Dynamics of Scalar Field in Polymer-like Representation

单晶硅表面等离子体基离子注入碳纳米薄膜的摩擦学特性IntroductionSingle-crystal silicon is a widely used material in various technological applications due to its desirable mechanical properties. However, its poor tribological behavior under sliding friction hinders its widespread use. Surface modification techniques such as ion implantation have been applied to enhance its tribological behavior. In this study, we investigated the frictional characteristics of carbon nanofilm implanted on a single-crystal silicon surface by plasma-based ion implantation.Experimental MethodsThe experiments were conducted using a plasma-based ion implantation system. The single-crystal silicon samples were cleaned and then implanted with carbon ions with varying energies and doses. The surface morphology and chemical composition of the implanted samples were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The tribological properties of the implanted samples were evaluated by performing friction and wear tests using a ball-on-disk tribometer under dry sliding conditions.Results and DiscussionThe SEM images showed that the implanted samples exhibited a rougher surface compared to the unimplanted ones. The XPS analysis confirmed the presence of carbon on the implanted samples. The friction and wear tests revealed that the implantedsamples exhibited reduced friction coefficients and wear rates compared to the unimplanted samples. The reduced friction was attributed to the formation of a carbon-rich layer on the surface of the implanted samples, which acted as a solid lubricant during sliding. The reduced wear rate was attributed to the increased surface hardness of the implanted samples due to carbon ion implantation.ConclusionThe plasma-based ion implantation technique was successfully used to implant carbon ions on the single-crystal silicon surface. The implanted samples exhibited enhanced tribological behavior, including reduced friction coefficients and wear rates, compared to the unimplanted ones. The improved tribological behavior was attributed to the formation of a carbon-rich layer on the surface and the increased surface hardness due to ion implantation. We conclude that plasma-based ion implantation is an effective surface modification technique for improving the tribological behavior of single-crystal silicon.Furthermore, the specific implantation parameters used in this study, i.e., energy and dose, can be optimized to achieve even better tribological properties. For example, increasing the energy of the implanted ions can result in a deeper implantation and hence a thicker carbon-rich layer on the surface. Similarly, increasing the dose can result in a higher concentration of carbon atoms on the surface, which can lead to further reduction in friction and wear.The use of ion implantation for surface modification has several advantages over other traditional techniques such as coating orsurface texturing. Unlike coatings, ion implantation does not introduce a separate layer on the surface, which can delaminate or wear off over time. In contrast, implanted atoms become part of the substrate material, resulting in a more durable modification. Additionally, the surface texturing technique relies on creating grooves or patterns on the surface, which may not be applicable or effective for all materials or applications.In conclusion, the plasma-based ion implantation technique has been shown to be a promising surface modification technique for enhancing the tribological behavior of single-crystal silicon. This technique has the potential to be applied to other materials and can be optimized for specific applications. Future work can focus on optimizing the implantation parameters, investigating the long-term durability of the implanted surfaces, and exploring the applications of this technique in different technological fields.In addition to silicon, plasma-based ion implantation has been applied to a wide range of materials such as metals, polymers, ceramics, and semiconductors to modify their surface properties for various applications. For example, ion implantation has been used to improve the wear resistance and corrosion resistance of stainless steel, increase the hardness and scratch resistance of polymeric materials, and enhance the adhesion and surface energy of ceramics.Moreover, ion implantation can also be used to tailor the surface properties of materials for specific applications in microelectronics, optoelectronics, and biomedicine. In microelectronics, ion implantation is commonly used to modify the electrical properties of semiconductors such as silicon and gallium arsenide for devicefabrication. In optoelectronics, ion implantation can be used to create waveguides or modify the refractive index of optical materials for photonic devices. In biomedicine, ion implantation can be employed to modify the surface chemistry and topography of implant materials to enhance their biocompatibility and reduce the risk of rejection.In conclusion, plasma-based ion implantation provides a versatile and effective surface modification technique for various materials and applications. Its benefits include improving wear resistance, corrosion resistance, hardness, scratch resistance, adhesion, surface energy, and biocompatibility, among others. The technique can be optimized for specific applications and has potential in a wide range of technological fields. Future research should focus on further understanding the fundamental mechanisms of ion implantation and developing new implantation techniques to address emerging needs in different industries.One area where plasma-based ion implantation has shown potential is in the development of new types of functional coatings. Functional coatings are thin layers of material applied to surfaces in order to impart specific properties such as increased durability, improved friction, or enhanced thermal insulation. Plasma-based ion implantation can be used to create such coatings through a process known as ion beam assisted deposition.Ion beam assisted deposition involves bombarding a surface with high-energy ions while simultaneously depositing a thin film of material onto it. This bombardment modifies the surface properties of the material, allowing the deposited film to adhere more strongly and exhibit improved functional properties.One example of a functional coating that can be created through ion beam assisted deposition is a superhydrophobic coating. Superhydrophobic coatings are highly water-repellent, and can be used in applications such as self-cleaning surfaces, anti-fogging coatings, and water-resistant textiles. By using plasma-based ion implantation to modify the surface properties of a material, it is possible to create a highly rough surface with a variety of different structures that can prevent water from adhering to it.Another area where plasma-based ion implantation has shown promise is in the development of advanced energy materials. By modifying the surface properties of materials such as silicon, lithium, and aluminum, it is possible to create materials with improved energy storage properties. For example, by using ion implantation to create a highly porous silicon surface, researchers have been able to create silicon anodes for lithium-ion batteries with significantly improved performance.In conclusion, plasma-based ion implantation is a versatile technique with promising applications in a variety of fields. By modifying the surface properties of materials, it is possible to create coatings with improved functional properties and advanced energy materials with improved performance. Continued research in this area has the potential to lead to the development of new materials and technologies with a wide range of practical applications.In addition to functional coatings and energy materials, plasma-based ion implantation has also shown potential for use in the biomedical field. By modifying the surface properties of medical implants, it may be possible to improve biocompatibilityand reduce the risk of rejection or infection. For example, an ion-implanted titanium surface could have improved osseointegration and reduce implant failure rates.Furthermore, plasma-based ion implantation can also be used in the field of microelectronics to improve device performance. By modifying the surface properties of electronic components, it is possible to improve their conductivity and reduce power consumption. This can lead to smaller, more efficient devices that have better battery life and can be used in a wider range of applications.Finally, plasma-based ion implantation has potential in the field of environmental science. By modifying the surface properties of materials such as membranes and filters, it is possible to create materials with improved filtration properties. This can lead to more efficient water and air filtration systems that have a smaller environmental footprint.Overall, plasma-based ion implantation is a promising technology that has the potential to unlock new innovations in a wide range of fields. Continued research and development will be needed to fully understand its capabilities and limitations, but the potential benefits make it an exciting area to watch in the coming years.。

