Enlightenment took scientific reasoning and applied it to human nature, society, and religion. Politically, the age is distinguished by an emphasis upon liberty, democracy, republicanism and religious tolerance –culminating in the drafting of the Declaration of Independence and Constitution.③The most important leaders of the American Enlightenment include Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson.Autobiography（自传）①An autobiography is a person’s account of his or her life.②Generally written in the first person , with the author speaking as ―I‖. It presents life events as the writers views them, and offers insights into the beliefs and perceptions of the author.③Benjamin Franklin’s Autobiography set the standard for what was then a new genre. Nonfiction①It refers to any prose narrative that tells about things as they actually happen or that presents factual information about something.②The purpose of this kind of writing is to give a presumably accurate accounting of a person’s life.③Autobiography, biology and essay are among the major forms of nonfiction.Almanac(历书)①An almanac is an annual publication that includes information such as weather forecasts, farmers' planting dates, tide tables, and tabular information in a particular field or fields often arranged according to the calendar etc.②Benjamin Franklin’s Poor Richard’s Almanac is a case in point.①It is an important and interesting literary work by Franklin, an annual collection of proverbs.②Franklin’s pragmatism and sense of humor are fully demonstrated in this work.Persuasion①Persuasion is a writing meant to convince readers to think or act in a certain way.②A persuasive writer appeals to emotions or reason, offers opinions, and urges actions..Part 2: Literature of Romanticism①During Romantic period in American literature, the major writers like Emerson, Thoreau, Hawthorne, Melville and most of the ―fireside school‖ were from New England.②Besides, New England has become the center of literary creation, with Transcendentalism as the most influential literary trend.③Thus critics call this period of literary flourishment in New England the New England Renaissance.美国浪漫主义)①Romanticism refers to an artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual’s expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions.②The romantic period in American literature stretches from the end of the 18th century through the outbreak of the Civil war.③Irving, Whitman and Thoreau are the representatives.New England poets (新英格兰诗人)①The New England poets were representatives of imitation.②They tried to imitate the forms and themes of there English brothers, such as Robert Burns and William Wordsworth.③Washington Irving and William Cullen Bryant are some of its representatives.It is a fictitious person Washington Irving created, he was supposed to be the author of A History of New York, by Diedrich knickerbocker, a rollicking burlesque of a current serious history of the early Dutch settlers which became a classic of humor.①It is a serial consisting of five related novels by James Fenimore Cooper—T he Pioneers, The Last of Mohicans, The Prairie, The Pathfinder, The Deerslayer.②The protagonist of the novel, Natty Bumppo, is a frontier hero, a prototype for the Western cowboy.③With the memorable main characters and a vast group of supporting characters, it becomes the greatest American novels about its past.①Natty Bumppo is the protagonist of the Leatherstocking Tales by James Fenimore Cooper, who goes by various names of Leatherstocking, Deerslayer, Pathfinder and Hawkeye.②He is a frontier hero, a prototype for the Western cowboy.美国超验主义)①Transcendentalism is the summit of the Romantic Movement in the history of American literature in the 19th century, which flourished from about 1835 to 1860.②Transcendentalists place emphasis on the importance of the Oversoul, the individual and nature. Specifically, they stressed intuitive understanding of God, without the help of the church, and advocated independence of the mind.③The most important representatives are Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. Ralph Waldo Emerson①Ralph Waldo Emerson was an American essayist, philosopher and poet, best remembered for leading the Transcendentalist movement of the mid 19th century.②He expressed the philosophy of Transcendentalism in his 1836 essay, Nature.③Besides, his The American Scholar was considered to be American’s ―Intellectual Declaration of Independence‖.①It is an all-pervading power for goodness from which all things come of which all things are a part.②It is a key doctrine for Transcendentalists.Self-reliance①Self-reliance is an essay written by American Transcendentalist philosopher Ralph Waldo Emerson.②It contains the most solid statement of one of his repeating themes, the need for each individual to avoid conformity and false consistency, and follow his or her own instincts and ideas.③These ideas are considered a reaction to a commercial identify. Emerson calls for a return to individual identity.Individualism(个人主义)①Individualism is a moral, political, and social philosophy, which emphasizes individual liberty, the primary importance of the individual, and the “virtues of self-reliance”.②It is thus directly opposed to collectivism, social psychology and sociology, which consider the individual’s rapport to the society or community.