A4研究生考试卷封面 (1)

2021年研究生考试英语真题(一)Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D]on ANSWER SHEET 1. ( 10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices became an important issue recently. The court cannot_____ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law______ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that_____ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial。

Justices Antonin Scalia and Samuel Alito Jr., for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be____ asimpartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _____ by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself_______ to the code of conduct that______to the rest of the federal judiciary。

年招收硕士学位研究生入学考试试题纸（卷）******************************************************************************************** 学科、专业名称：临床医学研究方向：临床医学考试科目名称：临床医学综合******************************************************************************************** 考生注意：一、试卷满分及考试时间：本试卷满分为分，考试时间为分钟。

二、答题方式：答题方式为闭卷、笔试。

三、所有答案必须写在答题纸（卷）上，写在本试题纸上一律不给分！一、型题：小题，每小题分；小题，每小题分；共分。

在每一题给出的、、、四个选项中，请选出一项最符合题目要求的。

. 细胞膜的跨膜物质转运中,下列哪种方式无饱和现象．易化扩散．单纯扩散．受体介导入胞．交换. 红细胞体积与表面积的比值升高可引起红细胞．渗透脆性增大．变形性增大．悬浮稳定性增大．血红蛋白含量减少. 下列有关生物节律的叙述，哪一项是错误的．生物体内各种生理机能活动经常按照一定的时间重复出现、周而复始。

这种节律性的变化规律称为生物节律．人体内几乎各种生理机能活动都有日周期，只是有的波动程度不太明显而已．中频周期的生物节律是日周期，它是生物体中最重要的生物节律，且多与生殖功能有关．现有研究表明：下丘脑的视交叉上核是形成生物节律中心的重要结构之一. 房室延搁的生理意义是. 使心室肌不会产生强直收缩. 使心房心室不会同时收缩. 使心室肌有效不应期延长. 增加心室肌收缩的同步性. 在心动周期中,心室充盈主要是依靠. 心房收缩挤压静脉回血入心. 胸膜腔负压的抽吸作用. 心室舒张的抽吸作用. 骨骼肌的挤压和静脉瓣的共同作用. 如果外周阻力不变,当搏出量增加,动脉血压的变化表现为. 收缩压不变, 舒张压降低. 收缩压升高, 舒张压降低. 收缩压升高比舒张压升高更明显. 舒张压升高比收缩压升高更明显. 维持胸膜腔内负压的必要条件是. 胸膜腔与外界封闭. 胸膜腔内有少量浆液. 胸膜腔脏层和壁层紧贴. 肺内压低于大气压. 评价肺通气功能, 下列哪个指标较好. 肺活量. 潮气量. 功能余气量. 用力呼气量. 迷走神经对胰液分泌的调节作用是. 引起水、和酶均多的分泌. 引起酶多，水、均少的分泌. 引起水、多，而酶少的分泌. 引起水、和酶分泌的抑制. 关于胆盐的肠肝循环的叙述，正确的是. 胆盐在十二指肠被吸收. 每次重吸收约为分泌量的. 可促进胆囊的收缩. 可刺激肝胆汁的分泌.下列与基础代谢率呈正比的指标是. 年龄. 体重. 心输出量. 体表面积. 下列哪项物质的肾清除率能准确代表肾小球滤过率. 肌酐. 酚红. 菊粉. 对氨基马尿酸. 下列哪种情况是引起释放的最有效的刺激. 血浆晶体渗透压升高. 血浆胶体渗透压升高. 循环血量减少. 寒冷刺激. 交感神经节前纤维释放的递质是. 肾上腺素. 去甲肾上腺素乙酰胆碱. 甘氨酸. 非特异性投射系统的主要功能是. 协调肌紧张. 维持和改变大脑皮层的兴奋状态引起特定感觉并激发大脑皮层发出神经冲动. 调节内脏活动. 眼的折光系统中，折射能力最大的界面是. 空气角膜前表面界面. 角膜后表面房水界面. 晶状体后表面玻璃体界面. 玻璃体视网膜界面.耳蜗底部受损时，出现的听力障碍主要是. 低频听力. 中频听力. 高频听力. 高中低频听力. 影响神经系统发育的最重要的激素是. 生长激素. 甲状腺素. 糖皮质激素. 胰岛素. 变性是指. 多聚核苷酸链解聚B.分子由超螺旋转变为双螺旋C.分子中磷酸二酯键断裂D.互补碱基间氢键断裂20.在酶的竞争性抑制中. 值是增高的. 是降低的.抑制剂的结构与底物相似.反应速率不依赖于底物浓度21.体内的甲基供体和一碳单位载体分别是. 甲硫氨酸和. 肾上腺素和叶酸. 维生素和. 转甲基酶和22.是. 饱和底物浓度时的反应速度. ％最大反应速度时的底物浓度. 降低反应速度一半时底物浓度. 是最大反应速度时的底物浓度23.上某段模板链的碱基顺序为' '，请指出转录后的上相应的碱基顺序为：. ' ’. ' ’. ' ’. ' ’24.在呼吸链中能将电子直接传递给氧的传递体是. 铁硫蛋白. 细胞色素. 细胞色素25.维持蛋白质一级结构的主要化学键是. 氢键. 疏水键. 酰胺键. 盐键26.下列哪个基团不属于一碳单位....27.机体代谢所需的主要由以下哪条代谢途径提供. 糖酵解. 磷酸戊糖途径. 甘油一脂途径. 乳酸循环28.核酸的最大紫外光吸收值一般在哪一波长附近....29.各种的’末端均有的结构是....30.临床上对高血氨病人作结肠透析时常用：. 弱酸性透析液. 弱碱性透析液. 中性透析液. 强酸性透析液31.痛风症是因为血中某种物质含量过高导致其在关节、软组织中沉积，其成分为. 尿酸. 尿素. 黄嘌呤32.头皮血肿被肉芽组织所取代，这种现象称为. 肉芽组织形成. 机化. 肉芽肿形成. 纤维化33.血道转移的确切根据是. 在远隔器官形成了与原发瘤同样类型的肿瘤. 血液中发现了瘤细胞. 瘤细胞栓塞于远隔器官. 瘤细胞进入了动脉34.肺淤血时痰液中出现胞质中含有棕黄色色素颗粒的巨噬细胞称为. 支气管粘膜上皮细胞. 肺泡上皮细胞. 异物巨细胞. 心衰细胞35.原发性高血压脑出血最常见的部位是A.大脑皮质B.侧脑室C.蛛网膜下腔D.内囊和基底核36.起源于间叶组织的恶性肿瘤称为．．．．37.关于乙型脑炎，下列哪项是错误的A.多在夏末秋初流行B.累及脑实质、神经细胞变性坏死C.大量嗜中性粒细胞沿血管周围呈袖套状浸润D.筛状软化灶形成38.下列哪项是侵蚀性葡萄胎和葡萄胎的区别A.阴道中流出水泡状物B.以出血、坏死为特点C.子宫表面有紫蓝色结节D.早期即可转移至脑和肺部39.下述哪项不是肾病综合征的主要表现. 高度水肿. 高血压. 高度蛋白尿. 高脂血症40.男，岁，肛周皮下有一深部脓肿，一端向体表穿破，另一端向直肠穿孔，不断有脓、粪液流出，此管道应称为A.空洞B.蜂窝织炎C.窦道D.瘘管41.梅毒引起的心血管病变主要见于. 冠状动脉. 肺动脉. 主动脉. 肾动脉42.下述哪种细胞属永久性细胞A.造血细胞B.肝细胞C.心肌细胞D.肾小管细胞43.急性炎症速发短暂反应时血管壁通透性增高的机制是A.细静脉内皮细胞的收缩B.细动脉内皮细胞损伤C.内皮细胞胞饮作用加强D.内皮细胞坏死脱落44.下列关于糖尿病的说法，哪一项是正确的A.型糖尿病与肥胖有关B.常伴有明显的动脉粥样硬化C.病变不累及细动脉D.肾脏一般不受累45.关于大叶性肺炎灰色肝样变期，以下哪项是错误的A.肺叶肿大，质实色灰B.肺泡腔内见大量红细胞及浆液C.肺实变征D.线见肺大片致密阴影. 慢性肺源性心脏病急性加重期患者应慎用．镇静剂．解痉平喘药．控制性氧疗．抗感染药物. 支气管哮喘发病的主要因素为．过敏因素，吸烟．过敏体质，环境变应原性因素．感染，精神因素．过敏因素，大脑皮质功能紊乱. 下列肺炎中最易并发肺脓肿的是．肺炎球菌肺炎．病毒性肺炎．葡萄球菌肺炎．肺孢子菌肺炎. 中央型肺癌与肺门淋巴结结核最主要的鉴别依据是．支气管镜检查的病理结果．有无浅表淋巴结肿大．试验．线胸片检查. 急性肺栓塞危险分层的常用指标不包括．休克或低血压．超声心动图提示右室扩张、压力超负荷；提示右室扩张；右心导管检查提示右室压力过高．心肌酶升高．或阳性. 下列哪种情况一般可以不考虑安装人工心脏起搏器．窦性停搏．第二度Ⅰ型房室传导阻滞．第二度Ⅱ型房室传导阻滞．第二度Ⅱ型窦房阻滞. 对于室性期前收缩的描述,下列不正确的是．提前发生宽大畸形波群,时限常超过秒．波群前无相关的异位’波．连续出现个室性期前收缩,称为三联律．同一导联内,室性期前收缩形态不同者称多形室性期前收缩. 型糖尿病高血压患者，出现蛋白尿后，最佳降压药为下列哪项．利尿剂．β受体阻滞剂．钙离子拮抗剂．(血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂). 关于二尖瓣狭窄，左房增大的临床表现，下列不正确的是．可出现干咳．可出现吞咽困难．可出现劳力性呼吸困难．心电图可出现“二尖瓣型波”. 胃溃疡的好发部位是下列哪项．胃大弯．胃体部．胃底部．胃角. 胃食管反流病的主要发病机制不包括．食管下括约肌压力降低．异常的食管下括约肌一过性松弛．夜间胃酸分泌过多．食管清除作用降低. 当患者发生肝性脑病出现烦躁、抽搐时，可以使用下列药物是．吗啡及其衍生物．速效巴比妥类．水合氯醛．异丙嗪. 抗幽门螺杆菌的根除方案，下列哪项不正确．质子泵抑制剂克拉霉素阿莫西林．质子泵抑制剂阿莫西林甲硝唑．胶体铋质子泵抑制剂甲硝唑．胶体铋阿莫西林甲硝唑. 急性有机磷中毒主要死因是．中毒性休克．急性肾功能衰竭．呼吸衰竭．中毒性心肌炎. 对激素依赖或无效型肾病综合征，最适合的洽疗是．加大激素用量．抗凝治疗．改用细胞毒药物．激素加细胞毒药物. 下列检查结果与临床表现不符合的是．水钠潴留：高血压、心力衰竭．低血钾：心动过缓、高尖波．低血钙：手足抽搐．低血钙、高血磷：继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进. 关于急性肾盂肾炎临床表现，下列哪项是错误的．常有全身感染症状（发热、白细胞增多）．尿路刺激征．大量蛋白尿．肾区叩击痛与压痛. 乙肝病毒相关性肾炎最常见为肾脏病理类型为．系膜增生性肾小球肾炎．微小病变型肾病．局灶性节段性肾小球硬化．膜性肾病. 原发性醛固酮增多症最常见原因是．分泌醛固酮的肾上腺皮质腺瘤．分泌醛固酮的肾上腺皮质腺癌．特发性醛固酮增多症．糖皮质激素可抑制性醛固酮增多症. 与抗双链抗体升高相关的受损脏器是．心．肾．脑．肺. 患者，女，岁，因体检发现血压高半月入院，入院查，慢性病容，轻度贫血貌，全身无浮肿，双肾区轻度叩痛；尿常规：蛋白（），，少量颗粒管型；血常规：85g；生化检查：（正常）, μ（正常），双肾超示左肾95mm×，右肾75mm×，实质回声高于肝脾，彩超右肾动脉血流加速。