物理专业英语词汇(M)Favorite m center m 中心mach angle 马赫角mach cone 马赫锥mach number 马赫数mach wave 马赫波mach zehnder interferometer 马赫曾德耳干涉仪mach's principle 马赫原理machine language 机骑言machine oriented language 面向机颇语言macleod gage 麦克劳计macro crystal 粗晶macrography 宏观照相术macroinstability 宏观不稳定性macromolecule 高分子macron 宏观粒子macroparticle 宏观粒子macrophysics 宏观物理学macroscopic brownian motion 宏观布朗运动macroscopic particle 宏观粒子macroscopic quantization 宏观量子化macroscopic system 宏观系统macrostate 宏观态macrostructure 宏观结构macrosystem 宏观系统magdeburg hemispheres 马德堡球magellanic clouds 麦哲伦星系magellanic galaxy 麦哲伦星系magic eye 光党指示管magic lantern 幻灯magic number 幻数magic t t 形波导支路magma 岩浆magneli structure 马格涅利结构magnesium 镁magnet 磁铁magnetic 磁的magnetic amplifier 磁放大器magnetic analyzer 磁分析器magnetic anisotropy 磁蛤异性magnetic anomaly 磁异常magnetic axis 磁轴magnetic balance 磁力天平magnetic birefringence 磁双折射magnetic breakdown 磁哗magnetic bubble 磁泡magnetic bubble storage 磁泡存储器magnetic character figure 磁特正magnetic charge 磁荷magnetic chart 磁图magnetic circuit 磁路magnetic conductance 磁导magnetic core storage 磁芯存储器magnetic current 磁流magnetic declination 磁偏角magnetic deflection 磁偏转magnetic deflection mass spectrometer 磁偏转型质谱仪magnetic dip 磁倾角magnetic dipole 磁偶极子magnetic dipole moment 磁偶极矩magnetic dipole radiation 磁偶极辐射magnetic disk 磁盘magnetic disturbances 磁扰magnetic domain 磁畴magnetic domain walls 磁畴壁magnetic drum 磁鼓magnetic elements 磁元magnetic energy 磁能magnetic entropy 磁熵magnetic equator 磁赤道magnetic field 磁场magnetic field energy 磁场能量magnetic field intensity 磁场强度magnetic field strength 磁场强度magnetic fluid 磁铃magnetic flux 磁通量magnetic flux compression 磁通量紧缩magnetic flux density 磁通密度magnetic flux quantization 磁通量量子化magnetic fluxmeter 磁通量计magnetic focusing 磁致聚焦magnetic force 磁力magnetic head 磁头magnetic hysteresis 磁滞magnetic image 磁象magnetic inclination 磁倾角magnetic induction 磁感应magnetic induction flux 磁感应束magnetic kerr effect 克尔氏磁效应magnetic latitude 磁纬度magnetic leakage 磁漏magnetic lens 磁透镜magnetic line of force 磁力线magnetic loss 磁损耗magnetic map 磁图magnetic material 磁性材料magnetic memory 磁存储器magnetic mirror 磁镜magnetic moment 磁矩magnetic monopole 磁单极子magnetic needle 磁针magnetic north 磁北magnetic permeability 磁导率magnetic perturbation 磁扰magnetic point group 磁点群magnetic polarization 磁极化magnetic polaron 磁极化子magnetic pole 磁极magnetic potential 磁势magnetic pressure 磁压magnetic prism 磁棱镜magnetic probe 磁探针magnetic prospecting 磁法勘探magnetic quantum number 磁量子数magnetic recorder 磁记录器magnetic recording 磁记录magnetic refrigeration 磁冷却magnetic refrigerator 磁致冷机magnetic relaxation 磁弛豫magnetic reluctance 磁阻magnetic remanence 顽磁magnetic resistance 磁阻magnetic resonance 磁共振magnetic reynolds number 磁雷诺数magnetic rigidity 磁刚性magnetic rotatory dispersion 磁致旋光色散magnetic saturation 磁饱和magnetic semiconductor 磁性半导体magnetic separation 磁力选矿magnetic shell 磁壳magnetic shield 磁屏蔽magnetic sound recording 磁录音magnetic space group 磁空间群magnetic spectrometer 磁谱仪magnetic spin quantum number 自旋磁量子数magnetic star 磁星magnetic store 磁存储器magnetic storm 磁暴magnetic structure 磁结构magnetic substance 磁体magnetic superconductor 磁超导体magnetic surface 磁面magnetic susceptibility 磁化率magnetic tape 磁带magnetic thermometer 磁温度计magnetic thin film 磁薄膜magnetic torque 磁转矩magnetic transition 磁跃迁magnetic trap 磁阱magnetic variable 磁变星magnetic variable star 磁变星magnetic variations 磁变magnetic viscosity 磁粘滞性magnetics 磁学magnetism 磁magnetization 磁化magnetization curve 磁化曲线magnetization vector 磁化矢量magnetized black hole 磁化黑洞magnetizing 磁化magnetizing coil 磁化线圈magnetizing current 磁化电流magnetizing force 磁化力magneto aerodynamics 磁空气动力学magneto optic effect 磁光效应magneto oscillatory absorption 磁振荡吸收magneto rotation 磁致旋光magneto volume effect 磁体积效应magnetoacoustic effect 磁声效应magnetoacoustic wave 磁声波magnetocaloric effect 磁热效应magnetochemistry 磁化学magnetocircular dichroism 磁圆二向色性magnetodielectric 磁性电介质magnetodiode 磁敏二极管magnetoelastic effect 磁弹性效应magnetoelastic wave 磁弹性波magnetoelectricity 磁电学magnetogram 磁强记录图magnetograph 磁强记录仪magnetohydrodynamic instability 磁铃力学不稳定性magnetohydrodynamic wave 磁铃波magnetohydrodynamics 磁铃动力学magnetology 磁学magnetomechanical factor 磁力学因数magnetomechanics 磁力学magnetometer 磁强计magnetomotive force 磁通势magneton 磁子magnetooptics 磁光学magnetophotophoresis 磁光致泳动magnetoplasma 磁等离子体magnetoplasmadynamics 磁等离子体动力学magnetoplumbite 氧化铅铁淦氧磁体magnetopolaron 磁极化子magnetoreflection 磁反射magnetoresistance 磁阻效应magnetoresistor 磁致电阻器magnetosphere 磁层magnetostatic field 静磁场magnetostatics 静磁学magnetostriction 磁致伸缩magnetostriction oscillator 磁致伸缩振荡器magnetostrictive effect 磁致伸缩效应magnetothermal effect 磁致热效应magnetothermoelectric effect 磁致热电效应magnetron 磁控管magnetron vacuum gage 磁控管真空计magnification 放大率magnifier 放大镜magnifying glass 放大镜magnitude 量magnitude of the eclipse 食分magnon 磁振子magnus effect 马格努斯效应main quantum number 挚子数main sequence 烛main sequence stars 烛星main storage 宙储器major planets 大行星majorana force 马约喇纳力majorana neutrino 马约喇纳中微子majorana particle 马约喇纳粒子majorana spinor 马约喇纳旋量majority carrier 多数载劣majoron 马约喇纳量子maksutov telescope 马克苏托夫望远镜malleability 展性malter effect 马尔特效应malus law 马吕斯定律man made satellite 人造卫星mandelstam representation 曼德尔斯坦表象mandrin 细探针manganese 锰manganin 锰镍铜合金manifold 廖manipulator 机械手manometer 压力表manoscope 气体密度计manoscopy 气体密度测定manostat 稳压器mantle 地幔mantle convection 地幔对流mantle rayleigh wave 地幔瑞利波manual 手册many body force 多体力many body problem 多体问题many body system 多体系many wave approximation 多波近似mare 海margin 余量margin of error 误差范围margin of safety 安全因子marginal rays 边缘光线marine physics 海洋物理学mariner project 马里纳计划marisat system 海洋卫星系统mark 标记markoff chain 马尔柯夫链markoff process 马尔柯夫过程marriage of cable and satellites 电缆和人造卫星的联接mars 火星martensite 马氏体maser 微波激射器脉塞mass 质量mass absorption coefficient 质量吸收系数mass analysis 质量分析mass analyzer 质谱仪mass defect 质量筐mass effect 聚集效应mass energy conversion formula 质能换算公式mass energy equivalence principle 质能相当性原理mass energy relation 质能关系mass filter 滤质器mass flowmeter 质量量计mass formula 质量公式mass luminosity relation 质量发光度关系mass number 质量数mass renormalization 质量重正化mass separator 质量分离器mass shell 质壳mass spectrograph 质谱仪mass spectrometer 质谱仪mass spectroscopy 质谱法mass spectrum 质谱mass stopping power 质量阻止本领mass transfer 质量传递mass unit 质量单位massey criterion 梅涡据master equation 纸程master gyroscope 自由陀螺仪matching 匹配material 物质material point 质点material wave 物质波materials science 材料科学materials testing reactor 材料试验反应堆mathematical crystallography 数学晶体学mathematical expectation 数学期望值mathematical pendulum 单摆mathematical physics 数学物理mathematical programming 数学规划mathieu functions 马提厄函数matrix mechanics 矩阵力学matrix representation 矩阵表示matter 物质matter dominated universe 物质为诸宙matter wave 德布罗意波matthias rule 马赛厄斯定则matthiessen rule 马苇定则maupertuis' principle 莫佩尔秋原理maximum deviation 最大偏差maximum load 最大负载maximum lyapunov index 最大李亚普诺夫指数maximum permissible concentration 最大容许浓度maximum permissible dose 最大容许剂量maximum postulated accident 最大假设事故maximum speed 最大速度maximum stress 最大应力maximum temperature 最高温度maximum thermometer 最高温度表maximum velocity 最大速度maxwell 麦克斯韦maxwell boltzmann distribution 麦克斯韦玻耳兹曼分布maxwell boltzmann statistics 麦克斯韦玻耳兹曼统计maxwell bridge 麦克斯韦电桥maxwell demon 麦克斯韦妖maxwell field 麦克斯韦场maxwell relations 麦克斯韦关系maxwell velocity distribution 麦克斯韦的速度分布maxwell's distribution law 麦克斯韦分布律maxwell's equations 麦克斯韦方程maxwellian distribution 麦克斯韦分布maxwellmeter 磁通计mb 微巴mean acceleration 平均加速度mean deviation 平均偏差mean ergodic theorem 平均脯历经定理mean error 平均误差mean free path 平均自由程mean life 平均寿命mean lifetime 平均寿命mean solar day 平太阳日mean solar time 平太阳时mean square error 均方误差mean sun 平太阳mean value 平均值mean velocity 平均速度mean velosity 平场速度measure 测度measurement 测量measurement error 测量误差measuring 测量measuring apparatus 测量仪器measuring eyepiece 目镜测微计measuring instrument 测试仪器度量仪表measuring method 测量法measuring technique 测量技术mechanical energy 力学能mechanical equivalent of heat 热功当量mechanical filter 机械滤波器mechanical monochromator 机械单色器mechanical motion 力学运动mechanical system 力学系mechanical vibrations 机械振动mechanical world view of nature 机械的自然观mechanics 力学mechanism 机构mechanocaloric effect 机械热效应mechanochemistry 机械化学mechanoelectric conversion 机电变换mechanostriction 机致伸缩mechnical equivalent of light 光功当量medical electronics 医疗电子学medical physics 医用物理学medium 介质medium energy electron diffraction 中能电子衍射medium energy electron scattering spectroscopy 中能电子散射能谱学mega 兆mega electron volt 兆电子伏megacycle 兆周megawatt 兆瓦megger 高阻表megohm 兆欧meissner effect 迈斯纳效应meldometer 熔点测定计melt growth 熔体生长melting 熔化melting heat 熔化热melting point 熔点melting temperature 熔解温度membrane 膜memory 存储;记忆memory capacity 存储容量memory cell 存储单元memory effect 记忆效应memory register 存储寄存器mendeleev's periodic law 门捷列夫周期律mendelevium 钔meniscus 弯月面meniscus lens 弯月透镜mensa 山案座mercury 水星;水银mercury arc lamp 水银灯mercury arc rectifier 汞弧整流mercury barometer 水银气压表mercury cell 汞电池mercury diffusion pump 汞扩散泵mercury i chloride structure 氯化汞i型结构mercury relay 水银继电器mercury telemetry 水星遥测术mercury thermometer 水银温度表mercury vacuum gage 水银真空计mercury vapor lamp 水银灯meridian 子午线meridian passage 中天meridian transit 中天meridional ray 子午光线mesa transistor 台面型晶体管mesoatom 介子原子mesodynamics 介子动力学mesomolecule 介子分子mesomorphic state 介晶态meson 介子meson factory 介子工厂meson theory 介子理论meson theory of nuclear forces 核力的介子理论mesonic atom 介子原子mesonic molecule 介子分子mesopic vision 黄昏黎糜觉mesoscopic effect 介观效应mesosphere 中间层messier catalog 梅味星云星团表metacenter 定倾中心metal 金属metal film resistor 金属薄膜电阻器metal foil 金属箔metal insulator semiconductor light emitting diod 金属绝缘膜半导体发光二极管metal insulator transition 金属绝缘体跃迁metal nonmetal transition 金属非金属跃迁metal organic compound 有机金属化合物metal oxide semiconductor structure mos 结构metal vapor laser 金属蒸汽激光器metallic 金属的metallic binding 金属键metallic bond 金属键metallic crystal 金属晶体metallic element 金属元素metallic glass 金属玻璃metallic lustre 金属光泽metallic microcluster 金属微簇metallic reflection 金属反射metallic thin film 金属薄膜metallic valence 金属原子价metallized paper capacitor 镀金属纸介电容器metallography 金相学metallomicroscope 金相显微镜metallurgy 冶金学metamagnetism 亚磁性metastability 亚稳定性metastable atom 亚稳原子metastable equilibrium 亚稳平衡metastable level 亚稳能级metastable molecule 亚稳分子metastable nucleus 亚稳核metastable phase 亚稳相metastable state 亚稳状态meteor 燎meteor astronomy 燎天文学meteor camera 燎照相机meteor shower 燎雨meteor stream 燎群meteoric dust 燎尘meteoric iron 陨铁meteoric stone 石陨星meteorite 陨星meteorite crater 陨星坑meteoritic iron 陨铁meteoritics 陨石学meteorological acoustics 气象声学meteorological optics 气象光学meteorological radar 气象雷达meteorological satellite 气象卫星meteorological thermodynamics 气象热力学meteorology 气象学meter 米meter convention 米条约meter standard 米原器meter wave 米波metering 计量metglass 金属玻璃method 方法method of approximation 近似法method of crystal projection 晶体投影法method of difference 差分法method of images 镜象法method of iteration 迭代法method of least squares 最小二乘法method of measurement 测量法method of molecular orbitals 分子轨迹法method of perturbation 微扰法method of steepest descent 最陡下降法method of successive approximation 逐次逼近法method of undetermined coefficients 待定系数法metonic cycle 太阴周metre 米metre wave 米波metric 度规metric space 度量空间metric system 米制metric tensor 度规张量metrology 计量学metronome 节拍器mhd arc mpd 弧光mho 闻子mica 云母micelle 胶体微粒michel parameter 米歇尔参数michelson interferometer 迈克耳逊干涉仪michelson morley experiment 迈克耳逊莫雷实验michelson stellar interferometer 迈克耳逊恒星干涉计micro 微microaccelerometer 微加速计microaerotonometer 微量气体张力计microampere 微安microanalysis 微量化字分析microbalance 微量天平microbar 微巴microcanonical ensemble 微正则系综microchemical analysis 微量化字分析microchemistry 微量化学microcomputer 微型计算机microcrystal 微晶microcrystalline 微晶的microcrystallography 微观结晶学microengineering 微工程学microfarad 微法microfield 微场microfilm 缩微胶片micrography 显微照相术microinstability 微不稳定性microlaser 微型激光器microlock 卫星遥测系统micromagnetics 微磁学micromanometer 微压力计micrometer 测微计micrometer microscope 测微显微镜micrometron 自动显微镜micromicrocurie 微微居里micromicrofarad 微微法micron 微米microoscillograph 显微示波仪microparticle 微观粒子microphone 传声器microphotograph 显微镜照片microphotometer 测微光度计microphysics 微观物理学microplasma 微等粒子体microprobe 微探针microprogram 微程序microprojector 显微投影仪micropyrometry 微测高温术microscope 显微镜microscopic brownian motion 微观布朗运动microscopic particle 微观粒子microscopic state 微观状态microscopic system 微观系统microscopium 显微镜座microsecond 微秒microseismics 微地震学microseismograph 微震记录仪microspectrofluorimeter 显微荧光光谱仪microspectrograph 显微光谱仪microspectrophotometry 显微分光光度学microspectroscope 显微分光镜microspectroscopy 显微光谱学microstate 微观状态microstructure 显微结构microsystem 微观系统microtelescope 显微望远镜microthermometer 微温度计microthermometry 显微温度学microtron 电子回旋加速器microwave 微波microwave circuit 微波电路microwave diode 微波二极管microwave method 微波法microwave resonator 微波谐振器microwave spectroscopy 微波谱学microwave spectrum 微波频谱microwave transistor 微波晶体管microwave tube 微波电子管microwave ultrasound 微波超声microwave weapon 微波武器mie scattering 米散射migdal approximation 米格达尔近似migration length 迁移长度mil 密耳mile 英里milky way 银河miller index 密勒指数miller's notation 密勒记号milli 毫milliampere 毫安millibar 毫巴millimeter 毫米millimeter wave 毫米波millimetre 毫米million electorn volt 兆电子伏millisecond 毫秒millivolt 毫伏millivoltmeter 毫状计mimosa seismic foreteller 含羞草地震预报器miniature tube 微型管miniature valve 微型管minicomputer 小型计算机miniinfraredtracer 微型红外示踪器minilaser 微型激光器minimal interaction 最小耦合相互酌minimax principle 极大极小原理minimum b field 最小磁场minimum deviation 最小偏向minimum entropy production 最小熵产生minimum thermometer 最低温度表minkowski space time 闵科夫斯基时空minor planet 小行星minority carrier 少数载劣minus 减minus sign 减号minute 分mira stars 刍藁变星mira type variables 刍藁变星mirage 蜃景mirror field 磁镜场mirror nuclei 镜象核mirror reflection 镜反射mirror surface 镜面mirror telescope 反射望远镜misfit dislocation 错配位错missile 导弹missing line 丢失线missing mass 暗物质mistake 错误mixed crystal 混合晶体mixed state 混合态mixer diode 基模mixer tube 混频管mixing length 混合长度mixing ratio 混合比mixture 混合物mks system of units mks 单位制;mks单位制mksa system of units mksa 单位制mobile laser tracking station 移动激光追踪站mobility 迁移率mobility of ions 离子迁移率mode 模mode coupling 模耦合mode locked laser 锁模激光器mode locking 锁模mode of oscillation 振动型mode of vibration 振动型mode pulling 波模牵引model 模型model of nucleus 核模型model of the galaxy 银河系模型moderated neutron 慢化中子moderation 减速moderation of neutrons 中子减速moderator 减速剂modern biology 现代生物学modern physics 现代物理学modification 变形modular invariance 模数不变性modulated structure 灯结构modulation 灯modulation method 灯法modulation spectroscopy 灯光谱学modulation transfer function 灯传递函数modulator type vacuum gage 灯仆真空计module 模件modulus 模数modulus of elasticity 弹性模数modulus of rigidity 剪切殚性模量moffatt's vortex 莫法特涡旋mohoroviris discontinuity 莫霍洛维奇不连续性mohs hardness 莫氏硬度moist labile energy 潮湿不稳能moisture examining instrument 水气检查仪mol 克分子molar fraction 克分子分率molar heat 分子热molar polarization 克分子极化molar refraction 分子折射molar susceptibility 克分子磁化率molar volume 克分子体积molding 制模mole 克分子mole fraction 克分子分率molectronics 分子电子学molecular absorption coefficient 分子吸收系数molecular acoustics 分子声学molecular astronomy 分子天文学molecular beam 分子束molecular beam epitaxy 分子束外延molecular beam magnetic resonance 分子束磁共振molecular beam maser 分子束微波激射器molecular beam scattering 分子束散射molecular beam spectroscopy 分子束光谱学molecular biology 分子生物学molecular bond 分子键molecular chaos 分子混沌态molecular clock 分子钟molecular cloud 分子云molecular compound 分子化合物molecular conductivity 分子导电率molecular crystal 分子晶体molecular diffusion 分子扩散molecular dynamics 分子动力学molecular electronics 分子电子学molecular field 分子场molecular field approximation 分子场近似molecular flow 分子流molecular force 分子力molecular force field 分子力场molecular gas laser 分子气体激光器molecular heat 分子热molecular image 分子图象molecular integral 分子积分molecular inversion 分子倒转molecular ion 分子离子molecular kinetic theory 分子运动论molecular lattice 分子晶格molecular magnet 分子磁铁molecular mass 分子质量molecular motion 分子运动molecular orbital 分子轨函数molecular physics 分子物理学molecular polarizability 分子极化度molecular polarization 分子极化molecular pump 分子泵molecular radius 分子半径molecular rays 分子束molecular reaction 分子反应molecular refraction 分子折射molecular rotation 分子转动molecular scattering 分子散射molecular science 分子科学molecular sieve 分子筛molecular structure 分子结构molecular structure theory 分子结构论molecular viscosity 分子粘性molecular volume 克分子体积molecular weight 分子量molecule 分子moletron 分子加速器molten high polymer 熔融高聚物molybdenum 钼moment 矩moment of couple 力偶矩moment of force 力矩moment of impulse 冲量矩moment of inertia 转动惯量moment of momentum 角动量momentum 动量momentum space 动量空间momentum transfer 动量转移momentum transfer cross section 动量转移截面momentum transfer theory 动量转移理论monaural audition 单耳听力monitor 监测器监视器monoatomic gas 单原子气体monoatomic layer 单原子层monoceros 座monochord 弦音计monochromat 单色透镜monochromatic aberration 单色象差monochromatic light 单色光monochromatic radiation 单色辐射monochromatic rays 单色射线monochromaticity 单色性monochromatization of neutron 中子的单色化monochromatization of x rays x 射线单色化monochromator 单色器单色光镜monoclinic system 单斜晶系monocrystal 单晶monocular 单筒望远镜monodispersive system 单分散系monolithic circuit 单片电路monomer 单体monomode laser 单模激光器monomolecular film 单分子膜monopole 单极monopole moment 单极子矩monopole transition 单极跃迁monostable multivibrator 单稳多谐振荡器monotectic 偏晶体monte carlo method 蒙特卡罗法month 月moon 月球moon power station 月球发电站moon's age 月龄morning star 晨星morphophysics 形态物理学morse potential curve 莫尔斯势能曲线mos diode mos 二极管mos field effect transistor mos 金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管mos integrated circuit mos 集成电路mos structure mos 结构mosaic crystal 嵌镶晶体mosaic structure 嵌镶结构moseley's law 莫塞莱定律mosfet mos 金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管motion 运动motion equation 运动方程motor 电动机mott insulator 莫脱绝缘体mott scattering 莫脱散射mott transition 莫脱跃迁mottelson valatin effect 莫特尔逊瓦拉廷效应movement of the pole 极运动movement stability 运动的稳定性moving cluster 移动星团moving coil galvanometer 动圈检疗moving iron vane instrument 动叶式仪表moving magnet galvanometer 动磁型电疗moving magnet instrument 动磁式仪表moving medium acoustics 运动介质声学moving striation 活动条纹mpd arc mpd 弧光mtller scattering 摩利尔散射mts system of units mts单位制mu factor 放大系数multi color photometry 多色测光multi crystal x ray spectrometer 多晶x 射线光谱仪multi function observer 多功能观测器multichannel interferometric spectrometer 多道干涉光谱仪multichannel pulse height analyzer 多道脉冲高度分析器multienzymatic reaction 多酶反应multifilament composite wire 多丝结构复合线multigroup model 多群模型multilayer film 多层胶片multilayer mirror 多层反射镜multimode laser 多模激光器multimolecular layer 多分子层multiparticle correlation 多粒子关联multiparticle production 多粒子产生multiphase flow 多相流multiphoton absorption 多光子吸收multiphoton dissociation 多光子离解multiphoton process 多光子过程multiphoton transition 多光子跃迁multiple beam interference 多光束干涉multiple beam interferometry 多光束干涉测量法multiple collision 多次碰撞multiple correlation 多重相关multiple coulomb scattering 多次库仑散射multiple electrode tube 多栅管multiple electrode valve 多栅管multiple excitation 多次激发multiple galaxy 多重星系multiple ionization 多次电离multiple mirror telescope 多镜望远镜multiple periodic motion 多周期运动multiple process 多重过程multiple production 多重产生multiple reflection 多次反射multiple refraction 多次折射multiple scattering 多次散射multiple star 聚星multiple structure 多重结构multiplet 多重线multiplet term 多重项multiplication 增殖multiplication factor 倍增系数multiplicity 多重性multiplier 倍增器multiply connected region 多连通域multiply periodic motion 多重周期运动multiply twinned particle 多重孪晶粒子multiplying factor 倍率multipole 多极multipole expansion 多极展开multipole moment 多极矩multipole radiation 多极辐射multipurpose minicamera 多功能缩微照相机multipurpose reactor 多用堆multislit spectrometry 多狭缝能谱测定法multispectral photography 多谱照像术multispectral satellite data 多谱卫星数据multitarget tracking 多目标跟踪multivariate analysis 多变量分析multivibrator 多谐振荡器multiwire chamber 多丝室multiwire counter 多丝计数管mumeson 介子muon 介子muon beam 子束muon capture 子俘获muon catalyzed fusion 子催化聚变muon neutrino 子中微子muon number 子数muon spin rotation 子自旋转动muonic atom 原子muonic catalysis 子催化muonium 子偶素murchison meteorite 默基森陨星musca 苍蝇座musical acoustics 音乐声学musical scale 音阶musical sound 乐音muspace 空间mutarotation 变旋mutation 突变mutual conductance 互导mutual inductance 互感mutual induction 互感应mutual neutralization 互中性化myopia 近视myria 万myriad 一万myriads 无数myriameter 万米myriametric wave 超长波。