③It is often confused with ―egoism‖, but an individualist need not be an egoist.①It is one of the American classics written by Henry David Thoreau.②It records his experiment in living at Walden pond, his sympathetic understanding of nature, his meditation on the meanings of life and his social criticism.③Compared with Emerson’s Nature, it is more radical and social-minded.Calvinism (加尔文主义)①Calvinism refers to the religious teachings of John Calvin and his followers.②Calvin taught that only certain persons, the elect, were chosen by God to be saved, and these could be get only by God’s grace.③It marked the work of Hawthorne and Melville.①It is one of the famous New England experiments in communal living, where some of the region’s most remarkable people gathered.②Hawthorne once lived there for a few months; the experience was reflected in his Blithedale Romance.Ambiguity①Ambiguity means two or more simultaneous interpretation of a word, phrase, action, orsituation, all of which can be supported by the context of a work.②Deliberate ambiguity can contribute to the effectiveness and richness of a work, for example, the open-ended conclusion of Hawthorn e’s Young Goodman Brown.③However, unintentional ambiguity obscures meaning and can confuse readers.①Symbolism is a literary device with which the author deliberately makes concrete objects (the symbols) evolve into some abstractions, usually moralistic or philosophical.②Hawthorne and Melville used this device frequently in their works.①She is a character in The Scarlet Letter.②She was the innocent daughter of Hester and the minister.③She is more of a symbol than a character. To Hester, she was the fruit of human love and physical passion; to Dimmesdale, she was a reminder of his sin; to Chillingworth she was an unforgettable shame and the motivation to take his revenge.①It refers to a novel or story with an allegorical feature, that is, charactering name, an actual or symbolic journey and usually a ―good vs. evil‖ theme.②Hawthorn e’s Young Goodman Brown and Melville’s Moby Dick are typical allegorical novels.①He is the narrator of the Moby Dick.②He is a cool observer and judge of the whole incident.③His thoughtful mind added a strong philosophical notion to the novel and his good knowledge in whaling made the novel an interesting book on whaling.自由体诗歌)①Free verse is a general term referring to the modern form of verse with no fixed foot, rhythm or rime schemes.②It was first written and labeled by a group of French poets of the late 19th century.③Free verse has been characteristic of the work of many American poets, including Walt Whitman, Ezra Pound and Carl Sandburg.①It is the best known poem in Leaves of Grass by Walt Whitman.②It is a celebration of the individual as well as the common people.Edgar Allan Poe suggested that any literary work should have a single effect, that is a single theme, tone and atmosphere.炉边诗人)①William Cullen Bryant, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and James Russell Lowell constituted a group sometimes called the Fireside Poets.②They earned this nickname because they frequently used the hearth as an image of comfort and unity, a place where families gathered to learn and tell stories.③They wrote familiar poems for the common reader and interpreted the aspirations of the age to their countrymen and brought honor to the nation by achieving international fame.关于死亡的感想)①―T hanatopsis‖ is William Cullen Bryant’s best-known poem in the form of blank verse withthe theme of death.②It follows the tradition of the English ―graveyard school‖ and the central image is the ―mighty sepulcher‖, which will bring contentment to the dead.③The title of the poem means ―view of death‖①The period ranging from 1865 to 1914 has been preferred to as the age of Realism.②It was a literary doctrine that called for ―reality and truth‖ in the depiction of ordinary life. It is, in literature, an approach that attempts to describe life without idealization or romantic subjectivity.③Three dominant figures are William Dean Howells, Mark Twain and Henry James.达尔文主义)①It is a term that comes from Charles Darwin’s evolutionary theory.②Darwinists think that those who survive in the world are the fittest and those who fail to adapt themselves to the environment will perish.③Influenced by Darwinism, some American naturalist writers apply it as an explanation of human nature and social reality.Social Darwinism(社会达尔文主义)①It was an application of Charles Darwin’s evolutionary theory to the field of social relation.②Social Darwinist argued that social progress resulted from conflicts in which the fittest or best adapted individuals, or entire societies, would prevail.心理现实主义)①It is the realistic writing that probes deeply into the complexities of characters’thoughts and motivation.②Henry James’novel The Ambassadors is considered to be a masterpiece of psychological realism.Henry James often wrote about the conflicts, both amusing and serious, between American and European manners and customs. This is widely known as the ―international theme‖.地方特色主义)①Local Colorism is popular in the late 19th century, particularly among authors in the south of the U.S.②This style relied heavily on using words, phrases, and slang that were native to the particular region in which the story took place. The term has come to mean any device which implies a specific focus, whether it is geographical or temporal.