2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题Section 1 Use of EnglishDirectious:Read the following Text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points) In Cambodia, the choice of a souse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends, 1 those of the young woman, but also a matchmaker.A young man 2 a likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents to 3 the marriage negotiations, or the young man’s parents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection. 4 , a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen.5 a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying6 a good family.The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days, 7 by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and 8 prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, 9 cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride’s and groom’s wrists, and 10 a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the 11 . Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife’s parents and may 12 with them up to a year, 13 they can bulid a new house nearby.Divorce is legal and easy to 14 , but not common. Divorces persons are 15 with some disapproval. Easch spouse retains 16 property he or she Divorced persons may.1. [A]by way of [B]with regard to [C]on behalf of [D]as wellas2. [A]decide on [B]provide for [C]compete with [D]adapt to3. [A]close [B] arrange [C]renew [D]postpone4. [A]In theory [B] Above all [C]In time [D]For example5. [A]Unless [B] Lest [C]After [D]Although6. [A]into [B] within [C]from [D]through7. [A]or [B]since [C]but [D]so8. [A] test [B]copy [C]recite [D]create9. [A]folding [B]piling [C]wrapping [D]tying10. [A]passing [B]lighting [C]hiding [D]serving11. [A]association [B]meeting [C]collection [D]union12. [A]deal [B]part [C]grow [D]live13. [A]whereas [B]until [C]for [D]if14. [A]avoid [B]follow [C]challenge [D]obtain15. [A]isolated [B]persuaded [C]viewed [D]exposed16. [A]wherever [B]whatever [C]whenever [D]however17. [A]changed [B]brought [C]shaped [D]pushed18. [A]invested [B]divided [C]donated [D]withdrawn19. [A]warms [B]clears [C]shows [D]breaks20. [A]while [B]so that [C]once [D]in thatText1France，which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion , has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for women. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways . The parliament also agreed to ban websites that “incite excessive thinness” by promoting extreme dieting.Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health. That’s a start And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protectingmodels from starving themselves to death –as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends women , especially teenage girls, about the social tape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth.The bans ,if fully enforced, would suggest to women (and many men) that they should not let others be arbiters of their beauty. And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques.The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep-and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a govemment-defined index of body mass could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison.The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standards for models and fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement.In contrast to France’s actions, Denmark’s fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding the age, health, and other characteristics of models. The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter clearly states:”We aware of and t ake responsibility for the impact the ideals, especially on young people”. The charter’s main tool of enforcement is (CFW), which is run by the Danish21. According to the first paragraph，what would happen in France?【A】Physical beauty would be redefined.【B】New runways would be constructed.【C】Wcbsites about dieting would thrive.【D】The fanshing industry would decline.22. The phrase “impinging on”(Line 2，Para.2) is closest in meaning to【A】heightening the value of.【B】indicating the state of.【C】losing faith in.【D】doing harm to.23. Which of the following is true od the fashion industry?【A】The French measures have already failed.【B】New standrds are being set in Denmark.【C】Models are no longer under peer pressure.【D】Its inberent problerma are getting wotse.Text 2For the first time in history more people live in towns than in the country, In Britain this has had a curious result. While polls show Britons rate”the countryside”alongside the royal family,Shakespeare and t he National Health Serivce (NHS) at what makes them proudest of their country，this has limited political support.A century ago Octavia Hill Launched the national trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save “the beauty of natural places for everyone f orever” It was specifically to provide city dwellers with space for leisure where they could experience“a refreshing air .”Hill is pressure later led to creation of national parks and green belts. They don’t make countryside any more，and every year concrete consumes more of it . it needs constant guardianship.At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. The conservatives planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation，even authorsing “o ff-plan”building where local people might object. The concept ofsustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The liberal democrats are silent. Only ukip, sensing its chance,has sided with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land.its Campaign to protect ruralEngland struck terror into many local conservative parties.The sensible place to build new houses，factories and offices is where people are，in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents stirling ackroyd recently identified enough sites for half a million houses in the London area alone，with no intrusion on green belt.what is true of London is even truer of the provinces.The idea that”housing crisis ”equals “concreted meadows” is pure lobby talk. The issue is not the need for more houses but,as always，where to put them. Under lobby pressure，George Osboyne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town,shopping sites against high streets . this is not a free market but a biased one. Rural town and villages have grown and will26 Britain is public sentiment about the countrysideA has brought much benefit to the NHSB didn’t start till the Shakespearean ageC is fully backed by the royal familyD is not well reflected in politics27 According to Paragraph 2，the achievements of the National Trust are now beingA gradually destroyedB effectively reinforcedC properly protectedD largely overshadowed28 which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3?A Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservationB the conservatives may abandon ”off -plan“buildingC the liberal democrats are losing political influenceD labour is under attack for opposing development29 the author holds that George Osborne is preferenceA reveals a strong prejudice against urban areasB shows his disregard for character of rural areasC stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisisD highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure30 in the last paragraph，the author shows his appreciation ofA the size of population in BritainB the enviable urban lifestyle in BritainC the town-and-country planning in BritainD the political life in today is BritainText 4There will eventurally come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint .Exactlly when that day will be is a matter of debate.”Sometime in the future ”,the paper’s publisher said back in 2010.Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside, there’s plenty of incentive toditch print. The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper—printing presses ,delivery trucks-isn’t just expensive ;it’s excessive at a time when online-only competitors don’t have the same set of financial constraints.Readers are migrating away from print away .And though print ad sales still dwarf thire online and mobile counterparts,revenue from print is still declining.Over way be high and circulation lower ,but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake ,say BuzzFeed CEO Joah Peretti.Pereti says the Time should’t waste time getting out of the printbusiness,But only if they go about it the right way .”Fighting out of a way to accelerate that transition would make sense of them,”he said,“but if you discontinue it“you’re going to have your most loyal customers really upset with you.”Sometimes,that’s worth making a change anyway.Peretti give s the example seen as a blunder,”he said.“The move turned out to be foresighted.Ane if peretti would rale prices and make it into more of a legacy product.”The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor,the idea goes,and they’d feel lik e they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in ,”So if you’re overpaying for print,you could feel like you were helping,”Perettisaid “Then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue.”In o ther words,if you’re going to make a print product ,make it for the people who are already obsessed with it .which way be what the time is doing already .Getting the print edition seven days a week costs each –a year-more than twice as much as a digital-only subscription.36.The New York Times is considering ending its print edition partly due to[A]the pressure from its investors.[B]the complaints from its readers.[C]the high cost of operation.[D]the increating online ad sales.37.Peretti suggests that,in face of the present situation,the Times should[A]make strategic adjustments[B]end the print sdition for good.[C]seek new sources of readership.[D]aim for efficient management.38.It can be inferred form Paragraphs 5and6 that a “legacy product”[A]will have the cost of printing reduced.[B]is meant for the most loyal customers.[C]helps restore the glory of former times.[D]expands the popularity of the paper.39.Peretti believes that,in a changing world,[A]traditional luxuries can stay unaffected.[B]aggressiveness better meets challenges.[C]cautiousness facilitates problem-solving.[D]legacy businesses are becoming outdated.40.which of the following would be the best title of the Text?[A]Make Your Print Newspaper a Luxury Good.[B]Keep Your Newspapers Forever in Fashion.[C]Cherish the Newspaper Still in Your Hand.[D]Shift Online Newspapers All at Once.Part BDirections:Read the following Text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs(41-45).There are two extra subheadings.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 Points)No matter how formal or informa the work environment，the way you present yourself has an impact. This is especially true in first impressions. According to research from Princeton University，people assess your competence，trustworthiness，and likeability in just a tenth of a second，solely based on the way you look.The difference between today’s workplace and the“dress for succeas” era is that the range of options is so much broader.Norms haveevolved and fragmentedIn some settings, red sneakers or dress T-shirts can convey status; in others not so much. Plus, whatever image we present is magnified by social-media services like LinkedIn. Chances are, your headshots are seen much more often now than a decade or two ago. Millennials,it seems, face the paradox of being the least formal generation yet the most conscious of style and personal branding. It can be confusing.So how do we navigate this? How do we know when to invest in an upgrade? And what’s the best way to pull off one that enhance our goals? Here are some tips;41about how others perceive you.Maybe there’s no need for an upgradea nd that’s OK.42.Get clear on what impact you’re hoping to have. Are you looking to refresh your image or pivot it? For one person, the goal may be to be taken more seriously and enhance their professional image. For another, it may be to be perceived as more approachable, or more modern and stylish. For someone moving from finance to advertising, maybe they want to look more “SoHo.”(It’s OK to use characterizations like that.)43. Look at your work environment like an anthropologist. What are the norms of your environment? What converys status? Who are your most important audiences? How do the people you respect and look up to present themselves? The better you understand the cultural con Text, the more control you can have over your impact.44. Enlist the support of professionals and share with them your goals and con Text. Hire a personal stylist, or use the free styling service of a store like J.Crew. Try a hair stylist instead of a barber. Work with a professional photographer instead of your spouse or friend. It’s not as expensive as you might think.Part CDirections:Read the following Text carefully and then translate the undetlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Mental heal th is our birthright.(46) We don’t have to learn how to be mentally heally; it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend a broken bone. Mental health can’t be learned, only reawakened. It is like the immune system or the body, which under stress or through lack of nutrition or exercise can be weakened, but which never leaves us. When we don’t understand the value of mental health and we don’t know how to gain access to it, mental health will remain hidden from us.(47) O ur mental health doesn’t really go anywhere ;like the sun behind a cloud, it can be temporarily hidden from view, but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant.Mental health is the seed that contains self-esteem-confidence in ourselves and an ability to trust in out common sense. It allows us to have perspective on our lives – the ability to not take ourselves too seriously, to laugh at ourselves, to see the bigger picture, and to see that things will woke out. It’s a form of innate or unlearne d optimism.(48) Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles. With kindness if they ate in pain .and with unconditional love no matter who they are. Mental health is the source of creativity for solving problems, resolving conflict, making our surroundings more beautiful. Managing our home life , or coming up with a creative business idea or invention to make our lives easier. It gives us patience for About how others perceive you.Maybe there’s no need for an upgrade a nd that’s OK.Section III WritingPart A51 .Directions:Suppose you are a librarian in your university .Write a notice of about 100 words，providing the newly-enrolled international students with relevant information about the library.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.DO not sigh your own name at the end of the notice. Use “Li Ming” instead.DO not write the address. (10 points)Part B52 .Directions:Write an essay of 160—200 words based on the following picture in your essay, you should1. describe the pictures briefly,2. interpret its intended meaning, and3. give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题答案解析I cloze1. As well as2. Decide on3. Arrange4. Above all5. After6. Into7. But 8. Recite9. Tying10. Lighting11. Union12. Live13. Until14. Obtain15. Persuaded16. Whatever17. Brought18. Divided19. Shows20. WhileII Reading comprehensionPart AText121. Physical beauty would be redefined.22. Doing harm to.23. New standards are being set in Denmark.24. Showing little concern for health factors.25. A Challenge to the Fashion Industry’s Body Ideals.Text 226.is not well reflected in politics27. gradually destroyed28. The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence29. highlight his firm stand against lobby pressure30. the town-and-country planning in BritainText 331. uncertainty32. winning33. less severe34. has an impact on their decision35. the necessaryText 436. the high cost of operation37. make strategic adjustments38. is meant for the most loyal customers39. Aggressiveness better meets challenges40. Cherish the Newspaper Still in Your HandPart B41. Decide if the time is right42. Know your goals43. Understand the context44. Work with professionals45. Make it efficientPart C46. 我们不必学习如何保持健康的心理;它与生俱来，正如我们的身体知道如何让伤口痊愈，如何让骨折好转。