《对锂提高二维金属方格子稳定性的理论研究》篇一一、引言随着现代材料科学的不断发展，二维材料因其独特的物理和化学性质，在众多领域中展现出巨大的应用潜力。

其中，二维金属方格子作为一种典型的二维结构，其稳定性及性能的优化一直是研究的热点。

近年来，锂作为一种轻质、高电负性的元素，被广泛应用于提高二维材料的稳定性和性能。

本文旨在通过对锂提高二维金属方格子稳定性的理论研究，为相关领域的研究提供理论依据和指导。

二、二维金属方格子的基本性质二维金属方格子是一种具有周期性结构的二维材料，其原子以金属键相连，形成规则的方格子结构。

这种结构具有优异的导电性、导热性以及机械强度等特性，使其在电子器件、催化剂、传感器等领域具有广泛的应用前景。

然而，由于其结构的开放性和金属键的相对较弱性，二维金属方格子的稳定性成为制约其应用的关键因素。

三、锂对二维金属方格子稳定性的影响锂作为一种轻质、高电负性的元素，具有优异的化学稳定性和电化学性能。

将锂引入二维金属方格子中，可以与金属原子形成较强的化学键，从而提高其稳定性。

此外，锂的引入还可以调整二维金属方格子的电子结构，进一步优化其性能。

四、理论研究方法本研究采用密度泛函理论（DFT）对锂提高二维金属方格子稳定性进行理论研究。

首先，构建不同锂含量下的二维金属方格子模型；其次，通过DFT计算分析锂与金属原子之间的相互作用、电子结构以及能量变化；最后，根据计算结果分析锂对二维金属方格子稳定性的影响机制。