③A well-know local colorism author was Mark Twain with his book The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn.①It refers to the period roughly from the Civil War to the beginning of the 20th century, an age of seeming wealth and prosperity.②It comes from a novel, by Mark Twain and Warner, of the same title.Tall story/ Tall tale①It is a humorously exaggerated story of impossible feats.②It flourished in the oral tradition of the American frontier in the 19th century.③Mark Twain is famous for writing tall tale.美国自然主义)①Naturalism is a literary school that originated in France and came to American literature at the end of the 19th century.②The naturalistic writers attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were dominated by their environment and heredity. Besides, their works were usually in an ironic and pessimistic tone.③Theodore Dreiser is a leading figure of this school with his masterpiece Sister Carrie. Determinism(宿命论)①Determinism is the philosophical belief that events are shaped by forces beyond the control of human beings.②Determinism, important to the literature at the end of the 19th century, assigns control especially to heredity and environment, without seeking their origins further than science can trace.③Determinism usually leads to the tragic fate of the characters in novel.Caroline Meeber①She is the heroine in Theodore Dreiser’s Sister Carrie. She is a pretty, small-town girl who drifts to Chicago with vague ambition in pursuit of a job and fortune.②As a result, she is used by men and uses them in turn to become a successful actress.③She is a case in point that shows Dreiser’s naturalistic ideas about human conditions.①It refers to Theodore Dreiser’s three novels: T he Financer,The Titan and The Stoic.②The trilogy is based on the life of Charles T. Yerkes, an American transportation magnate.③In this trilogy Dreiser’s focus shifted from the pathos of the helpless protagonists at the bottom of the society to the power of the American financial tycoons in the late 19th century.①It is a French poetic form of 19 lines employing only two rhymes.②―The House on the Hill‖ by Edwin Arlington Robinson uses this poetic form.①Nietzsche’s ideal conception of man is to realize his philosophical principle.②It influenced writers like jack London, who created Wolf Larsen to represent this ideal in The Sea wolf.①He is the protagonist of The Sea wolf, who is the ruthless and amoral captain of the Ghost.②He is the embodiment of London’s ideal superman.①It was one of London’s best novels, which show how, in the Alaskan wilderness, a gentle dog gradually reverts to the ways of his wolf ancestors in order to survive.②It was the best expression of his belief in the Darwinistic notion that man also had the capacity to return to his brute beginnings.Slave Narratives①A uniquely American literary genre, a slave narrative is an autobiographical account of life as aslave.②Often written to expose the horrors of human bondage, it documents a slave’s experiences from his or her own point of view.③Encouraged by abolitionists, many freed or escaped slaves published narratives in the years before the Civil War.th①Imagism was a poetic school at the beginning of the 20th century.②Imagist poets strived for a simple, clear and vivid image, which in itself is the expression of art and meaning. The imagist poetry is a kind of free verse shaking of conventional metres and emphasizing the use of common speech and new rhythms.③This movement was led by Ezra Pound and T.S. Eliot.Imagery (意象)①Imagery means words and phrases that create pictures ,or images in the readers’ mind.②In a literary text, it occurs when an author uses an object that is not really there, in order to create a comparison between one that is, usually evoking a more meaningful visual experience for the reader.③It is useful as it allows an author to add depth and understanding to his work, like a sculptor adding layer and layer to his statue, building it up into a beautiful work of art.①Written by T.S.Eliot, it is a poem of mystical conflict between faith and doubt, beautiful in its language if difficult in its symbolism.②It shows the author’s positive turn toward faith in life.①It is a popular theme in modern American literature derived from the poem The Waste Land by T.S.Eliot.②Terms associated with this theme are dehumanization, infertility of modern civilization and alienation.Waste land Painters(荒原派作家)①Waste land Painters refers to such writers as T.S.Eliot, F. Scott. Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway and William Faulkner.②With their writings, all of them paint the post-war Western world as a waste land, lifeless and hopeless.迷失的一代)①It is a term first used by Gertrude Stein to describe the post-World I generation of American writers: men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war.②Full of youthful idealism, these individuals sought the meaning of life, drank excessively, had love affairs and created some of the finest American literature to date.③The three best-known representatives of Lost Generation are F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway and John Dos Passos.①It is Wallace Steven’s most important poetic collection of poems.