XX年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题及答案xx年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题及答案下面是的xx年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题及答案，欢迎阅读，希望对大家有所帮助。

Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding “yes!”1 helping you feel close and 2 to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a 3 of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you 4getting sick this winter.In a recent study 5 over 400 health adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examinedthe effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs6 the partic ipants’ susceptibility to developing the mon cold after being 7 to the virus .People who perceived greater social support were less likely to e 8 with acold ,and the researchers 9 that the stress-reducingeffects of hugging10 about 32 percent of that beneficial effect. 11 among those who got a cold, the ones who feltgreater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe 12 .“Hugging protects people who are under stress from the 13 risk for colds that’s usually14 with stress,” notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie. Hugging “is a marker of intimacy and helps 15 the feeling that others are there to help 16difficulty.”Some experts 17 the stress-reducing , health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called “the bonding hormone” 18 it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mother and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain , and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it 19 in the brain, where it 20 mood, behavior and physiology.1.[A] Unlike [B] Besides [C] Despite [D] Throughout【答案】[B] Besides2.[A] connected [B] restricted [C] equal [D] inferior【答案】[A] connected3.[A] choice [B] view [C] lesson [D] host【答案】[D] host4.[A] recall [B] forget [C] avoid [D] keep【答案】[C] avoid5.[A] collecting [B] involving [C] guiding [D]affecting【答案】[B] involving6.[A] of [B] in [C] at [D] on【答案】[D] on7.[A] devoted [B] exposed [C] lost [D] attracted【答案】[B] exposed8.[A] across [B] along [C] down [D] out【答案】[C] down9.[A] calculated [B] denied [C] doubted [D] imagined【答案】[A] calculated10.[A] served [B] required [C] restored [D] explained【答案】[D] explained11.[A] Even [B] Still [C] Rather [D] Thus【答案】[A] Even12.[A] defeats [B] symptoms [C] tests [D] errors【答案】[B] symptoms13.[A] minimized [B] highlighted [C] controlled [D] increased【答案】[D] increased14.[A] equipped [B] associated [C] presented [D] pared【答案】[B] associated15.[A] assess [B] moderate [C] generate [D] record【答案】[C] generate16.[A] in the face of [B] in the form of [C] in the way of [D] in the name of【答案】[A] in the face of17.[A] transfer [B] mit [C] attribute [D] return【答案】[C] attribute18.[A] because [B] unless [C] though [D] until【答案】[A] because19.[A] emerges [B] vanishes [C] remains [D] decreases【答案】[C] remains20.[A] experiences [B] bines [C] justifies[D]influences【答案】[D]influencesSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1First two hours , now three hours—this is how far in advance authorities are remending people show up to catch a domestic flight , at least at some major U.S. airports with increasingly massive security lines.Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security procedures in return for increased safety. The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804,which terrorists may have downed over the Mediterranean Sea ,provides another tragic reminder of why. But demanding too much of air travelers orproviding too little security in return undermines public support for the process. And it should: Wasted time is a drag on Americans’ economic and private lives, not to mention infuriating.Last year, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) found in a secret check that undercover investigators were able to sneak weapons---both fake and real—past airport security nearly every time they tried .Enhanced security measures since then, bined with a rise in airline travel due to the improving Chicago’s O’HareInternational .It is not yet clear how much more effective airline security has bee—but the lines are obvious.Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel , so the TSA is now rushing to get new screeners on the line. Part of the issue is that airports have only so much room for screening lanes. Another factor may be that more people are trying to overpack their carry-on bags to avoid checked-baggage fees, though the airlines strongly dispute this.There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remodeling airports or rushing to hire: Enroll more people in the PreCheck program. PreCheck is supposed to be a win-win for travelers and the TSA. Passengers who pass a background check are eligible to useexpeditedscreeninglanes. This allows the TSA wants to enroll 25 millionpeople in PreCheck.It has not gotten anywhere close to that, and one big reason is sticker shock. Passengers must pay $85 every five years to process their background checks. Since the beginning, this price ta g has been PreCheck’s fatal flaw. Uping reforms might bring the price to a more reasonable level. But Congress should look into doing so directly, by helping to finance PreCheck enrollment or to cut costs in other ways.The TSA cannot continue diverting resources into underused PreCheck lanes while most of the traveling public suffers in unnecessary lines. It is long past time to make the program work.21. the crash of Egypt Air Flight 804 is mentioned to[A] stress the urgency to strengthen security worldwide.[B] highlight the necessity of upgrading major US airports.[C] explain Americans’ tolerance of current security checks.[D] emphasis the importance of privacy protection.【答案】[C] explain Americans’ tolerance of current security checks.22. which of the following contributions to long waitsat major airport?[A] New restrictions on carry-on bags.[B] The declining efficiency of the TSA.[C] An increase in the number of travelers.[D] Frequent unexpected secret checks.【答案】[C] An increase in the number of travelers.23.The word “expedited” (Line 4, Para.5) is closest in meaning to[A] faster.[B] quieter.[C] wider.[D] cheaper.【答案】[A] faster.24. One problem with the PreCheck program is[A] A dramatic reduction of its scale.[B] Its wrongly-directed implementation.[C] The government’s reluctance to back it.[D] An unreasonable price for enrollment.【答案】[D] An unreasonable price for enrollment.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Less Screening for More Safety[B] PreCheck-a Belated Solution[C] Getting Stuck in Security Lines[D] Underused PreCheck Lanes【答案】[B] PreCheck-a Belated SolutionText 2“The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers,” wrote Queen Liliuokalani, Hawaii’s last reigning monarch, in 1897. Star watchers were among the most esteemed members of Hawaiian society. Sadly, all is not well with astronomy in Hawaii today. Protests have erupted over construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope(TMT), a giant observatory that promises to revolutionize humanity’s view of the cosmos.At issue is the TMT’s planned location on Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano worshiped by some Hawaiians as the piko , that connects the Hawaiian Islands to the heavens. But Mauna Kea is also home to some of the world’s most powerful telescopes. Rested in the Pacific Ocean, Mauna Kea’s peak rises above the bulk of our pla’s dense atmosphere, where conditions allow telescopes to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity.Opposition to telescopes on Mauna Kea is nothing new. A small but vocal group of Hawaiians and environments have long viewed their presence as disrespect for sacred land and a painful reminder of the oupation of what was once a sovereign nation.Some blame for the current controversy belongs to astronomers. In their eagerness to build bigger telescopes, they forgot that science is the only way of understanding the world. They did not always prioritize the protection ofMauna Kea’s fragi le ecosystems or its holiness to the island’s inhabitants. Hawaiian culture is not a relic of the past; it is a living culture undergoing a renaissance today.Yet science has a cultural history, too, with roots going back to the dawn of civilization. The same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon that first brought early Polynesians to Hawaii’s shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens. Calls to disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to ban future development there ignore the reality that astronomy and Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions about who we are, where we e from and where we are going. Perhaps that is why we explore the starry skies, as if answering a primal calling to know ourselves and our true ancestral homes.The astronomy munity is making promises to change its use of Mauna Kea. The TMT site was chosen to minimize the telescope’s visibility around the island and to avoid archaeological and environmental impact. To limit the number of telescopes on Mauna Kea, old ones will be removed at the end of their lifetimes and their sites returned to a natural state. There is no reason why everyone cannot be weled on Mauna Kea to embrace their cultural heritage and to study the stars.26. Queen Liliuokalan i’s remark in Paragraph 1 indicates[A] its conservative view on the historical role of astronomy.[B] the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian society.[C] the regrettable decline of astronomy in ancient times.[D] her appreciation of s tar watchers’ feats in her time.【答案】[B] the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian society.27. Mauna Kea is deemed as an ideal astronomical site due to[A] its geographical features[B] its protective surroundings.[C] its religious implications.[D] its existing infrastructure.【答案】[A] its geographical features28. The construction of the TMT is opposed by some locals partly because[A] it may risk ruining their intellectual life.[B] it reminds them of a humiliating history.[C] their culture will lose a chance of revival.[D] they fear losing control of Mauna Kea.【答案】[B] it reminds them of a humiliating history.29. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that progress in today’s astronomy[A] is fulfilling the dreams of ancient Hawaiians.[B] helps spread Hawaiian culture across the world.[C] may uncover the origin of Hawaiian culture.[D] will eventually soften Hawaiians’ hostility.【答案】[C] may uncover the origin of Hawaiian culture.30. Th e author’s attitude toward choosing Mauna Kea as the TMT site is one of[A] severe criticism.[B] passive aeptance.[C] slight hesitancy.[D] full approval.【答案】[D] full approval.Text 3Robert F. Kennedy once said that a country’s GDP measures “everything except that which makes life worthwhile.” With Britain voting to leave the European Union, and GDP already predicted to slow as a result, it is now a timely moment to assess what he was referring to.The question of GDP and its usefulness has annoyed policymakers for over half a century. Many argue that it is a flawed concept. It measures things that do not matter and misses things that do. By most recent measures, the UK’sGDP has been the envy of the Western world, with record low unemployment and high growth figures. If everything was going so well, then why did over 17 million people vote for Brexit, despite the warnings about what it could do totheir country’s economic prospects?A recent annual study of countries and their ability to convert growth into well-being sheds some light on that question. Across the 163 countries measured, the UK is oneof the poorest performers in ensuring that economic growthis translated into meaningful improvements for its citizens. Rather than just focusing on GDP, over 40 different sets of criteria from health, education and civil society engagement have been measured to get a more rounded assessment of how countries are performing.While all of these countries face their own challenges , there are a number of consistent themes . Yes , there has been a budding economic recovery since the xx global crash , but in key indicators in areas such as health andeducation , major economies have continued to decline . Yet this isn’t the case with al l countries . Some relatively poor European countries have seen huge improvements across measures including civil society , ine equality and the environment.This is a lesson that rich countries can learn : When GDP is no longer regarded as the sole measure of a country’s suess, the world looks very different .So, what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most mon method for measuring the economic activity of nations , as a measure , it is no longer enough . It does not include important factors such as environmental quality or education outes – all things that contribute to a person’s sense of well-being.The sharp hit to growth predicted around the world and in the UK could lead to a decline in the everyday services we depend on for our well-being and for growth . But policymakers who refocus efforts on improving well-being rather than simply worrying about GDP figures could avoid the forecasted doom and may even see progress .31.Robert F. Kennedy is cited because he[A]praised the UK for its GDP.