五、结果与讨论1. 锂与金属原子的相互作用通过DFT计算，我们发现锂与金属原子之间形成了较强的化学键。

随着锂含量的增加，化学键的强度逐渐增强，表明锂有效地提高了二维金属方格子的稳定性。

2. 电子结构的变化锂的引入调整了二维金属方格子的电子结构。

随着锂含量的增加，费米能级附近的电子态密度发生变化，有利于提高材料的导电性和催化性能。

3. 能量变化DFT计算表明，锂的引入降低了二维金属方格子的总能量，使其更加稳定。

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surfactants高分子溶液与微乳液 Polymer Solutions and Microemulsions两亲分子的溶液化学 Chemistry of Amphiphilic Molecules in solution介孔材料化学 Mesoporous Chemistry超细颗粒化学 Chemistry of ultrafinepowder分散体系流变学 The Rheolgy of Aqueous Dispersions量子化学 Quantum Chemistry统计热力学 Statistic Thermodynamics群论 Group Theory分子模拟 Molecular Modelling高等量子化学 Advanced Quantum Ch emistry价键理论方法 Valence Bond Theory 量子化学软件及其应用Software of Q uantum Chemistry & its Application计算量子化学 Computational Quantum Chemistry分子模拟软件及其应用Software of M olecular Modelling & its Application分子反应动力学 Molecular Reaction D ynamic分子光谱学 Molecular Spectrum算法语言 Computational Languange 高分子化学 Polymer Chemistry高分子物理 Polymer Physics腐蚀电化学 Corrosion Electrochemist ry物理化学 Physical Chemistry结构化学 structural Chemistry现代分析与测试技术(试验为主） Moder n Analysis and Testing Technology（e xperimetally)高等无机化学 Advanced Inorganic Ch emistry近代无机物研究方法 Modern Research Methods for Inorganic Compounds 萃取化学研究方法 Research Methods for Extraction Chemistry单晶培养 Crystal Culture 固态化学 Chemistry of Solid Substance液-液体系专论 Discussion on Liquid-Liquid System配位化学进展 Progress in Coordination Chemistry卟啉酞箐化学 Chemistry of Porphyrine and Phthalocyanine无机材料及物理性质 Inorganic Materials and Their Physical Properties物理无机化学 Physical Inorganic Chemistry相平衡 Phase Equilibrium生物化学的应用 Application of Biologic Chemistry生物无机化学 Bio-Inorganic Chemistry绿色化学 Green Chemistry金属有机化合物在均相催化中的应用 Applied Homogeneous Catalysis with Organometallic Compounds功能性食品化学 Functionalized FoodChemistry无机药物化学 Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry电极过程动力学 Kinetics on ElectrodeProcess电化学研究方法 Electrochemical Research Methods生物物理化学 Biological Physical Chemistry波谱与现代检测技术 Spectroscopy and Modern Testing Technology理论有机化学 theoretical Organic Chemistry合成化学 Synthesis Chemistry有机合成新方法 New Methods for Organic Synthesis生物有机化学 Bio-organic Chemistry药物化学 Pharmaceutical Chemistry金属有机化学 Organometallic Chemistry金属-碳多重键化合物及其应用 Compounds with Metal-Carbon multiple bonds and Their Applications分子构效与模拟 Molecular Structure-Activity and Simulation过程装置数值计算 Data Calculation ofProcess Devices石油化工典型设备 Common Equipmentof Petrochemical Industry化工流态化工程 Fluidization in Chemical Industry化工装置模拟与优化 Analogue and Optimization of Chemical Devices化工分离工程 Separation Engineering化工系统与优化 Chemical System andOptimization高等化工热力学 Advanced Chemical Engineering and Thermodynamics超临界流体技术及应用 Super CraticalLiguid Technegues and Applications膜分离技术 Membrane Separation T echnegues溶剂萃取原理和应用 Theory and Appli cation of Solvent Extraction树脂吸附理论 Theory of Resin Adso rption中药材化学 Chemistry of Chinese Me dicine生物资源有效成分分析与鉴定 Analysis and Detection of Bio-materials相平衡理论与应用 Theory and Applic ation of Phase Equilibrium计算机在化学工程中的应用 Application of Computer in Chemical Engineerin g微乳液和高分子溶液 Micro-emulsion a nd High Molecular Solution传递过程 Transmision Process反应工程分析 Reaction Engineering A nalysis腐蚀电化学原理与应用 Principle and A pplication of Corrosion Electrochem istry腐蚀电化学测试方法与应用 Measureme nt Method and Application of Corro sion Electrochemistry耐蚀表面工程 Surface Techniques of Anti-corrosion缓蚀剂技术 Inhabitor Techniques 腐蚀失效分析 Analysis of Corrosion Destroy材料表面研究方法 Method of Studyin g Material Surfacc分离与纯化技术 Separation and Purification Technology现代精细有机合成 Modern Fine Organic Synthesis化学工艺与设备 Chemical Technologyand Apparatuas功能材料概论 Functional Materials Conspectus油田化学 Oilfield Chemistry精细化学品研究 Study of Fine Chemicals催化剂合成与应用 Synthesis and Application of Catalyzer低维材料制备 Preparation of Low-Dimension Materials手性药物化学 Symmetrical Pharmaceutical Chemistry光敏高分子材料化学 Photosensitive Polymer Materials Chemistry纳米材料制备与表征 Preparation andCharacterization of Nanostructuredmaterials溶胶凝胶化学 Sol-gel Chemistry纳米材料化学进展 Proceeding of Nano-materials Chemistry●化学常用词汇汉英对照表1●氨ammonia氨基酸amino acid铵盐ammonium salt饱和链烃saturated aliphatichydrocarbon苯benzene变性denaturation不饱和烃unsaturatedhydrocarbon超导材料superconductivematerial臭氧ozone醇alcohol次氯酸钾potassiumhypochlorite醋酸钠sodium acetate蛋白质protein氮族元素nitrogen groupelement碘化钾potassium iodide碘化钠sodium iodide电化学腐蚀electrochemicalcorrosion电解质electrolyte电离平衡ionizationequilibrium电子云electron cloud淀粉starch淀粉碘化钾试纸starchpotassium iodide paper二氧化氮nitrogen dioxide二氧化硅silicon dioxide二氧化硫sulphur dioxide二氧化锰manganese dioxide芳香烃arene放热反应exothermic reaction非极性分子non-polar molecule非极性键non-polar bond肥皂soap分馏fractional distillation酚phenol复合材料composite干电池dry cell干馏dry distillation甘油glycerol高分子化合物polymer共价键covalent bond官能团functional group光化学烟雾photochemical fog过氧化氢hydrogen peroxide合成材料synthetic material合成纤维synthetic fiber合成橡胶synthetic rubber核电荷数nuclear charge number核素nuclide化学电源chemical powersource化学反应速率chemical reactionrate化学键chemical bond化学平衡chemical equilibrium 还原剂reducing agent磺化反应sulfonation reaction 霍尔槽 Hull Cell极性分子polar molecule极性键polar bond加成反应addition reaction加聚反应addition polymerization甲烷methane碱金属alkali metal碱石灰soda lime结构式structural formula聚合反应po1ymerization可逆反应reversible reaction空气污染指数air pollution index勒夏特列原理Le Chatelier's principle离子反应ionic reaction离子方程式ionic equation离子键ionic bond锂电池lithium cell两性氢氧化物amphoteric hydroxide两性氧化物amphoteric oxide裂化cracking裂解pyrolysis硫氰化钾potassium thiocyanate硫酸钠sodium sulphide氯化铵ammonium chloride氯化钡barium chloride氯化钾potassium chloride氯化铝aluminium chloride氯化镁magnesium chloride氯化氢hydrogen chloride氯化铁iron (III) chloride氯水chlorine water麦芽糖maltose煤coal酶enzyme摩尔mole摩尔质量molar mass品红magenta或fuchsine葡萄糖glucose气体摩尔体积molar volume of gas铅蓄电池lead storage battery强电解质strong electrolyte氢氟酸hydrogen chloride氢氧化铝aluminium hydroxide取代反应substitutionreaction醛aldehyde炔烃alkyne燃料电池fuel cell弱电解质weak electrolyte石油Petroleum水解反应hydrolysis reaction四氯化碳carbontetrachloride塑料plastic塑料的降解plasticdegradation塑料的老化plastic ageing酸碱中和滴定acid-baseneutralization titration酸雨acid rain羧酸carboxylic acid碳酸钠 sodium carbonate碳酸氢铵 ammonium bicarbonate碳酸氢钠 sodium bicarbonate糖类 carbohydrate烃 hydrocarbon烃的衍生物 derivative ofhydrocarbon烃基 hydrocarbonyl同分异构体 isomer同素异形体 allotrope同位素 isotope同系物 homo1og涂料 coating烷烃 alkane物质的量amount of substance物质的量浓度 amount-of-substanceconcentration of B烯烃 alkene洗涤剂 detergent纤维素 cellulose相对分子质量 relative molecularmass相对原子质量relative atomic mass消去反应 elimination reaction硝化反应 nitratlon reaction硝酸钡 barium nitrate硝酸银silver nitrate溴的四氯化碳溶液 solution ofbromine in carbon tetrachloride溴化钠 sodium bromide溴水bromine water溴水 bromine water盐类的水解hydrolysis of salts盐析salting-out焰色反应 flame test氧化剂oxidizing agent氧化铝 aluminium oxide氧化铁iron (III) oxide乙醇ethanol乙醛 ethana1乙炔 ethyne乙酸ethanoic acid乙酸乙酯 ethyl acetate乙烯ethene银镜反应silver mirror reaction硬脂酸stearic acid油脂oils and fats有机化合物 organic compound元素周期表 periodic table ofelements元素周期律 periodic law ofelements原电池 primary battery原子序数 atomic number皂化反应 saponification粘合剂 adhesive蔗糖 sucrose指示剂 Indicator酯 ester酯化反应 esterification周期period族group（主族：main group）Bunsen burner 本生灯product 化学反应产物flask 烧瓶apparatus 设备PH indicator PH值指示剂,氢离子(浓度的)负指数指示剂matrass 卵形瓶litmus 石蕊litmus paper 石蕊试纸graduate, graduated flask 量筒,量杯reagent 试剂test tube 试管burette 滴定管retort 曲颈甑still 蒸馏釜cupel 烤钵crucible pot, melting pot 坩埚pipette 吸液管filter 滤管stirring rod 搅拌棒element 元素body 物体compound 化合物atom 原子gram atom 克原子atomic weight 原子量atomic number 原子数atomic mass 原子质量molecule 分子electrolyte 电解质ion 离子anion 阴离子cation 阳离子electron 电子isotope 同位素isomer 同分异物现象polymer 聚合物symbol 复合radical 基structural formula 分子式valence, valency 价monovalent 单价bivalent 二价halogen 成盐元素bond 原子的聚合mixture 混合combination 合成作用compound 合成物alloy 合金organic chemistry 有机化学inorganic chemistry 无机化学derivative 衍生物series 系列acid 酸hydrochloric acid 盐酸sulphuric acid 硫酸nitric acid 硝酸aqua fortis 王水fatty acid 脂肪酸organic acid 有机酸 hydrosulphuric acid 氢硫酸hydrogen sulfide 氢化硫alkali 碱,强碱ammonia 氨base 碱hydrate 水合物hydroxide 氢氧化物,羟化物hydracid 氢酸hydrocarbon 碳氢化合物,羟anhydride 酐alkaloid 生物碱aldehyde 醛oxide 氧化物phosphate 磷酸盐acetate 醋酸盐methane 甲烷,沼气butane 丁烷salt 盐potassium carbonate 碳酸钾soda 苏打sodium carbonate 碳酸钠caustic potash 苛性钾caustic soda 苛性钠ester 酯gel 凝胶体analysis 分解fractionation 分馏endothermic reaction 吸热反应exothermic reaction 放热反应precipitation 沉淀to precipitate 沉淀to distil, to distill 蒸馏distillation 蒸馏to calcine 煅烧to oxidize 氧化alkalinization 碱化to oxygenate, to oxidize 脱氧,氧化to neutralize 中和to hydrogenate 氢化to hydrate 水合,水化to dehydrate 脱水fermentation 发酵solution 溶解combustion 燃烧fusion, melting 熔解alkalinity 碱性isomerism, isomery 同分异物现象hydrolysis 水解electrolysis 电解electrode 电极anode 阳极,正极cathode 阴极,负极catalyst 催化剂catalysis 催化作用oxidization, oxidation 氧化reducer 还原剂dissolution 分解synthesis 合成reversible 可逆的1. The Ideal-Gas Equation 理想气体状态方程2. Partial Pressures 分压3. Real Gases: Deviation from IdealBehavior 真实气体：对理想气体行为的偏离4. The van der Waals Equation 范德华方程5. System and Surroundings 系统与环境6. State and State Functions 状态与状态函数7. Process 过程8. Phase 相9. The First Law of Thermodynamics热力学第一定律10. Heat and Work 热与功11. Endothermic and ExothermicProcesses 吸热与发热过程12. Enthalpies of Reactions 反应热13. Hess’s Law 盖斯定律14. Enthalpies of Formation 生成焓15. Reaction Rates 反应速率16. Reaction Order 反应级数17. Rate Constants 速率常数18. Activation Energy 活化能19. The Arrhenius Equation 阿累尼乌斯方程20. Reaction Mechanisms 反应机理21. Homogeneous Catalysis 均相催化剂22. Heterogeneous Catalysis 非均相催化剂23. Enzymes 酶24. The Equilibrium Constant 平衡常数25. the Direction of Reaction 反应方向26. Le Chatelier’s Principle 列·沙特列原理27. Effects of Volume, Pressure, Temperature Changes and Catalysts i. 体积，压力，温度变化以及催化剂的影响28. Spontaneous Processes 自发过程29. Entropy (Standard Entropy) 熵（标准熵）30. The Second Law of Thermodynamics 热力学第二定律31. Entropy Changes 熵变32. Standard Free-Energy Changes 标准自由能变33. Acid-Bases 酸碱34. The Dissociation of Water 水离解35. The Proton in Water 水合质子36. The pH Scales pH值37. Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases Bronsted-Lowry 酸和碱38. Proton-Transfer Reactions 质子转移反应39. Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs 共轭酸碱对40. Relative Strength of Acids and Bases 酸碱的相对强度41. Lewis Acids and Bases 路易斯酸碱42. Hydrolysis of Metal Ions 金属离子的水解43. Buffer Solutions 缓冲溶液44. The Common-Ion Effects 同离子效应45. Buffer Capacity 缓冲容量46. Formation of Complex Ions 配离子的形成47. Solubility 溶解度48. The Solubility-Product ConstantKsp 溶度积常数49. Precipitation and separation ofIons 离子的沉淀与分离50. Selective Precipitation of Ions 离子的选择沉淀51. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 氧化还原反应52. Oxidation Number 氧化数53. Balancing Oxidation-ReductionEquations 氧化还原反应方程的配平54. Half-Reaction 半反应55. Galvani Cell 原电池56. Voltaic Cell 伏特电池57. Cell EMF 电池电动势58. Standard Electrode Potentials 标准电极电势59. Oxidizing and Reducing Agents 氧化剂和还原剂60. The Nernst Equation 能斯特方程61. Electrolysis 电解62. The Wave Behavior of Electrons电子的波动性63. Bohr’s Model of The HydrogenAtom 氢原子的波尔模型64. Line Spectra 线光谱65. Quantum Numbers 量子数66. Electron Spin 电子自旋67. Atomic Orbital 原子轨道68. The s (p, d, f) Orbital s（p，d，f）轨道69. Many-Electron Atoms 多电子原子70. Energies of Orbital 轨道能量71. The Pauli Exclusion Principle 泡林不相容原理72. Electron Configurations 电子构型73. The Periodic Table 周期表74. Row 行75. Group 族76. Isotopes, Atomic Numbers, andMass Numbers 同位素，原子数，质量数77. Periodic Properties of theElements 元素的周期律78. Radius of Atoms 原子半径79. Ionization Energy 电离能80. Electronegativity 电负性81. Effective Nuclear Charge 有效核电荷82. Electron Affinities 亲电性83. Metals 金属84. Nonmetals 非金属85. Valence Bond Theory 价键理论86. Covalence Bond 共价键87. Orbital Overlap 轨道重叠88. Multiple Bonds 重键89. Hybrid Orbital 杂化轨道90. The VSEPR Model 价层电子对互斥理论91. Molecular Geometries 分子空间构型92. Molecular Orbital 分子轨道93. Diatomic Molecules 双原子分子94. Bond Length 键长95. Bond Order 键级96. Bond Angles 键角97. Bond Enthalpies 键能98. Bond Polarity 键矩99. Dipole Moments 偶极矩100. Polarity Molecules 极性分子101. Polyatomic Molecules 多原子分子102. Crystal Structure 晶体结构103. Non-Crystal 非晶体104. Close Packing of Spheres 球密堆积105. Metallic Solids 金属晶体106. Metallic Bond 金属键107. Alloys 合金108. Ionic Solids 离子晶体109. Ion-Dipole Forces 离子偶极力110. Molecular Forces 分子间力111. Intermolecular Forces 分子间作用力112. Hydrogen Bonding 氢键113. Covalent-Network Solids 原子晶体114. Compounds 化合物115. The Nomenclature, Composition and Structure of Complexes 配合物的命名，组成和结构116. Charges, Coordination Numbers,and Geometries 电荷数、配位数、及几何构型117. Chelates 螯合物118. Isomerism 异构现象119. Structural Isomerism 结构异构120. Stereoisomerism 立体异构121. Magnetism 磁性122. Electron Configurations inOctahedral Complexes 八面体构型配合物的电子分布123. Tetrahedral and Square-planarComplexes 四面体和平面四边形配合物124. General Characteristics 共性125. s-Block Elements s区元素126. Alkali Metals 碱金属127. Alkaline Earth Metals 碱土金属128. Hydrides 氢化物129. Oxides 氧化物130. Peroxides and Superoxides 过氧化物和超氧化物131. Hydroxides 氢氧化物132. Salts 盐133. p-Block Elements p区元素134. Boron Group (Boron, Aluminium,Gallium, Indium, Thallium) 硼族（硼，铝，镓，铟，铊）135. Borane 硼烷136. Carbon Group (Carbon, Silicon,Germanium, Tin, Lead) 碳族（碳，硅，锗，锡，铅）137. Graphite, Carbon Monoxide,Carbon Dioxide 石墨，一氧化碳，二氧化碳138. Carbonic Acid, Carbonates andCarbides 碳酸，碳酸盐，碳化物139. Occurrence and Preparation ofSilicon 硅的存在和制备140. Silicic Acid，Silicates 硅酸，硅酸盐141. Nitrogen Group (Phosphorus,Arsenic, Antimony, and Bismuth) 氮族（磷，砷，锑，铋）142. Ammonia, Nitric Acid, PhosphoricAcid 氨，硝酸，磷酸143. Phosphorates, phosphorusHalides 磷酸盐，卤化磷144. Oxygen Group (Oxygen, Sulfur,Selenium, and Tellurium) 氧族元素（氧，硫，硒，碲）145. Ozone, Hydrogen Peroxide 臭氧，过氧化氢146. Sulfides 硫化物147. Halogens (Fluorine, Chlorine,Bromine, Iodine) 卤素（氟，氯，溴，碘）148. Halides, Chloride 卤化物，氯化物149. The Noble Gases 稀有气体150. Noble-Gas Compounds 稀有气体化合物151. d-Block elements d区元素152. Transition Metals 过渡金属153. Potassium Dichromate 重铬酸钾154. Potassium Permanganate 高锰酸钾155. Iron Copper Zinc Mercury 铁，铜，锌，汞156. f-Block Elements f区元素157. Lanthanides 镧系元素158. Radioactivity 放射性159. Nuclear Chemistry 核化学160. Nuclear Fission 核裂变161. Nuclear Fusion 核聚变162. analytical chemistry 分析化学163. qualitative analysis 定性分析164. quantitative analysis 定量分析165. chemical analysis 化学分析166. instrumental analysis 仪器分析167. titrimetry 滴定分析168. gravimetric analysis 重量分析法169. regent 试剂170. chromatographic analysis 色谱分析171. product 产物172. electrochemical analysis 电化学分析173. on-line analysis 在线分析174. macro analysis 常量分析175. characteristic 表征176. micro analysis 微量分析177. deformation analysis 形态分析178. semimicro analysis 半微量分析179. systematical error 系统误差180. routine analysis 常规分析181. random error 偶然误差182. arbitration analysis 仲裁分析183. gross error 过失误差184. normal distribution 正态分布185. accuracy 准确度186. deviation 偏差187. precision精密度188. relative standard deviation相对标准偏差（RSD）189. coefficient variation变异系数（CV）190. confidence level置信水平191. confidence interval置信区间192. significant test显著性检验193. significant figure有效数字194. standard solution标准溶液195. titration滴定196. stoichiometric point化学计量点197. end point滴定终点198. titration error滴定误差199. primary standard基准物质200. amount of substance物质的量201. standardization标定202. chemical reaction化学反应203. concentration浓度204. chemical equilibrium化学平衡205. titer滴定度206. general equation for a chemicalreaction化学反应的通式207. proton theory of acid-base酸碱质子理论208. acid-base titration酸碱滴定法209. dissociation constant解离常数210. conjugate acid-base pair共轭酸碱对211. acetic acid乙酸212. hydronium ion水合氢离子213. electrolyte电解质214. ion-product constant of water水的离子积215. ionization电离216. proton condition质子平衡217. zero level零水准218. buffer solution缓冲溶液219. methyl orange甲基橙220. acid-base indicator酸碱指示剂221. phenolphthalein酚酞222. coordination compound配位化合物223. center ion中心离子224. cumulative stability constant累积稳定常数225. alpha coefficient酸效应系数226. overall stability constant总稳定常数227. ligand配位体228. ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid 乙二胺四乙酸229. side reaction coefficient副反应系数230. coordination atom配位原子231. coordination number配位数232. lone pair electron孤对电子233. chelate compound螯合物234. metal indicator金属指示剂235. chelating agent螯合剂236. masking 掩蔽237. demasking解蔽238. electron电子239. catalysis催化240. oxidation氧化241. catalyst催化剂242. reduction还原243. catalytic reaction催化反应244. reaction rate反应速率245. electrode potential电极电势246. activation energy 反应的活化能247. redox couple 氧化还原电对248. potassium permanganate 高锰酸钾249. iodimetry碘量法250. potassium dichromate 重铬酸钾251. cerimetry 铈量法252. redox indicator 氧化还原指示253. oxygen consuming 耗氧量（OC）254. chemical oxygen demanded 化学需氧量(COD)255. dissolved oxygen 溶解氧(DO)256. precipitation 沉淀反应257. argentimetry 银量法258. heterogeneous equilibrium of ions多相离子平衡259. aging 陈化260. postprecipitation 继沉淀261. coprecipitation 共沉淀262. ignition 灼烧263. fitration 过滤264. decantation 倾泻法265. chemical factor 化学因数266. spectrophotometry 分光光度法267. colorimetry 比色分析268. transmittance 透光率269. absorptivity 吸光率270. calibration curve 校正曲线271. standard curve 标准曲线272. monochromator 单色器273. source 光源274. wavelength dispersion 色散275. absorption cell吸收池276. detector 检测系统277. bathochromic shift 红移278. Molar absorptivity 摩尔吸光系数279. hypochromic shift 紫移280. acetylene 乙炔281. ethylene 乙烯282. acetylating agent 乙酰化剂283. acetic acid 乙酸284. adiethyl ether 乙醚285. ethyl alcohol 乙醇286. acetaldehtde 乙醛287. β-dicarbontl compound β–二羰基化合物288. bimolecular elimination 双分子消除反应289. bimolecular nucleophilic substitution 双分子亲核取代反应290. open chain compound 开链族化合物291. molecular orbital theory 分子轨道理论292. chiral molecule 手性分子293. tautomerism 互变异构现象294. reaction mechanism 反应历程295. chemical shift 化学位移296. Walden inversio 瓦尔登反转n 297. Enantiomorph 对映体298. addition rea ction 加成反应299. dextro- 右旋300. levo- 左旋301. stereochemistry 立体化学302. stereo isomer 立体异构体303. Lucas reagent 卢卡斯试剂304. covalent bond 共价键305. conjugated diene 共轭二烯烃306. conjugated double bond 共轭双键307. conjugated system 共轭体系308. conjugated effect 共轭效应309. isomer 同分异构体310. isomerism 同分异构现象311. organic chemistry 有机化学312. hybridization 杂化313. hybrid orbital 杂化轨道314. heterocyclic compound 杂环化合物315. peroxide effect 过氧化物效应t316. valence bond theory 价键理论317. sequence rule 次序规则318. electron-attracting grou p 吸电子基319. Huckel rule 休克尔规则320. Hinsberg test 兴斯堡试验321. infrared spectrum 红外光谱322. Michael reacton 麦克尔反应323. halogenated hydrocarbon 卤代烃324. haloform reaction 卤仿反应325. systematic nomenclatur 系统命名法e326. Newman projection 纽曼投影式327. aromatic compound 芳香族化合物328. aromatic character 芳香性r329. Claisen condensation reaction克莱森酯缩合反应330. Claisen rearrangement 克莱森重排331. Diels-Alder reation 狄尔斯-阿尔得反应332. Clemmensen reduction 克莱门森还原333. Cannizzaro reaction 坎尼扎罗反应334. positional isomers 位置异构体335. unimolecular elimination reaction单分子消除反应336. unimolecular nucleophilicsubstitution 单分子亲核取代反应337. benzene 苯338. functional grou 官能团p339. configuration 构型340. conformation 构象341. confomational isome 构象异构体342. electrophilic addition 亲电加成343. electrophilic reagent 亲电试剂344. nucleophilic addition 亲核加成345. nucleophilic reagent 亲核试剂346. nucleophilic substitution reaction亲核取代反应347. active intermediate 活性中间体348. Saytzeff rule 查依采夫规则349. cis-trans isomerism 顺反异构350. inductive effect 诱导效应 t351. Fehling’s reagent 费林试剂352. phase transfer catalysis 相转移催化作用353. aliphatic compound 脂肪族化合物354. elimination reaction 消除反应355. Grignard reagent 格利雅试剂 356. nuclear magnetic resonance 核磁共振357. alkene 烯烃358. allyl cation 烯丙基正离子359. leaving group 离去基团360. optical activity 旋光性361. boat confomation 船型构象 362. silver mirror reaction 银镜反应363. Fischer projection 菲舍尔投影式 364. Kekule structure 凯库勒结构式365. Friedel-Crafts reaction 傅列德尔-克拉夫茨反应366. Ketone 酮367. carboxylic acid 羧酸368. carboxylic acid derivative 羧酸衍生物369. hydroboration 硼氢化反应 370. bond oength 键长371. bond energy 键能372. bond angle 键角373. carbohydrate 碳水化合物374. carbocation 碳正离子375. carbanion 碳负离子376. alcohol 醇377. Gofmann rule 霍夫曼规则 378. Aldehyde 醛379. Ether 醚380. Polymer 聚合物ace- 乙（酰基）acet- 醋；醋酸；乙酸acetamido- 乙酰胺基acetenyl- 乙炔基acetoxy- 醋酸基；乙酰氧基acetyl- 乙酰（基）aetio- 初allo- 别allyl- 烯丙（基）；CH2=CH-CH2-amido- 酰胺（基）amino- 氨基amyl- ①淀粉②戊（基）amylo- 淀粉andr- 雄andro- 雄anilino- 苯胺基anisoyl- 茴香酰；甲氧苯酰anti- 抗apo- 阿朴；去水aryl- 芳（香）基aspartyl- 门冬氨酰auri- 金（基）；（三价）金基aza- 氮（杂）azido- 叠氮azo- 偶氮basi- 碱baso- 碱benxoyl- 苯酰；苯甲酰benzyl- 苄（基）；苯甲酰bi- 二；双；重biphenyl- 联苯基biphenylyl- 联苯基bis- 双；二bor- 硼boro- 硼bromo- 溴butenyl- 丁烯基（有1、2、3位三种）butoxyl- 丁氧基butyl- 丁基butyryl- 丁酰caprinoyl- 癸酰caproyl- 己酰calc- 钙calci- 钙calco- 钙capryl- 癸酰capryloyl- 辛酰caprylyl- 辛酰cef- 头孢（头孢菌素族抗生素词首）chlor- ①氯②绿chloro- ①氯②绿ciclo- 环cis- 顺clo- 氯crypto- 隐cycl- 环cyclo- 环de- 去；脱dec- 十；癸deca- 十；癸dehydro- 去氢；去水demethoxy- 去甲氧（基）demethyl- 去甲（基）deoxy- 去氧des- 去；脱desmethyl- 去甲（基）desoxy- 去氧dex- 右旋dextro- 右旋di- 二diamino- 二氨基diazo- 重氮dihydro- 二氢；双氢endo- 桥epi- 表；差向epoxy- 环氧erythro- 红；赤estr- 雌ethinyl- 乙炔（基）ethoxyl- 乙氧（基）ethyl- 乙基etio- 初eu- 优fluor- ①氟②荧光fluoro- ①氟②荧光formyl- 甲酰（基）guanyl- 脒基hepta- 七；庚hetero- 杂hexa- 六；己homo- 高(比原化合物多一个-CH2-)hypo- 次io- 碘indo- 碘iso- 异keto- 酮laevo- 左旋leuco- 白levo- 左旋。