②It was part of a revolution in American poetry.③He adapted a variety of experimental styles, odd sounds, curious analogies and inscrutable titles.爵士乐时代)①The Jazz Age refers to the 1920s, a time marked by hedonism and excitement in the life of flaming youth.②With the rise of the Great Depression, materially rich, spiritually lost, the generation felt frustrated with life and indulged in pleasure.③Perhaps the most r epresentative literary work of the age is American writer F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, highlighting what some describe as the decadence and hedonism, as well as the growth of individualism.American Dream(美国梦)①The American Dream is the faith held in America that through hard working, courage, and determination one can achieve a better life for oneself, usually through financial prosperity. These were values held by many early European settlers, and have been passed on to subsequent generation.②Nowadays the American dream has led to an emphasis on material wealth as a measure of success and happiness.③The Great Gatsby is a highly symbolic meditation on 1920s America as a whole, in particular the disintegration of the American dream.①It is one of the Eggs of Long Island, which are the main settings for The Great Gatsby by Fitzgerald.②It was where Nick and Gatsby lived, with a suggestion of roughness and unsophisticated compared with the East Egg where the Buccanans lived.The Snopes Trilogy①It includes The Hamlet, The Town and The Mansion by Faulkner.②It traced the rise of the Snopes family, the representative of the ―poor whites‖and the embodiment of the degraded values.Hemingway code hero(海明威式英雄)①As a concept from Hemingway’s work, code hero is defined by Hemingway as a man who lives correctly, following the ideals of honour, courage, and endurance in a world that is sometimes chaotic, often stressful, and always painful.②A code hero is an average man of decidedly masculine tastes, a man who is sensitive and intelligent, a man of actions and of new words. This kind of people are usually spiritually strong, with certain skills, and most of them encounter death many times.③Santiago in The Old Man and the Sea is a typical Hemingway code hero.Santiago①Santiago is the protagonist of The Old Man and the Sea, written by American novelist Ernest Hemingway.②He is an old man who hasn’t caught by any fishes for 84 days. On the final journey he has a fight with shakes.③He embodies Hemingway’s definition of courage as ―grace under pressure‖, who never losesdignity in the face of death.Southern Renaissance(南方文艺复兴)①It is the revival of American Southern literature that began in the 1920s until the 1950s.②The writers affirmed their position on the superiority of the Southern lifestyle over that of the industrialized north.③William Faulkner and Katherine Anne Porter are writers of this type.先锋派)①It is a French military and political term for the vanguard of an army or political movement.②This term extended since the late 19th century in literature, which refers to the innovative writer who is ahead of the time both in themes and style.③In the 20th century American literature, writers like Faulkner and e.e.cummings can be called avant-garde writers.Yoknapatawpha(约克纳帕塔法)①Most of Faulkner’s literary works were set in the small county of American South. It is the fictional modification of his hometown, Oxford, Mississippi.②To Faulkner, this small piece of land was worth a life’s work in literary writing and here Faulkner created a world of imagination.③Yoknapatawpha has become an allegory of the Old South, with which Faulkner has managed successfully to show a panorama of the experience of the whole Southern society.Multiple point of view①Point of view is the vantage point from which a narrative is told. Novels sometimes, but infrequently, mix point of views.②William Faulkner is a master at presenting multiple points of view, showing within the same story how characters react differently to the same person or the same events.③The use of this technique gives the story a circular from with one event as the center and various points of view radiating from it. This technique makes it difficult for the reader to see the truth of the story.①A saga is a series of literary works dealing with the history of a family or clan.②Faulkner’s novels and short stories were interrelated by the locality and sometimes by the characters and as a whole they were regarded as sages of the clan or family.①He was an important American novelist of the 1920s and the first American writer to win the Nobel Prize for literature.②His important works include Main Street and Babbitt.Camera eye①It is a literary device developed by John Dos Passos, which provides an autobiographical account of his life corresponding to the time of the fictional narrative.②Written usually in a stream-of-consciousness style, they record the author’s activities and reflections at roughly the same time that events in the fictional narratives are taking place.③These impressionistic accounts recreate his changing moods in a turbulent age, showing that his private life is part of a greater cultural complexity.New Criticism(新批评派)①New criticism was a dominant trend in English and American literary criticism of the mid-20thcentury, from the 1920s to the early 1960s.