[B]identified GDP with happiness .[C]misinterpreted the role of GDP .[D]had a low opinion of GDP .【答案】[D] had a low opinion of GDP32.It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that[A]the UK is reluctant to remold its economic pattern .[B]GDP as the measure of suess is widely defied in the UK .[C]the UK will contribute less to the world economy .[D]policymakers in the UK are paying less attention to GDP .【答案】[B]GDP as the measure of suess is widely defied in the UK .33.Which of the following is true about the recent annual study ?[A]It is sponsored by 163 countries .[B]It excludes GDP as an indicator.[C]Its criteria are questionable .[D]Its results are enlightening .【答案】[D]Its results are enlightening .34.In the last two paragraphs , the author suggeststhat[A]the UK is preparing for an economic boom .[B]high GDP foreshadows an economic decline .[C]it is essential to consider factors beyond GDP .[D]it requires caution to handle economic issues .【答案】[C]it is essential to consider factors beyond GDP .35.Which of the following is the best title for thetext ?[A]High GDP But Inadequate Well-being , a UK Lesson[B]GDP Figures, a Window on Global Economic Health[C]Rebort F.Kennedy, a Terminator of GDP[D]Brexit, the UK’s Gateway to Well-being【答案】[A]High GDP But Inadequate Well-being , a UK LessonText 4In a rare unanimous ruling, the US Supreme Court has overturned the corruption conviction of a former Virginia governor, Robert McDonnell. But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct, which included aepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari automobile from a pany seeking aess to government.The high cour t’s decision said the judge in Mr. McDonnell’s trial failed to tell a jury that it must look only at his “official acts,” or the former governor’s decisions on “specific” and “unsettled” issues related to his duties.Merely helping a gift-giver gain aess to other officials, unless done with clear intent to pressure those officials, is not corruption, the justices found.The court did suggest that aepting favors in return for opening doors is “distasteful” and “nasty.” But under anti-bribery laws, proof must be made of concrete benefits, such as approval of a contract or regulation. Simply arranging a meeting, making a phone call, or hosting an event is not an “official act”.The court’s ruling is legally sound in defining a kind of favoritism that is not criminal. Elected leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with bureaucratic problems without fear of prosecution for bribery.” The basic pact underlying representative government,” wrote Chief Justice John Roberts for the court,” assumes that public officials will hear from their constituents and act on their concerns.”But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives, not the courts, to ensure equality of aess to government. Officials must not be allowed to play favorites in providing information or in arranging meetings simply because an individual or group provides a campaign donation or a personal gift. This type of integrity requires well-enforced laws in government transparency, such as records of official meetings, rules on lobbying, and information about each elected leader’s source of wealth.Favoritism in official aess can fan public perceptions of corruption. But it is not always corruption. Rather officials must avoid double standards, or different types of aess for average people and the wealthy. If connections can be bought, a basic premise of democratic society—that all are equal in treatment by government—is undermined.Good governance rests on an understanding of the inherent worth of each individual.The court’s ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and official favoritism.36. The undermined sentence (Para.1) most probably shows that the court[A] avoided defining the extent of McDonnell’s duties.[B] made no promise in convicting McDonnell.[C] was contemptuous of McDonnell’s conduct.[D] refused to ment on McDonnell’s ethics.【答案】[C] was contemptuous of McDonnell’s conduct.37. Aording to Paragraph 4, an official act is deemed corruptive only if it involves[A] leaking secrets intentionally.[B] sizable gains in the form of gifts.[C] concrete returns for gift-givers.[D] breaking contracts officially.【答案】[C] concrete returns for gift-givers.38. The court’s ruling is bas ed on the assumption that public officials are[A] justified in addressing the needs of their constituents.[B] qualified to deal independently with bureaucratic issues.[C] allowed to focus on the concerns of their supporters.[D] exempt from conviction on the charge of favoritism.【答案】[A] justified in addressing the needs of their constituents.39. Well-enforced laws in government transparency are needed to[A] awaken the conscience of officials.[B] guarantee fair play in official aess.[C] allow for certain kinds of lobbying.[D] inspire hopes in average people.【答案】[B] guarantee fair play in official aess.40. The author’s attitude toward the court’s rulingis[A] sarcastic.[B] tolerant.[C] skeptical.[D] supportive【答案】[D] supportivePart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from thelist A-G to filling them into the numbered box. ParagraphsB and D have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A]The first published sketch, “A Dinner at Poplar Walk” brought tears to Dickens’s eyes when he discovered it in the pages of The Monthly Magazine. From then on his sketches ,which appeared under the pen name “Boz” inThe Evening Chronicle, earned him a modest reputation.[B]The runaway suess ofThe Pickwick Papers, as it is generally known today, secured Dickens’s fame. There were Pickwick coats and Pickwick cigars, and the plump, spectacled hero, Samuel Pickwick, became a national figure.[C]Soon after Sketches by Bozappeared, a publishingfirm approached Dickens to write a story in monthly installments, as a backdrop for a series of woodcuts by the ten-famous artist Robert Seymour, who had originated the idea for the story. With characteristic confidence, Dickens suessfully insisted that Seymour’s pictures illustrate his own story instead. After the first installment, Dickens wrote to the artist and asked him to correct a drawing Dickens felt was not faithful enough to his prose. Seymour made the change, went into his backyard, and expressed his displeasure by mitting suicide. Dickens and his publishers simply pressed on with a new artist. The ic novel, The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, appeared seriallyin 1836 and 1837, and was first published in book form in 1837.[D]Charles Dickens is probably the best-known and, to many people, the greatest English novelist of the 19th century. A moralist, satirist, and social reformer. Dickens crafted plex plots and striking characters that capture the panorama of English society.[E]Soon after his father’s release from prison,Dickens got a better job as errand boy in law offices. He taught himself shorthand to get an even better job later as a court stenographer and as a reporter in Parliament. Atthe same time, Dickens, who had a reporter’s eye for transcribing the life around him especially anything ic or odd, submitted short sketches to obscure magazines.[F] Dickens was born in Portsmouth, on England’s southern coast. His father was a clerk in the British navy pay office –a respectable position, but wish little social status. His paternal grandparents, a steward and a housekeeper possessed even less status, having been servants, and Dickens later concealed their background. Dicken’s mother supposedly came from a more respectable family. Yet two years before Dicken’s birth, his mother’s father was caught stealing and fled to Europe, never to return. The family’s increasing poverty forced Dickens out of school at age 12 to work in Warren’s Blacking Warehouse,a shoe-polish factory, where the other working boys mocked him as “the young gentleman.” His father was then imprisoned fo r debt. The humiliations of his father’s imprisonment and his labor in the blacking factory formed Dicken’s greatest wound and became his deepest secret. He could not confide them even to his wife, although they provide the unacknowledged foundation of his fiction.[G] After Pickwick, Dickens plunged into a bleaker world. In Oliver Twist, e traces an orphan’s progress from the workhouse to the criminal slums of London. Nicholas Nickleby, his next novel, bines the darkness of Oliver Twist with the sunlight of Pickwick. The popularity of these novels consolidated Dichens’ as a nationally and internationally celebrated man of letters.D → 41. → 42. → 43. → 44. → B →45.【答案】41. [F] Dickens was born in Portsmouth42. [E] Soon after his father’s re lease from prison43. [A]The first published sketch44. [C]Soon after Sketches by Bozappeared45. [G] After Pickwick, Dickens plunged into a bleaker worldPart CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) The growth of the use of English as the world`s primary language for international munication has obviously been continuing for several decades.(46)But even as the number of English speakers expands further there are signs that the global predominance of the language may fade within the foreseeable future.Complex international, economic, technological and culture change could start to diminish the leading position of English as the language of the world market, and UK interests which enjoy advantage from the breath of English usage would consequently face new pressures. Thoserealistic possibilities are highlighted in the study presented by David Graddol(47)His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generation of the United Kingdom do not need additional language capabilities.David Graddol concludes that monoglot English graduates face a bleak economic future as qualified multilingual youngsters from other countries are proving to have a petitive advantage over their British counterparts inglobal panies and organizations. Alongside that,(48)many countries are introducing English into the primary-school curriculum but British schoolchildren and students do not appear to be gaining greater encouragement to achieve fluency in other languages.If left to themselves, such trends will diminish the relative strength of the English language in international education markets as the demand for educational resourcesin languages, such as Spanish ,Arabic or Mandarin grows and international business process outsourcing in other language such as Japanese, French and German, spreads.(49)The changes identified by David Graddol all present clear and major challenges to UK`s providers of English language teaching to people of other countries and to broader education business sectors.The English language teaching sector directly earns nearly &1.3 billion for the UK in invisible exports and our other education related explores earn up to &10 billion a year more. As the international education market expands, the recent slowdown in the number of international students studying in the main English-speaking countries is likely to continue, especially if there are no effective strategic policies to prevent such slippage.The anticipation of possible shifts in demand provided by this study is significant:(50)It gives a basis to allorganization which seek to promote the learning and very different operating environment.That is a necessary and practical approach. In this as in much else, those who wish to influence the future must prepare for it.【答案】(46) 但是即使当下英语使用者的人群还在进一步扩大，有迹象说明：在可预见的未来，英语可能会逐渐失去其全球主导地位。