第一讲高分子物理的研究热点及前沿Chapter 1 Focuses and Fronts of Polymer Physics1．1 当前高分子物理的研究热点自从二十世纪二十年代H. Staudinger提出“大分子（macromolecule）”概念以来，高分子科学和高分子材料工业取得突飞猛进的发展。

高分子材料作为材料领域的后起之秀，早已在国民经济、国防建设和尖端技术各领域得到广泛应用，成为现代社会生活不可或缺的重要资源。

与此同时，经过近一个世纪的努力，高分子科学也在高分子化学、高分子物理、聚合物成型加工理论、功能高分子等领域取得丰硕成果，高分子科学的框架已经基本确定。

近十数年来，高分子科学在各个分支领域又都取得许多新的成就，呈现出一个新的发展高峰。

其中，高分子物理新进展的一大特点是以现代凝聚态物理学取得的新成果来研究高分子材料结构、形态、性能的关系，形成高分子凝聚态物理学的研究新领域。

详细些讲，就是以现代凝聚态物理学中的新概念、新理论、新实验方法与高分子材料和高分子科学的特点相结合，用以说明、理解高分子材料复杂的结构、形态、分子运动、各种特殊的聚集状态及其相态转变，以及这种结构、相态特点与大分子聚合物作为材料使用时所体现出的特殊性能、功能间的关系。

形成高分子物理学新的研究亮点和前沿。

代表性的研究成果有：软物质概念及高分子材料的软物质特征；大分子稀溶液、亚浓溶液、浓溶液的标度律与分子模型；大分子蛇行蠕动模型及分子链的长程缠结图象；聚合物相变及相变中的亚稳态现象和临界现象；大分子单链凝聚态、单链单晶及单分子与多分子间的关系；分子间相互作用力及分子组装和自组装；液晶高分子材料；生物有机高分子材料；有机导电高分子材料；非均质体系；逾渗模型及其在高分子科学中的应用等。

每一领域都包含若干新的概念、理论和丰富的研究内容，揭示出许多新的有趣的现象和规律。

与小分子材料不同，高分子材料因其结构的特殊性具有比通常物质丰富多彩的存在状态：除有结晶态（不同的晶型）、粘流态外（高分子材料没有气态），还有无定型态（玻璃态、高弹态）、液晶态、取向态、共聚-共混态（非均质态）及各种激发态等。

高分子物理常见名词Θ溶剂(Θ solvent)：链段-溶剂相互吸引刚好抵消链段间空间排斥的溶剂，形成高分子溶液时观察不到远程作用，该溶剂中的高分子链的行为同无扰链Θ温度(Θ temperature)：溶剂表现出Θ溶剂性质的温度Argon理论(Argon theory)：一种银纹扩展过程的模型，描述了分子链被伸展将聚合物材料空化的过程Avrami方程(Avrami equation)：描述物质结晶转化率与时间关系的方程：Kt-α，α为转化率，K与n称Avrami常数(Avrami constants) =-1n)exp(Bingham流体(Bingham liquid)：此类流体具有一个屈服应力σy，应力低于σy时不产生形变，当应力大于σy时才发生流动，应力高于σy的部分与应变速率呈线性关系Boltzmann叠加原理(Blotzmann superposition principle)：Boltzmann提出的粘弹性原理：认为样品在不同时刻对应力或应变的响应各自独立并可线性叠加Bravais晶格(Bravais lattice)：结构单元在空间的排列方式Burger's模型(Burger's model)：由一个Maxwell模型和一个Kelvin模型串联构成的粘弹性模型Cauchy应变(Cauchy strain)：拉伸引起的相对于样品初始长度的形变分数，又称工程应变Charpy冲击测试(Charpy impact test)：样品以简支梁形式放置的冲击强度测试，测量样品单位截面积的冲击能Considère构图(Considère construction)：以真应力对工程应作图以判定细颈稳定性的方法Eyring模型(Eyring model)：一种描述材料形变过程的分子模型，认为形变是结构单元越过能垒的跳跃式运动Flory-Huggins参数(Flory-Huggins interaction parameter)：描述聚合物链段与溶剂分子间相互作用的参数，常用χ表示，物理意义为一个溶质分子被放入溶剂中作用能变化与动能之比2.11.2Flory构图(Flory construction)：保持固定拉伸比所需的力f对实验温度作图得到，由截距确定内能对拉伸力的贡献，由斜率确定熵对拉伸力的贡献Flory特征比(characteristic ratio)：无扰链均方末端距与自由连接链均方末端距的比值Griffith理论(Griffith theory)：一种描述材料断裂机理的理论，认为断裂是吸收外界能量产生新表面的过程Hencky应变(Hencky strain)：拉伸引起的相对于样品形变分数积分，又称真应变Hermans取向因子(Hermans orientation factor)：描述结构单元取向程度的参数，是结构单元与参考方向夹角余弦均方值的函数Hoffman-Weeks作图法(Hoffman-Weeks plot)：一种确定平衡熔点的方法。