②Its adherents were emphatic in their advocacy of close reading and attention to texts themselves, and their rejection of criticism based on extra-textual sources, especially biography.③John Crowe Ransom is a leading figure in this literary trend.It refers to the dramatic works produced by the playwrights of the early 20th century represented by Eugene O’Neil.Willy Loman①He is a character in Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman, which is a sad vision of American dream.②He keeps dreaming on success and living in illusions and lies, but he never seems to be aware of that.③It should be noted that his kind of success is never measured except in terms of dollars. Impressionism(印象主义)①It is a style of painting that gives the impression made by the subject on the artist without much attention to details writers accepted the same conviction that the personal attitudes and moods of the writer were legitimate elements in depicting character or setting or action.②Briefly, it is a style of writing characterized by the creation of general impressions and moods rather than realistic moods.哈莱姆文艺复兴)①Harlem Renaissance was a period of remarkable creativity in literature by African-Americans, from the end of the First World War in the 1920s.②They presented new insights into the American experience and paved the way for the flourishment of Black literature in the mid 20th century.③Distinguished writers who were part of the movement included Langston Hughes and Richard Wright.Part 5: After the WWIIThe Black Mountain Poets(黑山派诗人)①It is a loosely associated group of poets that formed an important part of the avant-garde of American poetry in the 1950s.②They published innovative yet disciplined verse in the Black Mountain Review, which became a leading forum of experimental verse.③This school is linked with Charles Olson’s theory of ―projective verse‖, which insisted on an open form based on the spontaneity of the breath pause in speech and the typewriter line in writing.The New York School(纽约派诗人)①The New York School was an informal group of American poets and painters active in 1950s New York City.②Their poetic subject matter was often light, violent, or observational, while writing style was often described as cosmopolitan and world-traveled. The poets often drew inspiration from Surrealism and the contemporary avant-garde art movement, in particular the action painting of their friends in the New York City art circle.。

美国历史整理（一）From 1600s---1816I.1600s---early 1700s●First native American people migrated from Asia to North America across a landbridge more than ten thousand years ago.●In the 11th century, a Norse (Viking) sailor, Leif Eriksson reached North America.●In 1492, Columbus sailed at the North America.●Spanish rule included Florida and was generally harsh. Spanish explorers oftenintermarried with the natives.●In early 1600s, the 1st English colony at Jamestown Virginia.●The reasons (generate the colony): a. commercial gain eg. Jamestown established bytrading companies b. social and religious freedom (initiated with royal charters) also known as propriety grants●The second English colony was founded by Pilgrims (清教徒) at Plymouth,Massachusetts.Settlers: come to new world to escape religious persecutionKEY: design the Mayflower Compact [determine what the colony’s civil laws would be only the pilgrims landed]Different aspect: Pilgrims wanted to split from the Church of EnglandPuritans wanted to reform the Church●Economy in Colonial AmericaIn colonial America, the local climate determined what each colony could and could not do to develop its economy.Since the new England terrain were poor for farming, so New England settlers practiced subsistence farming.Eg. Boston: sea trade and fishingSouthern colonies: large scale agriculture (good soil and climate)Plantation system formed cash crop(既自己卖又自己食用)1st system is called labor intensiveBecause of insufficient inhumane slave trade (start from at least 16th centuryth18th and the first half of the 19th century) ●Religion [center of colonial life for many of the settlers]The Halfway Covenant (1662) was passed to make it easier for less religious children of Puritan to become baptized members of CHURCH●Leader: Jonathan Edwards George Whitefield Calvinist (eternal●The dominion of New England salutary neglect (有益忽视)英国对殖民地的宽松政策以换取殖民地经济上的持续忠诚●Reasons for the founding of selected ColoniesEconomic gain: Virginia (1607)Religious Freedom: Plymouth (1620) Massachusetts (1629) Maryland (1633)Connecticut (1636) Rhode Island(1636)Pennsylvania (1682)Seized from Dutch: New York (1664) New Jersey (1664) Delaware (1664)Buffer colony and alternative to debtors’ prison: Georgia(1732)II.1700s---1775●Navigation Acts(1651) raise money by placing heavy taxes called duties ortariffAngered the colonists because they could not make as much money with limited trade as they could with free trade●The French and Indian War (1756---1763) Seven Years’ War冲突：dominance of fur trade riths to North Atlantic fisheries and possession of the Ohio-Mississippi Basin对象：French + Indian VS BritishResult: British victory led by Prime Minister William PittInfluence: a. change the boundaries of 2 empires’ worldwide possessionb. French lost territory on North America continentc. . British felt that American colonists did not share equally the burden ofthe costreconsider their role within colonial system●People thought that