《考试课程名称》试卷 共3页，第1页
河南理工 学年第 学期
X 级硕士/博士研究生《课程名称》考试试卷
课程类别：学位/选修课 考试方式： 闭/开卷 考试时间：120分钟 试卷类型： A/B 本试卷考试分数占学生总评成绩的 80 %
一、(每题X 分，共X 分)
1、题目序号统一用一、1、（1），即第一大标题用“一、二、……”，第一大标题下的题目用“1、
2、……”，第1标题下的题目用“（1）、（2）、……”。

2、正文字体为小四号宋体，题目“一、二、……”统一用四号黑体字打印，其他题目一律使用小四号宋体字打印。

3、必须填好“考试科目课程类别、考试方式、 试卷类型、考试时间、本试卷考试分数占学生总评成绩的占比例”。

4、考试时间为120~150分钟。

6、所有试卷必须打印，不得手写。

7、字间距为“标准”，段落为“单倍行距”。

8、统考课程由研究生处统一组织考试，其他课程由组织考试。

请任课教师与组织考试部门联系考试事宜。

《考试课程名称》试卷共3页，第2页
《考试课程名称》试卷共3页，第3页。

研究生课程进修班试卷封面姓名：唐仲伦单位：贵州省平塘民族中学专业：数学与数学教育测试科目：《课堂管理艺术》测试分数：2018年8月 23日东北师范大学研究生课程进修班测试试卷评分表课堂管理艺术试卷一、名词解释<共12分,每题3分）1.课堂纪律；答：所谓课堂纪律,主要是指对学生地课堂行为施加地外部控制与规则.2.教师课堂管理问题行为；答：教师课堂管理地问题行为是指教师在课堂活动中意在维持课堂秩序却引发教育秩序混乱地行为,其行为特征表现为或者违反教育法律规范,或者违反教师职业道德规范,或者违反学校对教师地制度要求,或者违反日常地教育惯例等.从其结果上,则表现为侵害学生地法定权利,或者导致学生地身心伤害,或者背离教育地基本宗旨等.3.教案机智；答：教案机智是教师面临复杂教案情况所表现地一种敏感、迅速、准确地判断能力.比如在处理事前难以预料而又必须特殊对待地问题时,以及对待处于一时激情状态地学生时,教师所表现出地能力.尽管教案机智是瞬间地判断和迅速地决定,但教案机智往往是教师在教案过程中面对特殊地教案情境最富灵感地“点睛之笔”.教案机智在课堂教案中地运用主要体现在对课堂偶发事件地处理上.课堂偶发事件地发生,对教师说是一种严峻地挑战.然而,应该认识到挑战与机遇并存,在偶发事件中,既有不利于正常教案地一面,也有有利于正常教案地一面.尽管如此,只要掌握教案机智地运用策略,就能使偶发事件经过教师及时、巧妙、灵活地处理,对教案起到烘托、补充和增效地作用.4.课堂交往答：发生在课堂活动中地主体间通过信息交流而达到相互影响地活动过程.二、简答<共40分,每题10分）1.简要回答课堂要素地基本构成.答：(1>物理要素,声、光、温度、颜色、气味等是课堂环境地物理性素,这些因素可以直接影响教师和学生地身心健康及活动.(2>人地要素,课堂活动地主体是教师和学生.①学生群体地构成：有人把学生群体划分为四种类型：创造课堂喜剧地学生群体；高傲地学生群体；玩世不恭地学生群体；服从地学生群体.②教师.教师地三种领导方式影响课堂管理：注重团体规范地教师；注重个人情意地教师；强调动态平衡地教师.2.课堂纪律地类型包括哪些？答：依据课堂学习纪律形成地原因,可以将其分为教师促成地纪律、集体促成地纪律、任务促成地纪律和自我促成地纪律3.举例说明教师课堂管理中地不当行为.答：教师课堂管理地问题行为是指教师在课堂活动中意在维持课堂秩序却引发教育秩序混乱地行为,其行为特征表现为或者违反教育法律规范,或者违反教师职业道德规范,或者违反学校对教师地制度要求,或者违反日常地教育惯例等.从其结果上,则表现为侵害学生地法定权利,或者导致学生地身心伤害,或者背离教育地基本宗旨等.教师课堂管理地问题行为可以分为以下几种样态：1.时间战看守2.恶语中伤3.体罚、变相体罚4.惩罚自尊心5.罚款6.利用座位[案例]：2000年12月2日《法制日报》：2000年11月20日,辽宁省沈阳市第22中学地初一学生金岩在向老师询问自己地月考分数时,竟惹得教师火冒三丈,当着全班同学连扇该学生4个耳光,将其鼻口打得流血.同月14日,北京市西城区月坛小学地一名二年级小学生在上体育课时,因与另外一个同学打闹,被老师叫到办公室“单独谈话”,被打了两个耳光.该学生家长向有关部门投诉,该同学已被打成中耳炎.为此,北京西城区教育局负责人在紧急召开地该区各中小学负责人会议上指出,当前要正视师德教育中存在地问题,反思本校是否存在不尊重学生和体罚学生地现象.4.简答促进课堂交往,调节课堂气氛地策略.答：1 、培养良好地教师风度以感染影响学生；2 、建立良好地教师地领导方式；3 、掌握有效沟通地方法与艺术、积极性地引导语言代替消极性地引导语言；4 、利用课堂群体动力,调节学生之间情绪地相互影响；5 、善于利用课堂提问,营造健康地课堂交往氛围.三、简述<共21分,每题7分）1.简述课堂管理地功能.答：课堂管理与课堂教案是学校日常教案活动地重要组成部分,两者密不可分,课堂管理可以辅助课堂教案地实行,保障学校日常教案活动地有序进行.课堂管理地功能如下：(1>．保持良好地课堂秩序在课堂教案过程中,因为经常会出现各种新地问题,发生各种偶发性干扰事件,因此,教师及时预见并排除各种干扰课堂教案活动地不利因素,有效采取课堂管理措施,维持正常教案秩序,对于教案活动地顺利进行也具有重要意义.(2>．提供良好地学习环境,课堂管理可以为学生提供积极良好地课堂学习环境,激励学生地参与精神,激发学生潜能地释放,从而圆满地达成教案目标,完成教案任务.有效地课堂管理对教案活动有积极地促进作用.(3>．提高学生地学习效果,学生在平和稳定地课堂环境中,心态自然会处于轻松地状态,所以他们能够积极地参与到课堂教案中,敏与思考,将新知识内化到本身地知识系统中,达到良好地学习效果.(4>．培养学生地自制能力教师在课堂管理地过程中,可以通过制定合理地课堂行为规范,帮助学生养成地自律意识和行为习惯,帮助学生意识到并且明确良好地自制能力能够促进个人地健康发展.(5>．增进师生情感交流教师在课堂要尽力为学生营造宽松地氛围,采用激励地手段,让班级地每个学生都能参与到课堂活动中,无论是课上还是课下,常常与学生进行沟通,了解每个学生地发展动态和心理变化情况.良好地课堂管理可以形成和谐民主、团结合作地师生关系. (6>．促进学生人格成长课堂管理可以帮助形成积极向上地良好班风,在学生间形成团结互助地人际关系,让学生懂得和他人合作共同完成某项任务,培养他们合作地意识.此外,课堂管理不仅有工具性地意义还有目地性地意义.课堂管理地工具性意义在于它是作为学校维持正常有序地课堂秩序、提高教案效率进而保障教案质量地一种手段而存在,是为了辅助教案活动而存在地.课堂管理地效果地好坏直接影响着教案活动地质量.著名教育家赫尔巴特早就指出课堂管理地重要性：“如果不坚强而温和地抓住管理地缰绳,任何功课地教案都是不可能地”.课堂管理具有目地性地意义在于它具有自身地目地：使学生地心智得到应有地发展.从社会学地角度来看,课堂管理有助于学生地社会化,它使学生了解在各种场合受赞同或默许地行为准则,明确什么是受社会期待地适当行为,什么是不适当地行为,并让学生懂得自己在不同地场合应该怎样做.从心理学地角度来看,课堂管理有助于学生人格地成熟,使学生在对持续地社会要求与期望作出反应地过程中,形成独立性、自觉性、自控力、坚持性、忍耐性等成熟地人格品质.课堂管理已经成为教师在课堂中地必备活动,对于课堂地有效管理,也必然成为教师地一项基本素质.2.简述班杜拉地社会学习理论以及其对教育工作地启示.答：社会学习理论是由美国心理学家阿尔伯特·班杜拉于1977年提出地.它着眼于观察学习社会学习理论和自我调节在引发人地行为中地作用,重视人地行为和环境地相互作用.班杜拉认为是探讨个人地认知、行为与环境因素三者及其交互作用对人类行为地影响.按照班杜拉地观点,以往地学习理论家一般都忽视了社会变量对人类行为地制约作用.他们通常是用物理地方法对动物进行实验,并以此来建构他们地理论体系,这对于研究生活于社会之中地人地行为来说,似乎不具有科学地说服力.因为人总是生活在一定地社会条件下地,所以班杜拉主张要在自然地社会情境中而不是在实验室里研究人地行为.班杜拉指出,行为主义地刺激一反应理论无法解释人类地观察学习现象.因为刺激一反应理论不能解释为什么个体会表现出新地行为,以及为什么个体在观察榜样行为后,这种己获得地行为可能在数天、数周甚至数月之后才出现等现象.所以,如果社会学习完全是建立在奖励和惩罚之结果地基础上地话,那么大多数人都无法在社会化过程中生存下去.为了证明自己地观点,班杜拉进行了一系列实验,并在科学地实验基础上建立起了他地社会学习理论.(1>、强调观察学习在人地行为获得中地作用.认为人地多数行为是通过观察别人地行为和行为地结果而学得社会学习理论地.依靠观察学习可以迅速掌握大量地行为模式.(2>、重视榜样地作用.人地行为可以通过观察学习过程获得.但是获得什么样地行为以及行为地表现如何,则有赖于榜样地作用.榜样是否具有魅力、是否拥有奖赏、榜样行为地复杂程度、榜样行为地结果和榜样与观察者地人际关系都将影响观察者地行为表现.(3>、强调自我调节地作用.人地行为不仅受外界行为结果地影响,而且更重要地是受自我引发地行为结果地影响,即自我调节地影响.自我调节主要是通过设立目标、自我评价,从而引发动机功能来调节行为地.(4>、主张奖励较高地自信心.一个人对自己应付各种情境能力地自信程度,在人地能动作用中起着重要作用.它将决定一个人是否愿意面临困难地情境,应付困难地程度以及个人面临困难情境地持久性.3.简述学生课堂问题产生地原因有哪些.答：从心理学地研究看,对问题行为可以有不同地解释：行为主义认为,问题行为是习得地,是因为环境或强化失误带来地；认知心理学则认为,问题行为源于学生地错误地行为观念和自我认识；人本主义则认为问题行为主要是因为师生之间、生生之间人际关系地失衡带来地.从社会学地研究看,主要是从环境、学生地社会经济地位以及文化传统等方面虽产生问题行为地原因进行分析,大体上看来,对问题行为产生进行理论解释地,有以下几种观点：<1）、文化剥夺或社会处境不利教育剥夺<2）、与环境优越地孩子相比,背景较差地孩子往往自尊心较弱,出身较差地孩子比出<3）、优越地孩子更可能发觉自己能力不足.起点高,成就动机强.以下还可以从学生地自身心理发展阶段地特点来分析学生课堂问题产生地原因.(1>.从儿童心理发展地阶段性1）儿童地需要和对教师地期待随着年龄地增长而改变.2）孩子之间地关系随着年龄地增长而改变.3）随着年龄地增长,孩子渴望在全班同学面前赢得地位与特权地需求与日俱增.4）孩子年龄增长地同时,也会变得更强大.5）孩子地年龄越大,对成人地行为越挑剔.6）随着年龄地增长,儿童在犯错误或失望地时候,更愿意把问题归咎于成人.7）随着年龄地增长,智慧能力提高,注意地时段和处理工作地能力也在提高.(2>.儿童心理发展不均衡性1）能力不同地孩子对学校活动地内心动力有显著差异.2）能力水平不同地孩子,对教师提出地个人素质方面地要求也不一样.3）成败标准随能力水平而异.失败成自然地孩子易把责任推给教师,以维护自己地尊严,评估孩子地标准必须符合现阶段孩子能力所及地水平.4）能力不同地孩子依赖仪器、书籍地特点不一样.5）同一地标准与不均衡地心理成熟.(3>.心理特征地差异1）不同地人格特征带来地差异2>学生认知方式地差异3）学生自我认识地差异(4>.儿童特殊年龄阶段地心理表现1）限度检测2）团体动力3）误设行为4）推延满足感5）学生对于教师地反映形式(5>.教师方面：教师地教案方法、内容及教师地个性特征对课堂秩序有很大地影响.(6>.环境方面地因素：课堂教案大多在教室中进行,教师环境可能直接影响学生地行为,也可能透过对教师行为地影响间接作用于学生,因此,也是决定课堂秩序地重要因素.四、案例分析<共27分,其中第一题12分,第二题15分）1.一位教师走上讲台,发现讲台桌上放着一张字条,上面用仿宋体工工整整地写着：“老师,你以为当老师地就可以压服学生吗？你高昂着头,铁青着脸,像个活阎王,但是有谁怕你呢？”落款是“为你最讨厌地、等待你处罚地学生”.如果你是这位老师,你会怎样处理这个课堂事件？请用理论加以说明.答：对于这个事件,首先教师应该不动声色地正常进行教案活动,如果该生没有出格地行为,那么在上课结束后,教师私下与其交流,指出作为老师目地是让学生学到知识,而不是压服学生、让学生怕你,通过这样地交流来转化该生对老师地错误观点.如果该生在课堂上进一步出现捣乱、不守纪律等现象,教师就要通过语言阻止、谴责.如果不能奏效,甚至可以对其进行严厉地处罚,例如罚站等.但是在进行处罚地时候要声明处罚地原因是因为课堂上地违规行为,而非其“等待地处罚”.同时在课后要与其充分交流,对其进行教育、转化.这个处理方法体现了斯莱文提出地四步反应计划.课堂管理地四步反应计划以最小干预原理为理论基础.斯莱文认为,当正常课堂行为受到干扰时,应该采用能够发生作用地干预方式中最简单地、干扰性最小地一种来纠正违规行为.如果干扰性最小地干预没有发生作用,教室可以升级到干扰性更强地方法,主要目地是采取有效地行为处理问题行为,同时要避免对教案产生不必要地干扰.干预地结果应该是尽可能使教与学地活动继续下去,而问题行为也得到控制.2.在河南新安县高中,当王老师刚刚走上教育工作岗位地时候,他教地班级有个淘气地学生.每当教师讲课时,他总爱低头玩他桌子里放地“宝贝”横笛儿.有时候还会轻轻地吹一声“嘟——嘟——”令人恼火.有一次,王老师刚隐约听到“嘟—”声,便猛地回转身来,以严峻地目光盯住他,准备当场“抓获”,没收其“宝贝”.只见他吐了一下舌头,马上装模作样地端正坐好,不露半点声色.同学们都抿起欲笑地嘴唇,眼里射出神秘地光,似乎在看着老师怎么办.王老师怒不可遏,嘴唇直发抖,勉强抑制住冲动地感情,继续讲课了.一下课,王老师立即找个有经验地赵老师“诉苦”,请他帮忙狠狠地教训这个顽童.过了一段时间,这个顽童上课真地不再捣蛋了,睁着两只充满求知欲地大眼睛,聚精会神地听讲,课外作业做得也很认真,期中测试成绩有很大提高.更奇怪地事在学校举行地一次文娱晚会上,竟有他《横笛独奏》地节目,他吹了两只歌曲,优雅动听,全体师生报以雷鸣般地掌声.王老师抱着惊奇而又疑虑地心情去问赵老师,赵老师用诚挚地目光看着王老师,慢慢地说：“你反映他不遵守课堂纪律后,我没有马上去找他,等到星期日,我笑着对他说,“听说你很爱吹横笛,我也很喜欢这种乐器,把你地笛子拿来,吹个歌听听吧！”他非常高兴,取来笛子,吹了一支曲子,我赞扬他吹得不错,接过笛子我也吹了一支曲子,还教他一些吹笛子地指法和技巧.就这样,我们亲热地交谈起来.我问他功课如何,他惭愧地低下头说不好.我告诉他,吹笛子是正当地文娱爱好,但学习与娱乐地位置要摆好.他愉快地接受了我地建议.连续几个星期日,我都要问问他地功课,还教他练吹几个歌曲.就这样,他转变了.”<1）这则案例揭示地主要纪律问题是什么？答：根据其严重性,这属于课堂干扰；按照程度地差异,这属于不适当行为；按照行为地类型,这属于行为型；按照问题行为地“所有者”即问题行为相对于谁,这属于相对于教师地问题行为；等等.该生在课堂上活跃过度,干扰了其他学生正常上课,教师对此反应剧烈也属正常.<2）王老师和赵老师对待这位学生地态度不同,说明了什么问题？答：王老师和赵老师对待这位学生地态度不同,说明两个老师对于这个学生课堂上违反纪律事件地处理原则不同.关于课堂问题行为处理,可以参考地原则有许多,以下地原则是要特别强调地：1.预先建立课堂常规,明确学生地行为标准；2.处理学生外在地问题行为；3.激励学生良好地课堂行为,避免强化问题行为；4.尽量避免惩罚问题行为；5.体现一致性、公平性和个别差异性；6.寻找课堂问题行为地成因.王老师对于该生地错误行没有找到什么好地解决方法,一筹莫展；而赵老师则另辟蹊径,从该生喜爱音乐,擅长乐器这里入手,采取鼓励地策略,使该生将精力放到了学习上.问题宜疏不宜堵,该生受到了鼓励,增强了自信和自尊,违反纪律地行为自然就收敛了.<3）在处理这一问题上,你还有什么其他好方法吗？答：教无定法,处理这一问题还可以这样：专门抽时间举行一次有关才艺展示地班会,在班会上邀请有才艺地同学特别是这个淘气地学生展示自己地才艺,在为他们提供了这个展示自己地平台后,进行全班地讨论,话题为如何发展自己地特长,自己地特长应该运用在何处等等,特别要邀请展示过才艺地学生来发言,用他们自己地看法和观点来约束自己.。