弹性力学专业英语词汇-elasticity弹性力学elasticity弹性理论theory of elasticity均匀应力状态homogeneous state of stress应力不变量stress invariant应变不变量strain invariant应变椭球strain ellipsoid均匀应变状态homogeneous state of strain应变协调方程equation of strain compatibility拉梅常量Lame constants各向同性弹性isotropic elasticity旋转圆盘rotating circular disk楔wedge开尔文问题Kelvin problem布西内斯克问题Boussinesq problem 艾里应力函数Airy stress function克罗索夫■穆斯赫利什维利法Kolosoff-Muskhelishvili method基尔霍夫假设Kirchhoff hypothesis 板Plate矩形板Rectangular plate板Circular plate环板Annular plate波纹板Corrugated plate 加劲板Stiffened plate,reinforced Plate 中厚板Plate of moderate thickness 弯［曲］应力函数Stress fun ctio n of ben di ng 壳Shell 扁壳Shallow shell 旋转壳Revolutionary shell 球壳Spherical shell［圆］柱壳Cylindrical shell 锥壳Coni cal shell 环壳Toroidal shell 封闭壳Closed shell 波纹壳Corrugated shell 扭［转］应力函数Stress function of torsion 翘曲函数Warping function 半逆解法semi-in verse method 瑞利里茨法Rayleigh-Ritz method 松弛法Relaxation method 莱维法Levy method 松弛Relaxation 量纲分析Dimensional analysis自相似［性］self-similarity 影响面In flue nee surface 接触应力Con tact stress 赫兹理论Hertz theory 协调接触Con formi ng con tact 滑动接触Slidi ng con tact 滚动接触Rolli ng con tact 压入Indentation 各向异性弹性An isotropic elasticity 颗粒材料Granular material 散体力学Mechanics of granular media 热弹性Thermoelasticity 超弹性Hyperelasticity 粘弹性Viscoelasticity 对应原理Correspondence principle 褶皱Wrinkle塑性全量理论Total theory of plasticity 滑动Sliding 微滑Microslip粗糙度Roughness 非线性弹性Nonlinear elasticity 大挠度Large deflection突弹跳变snap-through 有限变形Finite deformation 格林应变Green strain 阿尔曼西应变Almansi strain 弹性动力学Dynamic elasticity 运动方程Equation of motion 准静态的Quasi-static 气动弹性Aeroelasticity 水弹性Hydroelasticity 颤振Flutter 弹性波Elastic wave 简单波Simple wave 柱面波Cylindrical wave 水平剪切波Horizontal shear wave 竖直剪切波Vertical shear wave 体波body wave 无旋波Irrotational wave 畸变波Distortion wave 膨胀波Dilatation wave 壬瑞利波Rayleigh wave 等容波Equivoluminal wave 勒夫波Love wave界面波In terfacial wave 边缘效应edge effect 塑性力学Plasticity 可成形性Formability 金属成形Metal forming 耐撞性Crashworth in ess 结构抗撞毁性Structural crashworthi ness 拉拔Drawing破坏机构Collapse mechanism回弹Springback挤压Extrusion冲压Stamping穿透Perforation层裂Spalling塑性理论Theory of plasticity 安定［性］理论Shake-down theory 运动安定定理kinematic shake-down theorem静力安定定理Static shake-dow n theorem 率相关理论rate dependent theorem 载荷因子load factor加载准贝V Loading criterion加载函数Loading function 力口载面Loadingsurface 塑性加载Plastic loading 塑性加载波Plastic loading wave 简单加载Simple loading 比例加载Proportional loading 卸载Unloading 卸载波Unloading wave 冲击载荷Impulsive load 阶跃载荷step load 脉冲载荷pulse load 极限载荷limit load 中性变载nentral loading 拉抻失稳in stability in tension 力口速度波acceleration wave 本构方程constitutive equation 完全解completesolution 名义应力nominal stress 过应力over-stress 真应力true stress 等效应力equivale nt stress 流动应力flow stress应力间断stress disc on ti nuity 应力空间stress space 主应力空间principal stressspace 静水应力状态hydrostatic state ofstress 对数应变logarithmic strain 工程应变engineering strain 等效应变equivale nt strain 应变局部化strain localization 应变率strainrate 应变率敏感性strain rate sen sitivity 应变空间strain space 有限应变finite strain 塑性应变增量plastic strain in creme nt 累积塑性应变accumulated plastic strain 永久变形permanent deformation 内变量internalvariable 应变软化strain-softening理想刚塑性材料rigid-perfectly plastic Material刚塑性材料rigid-plastic material 理想塑性材料perfectl plastic material 材料稳定性stability of material应变偏张量deviatoric tensor of strain 应力偏张量deviatori tensor of stress 应变球张量spherical tensor of strain 应力球张量spherical tensor of stress 路径相关性path-dependency 线性强化linear strain-hardening 应变强化strain-hardening 随动强化kinematic hardening 各向同性强化isotropic harde ning 强化模量strain-hardening modulus 幂强化power hardening 塑性极限弯矩plastic limit bending Mome nt 塑性极限扭矩plastic limit torque 弹塑性弯曲elastic-plastic bending 弹塑性交界面elastic-plastic in terface 弹塑性扭转elastic-plastictorsion 粘塑性Viscoplasticity 非弹性Inelasticity理想弹塑性材料elastic-perfectly plastic Material极限分析limit analysis极限设计limit design 极限面limit surface上限定理upper bound theorem上屈服点upper yield point下限定理lower bound theorem 下屈服点lower yield point 界限定理bound theorem 初始屈服面initial yield surface 后继屈服面subsequent yield surface 屈服面［的］外凸性convexity of yield surface截面形状因子shape factor of cross-secti on沙堆比拟sand heap analogy屈服Yield屈服条件yield condition 屈服准则yieldcriterion 屈服函数yield function 屈服面yield surface 塑性势plastic potential 能量吸收装置energy absorb ing device 能量耗散率energy absorbing device 塑性动力学dynamicplasticity塑性动力屈曲dyn amic plastic buckli ng塑性动力响应dyn amic plastic resp onse 塑性波plastic wave运动容许场kinematically admissible Field 静力容许场statically admissible Field 流动法则flow rule速度间断velocity disc on ti nu ity滑移线slip-lines滑移线场slip-lines field移行塑性铰travelling plastic hinge塑性增量理论in creme ntal theory of Plasticity米泽斯屈服准则Mises yield criterio n 普朗特---------- 罗伊斯关系prandtl- Reussrelati on特雷斯卡屈服准则Tresca yield criteri on 洛德应力参数Lode stress parameter 莱维米泽斯关系Levy-Mises relation亨基应力方程Hencky stress equati on 赫艾一一韦斯特加德应力空间Haigh-Westergaard stress space洛德应变参数Lode strain parameter 德鲁克公设Drucker postulate_____ 盖林格速度方程Geiringer velocity Equati on 结构力学structural mechanics 结构分析structural analysis 结构动力学structuraldynamics 拱Arch三铰拱three-hinged arch 抛物线拱parabolicarch 圆拱circular arch 穹顶Dome 空间结构space structure 空间桁架space truss 雪载［荷］snow load 风载［荷］wind load 土压力earth pressure 地震载荷earthquake loading弹簧支座spring support 支座位移supportdisplacement 支座沉降support settlement 超静定次数degree of in determ inacy 机动分析kinematic analysis结点法method of joints 截面法method of sections 结点力joint forces 共轭位移conjugate displacement 影响线in flue nee line 三弯矩方程three-moment equation 单位虚力unit virtual force 刚度系数stiffness coefficient 柔度系数flexibility coefficient 力矩分配moment distribution 力矩分配法moment distribution method 力矩再分配moment redistribution 分配系数distribution factor 矩阵位移法matri displacement method 单元刚度矩阵eleme nt stiff ness matrix 单元应变矩阵eleme nt strain matrix 总体坐标global coord inates 贝蒂定理Betti theorem高斯---- 若尔当消去法Gauss-Jordan elim in ati on Method屈曲模态buckling mode 复合材料力学mecha nics of composites 复合材料composite material 纤维复合材料fibrouscomposite 单向复合材料uni directio nalcomposite 泡沫复合材料foamed composite颗粒复合材料particulate composite 层板Lam in ate 夹层板sandwich panel 正交层板cross-ply laminate 斜交层板an gle-ply lam inate 层片Ply多胞固体cellular solid膨胀Expansion 压实Debulk 劣化Degradation 脱层Delam in ati on 脱粘Debond 纤维应力fiber stress 层应力plystress 层应变ply strain 层间应力interlaminar stress 比强度specific strength 强度折减系数stre ngth reductio n factor强度应力比strength -stress ratio 横向剪切模量tran sverse shear modulus 横观各向同性tran sverse isotropy 正交各向异Orthotropy 剪滞分析shear lag analysis 短纤维chopped fiber 长纤维continuous fiber 纤维方向fiber directi on 纤维断裂fiber break 纤维拔脱fiber pull-out 纤维增强fiber reinforcement 致密化Densification 最小重量设计optimum weight desig n 网格分析法netting analysis 混合律rule of mixture 失效准贝V failure criterion蔡 --- 吴失效准则Tsai-W u failurecriteri on达格代尔模型Dugdale model 断裂力学fracture mechanics概率断裂力学probabilistic fracture Mecha nics格里菲思理论Griffith theory线弹性断裂力学linear elastic fracturemecha ni cs, LEFM弹塑性断裂力学 elastic-plastic fracture mecha-nics, EPFM断裂 Fracture脆性断裂 解理断裂 蠕变断裂 延性断裂 晶间断裂 微裂纹 Microcrack 折裂Kink 椭圆裂纹 elliptical crack 深埋裂纹 embedded crack ［钱］币状裂纹 penny-shape crack预制裂纹 Precrack 短裂纹 short crackbrittle fracturecleavage fracturecreep fractureductile fracturein ter-gra nu lar fracture准解理断裂 quasi-cleavage fracture穿晶断裂 trans-granular fracture 裂纹 裂缝 缺陷 割缝 CrackFlawDefectSlit表面裂纹surface crack裂纹钝化crack blunting裂纹分叉crack branching裂纹闭合crack closure裂纹前缘crack front裂纹嘴crack mouth裂纹张开角crack ope ning an gle,COA 裂纹张开位移crack ope ning displaceme nt, COD 裂纹阻力crack resista nee裂纹面crack surface裂纹尖端crack tip裂尖张角crack tip opening angle, CTOA 裂尖张开位移crack tip opening displaceme nt, CTOD裂尖奇异场crack tip singularity Field 裂纹扩展速率crack growth rate 稳定裂纹扩展stable crack growth 定常裂纹扩展steadycrack growth 亚临界裂纹扩展subcriticalcrack growth裂纹［扩展］减速crack retardation止裂crack arrest止裂韧度arrest toughness 断裂类型fracturemode 滑开型sliding mode 张开型openingmode 撕开型tearing mode 复合型mixedmode 撕裂Tearing 撕裂模量tearingmodulus 断裂准贝V fracture criterion J 积分J-integralJ 阻力曲线J-resistanee curve 断裂韧度fracture toughness 应力强度因子stress inten sity factor HRR 场Hutchinson-Rice-Rosengren Field 守恒积分conservationintegral 有效应力张量effective stress ten sor应变能密度strain energy density 能量释放率energy release rate 内聚区cohesive zone 塑性区plastic zone张拉区stretched zone热影响区heat affected zone, HAZ延脆转变温度brittle-ductile tran siti on temperature剪切带shear band剪切唇shear lip无损检测non-destructive inspection双边缺口试件double edge no tched specime n, DEN specimen单边缺口试件sin gle edge no tched specime n, SEN specimen二点弯曲试件three poi nt bending specime n, TPB specime n中心裂纹拉伸试件center cracked tension specime n, CCT specime n中心裂纹板试件center cracked pane specime n, CCP specime n紧凑拉伸试件compact tension specimen, CT specime n大范围屈服large scale yielding 小范围攻屈服small scale yielding 韦布尔分布Weibulldistribution帕里斯公式paris formula 空穴化Cavitation 应力腐蚀stress corrosion 概率风险判定probabilistic risk assessme nt, PRA损伤力学damage mechanics损伤Damage连续介质损伤力学continuum damage mecha nics细观损伤力学microscopic damagemecha nics累积损伤accumulated damage脆性损伤brittle damage延性损伤ductile damage宏观损伤macroscopic damage细观损伤microscopic damage 微观损伤microscopic damage 损伤准贝V damagecriterion 损伤演化方程damage evoluti onequati on 损伤软化damage softening 损伤强化damage strengthening 损伤张量damagetensor损伤阈值damage threshold 损伤变量damage variable 损伤矢量damage vector 损伤区damage zone 疲劳Fatigue 低周疲劳low cycle fatigue 应力疲劳stress fatigue 随机疲劳random fatigue 蠕变疲劳creep fatigue腐蚀疲劳corrosion fatigue 疲劳损伤fatiguedamage 疲劳失效fatigue failure 疲劳断裂fatigue fracture 疲劳裂纹fatigue crack 疲劳寿命fatigue life 疲劳破坏fatigue rupture 疲劳强度fatigue strength 疲劳辉纹fatiguestriations 疲劳阈值fatigue threshold 交变载荷alternating load 交变应力alternatingstress 应力幅值stress amplitude 应变疲劳strain fatigue 应力循环stress cycle 应力比stress ratio 安全寿命safe life 过载效应overloading effect 循环硬化cyclic hardening循环软化cyclic softening 环境效应environmental effect 裂纹片crack gage 裂纹扩展crack growth, crack Propagation 裂纹萌生crack initiation 循环比cycle ratio 实验应力分析experime ntal stress An alysis 工作［应变］片active［strain］ gage 基底材料backing material 应力计stress gage零［点］飘移zero shift, zero drift 应变测量strain measurement 应变计strain gage 应变指示器strain indicator 应变花strain rosette应变灵敏度strain sensitivity机械式应变仪mecha ni cal strain gage 直角应变花rectangular rosette弓丨伸仪Extensometer 应变遥测telemetering of strain 横向灵敏系数transverse gage factor 横向灵敏度transverse sensitivity 焊接式应变计weldable strain gage 平衡电桥balaneedbridge 粘贴式应变计bon ded stra in gage 粘贴箔式应变计bonded foiled gage 粘贴丝式应变计bon ded wire gage 桥路平衡bridge balancing 电容应变计capacitanee strain gage 补偿片compensation technique 补偿技术compensation technique 基准电桥referenee bridge 电阻应变计resista nee strain gage 温度自补偿应变计self-temperature compe nsati ng gage半导体应变计semic on ductor strain Gage 集流器slip ring应变放大镜strain amplifier疲劳寿命计fatigue life gage 电感应变计inductanee [strain] gage 光[测]力学Photomechanics 光弹性Photoelasticity 光塑性Photoplasticity 杨氏条纹Young fringe 双折射效应birefrigent effect 等位移线con tourof equal Displaceme nt 暗条纹dark fringe 条纹倍增fringe multiplication 干涉条纹interferenee fringe 等差线Isochromatic 等倾线Isoclinic 等和线isopachic 应力光学定律stress- optic law 主应力迹线Isostatic 亮条纹light fringe 光程差optical path differenee 热光弹性photo-thermo -elasticity 光弹性贴片法photoelastic coat ing Method 光弹性夹片法photoelastic sandwichMethod动态光弹性dynamic photo-elasticity 空间滤波spatial filtering空间频率spatial frequency起偏镜Polarizer反射式光弹性仪reflection polariscope残余双折射效应residual birefringent Effect应变条纹值strain fringe value应变光学灵敏度stra in-optic sen sitivity 应力冻结效应stress freez ing effect 应力条纹值stress fringe value 应力光图stress-opticpattern暂时双折射效应temporary birefri ngent Effect脉冲全息法pulsed holography透射式光弹性仪tran smissi on polariscope 实时全息干涉法real-time holographic in terferometry网格法grid method全息光弹性法holo-photoelasticity全息图Hologram全息照相Holograph全息干涉法holographic interferometry 全息云纹法holographic moire technique 全息术Holography全场分析法whole-field analysis 散斑干涉法speckle interferometry 散斑Speckle错位散斑干涉法speckle-shearing in terferometry, shearography散斑图Specklegram白光散斑法white-light speckle method 云纹干涉法moire interferometry［叠栅］云纹moire fringe［叠栅］云纹法moire method云纹图moire pattern离面云纹法off-plane moire method参考栅referenee grating 试件栅specimengrating 分析栅analyzer grating 面内云纹法in-plane moire method 脆性涂层法brittle-coating method 条带法strip coating method坐标变换transformation of Coordinates计算结构力学computational structural mecha nics力口权残量法weighted residual method 有限差分法finite differenee method 有限［单］元法finite element method 配点法pointcollocation 里茨法Ritz method广义变分原理generalized variational Prin ciple最小二乘法least square method胡［海昌］一鹫津原理Hu-Washizu prin ciple 赫林格-赖斯纳原理Helli nger-Reiss ner Prin ciple 修正变分原理modified variationalPrin ciple约束变分原理constrained variational Prin ciple混合法mixed method杂交法hybrid method边界解法boundary solution method有限条法finite strip method半解析法semi-analytical method协调元conforming element 非协调元non-conforming element 混合元mixed element 杂交元hybrid element 边界元boundary element 强迫边界条件forced boundary con diti on 自然边界条件n atural boundary con diti on 离散化Discretization 离散系统discrete system 连续问题continuous problem 广义位移generalized displacement 广义载荷generalized load 广义应变generalized strain 广义应力generalized stress 界面变量in terface variable 节点no de, no dal point ［单］元Element 角节点corner node 边节点mid-side node 内节点in ter nal node 无节点变量nodeless variable 杆元bar element桁架杆元truss element 梁元beam element 二维元two-dimensional element 一维元one-dimensional element 三维元three-dimensional element 车由对称元axisymmetric element 板元plate element 壳元shell element 厚板元thick plate element 三角形元triangular element 四边形元quadrilateral element 四面体元tetrahedralelement 曲线元curved element 二次元quadratic element 线性元linear element 三次元cubic element 四次元quartic element 等参［数］元isoparametric element 超参数元super-parametric element 亚参数元sub-parametric element 节点数可变元variable-number-nodeeleme nt拉格朗日元Lagra nge eleme nt 拉格朗日族Lagrange family巧凑边点元serendipity element 巧凑边点族serendipity family 无限元infinite element 单元分析element