they were unfair and were not represented in theBritish Parliament●1774 the First Continental Congress----- a gathering of representatives from all thecoloniesAgree to join together in a boycott of English goodsWrote up a list of grievances to present to the kingFew people thought these actions would lead to a military conflictDid not participate the complete separation of the colonies from England in the American War of IndependenceIII.1775 to 1800●Second Continental Congress in 1775导火索：Redcoats in Lexington, Massachusetts英方：1775.7 ---Britain acknowledged an open rebellion in the colonies and the American Revolution美方：The declare of Independence in 1776 [irrevocable break with England + a war of independence]结果: create a government for USA担忧：the colonists felt attached to the mother country by language and culture It was difficult to build an intercolonial consensus on war goalsMany colonists worried about the superior might of the British Empire●Common Sense by Thomas Paine in 1776 (开国元勋)Appeal to the colonists to form a better government●General George Washington原因：he had experience in the French and India warHe can draw his hometown (Virginia) into the warHe has invaluable skill in keeping the American forces alive during the war’searly years●The war of independencea. France was a decisive ally for America, from the beginning, France had secretlysupplied weapons and goods to colonistsb. after the American victory at Saratoga, Spain and Holland formally declared waragainst Britainc. 1781 York TOWM final victoryd. British greatly overestimated the American’s Tory or loyalists, so the Britishapproached the war as if they merely to suppress a few radicals.●The Treaty of Paris in 1783American independence was established in the Treaty of Paris, two years after the final ballet at Yorktown.●The Article of Confederation in 1781Aim : a framework for governmentContent: a. favor strong powers for the individual coloniesb. did not establish the centralized colonies for national leadershipEffect: 1- the federal government was broke2- reliable currency was difficult to obtain3- led to an economic ressionOuter factors : Britain retain forts on American soilSpanish prevented Americans from using the Mississippi River Benefit: the division of land under the Northwest Ordinance in 1787●Constitutional Convention in 1787The constitution established the three branches of the government:a.executive or presidencyb.legislature or the congress ( Senate + the house of Representativec.Judiciary or the Supreme Court and the lower federal court systemAim: the branches were set up with a system of checks and balances so that none of the three branches can attain too much powerDevelopment: originally, the congress has the strongest power to override the president’s raise and spend revenue + has the power tomake laws called the power of purseIn 20thEg. Franklin D. Roosevelt pushing for a broader interpretation ofthe US Constitution●New Jersey Plan & Virginia PlanNew Jersey Plan ----- states represented equallyVirginia Plan---------- delegations based on population●The Great Compromise (also called the bicameral legislature)a.the house of representatives apportioned by the state populationb.senate apportioned equally ( 2 delegates for each state)●Three- Fifth CompromiseReason to set up: slaves = property or people ?Since the representation in the house of Representatives was basedon the number of people who lived inContext: mandated that each slave be counted as 3/5 of a person when establishingthe population of a state for representation●The Bill of Rights ------ the first ten amendments to the Constitution, was also acompromise to urge starts to ratify the documentContent: P48 time: was ratified and passed in 1789Added after ratification in 1791●Long-term effect of the Constitution Convention:Benefit: successfully provide a framework of law that the USA has used for more than 200 yearsShortcoming: A---many of the compromises sowed the seeds of discontent that later plagued the growing Union and helped lead to the Civil warB--- The issue of slavery and the balance of states’right andnational interests continued to be the sources of major politicaltension from 1789 -1860sC--- The 3/5 compromise and the Bill of Rights were not enough tisettle the dispute●Repayment of the national debtGeorge Washington was elected the first president in 1778Aim: to formalize the structures described in the ConstitutionAlexander Hamilton --- the secretary of the TreasuryImportant: because of the financial difficulties faced by the new nationsHis solution: urge Congress to pass the legislation that would dedicate therepayment of the national debtHis aim: encourage the foreign investmentEstablish a national bankConflict: many original framers of the Constitution (James Madison) felt theselegislations were not explicitly mentioned in the Constitutionand were therefore unconstitutional.