2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can't remember ___1___ we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance's name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain ___2___, we refer to these occurrences as "senior moments." ___3___ seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a (n) ___4___ impact on our professional, social, and personal___5___.Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there's actually a lot that can be done. It ___6___ out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental ___7___ can significantly improve our basic cognitive ___8___. Thinking is essentially a ___9___ of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to ___10___ in making theconnections that drive intelligence is inherited. ___11___, because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate ___12___ mental effort.Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step ___13___ and developed the first "brain training program" designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental ___14___.The Web-based program ___15___ you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps ___16___ of your progress and provides detailed feedback___17___ your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it ___18___modifies and enhances the games you play to ___19___ on the strengths you are developing-much like a(n)___20___exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.1. [A]where [B]when [C]that [D]why2. [A]improves [B]fades [C]recovers [D]collapses3. [A]If [B]Unless [C]Once [D]While4. [A]uneven [B]limited [C]damaging [D]obscure5. [A]wellbeing [B]environment [C]relationship[D]outlook6. [A]turns [B]finds [C]points [D]figures7. [A]roundabouts [B]responses [C]workouts [D]associat ions8. [A]genre [B]functions [C]circumstances[D]criterion9. [A]channel [B]condition [C]sequence [D]process10. [A]persist [B]believe [C]excel [D]feature11. [A] Therefore [B] Moreover [C] Otherwise [D] However12. [A]according to [B]regardless of [C]apartfrom [D]instead of13. [A]back [B]further [C]aside [D]around14. [A]sharpness [B]stability [C]framework [D]flexibil ity15. [A]forces [B]reminds [C]hurries [D]allows16. [A]hold [B]track [C]order [D]pace17. [A]to [B]with [C]for [D]on18. [A]irregularly [B]habitually [C]constantly [D]unus ually19. [A]carry [B]put [C]build [D]take20. [A]risky [B]effective [C]idle [D]familiarSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1In order to "change lives for the better" and reduce "dependency" George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the "upfront work search" scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the jobcentre with a CV, register for online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly. What could be more reasonable?More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker's allowance. "Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on." he claimed. "We're doing these things because we know they help people stay off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster." Help? Really? On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives forthe better, complete with "reforms" to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsidises laziness. What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for "fundamental fairness"- protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.Losing a job is hurting: you don't skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.But in Osborneland, your first instinct is to fall into dependency - permanent dependency if you can get it - supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood. It is as though 20 years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search andbenefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase "jobseeker's allowance" - invented in 1996 - is about redefining the unemployed as a "jobseeker" who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions. Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited "allowance," conditional on actively seeking a job; no entitlement and no insurance, at ?71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.21. George Osborne's scheme was intended to[A]provide the unemployed with easier access to benefits.[B]encourage jobseekers' active engagement in job seeking.[C]motivate the unemployed to report voluntarily.[D]guarantee jobseekers' legitimate right to benefits.22. The phrase, "to sign on" (Line 3, Para. 2) most probably means[A]to check on the availability of jobs at the jobcentre.[B]to accept the government's restrictions on the allowance.[C]to register for an allowance from the government.[D]to attend a governmental job-training program.23. What prompted the chancellor to develop his scheme?[A]A desire to secure a better life for all.[B]An eagerness to protect the unemployed.[C]An urge to be generous to the claimants.[D]A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers.24. According to Paragraph 3, being unemployed makes one feel[A]uneasy[B]enraged.[C]insulted.[D]guilty.25. To which of the following would the author most probably agree?[A]The British welfare system indulges jobseekers' laziness.[B]Osborne's reforms will reduce the risk of unemployment.[C]The jobseekers' allowance has met their actual needs.[D]Unemployment benefits should not be made conditional.Text 2All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession-with the possibleexception of journalism. But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-firm job. Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.There are many reasons for this. One is the excessive costs of a legal education. There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject, then a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves today's average law-school graduate with $100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that many cannot afford to go into government or non-profit work, and that they have to work fearsomely hard.Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have beentoo conservative to implement them. One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree. Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school. If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawyer, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so. Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business. Except in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and innovation slow. There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms' efficiency. After all, other countries, such as Australia and Britain, have started liberalizing their legal professions. America should follow.26.a lot of students take up law as their profession due to[A]the growing demand from clients.[B]the increasing pressure of inflation.[C]the prospect of working in big firms.[D]the attraction of financial rewards.27.Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states?[A]Higher tuition fees for undergraduate studies.[B]Admissions approval from the bar association.[C]Pursuing a bachelor's degree in another major.[D]Receiving training by professional associations.28.Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from[A]lawyers' and clients' strong resistance.[B]the rigid bodies governing the profession.[C]the stem exam for would-be lawyers.[D]non-professionals' sharp criticism.29.The guild-like ownership structure is considered "restrictive"partly because it[A]bans outsiders' involvement in the profession.[B]keeps lawyers from holding law-firm shares.[C]aggravates the ethical situation in the trade.[D]prevents lawyers from gaining due profits.30.In this text, the author mainly discusses[A]flawed ownership of America's law firms and its causes.[B]the factors that help make a successful lawyer in America.[C]a problem in America's legal profession and solutions to it.[D]the role of undergraduate studies in America's legal education.Text 3The US$3-million Fundamental physics prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this year's award in March. And it is far from the only one of its type. As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from thetelephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.What's not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature. You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels, The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists. They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. They could cement the status quo of peer-reviewed research. They do not fund peer-reviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.As Nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizes-both new and old-are distributed. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include. But the Nobel Foundation's limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research-as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discoveryof the Higgs boson. The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money. Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards, two things seem clear. First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one. Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere, It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism-that is the culture of research, after all-but it is the prize-givers' money to do with as they please. It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace.31. The Fundamental Physics Prize is seen as[A]a symbol of the entrepreneurs' wealth.[B]a possible replacement of the Nobel Prizes.[C]an example of bankers' investments.[D]a handsome reward for researchers.32. The critics think that the new awards will most benefit[A]the profit-oriented scientists.[B]the founders of the new awards.[C]the achievement-based system.[D]peer-review-led research.33. The discovery of the Higgs boson is a typical case which involves[A]controversies over the recipients' status.[B]the joint effort of modern researchers.[C]legitimate concerns over the new prizes.[D]the demonstration of research findings.34. According to Paragraph 4,which of the following is true of the Nobels?[A]Their endurance has done justice to them.[B]Their legitimacy has long been in dispute.[C]They are the most representative honor.[D]History has never cast doubt on them.35.The author believes that the now awards are[A]acceptable despite the criticism.[B]harmful to the culture of research.[C]subject to undesirable changes.[D]unworthy of public attention.Text 4"The Heart of the Matter," the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS), deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracyin America. Regrettably, however, the report's failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by "federal, state and local governments, universities, foundations, educators, individual benefactors and others" to "maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education." In response, the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences. Among the commission's 51 members aretop-tier-university presidents, scholars, lawyers, judges, and business executives, as well as prominent figures from diplomacy, filmmaking, music and journalism.The goals identified in the report are generally admirable. Because representative government presupposes an informed citizenry, the report supports full literacy; stresses the study of history and government, particularly American history and American government; and encourages the use of new digital technologies. To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls for increased investment in research, the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students' abilityto solve problems and communicate effectively in the 21st century, increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day. The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages, international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs.Unfortunately, despite 2? years in the making, "The Heart of the Matter" never gets to the heart of the matter: the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leading colleges and universities. The commission ignores that for several decades America's colleges and universities have produced graduates who don't know the content and character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits. Sadly, the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicizing "progressive," or left-liberal propaganda.Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas-such as free markets andself-reliance-as falling outside the boundaries of routine, and sometimes legitimate, intellectual investigation.The AAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberal education. Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to illuminate.36. According to Paragraph 1, what is the author's attitude toward the AAAS's report?[A] Critical[B] Appreciative[C] Contemptuous[ D] Tolerant37. Influential figures in the Congress required that the AAAS report on how to[A] retain people's interest in liberal education[B] define the government's role in education[C] keep a leading position in liberal education[D] safeguard individuals' rights to education38. According to Paragraph 3, the report suggests[A] an exclusive study of American history[B] a greater emphasis on theoretical subjects[C] the application of emerging technologies[D] funding for the study of foreign languages39. The author implies in Paragraph 5 that professors are[A] supportive of free markets[B] cautious about intellectual investigation[C] conservative about public policy[D] biased against classical liberal ideas40. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Ways to Grasp "The Heart of the Matter"[B] Illiberal Education and "The Heart of the Matter"[C] The AAAS's Contribution to Liberal Education[D] Progressive Policy vs. Liberal EducationPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs A and E have been correctly placed Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)[A] Some archaeological sites have always been easily observable-for example, the Parthenon in Athens, Greece, the pyramids of Giza in Egypt; and the megaliths of Stonehenge in southern England. But these sites are exceptions to the norm.Most archaeological sites have been located by means of careful searching, while many others have been discovered by accident. Olduvai Gorge, an early hominid site in Tanzania, was found by a butterfly hunter who literally fell into its deep valley in 1911. Thousands of Aztec artifacts came to light during the digging of the Mexico City subway in the 1970s.[B]In another case, American archaeologists Rene Million and George Cowgill spent years systematically mapping the entire city of Teotihuacan in the Valley of Mexico near what is now Mexico City. At its peak around AD 600, this city was one of the largest human settlements in the world. The researchers mapped not only the city's vast and ornate ceremonial areas, but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes where common people lived.[C] How do archaeologists know where to find what they are looking for when there is nothing visible on the surface of the ground? Typically, they survey and sample (make test excavations on) large areas of terrain to determine where excavation will yield useful information. Surveys and test samples have also become important for understanding the larger landscapes that contain archaeological sites.[D] Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entirelandscapes. In one case, many researchers working around the ancient Maya city of Copan, Honduras, have located hundreds of small rural villages and individual dwellings by using aerial photographs and by making surveys on foot. The resulting settlement maps show how the distribution and density of the rural population around the city changed dramatically between AD 500 and 850, when Copan collapsed.[E] To find their sites, archaeologists today rely heavily on systematic survey methods and a variety of high-technology tools and techniques. Airborne technologies, such as different types of radar and photographic equipment carried by airplanes or spacecraft, allow archaeologists to learn about what lies beneath the ground without digging. Aerial surveys locate general areas of interest or larger buried features, such as ancient buildings or fields.[F] Most archaeological sites, however, are discovered by archaeologists who have set out to look for them. Such searches can take years. British archaeologist Howard Carter knew that the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun existed from information found in other sites. Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the Kings for seven years before he located the tomb in 1922. In the late 1800s British archaeologist SirArthur Evan combed antique dealers' stores in Athens, Greece. He was searching for tiny engraved seals attributed to the ancient Mycenaean culture that dominated Greece from the 1400s to 1200s BC. Evans's interpretations of these engravings eventually led him to find the Minoan palace at Knossos (Knoss ós) on the island of Crete, in 1900.[G] Ground surveys allow archaeologists to pinpoint the places where digs will be successful. Most ground surveys involve a lot of walking, looking for surface clues such as small fragments of pottery. They often include a certain amount of digging to test for buried materials at selected points across a landscape.Archaeologists also may locate buried remains by using such technologies as ground radar, magnetic-field recording, and metal detectors. Archaeologists commonly use computers to map sites and the landscapes around sites. Two andthree-dimensional maps are helpful tools in planning excavations, illustrating how sites look, and presenting the results of archaeological research.41. → A →42. → E →43. → 44. →45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Music means different things to different people and sometimes even different things to the same person at different moments of his life. It might be poetic, philosophical, sensual, or mathematical, but in any case it must, in my view, have something to do with the soul of the human being. Hence it is metaphysical; but the means of expression is purely and exclusively physical: sound. I believe it is precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical message through physical means that is the strength of music. (46)It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.Beethoven's importance in music has been principally defined by the revolutionary nature of his compositions. He freed music from hitherto prevailing conventions of harmony and structure. Sometimes I feel in his late works a will to break all signs of continuity. The music is abrupt and seemingly disconnected, as in the last piano sonata. In musical expression, he did not feel restrained by the weight ofconvention. (47)By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance, of his works.This courageous attitude in fact becomes a requirement for the performers of Beethoven's music. His compositions demand the performer to show courage, for example in the use of dynamics. (48)Beethoven's habit of increasing the volume with an intense crescendo and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.Beethoven was a deeply political man in the broadest sense of the word. He was not interested in daily politics, but concerned with questions of moral behavior and the larger questions of right and wrong affecting the entire society.(49)Especially significant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual: he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.Beethoven's music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence. For him, order does not result from forgetting or ignoring the disorders that plague our existence; order is a necessary development, animprovement that may lead to the Greek ideal of spiritual elevation. It is not by chance that the Funeral March is not the last movement of the Eroica Symphony, but the second, so that suffering does not have the last word. (50)One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:Write a letter of about 100 words to the president of your university, suggesting how to improve students' physical condition.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) interpret its intended meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET(20 points)2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)真题及答案1. A where2. B fades3. D while4. C damaging5. A wellbeing6. A turns7. C workouts8. B functions9. D process10. C excel11. D However12. A according to13. B further14. A sharpness15. D allows16. B track17. D on18. C constantly19. C build20. B effectivePart AText 121 B encourage job seekers' active engagement in job seeking.22 C to register for an allowance from the government.23 A A desire to secure a better life for all.24 A uneasy25 B Osborne's reforms will reduce the risk of unemployment.Text226 D The attraction of financial rewards.27 C Pursuing a bachelor's degree in another major.28 B The rigid bodies governing the profession29 A Bans outsides' involvement in the profession.30 C A problem in America's legal profession and solutions to itText3。