analysis 单元特性elementcharacteristics 刚度矩阵stiffness matrix 几何矩阵geometric matrix 等效节点力equivalent no dal force 节点位移no dal displaceme nt 节点载荷no dal load 位移矢量displacementvector 载荷矢量load vector 质量矩阵massmatrix 集总质量矩阵lumped mass matrix 相容质量矩阵con siste nt mass matrix 阻尼矩阵damping matrix 壬瑞利阻尼Rayleighdamping刚度矩阵的组集assembly of stiffness Matrices载荷矢量的组集con siste nt mass matrix质量矩阵的组集assembly of mass matrices单元的组集assembly of elements 局部坐标系local coord in ate system 局部坐标localcoordinate 面积坐标area coordinates 体积坐标volume coordinates 曲线坐标curvilinearcoord inates 静凝聚static condensation 合同变换contragradient transformation 形状函数shape function 试探函数trial function 检验函数test function 权函数weight function 样条函数spline function 代用函数substitutefunction 降阶积分reduced integration 零能模式zero-energy mode P 收敛p-c on vergenee H 收敛h-c on verge nee 掺混插值blended interpolation 等参数映射isoparametric mapping双线性插值bilinear interpolation 小块检验patch test非协调模式in compatible mode 节点号node number 单元号element number 带宽band width 带状矩阵banded matrix 变带状矩阵profile matrix 带宽最小化mini mizatio n of band width 波前法frontal method 子空间迭代法subspace iterati on method 行列式搜索法determ inant search method 逐步法step-by-step method 纽马克法Newmark 威尔逊法Wilson 拟牛顿法quasi-Newton method 牛顿-拉弗森法Newton-Raphson method 增量法in creme ntal method 初应变initial strain 初应力initial stress 切线刚度矩阵tangent stiffness matrix 割线刚度矩阵seca nt stiffness matrix 模态叠加法mode superposition method 平衡迭代equilibrium iteration 子结构Substructure子结构法substructure technique 超单元super-element 网格生成mesh generation 结构分析程序structural an alysis program 前处理pre-processing 后处理post-processing 网格细化mesh refinement 应力光顺stress smoothing组合结构composite structure 流体动力学fluid dynamics 连续介质力学mechanics of continuousmedia 介质medium 流体质点fluid particle 无粘性流体non viscous fluid, i nviscid fluid 连续介质假设continuous medium hypothesis 流体运动学fluid kinematics 水静力学hydrostatics液体静力学hydrostatics 支配方程governing equation 伯努利方程Bernoulli equation 伯努利定理Bernonlli theorem 毕奥-萨伐尔定律Biot-Savart law 欧拉方程Euler equation 亥姆霍兹定理Helmholtz theorem 开尔文定理Kelvin theorem 涡片vortex sheet 库塔-茹可夫斯基条件Kutta-Zhoukowski con diti on布拉休斯解Blasius solution 达朗贝尔佯廖d&;am #39;Alembert paradox 雷诺数Reyno Ids n umber 施特鲁哈尔数Strouhal number 随体导数material derivative 不可压缩流体in compre ible fluid 质量守恒co ervation of ma 动量守恒co ervation of momentum 能量守恒co ervation of energy 动量方程momentum equation 能量方程energy equation控制体积control volume 液体静压hydrostatic pre ure 涡量拟能e trophy 压差differential pre ure 流［动］flow 流线stream line 流面stream surface 流管stream tube 迹线path, path line 流场flow field 流态flow regime 流动参量flow parameter 流量flow rate, flow discharge 涡旋vortex 涡量vorticity 涡丝vortex filament 涡线vortex line 涡面vortex surface 涡层vortex layer 涡环vortex ring 涡对vortex pair 涡管vortex tube涡街vortex street卡门涡街Karman vortex street 马蹄涡horseshoe vortex 对流涡胞convective cell 卷筒涡胞roll cell 涡eddy 涡粘性eddy viscosity 环流circulation 环量circulation速度环量velocity circulation 偶极子doublet, dipole 驻点stagnation point 总压［力］total pre ure 总压头total head 静压头static head 总焓total enthalpy 能量输运energy tra ort 速度剖面velocity profile 库埃特流Couette flow 单相流single phase flow 单组份流single-component flow 均匀流uniform flow非均匀流nonuniform flow 二维流two-dime ionalflow 三维流three-dime ional flow 准定常流quasi-steady flow 非定常流u teady flow, non-steady flow 暂态流tra ient flow 周期流periodic flow 振荡流oscillatory flow 分层流stratified flow 无旋流irrotational flow 有旋流rotational flow 车由对称流axisymmetric flow 不可压缩性incompre ibility 不可压缩流［动］incompre ible flow 浮体floating body 定倾中心metacenter 阻力drag, resista nee 减阻drag reduction 表面力surface force 表面张力surface te ion 毛细［管］作用capillarity 来流in com ing flow自由流free stream 自由流线free stream line 夕卜流external flow 进口entrance, inlet 出口exit, outlet 扰动disturbanee, perturbation 分布distribution 传播propagation 色散di ersion 弥散di ersion 附加质量added ma ,a oeiated ma 收缩eontraetion 镜象法image method 无量纲参数dime ionle parameter 几何相似geometric similarity 运动相似kinematic similarity 动力相似［性］dynamic similarity 平面流plane flow 势potential 势流potential flow 速度势velocity potential 复势complex potential复速度complex velocity 流函数stream function 源source 汇sink 速度［水］头velocity head 拐角流corner flow 空泡流cavity flow 超空泡supercavity 超空泡流supercavity flow 空气动力学aerodynamics 低速空气动力学low- eed aerod yn amics 高速空气动力学high- eed aerod yn amics 气动热力学aerothermodynamics 亚声速流［动］su onic flow 跨声速流［动］tra onic flow 超声速流［动］supersonic flow 锥形流coni cal flow 楔流wedge flow 叶栅流cascade flow非平衡流［动］non-equilibrium flow 细长体slender body 细长度slenderne钝头体bluff body 钝体blunt body 翼型airfoil 翼弦chord 薄翼理论thin-airfoil theory 构型configuration 后缘trailing edge 迎角angle of attack 失速stall 脱体激波detached shock wave 波阻wave drag 诱导阻力induced drag 诱导速度induced velocity 临界雷诺数critical Reyno Ids nu mber 前缘涡leading edge vortex 附着涡bound vortex 约束涡confined vortex 气动中心aerodynamic center 气动力aerodynamic force 气动噪声aerodynamic noise 气动加热aerodynamicheating 离解di ociation地面效应ground effect 气体动力学gas dynamics 稀疏波rarefaction wave 热状态方程thermal equation of state 喷管Nozzle普朗特-迈耶流Prandtl-Meyer flow 瑞利流Rayleigh flow 可压缩流［动］compre ible flow 可压缩流体compre ible fluid 绝热流adiabatic flow 非绝热流diabatic flow 未扰动流undisturbed flow 等熵流isentropic flow 匀熵流homoentropic flow 兰金-于戈尼奥条件Ran ki ne-Hugo niot con diti on 状态方程equation of state量热状态方程caloric equati on of state 完全气体perfect gas 拉瓦尔喷管Laval nozzle 马赫角Mach angle 马赫锥Mach cone马赫线Mach line 马赫数Mach number 马赫波Mach wave 当地马赫数local Mach number 冲击波shock wave 激波shock wave正激波normal shock wave 斜激波oblique shock wave 头波bow wave附体激波attached shock wave 激波阵面shock front 激波层shock layer 压缩波compre ion wave 反射reflection 折射refraction 散射scattering 衍射diffraction 绕射diffraction 出口压力exit pre ure 超压［强］over pre ure 反压back pre ure 爆炸explosion爆轰det on ati on 缓燃deflagration 水动力学hydrodynamics 液体动力学hydrodynamics 泰勒不稳定性Taylor i tability 盖斯特纳波Gerstner wave 斯托克斯波Stokes wave 壬瑞利数Rayleigh number 自由面free surface 波速wave eed, wave velocity 波高wave height 波列wave train 波群wave group 波能wave energy 表面波surface wave 表面张力波capillary wave 规则波regular wave 不规则波irregular wave 浅水波shallow water wave 深水波deep water wave 重力波gravity wave 椭圆余弦波enoidal wave 潮波tidal wave 涌波surge wave 破碎波breaking wave 船波ship wave 非线性波nonlinear wave 孤立子soliton 水动［力］噪声hydrodynamic noise 水击water hammer 空化cavitation 空化数cavitation number 空蚀cavitation damage 超空化流supercavitating flow 水翼hydrofoil 水力学hydraulics 洪水波flood wave 涟漪ri le 消能energy di ipation 海洋水动力学marine hydrod ynamics 谢齐公式Chezy formula 欧拉数Euler number 弗劳德数Froude number 水力半径hydraulic radius水力坡度hvdraulic slope 高度水头elevating head 水头损失head lo 水位water level 水跃hydraulic jump 含水层aquifer 排水drain age 排放量discharge 壅水曲线back water curve 压［强水］头pre ure head 过水断面flow cro -section 明槽流open cha el flow 孑L流orifice flow 无压流free surface flow 有压流pre ure flow 缓流subcritical flow 急流supercritical flow 渐变流gradually varied flow 急变流rapidly varied flow 临界流critical flow 异重流de ity current, gravity flow 堰流weir flow掺气流aerated flow含沙流sediment-laden stream 降水曲线dropdown curve 沉积物sediment, deposit 沉［降堆］积sedimentation, deposition 沉降速度settling velocity 流动稳定性flow stability 不稳定性i tability 奥尔-索末菲方程Orr-Sommerfeld equation 涡量方程vorticity equation 泊肃叶流Poiseuille flow 奥辛流Oseen flow 剪切流shear flow 粘性流［动］viscous flow 层流laminar flow分离流separated flow 二次流sec on dary flow 近场流near field flow 远场流far field flow 滞止流stagnation flow 尾流wake ［flow］回流back flow反流reverse flow 射流jet 自由射流free jet 管流pipe flow, tube flow 内流internal flow 拟序结构cohere nt structure 猝发过程bursting proce 表观粘度 a arent viscosity 运动粘性kinematic viscosity 动力粘性dynamic viscosity 泊poise 厘泊centipoise 厘沱centistoke 剪切层shear layer 次层sublayer 流动分离flow separation 层流分离laminar separation 湍流分离turbulent separation 分离点separation point 附着点attachment point 再附reattachment 再层流化relam in arizati on 起动涡starting vortex 驻涡standing vortex 涡旋破碎vortex breakdown 涡旋脱落vortex shedding 压［力］降pre ure drop 压差阻力pre ure drag 压力能pre ure energy 型阻profile drag 滑移速度slip velocity 无滑移条件non-slip condition 壁剪应力skin friction, frictional drag 壁剪切速度friction velocity 磨擦损失friction lo 磨擦因子friction factor耗散di ipation 滞后lag 相似性解similar solution 局域相似local similarity 气体润滑gas lubrication 液体动力润滑hydrod yn amic lubricati on 浆体slurry泰勒数Taylor number纳维-斯托克斯方程Navier-Stokes equation 牛顿流体Newtonian fluid边界层理论boundary later theory 边界层方程boundary layer equation 边界层boundary layer 附面层boundary layer层流边界层laminar boundary layer 湍流边界层turbulent boundary layer 温度边界层thermal boundary layer 边界层转捩boundary layer tra ition 边界层分离boundary layer separation 边界层厚度boundary layer thickne 位移厚度di lacement thickne 动量厚度momentum thickne 能量厚度energy thickne 焓厚度enthalpy thickne 注入injection 吸出suction 泰勒涡Taylor vortex 速度亏损律velocity defect law 形状因子shape factor 测速法anemometry粘度测定法visco[si] metry 流动显示flow visualization 油烟显示oil smoke visualization 孑L板流量计orifice meter 频率响应frequency re o e 油膜显示oil film visualization 阴影法shadow method 纹影法schlieren method 烟丝法smoke wire method 丝线法tuft method 氢泡法nydrogen bu le method 相似理论similarity theory 相似律similarity law 咅B分相似partial similarity 定理pi theorem, Buck in gham theorem 静[态]校准static calibration 动态校准dynamic calibration 风洞wind tu el 激波管shock tube激波管风洞shock tube wind tu el 水洞water tu el 拖曳水池towing tank旋臂水池rotating arm basin 扩散段diffuser 测压孑L pre ure tap 皮托管pitot tube 普雷斯顿管preston tube 斯坦顿管Stanton tube 文丘里管Venturi tube U 形管U-tube 压强计manometer 微压计microma nometer 多管压强计multiple manometer 静压管static [pre ure]tube 流速计an emometer 风速管Pitot- static tube 激光多普勒测速计laser Do ler an emometer, laser Do ler velocimeter 热线流速计hot-wire an emometer 热膜流速计hot- film an emometer 流量计flow meter 粘度计visco[si] meter 涡量计vorticitymeter 传感器tra ducer, se or压强传感器pre ure tra ducer 热敏电阻thermistor 示踪物tracer 时间线time line 脉线streak line 尺度效应scale effect 壁效应wall effect 堵塞blockage 堵寒效应blockage effect 动态响应dynamic re o e 响应频率re o e frequency 底压base pre ure 菲克定律Fick law 巴塞特力Ba et force 埃克特数Eckert number 格拉斯霍夫数Grashof number 努塞特数Nu elt number 普朗特数prandtl number 雷诺比拟Reyno Ids an alogy 施密特数schmidt number 斯坦顿数Stanton number 对流convection自由对流n atural con vecti on,free con vec-ti on 强迫对流forced convection 热对流heat convection 质量传递ma tra fer 传质系数ma tra fer coefficient 热量传递heat tra fer 传热系数heat tra fer coefficient 对流传热convective heat tra fer 辐射传热radiative heat tra fer 动量交换momentum tra fer 能量传递energy tra fer 传导conduction 热传导conductive heat tra fer 热交换heat exchange 临界热通量critical heat flux 浓度concentration 扩散diffusion 扩散性diffusivity 扩散率diffusivity 扩散速度diffusion velocity 分子扩散molecular diffusion沸腾boiling蒸发evaporation 气化gasification 凝结conde ation 成核nucleation 计算流体力学computational fluid mecha nics多重尺度问题multiple scale problem 伯格斯方程Burgers equation对流扩散方程con vecti on diffusi on equati on KDU 方程KDV equation 修正微分方程modified differe ntial equati on 拉克斯等价定理Lax equivale nee theorem 数值模拟numerical simulation 大涡模拟large eddy simulation 数值粘性numerical viscosity 非线性不稳定性nonlinear i tability 希尔特稳定性分析Hirt stability an alysis 相容条件co istency conditionCFL 条件Courant- Friedrichs- Lewycon diti on ,CFL con diti on 狄里克雷边界条件Dirichlet bou ndarycon diti on熵条件entropy condition远场边界条件far field boundary con diti on 流入边界条件inflow boundary con diti on 无反射边界条件non reflect ing boundary con diti on数值边界条件numerical boundary con diti on流出边界条件outflow boundary con diti on 冯■诺伊曼条件von Neuma condition 近似因子分解法a roximate factorization method人工压缩artificial compre ion人工粘性artificial viscosity边界元法boundary element method 配置方法collocation method 能量法energy method 有限体积法finite volume method 流体网格法fluid in cell method, FLIC method通量校正传输法flux-corrected tra ort method通量矢量分解法flux vector litt ing method 伽辽金法Galerkin method 积分方法integral method标记网格法marker and cell method, MAC method 特征线法method of characteristics 直线法method of lines 矩量法moment method 多重网格法multi- grid method 板块法panel method 质点网格法particle in cell method, PIC method质点法particle method 预估校正法predictor-corrector method 投影法projection method 准谱法eudo- ectral method 随机选取法random choice method 激波捕捉法shock-capturing method 激波拟合法shock-fitting method 谱方法ectral method 稀疏矩阵分解法lit coefficient matrix method不定常法time-dependent method 时间分步法time litting method 变分法variational method 涡方法vortex method 隐格式implicit scheme 显格式explicit scheme交替方向隐格式alter nati ng directi on implicit scheme, ADI scheme反扩散差分格式anti-diffusion differenee scheme紧差分格式compact differenee scheme 守恒差分格式co ervation differenee scheme克兰克-尼科尔森格式Cran k-Nicolson scheme杜福特-弗兰克尔格式Dufort-Fra nkel scheme 指数格式exponential scheme 戈本诺夫格式Godu nov scheme 高分辨率格式high resoluti on scheme 拉克斯-温德罗夫格式Lax-We ndroff scheme 蛙跳格式leap-frog scheme单调差分格式monotone differe nee scheme保单调差分格式monotonicity preserving differe nee scheme穆曼-科尔格式Murman-Cole scheme 半隐格式semi-implicit scheme 斜迎风格式skew-u tream scheme 全变差下降格式total variation decreasing scheme TVD scheme迎风格式u tream scheme , upwind scheme计算区域computational domain物理区域physical domain 影响域domai n of in flue nee 依赖域domain of dependence 区域分解domain decomposition 维数分解dime ion al lit 物理解physical solution 弱解weak solution 黎曼解算子Riema solver 守恒型co ervation form 弱守恒型weak co ervation form 强守恒型strong coervation form 散度型diverge nee form 贴体曲线坐标body- fitted curvilinear coordi-nates［自］适应网格［self-］ adaptive mesh 适应网格生成adaptive grid gen erati on 自动网格生成automatic grid gen erati on 数值网格生成n umerical grid gen erati on 交错网格staggered mesh 网格雷诺数cell Reynolds number 数植扩散numerical diffusion 数值耗散numerical di ipation 数值色散numerical di ersion 数值通量numerical flux 放大因子amplification factor 放大矩阵amplification matrix 阻尼误差damping error 离散涡discrete vortex 熵通量entropy flux 熵函数entropy function 分步法fractional step method 广义连续统力学generalized continuum mecha nics 简单物质simple material 纯力学物质purely mechanical material微分型物质material of differential type 积分型物质material of integral type 混合物组份co tituents of a mixture 非协调理论in compatibility theory 微极理论micropolar theory 决定性原理principle of determinism 等存在原理principle of equipresenee 局部作用原理prin ciple of objectivity 客观性原理。