●The Whiskey Rebellion ---- the 1st internal threat to the new government.Conflict: the farmers who ere also the whiskey producers, violently presented a large tax on whiskeyWashington dispatched 15000 troops to squelch the uprising Result: show the strength of the governmentMany felt overuse the powerLong-term effect: this rebellion + ideological divisions over constitutional interpretation, inspired the new Anti- Federalist Party or RepublicansMore: Federalist & Anti-federalist P49●XYZ affairs --- one famous incident during John Adam’s presidencyThreatened to lead to war between the USA and FranceReasons: a strong advocate of neutrality●The Alien and Sedition Act sContext: 1- allow the deportation of foreigners who seemed to be a threat to the national security2- designate fines and imprisonment for persons who wrote ‘’falsely and maliciously” against the lawResult: lead to the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions in 1789 to 1799Reason: in an attempt to repeal these lawsLeader: Madison & JeffersonContent: these resolutions would have given the states the power to repealunconstitutional lawsEffect: did not gain national acceptance but helped strengthened the– Republican Party and platformThe Revolution of 1800in the watershed election of 1800, Thomas Jefferson,leader of the Demo- republican Party, won thepresidencySignal: signaling the first transfer of power from one party toanother with much verbal infighting but withoutbloodshedIV.1800 to 1816●Jeffersonian RepublicanJefferson’s work:-believe that agriculture represent the noblest and the most democratic aspects of American’s life-sent marines to Tripoli in north Africa to fight pirates-his policies favored their interests over the interests of businesses, trading and manufacturing-help mode the judiciary into a powerful constitutional branchMarshall Court (1801-1835)Effect: maintain an ideology of a strong federal governmentContent: best known for establishing the practice of judicial review by which theSupreme Court has the authority to declare laws unconstitutional Influence: help secure the system of checks and balance-Louisiana Purchase in 1803Effect: double the size of the USAContent: Napoleon needed fund for his empire so Jefferson sent emissaries to France to buy the areaPrimary reason by Jefferson: control of Mississippi River and the port of New Orleans, invaluable trade routes for the Ohio V alley and western territory Jefferson’s action: although he was concerned about the constitutionality of such a large land purchase, he agreed with the expansionist interests of the nationand supported Congressional approval of the dealPicture: see on P51-the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806)content: explores helped by the native American guides traveled from St. Louis to the Pacific Ocean in 1.5 yrseffect: establish US claims to the dispute Oregon territoryThe War of 1812-Primary conflict: between Great Britain and France during early 1800s-The Chesapeake Incident (the most widely publicizedepisode of this sailor kidnapping ) ---also calledImpressmentsContent: restrict trade and seize US ships and theircargoes while they rested in French Harbor -Jefferson’s reaction: a. tried to avoid hostilities with these powerful country by issuing anEmbargoEffect: had dramatic effect on Americans and seemed to penalizeAmericans more than foreign interestsContent: restrict all foreign tradeFollowing: Repealed by the Nonintercourse Act in 1809Content: restrict all trade with Great Britain andFrance(but these country were the largest trades inthe world)influence: the result was much the same as Embargo -declaration in 1812driving force: the mood of public opinion rather than a specific eventpeople feel their national integrity had been compromised by the illegal searchand seizures of American shipsthe War Hawk s: asked for a declaration of war in 1812- development: first. The lack of standing armed forced led to some early embarrassmenton the battle fieldlater: American ships had some success on the waterfinal: since the Britain was still fighting France , the war ended bydeclaring it statement ( the Treaty of Ghent in 1814 ) -the battle of New OrleansGeneral Andrew Jackson won a resounding military victory at New OrleansMisunderstood：news of this victory and announcement of the Treaty arrived at thesame time and the people misunderstood that USA had won the warwith its military forceEffect：Jackson, the leader of the battle went on to become folk hero and president -long-term influence:the War of 1812 caused significant regional division within the statesnew Englanders opposed the war because their trades were based on BritainWesterner and Southerner: consisted the warA major consequence of the war of 1812 was the decline of Northeastern ( Federalists)influence in national politics with the rising power of Southern and Western interests●Literature (see on Page 53)Time: between the war of 1812 and the civil warContent: 1) question the effect of “civilization on the individual2) emphasized American pragmatism and ingenuity3) the work of Transcendentalists is described●Reform Movements ------- the Second Great AwakeningTime: during the early part of the 19th centurySocial Content: challenge religious and social institutionAttempt to lead what they considered a more moral lifeThe movement was enhanced by an optimistic mood inspired by the expandingwestern frontierReligious Content: purge sin from their livesSeek salvation rather than depend upon the local church or religiousleaderGod created people without evil and with capacity to be perfect Leader: Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson。