1997年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学(一)试卷一、填空题(本题共5小题,每小题3分,满分15分.把答案填在题中横线上)(1)2013sin coslim(1cos )ln(1)x x x x x x →+++=_____________.(2)设幂级数1nn n a x∞=∑的收敛半径为3,则幂级数11(1)n nn na x ∞+=-∑的收敛区间为_____________.(3)对数螺线e θρ=在点2(,)(e ,)2ππρθ=处切线的直角坐标方程为_____________.(4)设12243,311t -⎡⎤⎢⎥=⎢⎥⎢⎥-⎣⎦A B 为三阶非零矩阵,且,=AB O 则t =_____________.(5)袋中有50个乒乓球,其中20个是黄球,30个是白球,今有两人依次随机地从袋中各取一球,取后不放回,则第二个人取得黄球的概率是_____________.二、选择题(本题共5小题,每小题3分,满分15分.每小题给出的四个选项中,只有一个符合题目要求,把所选项前的字母填在题后的括号内)(1)二元函数(,)f x y = 22(,)(0,0)0(,)(0,0)xyx y x y x y ≠+=,在点(0,0)处(A)连续,偏导数存在 (B)连续,偏导数不存在 (C)不连续,偏导数存在(D)连续,偏导数不存在(2)设在区间[,]a b 上()0,()0,()0.f x f x f x '''><>令1231(),()(),[()()](),2ba S f x dx S fb b a S f a f b b a ==-=+-⎰则(A)123S S S << (B)213S S S << (C)312S S S <<(D)231S S S <<(3)设2sin ()e sin ,x t xF x tdt π+=⎰则()F x(A)为正常数 (B)为负常数 (C)恒为零(D)不为常数(4)设111122232333,,,a b c a b c a b c ⎡⎤⎡⎤⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥===⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦⎣⎦⎣⎦ααα则三条直线1112223330,0,0a x b y c a x b y c a x b y c ++=++=++=(其中220,1,2,3i i a b i +≠=)交于一点的充要条件是:(A)123,,ααα线性相关(B)123,,ααα线性无关(C)秩123(,,)r =ααα秩12(,)r αα(D)123,,ααα线性相关12,,αα线性无关(5)设两个相互独立的随机变量X 和Y 的方差分别为4和2,则随机变量32X Y -的方差是(A)8 (B)16 (C)28 (D)44三、(本题共3小题,每小题5分,满分15分)(1)计算22(),I x y dv Ω=+⎰⎰⎰其中Ω为平面曲线 220y zx ==绕z 轴旋转一周所成的曲面与平面8z =所围成的区域. (2)计算曲线积分()()(),cz y dx x z dy x y dz -+-+-⎰其中c 是曲线 2212x y x y z +=-+=从z轴正向往z 轴负向看c 的方向是顺时针的.(3)在某一人群中推广新技术是通过其中掌握新技术的人进行的,设该人群的总人数为,N 在0t =时刻已掌握新技术的人数为0,x 在任意时刻t 已掌握新技术的人数为()(x t 将()x t 视为连续可微变量),其变化率与已掌握新技术人数和未掌握新技术人数之积成正比,比例常数0,k >求().x t四、(本题共2小题,第(1)小题6分,第(2)小题7分,满分13分)(1)设直线:l030x y b x ay z ++=+--=在平面π上,而平面π与曲面22z x y =+相切于点(1,2,5),-求,a b 之值.(2)设函数()f u 具有二阶连续导数,而(e sin )xz f y =满足方程22222e ,xz z z x y∂∂+=∂∂求().f u五、(本题满分6分) 设()f x 连续1,()(),x f xt dt ϕ=⎰且0()lim(x f x A A x→=为常数),求()x ϕ'并讨论()x ϕ'在0x =处的连续性.六、(本题满分8分)设11110,()(1,2,),2n n na a a n a +==+=证明(1)lim n x a →∞存在.(2)级数11(1)nn n a a ∞=+-∑收敛. 七、(本题共2小题,第(1)小题5分,第(2)小题6分,满分11分)(1)设B 是秩为2的54⨯矩阵123,[1,1,2,3],[1,1,4,1],[5,1,8,9]T T T==--=--ααα是齐次线性方程组x =B 0的解向量,求x =B 0的解空间的一个标准正交基.(2)已知111⎡⎤⎢⎥=⎢⎥⎢⎥-⎣⎦ξ是矩阵2125312a b -⎡⎤⎢⎥=⎢⎥⎢⎥--⎣⎦A 的一个特征向量.1)试确定,a b 参数及特征向量ξ所对应的特征值.2)问A 能否相似于对角阵?说明理由.八、（本题满分5分）设A 是n 阶可逆方阵,将A 的第i 行和第j 行对换后得到的矩阵记为.B (1)证明B 可逆.(2)求1.-AB九、（本题满分7分）从学校乘汽车到火车站的途中有3个交通岗,假设再各个交通岗遇到红灯的事件是相互独立的,并且概率都是2.5设X 为途中遇到红灯的次数,求随机变量X 的分布律、分布函数和数学期望.十、（本题满分5分）设总体X 的概率密度为()f x = (1)0x θθ+ 01x <<其它其中1θ>-是未知参数12,,,,n X X X 是来自总体X 的一个容量为n 的简单随机样本,分别用矩估计法和极大似然估计法求θ的估计量.1997年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学一试题解析一、填空题(本题共5分,每小题3分,满分15分.把答案在题中横线上.) (1)【答案】32【分析】这是00型极限.注意两个特殊极限00sin ln(1)lim 1,lim 1x x x x x x→→+==.【解析】将原式的分子、分母同除以x ,得2001sin 13sin cos 3cos3limlim .ln(1)(1cos )ln(1)2(1cos )x x x x x x x x x x x x x x→→++==++++ 评注：使用洛必达法则的条件中有一项是0()lim()x x f x g x →''应存在或为∞,而本题中, []200111(3sin cos )3cos 2cos sinlimlim 1cos (1cos )ln(1)sin ln(1)1x x x x x x x x x xx x x x x→→'+++=+'++-+++ 极限不存在,也不为∞,不满足使用洛必达法则的条件,故本题不能用洛必达法则.【相关知识点】1.有界量乘以无穷小量为无穷小量. (2)【答案】(2,4)-【解析】考察这两个幂级数的关系.令1t x =-,则()1212111n n n nnnn n n na ttna tta t ∞∞∞+-==='==∑∑∑.由于逐项求导后的幂级数与原幂级数有相同的收敛半径,1nn n a t∞=∑的收敛半径为3⇒()1nn n a t ∞='∑的收敛半径为 3.从而()2111n n n n n n t a t na t ∞∞+=='=∑∑的收敛半径为3,收敛区间即(-3,3),回到原幂级数11(1)n nn na x ∞+=-∑,它的收敛区间为313x -<-<,即(2,4)-.评注：幂级数的收敛区间指的是开区间,不考虑端点. 对于n n n a x ∞=∑,若1limn n na a ρ+→+∞=⇒它的收敛半径是1R ρ=.但是若只知它的收敛半径为R ,则⇒11limn n n a a R +→+∞=,因为1lim n n naa +→+∞可以不存在(对于缺项幂级数就是这种情形).(3)【答案】2x y e π+=【解析】求切线方程的主要问题是求其斜率x k y '=,而x y '可由e θρ=的参数方程cos cos ,sin sin x e y e θθρθθρθθ⎧==⎪⎨==⎪⎩ 求得： 2sin cos sin cos ,1cos sin cos sin x x y e e y y x e e θθθπθθθθθθθθθθθθ='++''====-'--, 所以切线的方程为2(0)y e x π-=--,即2x y e π+=.评注：本题难点在于考生不熟悉极坐标方程与直角坐标方程之间的关系.(4)【答案】3t =-【解析】由0AB =,对B 按列分块,设[]123,,B βββ=,则[][][]123123,,,,0,0,0AB A A A A ββββββ===,即123,,βββ是齐次方程组0Ax =的解.又因B O ≠,故0Ax =有非零解,那么()1221024343373031131A tt t --==+=+=-, 由此可得3t =-.评注：若熟悉公式0AB =,则()()3r A r B n +≤=,可知()3r A <,亦可求出3t =-. (5)【答案】25【解析】方法1：利用全概率公式.求第二人取得黄球的概率,一般理解为这事件与第一人取得的是什么球有关.这就要用全概率公式.全概率公式首先需要一个完全事件组,这就涉及到设事件的问题.设事件i A =“第i 个人取得黄球”,1,2i =,则完全事件组为11,A A (分别表示第一个人取得黄球和第一个人取得白球).根据题设条件可知{}1202505P A ===黄球的个数球的总数；{}1303505P A ===白球的个数球的总数；{}2120119|50149P A A -==-(第一个人取得黄球的条件下,黄球个数变成20119-=,球的总数变成50149-=,第二个人取得黄球的概率就为1949)；{}2120|49P A A =(第一个人取得白球的条件下,黄球个数亦为20,球的总数变成50-1=49,第二个人取得黄球的概率就为2049).故应用全概率公式{}{}{}{}{}21211212193202||5495495P A P A P A A P A P A A =+=⋅+⋅=.方法二：利用“抽签原理”.只考虑第二个人取得的球,这50个球中每一个都会等可能地被第二个人取到.犹如几个人抽奖,其中只有一张彩票有奖,那么这几个人先抽与后抽,抽到有奖彩票的概率是一样的,这就是我们抽奖的公平性,此题中取到黄球的可能有20个,所以第二个人取到黄球的概率为202505=. 【相关知识点】1.全概率公式: {}{}{}{}{}2121121||P A P A P A A P A P A A =+； 2. 古典型概率公式：()i i A P A =有利于事件的样本点数样本空间的总数.二、选择题(本题共5小题,每小题3分,满分15分.每小题给出的四个选项中,只有一项符合题目要求,把所选项前的字母填在题后的括号内) (1)【答案】(C)【解析】这是讨论(,)f x y 在(0,0)点是否连续,是否存在偏导数的问题.