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第41卷第2期2022年2月硅㊀酸㊀盐㊀通㊀报BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY Vol.41㊀No.2February,2022水玻璃-Na 2CO 3激发富镁镍渣-粉煤灰基地质聚合物的制备及性能刘㊀云1,封春甫1,刘㊀洋1,杨圣玮1,王觅堂1,2(1.内蒙古科技大学材料与冶金学院,包头㊀014010;2.上海理工大学材料科学与工程学院,上海㊀200093)摘要:本文使用正交试验法,研究了富镁镍渣与粉煤灰的质量比㊁复合碱激发剂(水玻璃-Na 2CO 3)掺量及水胶比对富镁镍渣-粉煤灰基地质聚合物力学性能的影响,通过XRD㊁SEM㊁EDS 及TG 等测试方法对水化产物进行表征㊂结果表明,最优试样28d 抗压强度可达37.50MPa㊂XRD 结果显示,7d 与28d 的水化产物中含有水化硅酸钙凝胶,结合SEM㊁EDS 分析可知,产物中还有菱沸石(N-A-S-H)与钠镁硅铝酸盐(N-M-A-S)无定形凝胶相,这些凝胶相是地质聚合物强度增加的主要原因㊂关键词:碱激发地质聚合物;复合碱激发剂;富镁镍渣;粉煤灰;力学性能中图分类号:TQ172.4+4㊀㊀文献标志码:A ㊀㊀文章编号:1001-1625(2022)02-0582-07Preparation and Properties of Sodium Silicate-Na 2CO 3Activated Magnesium-Rich Nickel Slag-Fly Ash Based GeopolymerLIU Yun 1,FENG Chunfu 1,LIU Yang 1,YANG Shengwei 1,WANG Mitang 1,2(1.College of Materials and Metallurgy,Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology,Baotou 014010,China;2.College of Materials Science and Engineering,Shanghai University of Technology,Shanghai 200093,China)Abstract :In this paper,the effects of the mass ratio of magnesium-rich nickel slag and fly ash,the content of composite alkali activator (sodium silicate-Na 2CO 3)and water binder ratio on the mechanical properties of magnesium-rich nickel slag-fly ash based geopolymer were studied by orthogonal test.The products were characterized by XRD,SEM,EDS and TG.The results show that the 28d compressive strength of the optimal sample reaches 37.50MPa.XRD results shows that calcium silicate gel form in the products of 7d and 28d.SEM and EDS analysis show that there are chabazite (N-A-S-H)and sodium magnesium aluminum silicate gel (N-M-A-S)amorphous gel phases in the products.These gel phases are the main reasons for the increase of the strength of geopolymer.Key words :alkali activated geopolymer;composite alkali activator;magnesium-rich nickel slag;fly ash;mechanical property㊀收稿日期:2021-07-01;修订日期:2021-09-13基金项目:国家自然科学基金(51974168,51662033);硅酸盐建筑材料国家重点实验室(武汉理工大学)开放基金(SYSJJ2020-08);内蒙古自治区科技重大专项(2019ZD023)作者简介:刘㊀云(1997 ),男,硕士研究生㊂主要从事固废处理研究㊂E-mail:mbyliuyun@通信作者:王觅堂,博士,教授㊂E-mail:btwmt@ 0㊀引㊀言20世纪70年代,法国科学家Davidovits [1]提出了地质聚合物的概念,它是一种由[AlO 4]4-和[SiO 4]4-四面体结构单元组成的三维立体网状结构无机聚合物,无定形到半晶态,属于非金属材料㊂这种材料具有优良的机械性能,凝结硬化快[2]㊁强度高㊁耐高温[3]和耐酸腐蚀[4-5],在土木建筑㊁固核固废㊁高强㊁密封和高温环境等工程中有广大的应用前景㊂镍渣中含有的大量硅铝质活性材料具有制备地质聚合物的潜力,使用镍渣来制备地质聚合物不仅可以第2期刘㊀云等:水玻璃-Na 2CO 3激发富镁镍渣-粉煤灰基地质聚合物的制备及性能583㊀减少镍渣堆积对环境的污染,也可以为企业和地区带来巨大的经济效益,符合新时代可持续发展理念[6-8]㊂目前,国内外对矿渣类地质聚合物做了大量的研究,主要是以粉煤灰和偏高岭土为原料,并且取得了一些研究成果[9-12],但是使用镍渣与粉煤灰这两种工业固体废弃物来制备地质聚合物的研究相对较少㊂Yang 等[13-15]研究了富镁镍渣添加对粉煤灰基地质聚合物反应㊁力学性能和微观结构的影响㊂结果表明,粉煤灰-富镁镍渣基地质聚合物的主要相是一种具有无定形特征的钠镁硅铝酸盐凝胶㊂Wu 等[16]研究了富镁镍渣对硅酸盐水泥净浆水化特性的影响,结果表明,随着镍渣含量的增加,水泥浆体水化累积放热降低,表明镍渣的火山灰活性较低㊂刘洋等[17]以水玻璃和NaOH 作为碱激发剂,研究了富镁镍渣与粉煤灰混合制备地质聚合物的可行性,制得地质聚合物的抗压强度最高为22.15MPa㊂以上研究都以水玻璃或者水玻璃加强碱作为碱激发剂,制得的地质聚合物强度并不高,而以水玻璃加强碱弱酸盐为碱激发剂去激发富镁镍渣-粉煤灰基地质聚合物的研究还较少㊂本研究以水玻璃和Na 2CO 3作为复合激发剂,使用正交试验法,制备一系列碱激发富镁镍渣-粉煤灰基地质聚合物,以获得最优配合比㊂通过X 射线衍射(XRD)㊁扫描电子显微镜(SEM)㊁X 射线能谱(EDS)及热重(TG)等表征方法探究活性较低的富镁镍渣制备地质聚合物的可行性㊂1㊀实㊀验1.1㊀原材料水淬富镁镍渣,比表面积为1096.30m 2/kg,任何一种污染物的浓度未超过GB 8978 2002‘污水综合排放标准“最高允许排放浓度,pH 值在6~9,为第Ⅰ类工业固体废弃物㊂高钙类C 级粉煤灰,比表面积为4900.70m 2/kg㊂富镁镍渣和粉煤灰的化学成分见表1,图1㊁图2分别为富镁镍渣和粉煤灰的XRD 谱和SEM 照片㊂其中富镁镍渣主要含有镁铁橄榄石等矿物相,活性极低,难激发,粉煤灰主要由无定形的石英和游离的生石灰等物质组成,具有一定的活性㊂碱激发剂是由水玻璃和Na 2CO 3复配获得,其中水玻璃原始模数为2.90,SiO 2㊁Na 2O 的质量百分含量分别为59.60%㊁21.20%,NaOH 为分析纯粒状,纯度ȡ96%(质量分数),用于调节水玻璃模数为1.20,Na 2CO 3为纯度ȡ99.5%(质量分数)的无水碳酸钠㊂表1㊀富镁镍渣和粉煤灰的化学成分Table 1㊀Chemical composition of magnesium-rich nickel slag and fly ashOxide Mass fraction /%SiO 2MgO Fe 2O 3Al 2O 3CaO MnO K 2O Other LOI Nickel slag (NS)42.9626.5212.5212.09 4.880.890.110.03 Fly ash (FA)53.33 1.978.4319.6411.720.09 1.172.63 1.02图1㊀富镁镍渣和粉煤灰的XRD 谱Fig.1㊀XRD patterns of magnesium-rich nickel slag and fly ash584㊀胶凝材料硅酸盐通报㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀第41卷图2㊀富镁镍渣和粉煤灰的SEM照片Fig.2㊀SEM images of magnesium-rich nickel slag and fly ash1.2㊀试样制备本试验使用正交试验法,研究了富镁镍渣与粉煤灰的质量比㊁复合碱激发剂(水玻璃-Na2CO3)掺量及水胶比对富镁镍渣-粉煤灰基地质聚合物力学性能及组织结构的影响㊂正交试验因素水平如表2所示,正交试验配合比如表3所示㊂表2㊀正交试验因素水平Table2㊀Factor level of orthogonal testLevel NS/FA(A)Na2CO3(B)/%Water-binder ratio(C)17ʒ340.2825ʒ560.3033ʒ780.32㊀㊀注:%为质量分数㊂表3㊀正交试验配合比Table3㊀Mix proportion of orthogonal testSample number FactorNS/FA Na2CO3mass fraction/%Water-binder ratio Sodium silicatemass fraction/%Sodium silicatemodulus17ʒ340.2827ʒ360.3237ʒ380.3045ʒ540.3255ʒ560.3015 1.2065ʒ580.2873ʒ740.3083ʒ760.2893ʒ780.32地质聚合物净浆的制备:将水玻璃㊁Na2CO3㊁NaOH和水按照一定质量比例配制成碱溶液,搅拌均匀并静置,冷却至室温,然后按原料配合比称取经球磨机球磨过的富镁镍渣和粉煤灰至规定质量(精确到0.01g),随后将配置好的碱溶液以及富镁镍渣和粉煤灰倒入JJ5型ISO-679行星式水泥净浆搅拌机中搅拌均匀,待浆体表面无明显气泡析出时,迅速倒入40mmˑ40mmˑ160mm三联模具中,放到ZT-96胶砂成型振实台上振实1min,室温下养护24h后脱模,再将脱模后的成品放入YH-20B标准水泥恒温恒湿养护箱中养护至规定龄期㊂1.3㊀测试方法用万能压力试验机(TES-10000型)测定富镁镍渣-粉煤灰基地质聚合物3d㊁7d㊁28d的抗压强度,测试方法依据GB/T17671 1999‘水泥胶砂强度检验方法(ISO法)“;用X射线衍射仪(D/max-RB型,Rigaku公司)分析富镁镍渣-粉煤灰基地质聚合物的物相组成变化;用场发射扫描电镜(TESCAN-MIRA3型)观察富第2期刘㊀云等:水玻璃-Na 2CO 3激发富镁镍渣-粉煤灰基地质聚合物的制备及性能585㊀镁镍渣-粉煤灰基地质聚合物的微观形貌,并配合X 射线能谱仪分析微区元素成分;用同步热分析仪(TGA /DSC3+型,METTLER 公司)对地质聚合物进行热分析㊂2㊀结果与讨论2.1㊀正交试验结果正交试验结果如表4所示,以3d㊁7d㊁28d 的抗压强度作为地质聚合物力学性能的优劣指标,由极差(R )分析结果可知,影响富镁镍渣-粉煤灰基地质聚合物抗压强度的因素主次顺序为:Na 2CO 3掺量(B)>NS /FA(A)>水胶比(C),说明Na 2CO 3掺量这一因素对富镁镍渣-粉煤灰基地质聚合物的抗压强度影响最大㊂表4㊀正交试验结果Table 4㊀Results of orthogonal testSample number A B C 3d compressive strength /MPa 7d compressive strength /MPa 28d compressive strength /MPa 111114.1023.3024.60212314.8017.7021.303132 6.307.908.70421318.3025.8022.10522220.8026.1022.406231 5.109.607.30731219.8025.6037.50832111.2024.8015.80933313.6013.3014.40图3㊀各因素对富镁镍渣-粉煤灰基地质聚合物抗压强度的影响Fig.3㊀Influence of various factors on compressive strength of magnesium-rich nickel slag fly ash geopolymer 图3为各因素对富镁镍渣-粉煤灰基地质聚合物抗压强度的影响,由图可知,使用水玻璃-Na 2CO 3复合碱激发剂制备富镁镍渣-粉煤灰基地质聚合物的最佳方案为A 3B 1C 2,即NS /FA 为3ʒ7㊁Na 2CO 3掺量为4%㊁水胶比为0.30㊂2.2㊀XRD 分析图4是最优试样3d㊁7d㊁28d 的XRD 谱,从图中可以看出,10ʎ~70ʎ的衍射区域中存在着不同衍射强度的尖锐峰,与标准PDF 卡片对比之后发现,7d 和28d 的产物中新生成了少量的水化硅酸钙(C-S-H),且28d C-S-H 衍射峰的强度更高,3d 的产物中则未检测到有C-S-H 的生成,说明随着养护时间的增加,试样中的物质在不断发生水化反应,XRD 结果也表明,反应后的试样中还存在着大量的石英(quartz),这是由于最优试样中粉煤灰的含量达到了70%(质量分数),而粉煤灰中本身就含有大量的石英,碱激发剂不足以让这么多的粉煤灰都参与水化反应,所以试样中会检测出大量石英㊂试样中未检测出富镁镍渣的主要晶相镁橄榄石相,但是在28d 的产物中检测出了少量的透镁铝石(meixnerite),可能是镁橄榄石相与铝氧化物在激发剂的激发下发生水化反应而生成,这也是地质聚合物强度提升的原因之一㊂此外,碱激发地质聚合物的反应产物大多是无定形的,常规养护的样品很难形成沸石等结晶材料,因此,在试样的XRD 谱中新出现的峰很少㊂2.3㊀微观形貌及能谱分析图5为最优试样3d㊁7d㊁28d 的截面微观形貌与对应区域EDS 谱㊂从图中可以看出,随着养护时间的增加,试样的微观结构变得越来越致密,并且可以看到反应后试样中仍存在部分未反应的粉煤灰颗粒,这表明在碱激发剂的作用下,粉煤灰并没有完全参与反应,这一点从2.2节中的XRD 谱中也可以得到佐证㊂从586㊀胶凝材料硅酸盐通报㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀第41卷图4㊀最优试样3d㊁7d㊁28d XRD 谱Fig.4㊀3d,7d,28d XRD patterns of the best samples 图5(a)中可以看到a 区有团聚凝胶生成,从能谱分析结果表明,a 区的主要元素有Na㊁Al㊁O㊁Si,可以判定为菱沸石(N-A-S-H)相㊂从图5(b)中可以观察到b 区有大量絮状凝胶生成,且看上去结构致密,能谱分析结果表明,b 区的主要元素有Na㊁Al㊁Mg㊁O㊁Si,可以判定此凝胶相为钠镁硅铝酸盐凝胶(N-M-A-S),是一种无定形凝胶㊂从28d 试样中的c 区可以看到有长条状致密凝胶生成,能谱分析结果表明,c 区的主要元素有Ca㊁O㊁Si,并且钙含量达到了20%(质量分数),结合XRD 谱中检测出的硅酸钙,可以判定为C-S-H 凝胶团聚体㊂可以看到地质聚合物基体中有少量的微裂纹和凹坑,微裂纹是由压力引起的,而凹坑是由粉煤灰微球脱落形成的[18]㊂图5㊀最优试样3d㊁7d㊁28d SEM 照片及对应区域a㊁b㊁c 的EDS 谱Fig.5㊀3d,7d,28d SEM images of the best samples and EDS spectra of corresponding regions a,b,c第2期刘㊀云等:水玻璃-Na 2CO 3激发富镁镍渣-粉煤灰基地质聚合物的制备及性能587㊀2.4㊀热稳定性分析图6㊀最优试样养护28d TG-DSC 曲线Fig.6㊀Optimal sample curing 28d TG-DSC curves 图6是最优试样养护28d 的TG-DSC 曲线㊂由图可知,DSC 曲线上120ħ附近出现一个吸热峰,这主要是C-S-H 中的自由水和吸附水的蒸发引起的[19]㊂在0~350ħ这一阶段质量急速下降,失重率达到了8.66%,这是化学结合水遭到破坏而失重,在地质聚合物浆体中,水只有两种存在形式,一是存在于地质聚合物孔洞中的物理结合水,二是作为水化产物组成的化学结合水,0~350ħ这一阶段化学结合水的急速减少说明地质聚合物的水化程度增加㊂在630ħ附近出现的吸热峰为CaCO 3的分解峰㊂500~700ħ期间,质量下降速率降低并趋于平稳,在700ħ左右失重率达到1.25%,总失重率大约有10%,研究[20]表明,这是材料中的硅铝酸盐相分解造成的㊂在700ħ以后没有出现任何吸热峰和放热峰,地质聚合物的质量基本趋于稳定㊂2.5㊀Na 2CO 3掺量对胶凝材料力学性能的影响综合正交试验结果分析可知,Na 2CO 3掺量对地质聚合物的强度影响较大,地质聚合物养护28d 最大抗压强度为37.50MPa,比刘洋等[17]以水玻璃和NaOH 作为碱激发剂制得的地质聚合物养护28d 最高强度为22.15MPa 有了明显的提高,通过XRD 及SEM 的分析知,本试验中的地质聚合物主要水化产物为C-S-H㊁N-A-S-H 与N-M-A-S 无定形凝胶相,而刘洋等以水玻璃和NaOH 作为碱激发剂制得的地质聚合物主要水化产物只有N-M-A-S 无定形凝胶相,所以Na 2CO 3的加入促使了更多的水化产物生成,这就使得地质聚合物的强度更高,另外不同的实验操作也可能会引起最后强度的不同,比如搅拌㊁振实是否充分,这些因素都决定着地质聚合物的致密度以及最终的强度㊂3㊀结㊀论本研究以富镁镍渣㊁粉煤灰为主要原料,采用水玻璃-Na 2CO 3作为复合碱激发剂制备富镁镍渣-粉煤灰基地质聚合物,得出以下结论:(1)NS /FA 与Na 2CO 3掺量是影响地质聚合物强度的主要因素,水胶比对于地质聚合物强度的影响较小㊂使用水玻璃-Na 2CO 3作为复合碱激发剂激发的富镁镍渣-粉煤灰基地质聚合物具有良好的力学性能,当富镁镍渣与粉煤灰质量比为3ʒ7,水玻璃掺量为15%,模数为1.20,Na 2CO 3掺量为4%,水胶比为0.30时,所制备的地质聚合物净浆具有最优的力学性能,其28d 抗压强度可达37.50MPa㊂(2)从XRD㊁SEM㊁EDS 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