Colonial America Chapter oneAmerican literature is the youngest literature, because America was not discovered until the end of 16th C, and it is believed that American literature didn’t begin until the 19th C.Our first lecture will be brief about American literature of the Colonial Period, which is from the early 17th C through the end of the 18th C, that is, from the settlement of America through American Revolution.The settlement of the North American Continent by the English began in the early part of the 17thC. In Nov, 1620, May Flower, with more than 100 immigrants from England arrived in America. They became the founding fathers of the American nation. The New England emerged, thus began the history of America. Many of these immigrants were puritans. The puritans were so suppressed in England that they sought escape. They carried Puritanism with them to America and hoped that they could build a kingdom of freedom here.Puritanism was one of the most enduring shaping influence in American thought and literature. The beliefs can be summarized as the following:1. Original sin(total depravity) God created the first man-Adam, but Adam sinned by eating forbidden fruit. In Adam’s fall, we sinned all. As a result, much emphasis was placed on “original sin”.2. Predestination. God has decided in advance that certain souls will be saved and others will not. When one is born, God has already determined whether he will be saved or not. He and no one else can decide who is to be saved and who is to go to hell.In this period, most of the American literature was personal literature, such as diaries, journals, letters, travel books, sermons. The most popular genre was poetry, most of which were religious. In form, English literature were imitated and transplanted.The first book published in North America wasThe Bay Psalm Book.Writers worth to be mentioned:Anne Bradstreet(1617-1672): a puritan poet.At 18, she came to America with her husband and settled in the Masachusetts Bay Colony. Both her husband and husband were once governor of it. She received better education than most women of her day. Her poem made such a stir in England that she became known as the “tenth Muse” who appeared in America.Her famous poems:1. “The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America”( Her first volume published in London)2. Contemplations (convey her personal feelings for New England and family life)3. Upon theBurning ofOour House.Besides, she wrote in support of women, defending women’s ability, and also conveyed her love for her husband.Edward Taylor (puritan poet, regarded as a major figure in Colonial America)He liked using metaphors and imagery, and was concerned about how his images speak for god.In Huswifery, he saw religious significance in a simply daily incident like a housewife spinning. p23. However, Colonial America did not always write the way Anne and Edward wrote. Some people wrote for civil and religious freedom, some called for independence from Britain.Roger Williams (1603-1683)Came to America in 1630 and began to preach for civil and religious liberty. He calls for democratic government opposes the eviction of the Indians.In 1644, he published “The Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience”, upheld the spiritual freedom of the individual. He will go down in American history as a staunch fighter for freedom and democracy.John Woolman.(1720-1772 successor of democratic idea of Roger Williams)1. “Some considerations on the Keeping of Negroes”2. “A Plea for the Poor”He tried to plea for the rights of all men., for the abolition of the slavery system.Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758)Born into a very religious New England family. His father was a powerful minister. He learned Latin at 6. Being bright and intelligent, he entered Yale University at 13. In 1723, he returned to Yale and took his M>A and became a tutor(assistant lecturer). Later, he became a minister. He was well-known as a powerful and strong preacher. His sermons taught the power of God and the depravity of man.He was one of the most influential writer of the Colonial America, the greatest theologist and the most profound philosopher in America.1. The Freedom of the Will2. The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended3. Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God (He spoke with great eagerness which humbled his people and made them trembled before an angry God. It was reported that his listeners screamed in pain as he spoke.。

第二部分章节题库第1单元本杰明·富兰克林І.Fill in the blanks.1.If we say Jonathan Edwards represents the upper levels of the American mind, _____represents the lower levels.【答案】Benjamin Franklin【解析】美国文学评论家范·威克·布鲁克斯（Van Wyck Brooks）在《美国的成年》(America’s Coming of Age)中指出乔纳森·爱德华兹和本杰明·富兰克林是美国18世纪的两位重要的哲学家，他们是不同层次思想的代表。

2.Franklin’s claim to a place in literature rests chiefly on his_____and_____.【答案】Poor Richard’s Almanac，The Autobiography【解析】富兰克林在文学上的地位主要取决于《穷查理历书》和《自传》。

3.In American literature,the eighteenth century was an Age of_____and Revolution.【答案】Reason【解析】18世纪的美国处于理性与革命时期。

这一时期的美国深受法国启蒙思想的影响，且处于独立革命时期。

4.Franklin was the epitome of the_____,the versatile,practical embodiment of national man in the18th century.【答案】Enlightenment【解析】富兰克林是启蒙思想的缩影，是18世纪理性的代表。

5.Benjamin Franklin’s best writing is found in his masterpiece_____.【答案】The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin【解析】本杰明·富兰克林文学上最大的成就体现在他的作品《本杰明·富兰克林自传》上。