按定义00(0,0)(0,0)(,0),(0,)x y f d f df x f y x dx y dy ==∂∂==∂∂, 由于 (,0)0(),(0,)0()f x x f y y =∀=∀,⇒∃偏导数且(0,0)(0,0)0,0f f x y∂∂==∂∂. 再看(,)f x y 在(0,0)是否连续？由于222(,)(0,0)01lim(,)lim (0,0)2x y x y xx f x y f x x →→===≠+,因此(,)f x y 在(0,0)不连续.应选(C).评注：① 证明分段函数在某点连续,一般要用定义证,有难度.证明分段函数(,)f x y 在某点000(,)M x y 不连续的方法之一是：证明点(,)x y 沿某曲线趋于0M 时,(,)f x y 的极限不存在或不为00(,)f x y .② 证明00(,)(,)lim (,)x y x y f x y →不存在的重要方法是证明点(,)x y 沿两条不同曲线趋于000(,)M x y 时,(,)f x y 的极限不想等或沿某条曲线趋于0M 时,(,)f x y 的极限不存在.对于该题中的(,)f x y ,若再考察(,)(0,0)(,)(0,0)1lim (,)lim00lim (,)2x y x y y x y xf x y f x y →→→====≠=, (,)(0,0)lim (,)x y f x y →⇒不存在.由本例可见,函数在一点处不连续,但偏导数却可以存在.容易找到这种例子,例如(,),f x y x y =+它在点(0,0)处连续,但(0,0)x f '与(0,0)y f '都不存在.可见二元函数的连续性与偏导数的存在性可以毫无因果关系.(2)【答案】(B)【解析】方法1：用几何意义.由()0,()0,()0f x f x f x '''><>可知,曲线()y f x =是上半平面的一段下降的凹弧,()y f x =的图形大致如右图1()baS f x dx =⎰是曲边梯形ABCD 的面积；2()()S f b b a =-是矩形ABCE 的面积；31[()()]()2S f a f b b a =+-是梯形ABCD 的面积.由图可见213S S S <<,应选(B).方法2：观察法.因为是要选择对任何满足条件的()f x 都成立的结果,故可以取满足条件的特定的()f x 来观察结果是什么.例如取21(),[1,2]f x x x =∈,则 2123213211115,,248S dx S S S S S x ====⇒<<⎰. 【评注】本题也可用分析方法证明如下：由积分中值定理,至少存在一个点ξ,使()()(),baf x dx f b a a b =-<<⎰ξξ成立,再由()0,f x '<所以()f x 是单调递减的,故()(),f f b ξ>从而12()()()()()ba S f x dx fb a f b b a S ==->-=⎰ξ.为证31S S >,令1()[()()]()(),2x a x f x f a x a f t dt ϕ=+--⎰则()0,a ϕ=11()()()(()())()2211()()(()())2211()()()()()()221(()())(),2x f x x a f x f a f x f x x a f x f a f x x a f x a a x f x f x a ''=-++-'=---''=---<<''=--ϕηηη拉格朗日中值定理由于()0f x ''>,所以()f x '是单调递增的,故()()f x f ''>η,()0x '>ϕ,即()x ϕ在[,]a b 上单调递增的.由于()0,a ϕ=所以()0,[,]x x a b >∈ϕ,从而1()[()()]()()02b a b f b f a b a f t dt =+-->⎰ϕ,即31S S >.因此,213S S S <<,应选(D).如果题目改为证明题,则应该用评注所讲的办法去证,而不能用图证.【相关知识点】1.积分中值定理：如果函数()f x 在积分区间[,]a b 上连续,则在(,)a b 上至少存在一个点ξ,使下式成立：()()()()baf x dx f b a a b =-<<⎰ξξ.这个公式叫做积分中值公式.2. 拉格朗日中值定理：如果函数()f x 满足在闭区间[,]a b 上连续,在开区间(),a b 内可导,那么在(),a b 内至少有一点()a b ξξ<<,使等式()()()()f b f a f b a ξ'-=-成立. (3)【答案】(A) 【解析】由于函数sin sin tet 是以2π为周期的函数,所以, 22sin sin 0()sin sin x t t xF x e tdt e tdt +==⎰⎰ππ,()F x 的值与x 无关.不选D,(周期函数在一个周期的积分与起点无关).估计2sin 0sin t e tdt ⎰π的值有多种方法.方法1：划分sin sin te t 取值正、负的区间.22sin sin sin 0sin sin 0sin sin 0()sin sin sin sin (sin )()sin t t t tu t t F x e tdt e tdt e tdtetdt e u due e tdt--==+=+-=-⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰πππππππ当0t π<<时,sin 0t >,sin sin 0,tt ee -->所以()0F x >.选(A).方法2：用分部积分法.22sin sin 022sin sin 00220sin 2sin 20()sin cos cos cos (11)cos cos 0.t t t tt t F x e tdt e d te ttde e e t dt e t dt ==-=-+=--+=>⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰ππππππ故应选(A).【评注】本题的方法1十分有代表性.被积函数在积分区间上可以取到正值与负值时,则常将积分区间划分成若干个,使每一个区间内,被积函数保持确定的符号,然后再作适当的变量变换,使几个积分的积分上下限相同,然后只要估计被积函数的正、负即可. (4)【答案】(D)【解析】方法1：三条直线交于一点的充要条件是方程组111111222222333333000a x b y c a x b y c a x b y c a x b y c a x b y c a x b y c++=+=-⎧⎧⎪⎪++=⇒+=-⎨⎨⎪⎪++=+=-⎩⎩ 有唯一解.将上述方程组写成矩阵形式：32A X b ⨯=,其中112233a b A a b a b ⎡⎤⎢⎥=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦是其系数矩阵,123c b c c -⎡⎤⎢⎥=-⎢⎥⎢⎥-⎣⎦.则AX b =有唯一解⇔[]()2r A r A b ==(方程组系数矩阵的秩与增广矩阵的秩相等且等于未知量的个数),即A 的列向量组12,αα线性相关.所以应选(D). 方法2：用排除法.(A)123,,ααα线性相关,当123ααα==时,方程组的系数矩阵与增广矩阵的秩相等且小于未知量的个数,则①式有无穷多解,根据解的个数与直线的位置关系.所以三条直线重合,相交有无穷多点,(A)不成立.(B)123,,ααα线性无关,3α不能由12,αα线性表出,方程组的系数矩阵与增广矩阵的秩不相等,方程组无解,根据解得个数与直线的位置关系,所以一个交点也没有,(B)不成立.(C)秩123(,,)r ααα=秩12(,)r αα,当123(,,)r ααα=12(,)1r αα=时,三条直线重合,不只交于一点,与题设条件矛盾,故(C)不成立.由排除法知选(D).评注：应重视线性代数中的几何背景.空间直线方程及平面方程其在空间的位置关系应与线性代数中的线性相关性、秩及方程组的解及其充要条件有机的结合起来. (5)【答案】(D)【解析】因X 与Y 独立,故3X 和2Y 也相互独立.由方差的性质,有(32)(3)(2)9()4()44D X Y D X D Y D X D Y -=+-=+=.【相关知识点】方差的性质：X 与Y 相互独立时,22()()()D aX bY c a D X b D Y ++=+,其中,,a b c 为常数.三、(本题共3小题,每小题5分,满分15分.)(1)【分析】三重积分的计算有三种方法：直角坐标中的计算,柱面坐标中的计算,球面坐标中的计算,其中柱面坐标中又可分先z 后(,)r θ,或先(,)r θ后z 两种方法.本题的区域Ω为绕z 轴旋转的旋转体,用柱面坐标先(,)r θ后z 方便.【解析】方法1：采用柱面坐标,先(,)r θ后z ,为此,作平面z z =.{}22(,,)|2,,z D x y z x y z z z =+≤=82220()zD I x y dv dz r rdrd θΩ=+=⋅⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰(将直角坐标化为柱面坐标)82301024.3dz d dr ππθ==⎰⎰ 方法2：将Ω投影到xOy 平面,得圆域{}22(,)|16,D x y x y =+≤用柱面坐标先z 后(,)r θ,有22248422330021024()2(8).23r r I x y dv d dr r dz r dr ππθπΩ=+==-=⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰评注：做二次积分或三次积分时,如果里层积分的结果不含外层积分变量,那么里、外层积分可以分别积分然后相乘即可.如本例方法2中20d πθ⎰可以单独先做.(2)【解析】方法1：写出C 的参数方程,然后用曲线积分化为定积分的公式.由平面上圆的参数方程易写出C 的参数方程为：()cos ,()sin ,()2cos sin x x t t y y t t z z t t t ======-+,其中2z x y =-+.由C 的方向知,C 在Oxy 平面上的投影曲线相应地也是顺时针的,于是t 从π2到0. 在把参数方程代入被积表达式之前,先用C 的方程将被积表达式化简,有222022220()()()(2)()(2)(2())()[cos (2cos sin )]cos (2())()0[2cos sin cos 2cos ]02cos 2.C CI z y dx x z dy x y dzx dx x z dy z dzx t dx t t t t tdt z t dz t t t t t dt tdt ππππππ=-+-+-=-+-+-=-+--++-=+--+=-=-⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰方法2：用斯托克斯公式来计算.记S 为平面2x y z -+=上C 所围有限部分,由L 的定向,按右手法则S 取下侧.原积分2SS dydzdzdx dxdy dxdy x y z z yx zx y∂∂∂==∂∂∂---⎰⎰⎰⎰. S 在xy 平面上的投影区域xy D 为221x y +≤.将第二类曲面积分化为二重积分得原积分22xyD dxdy π=-=-⎰⎰.这里因S 取下侧,故公式取负号.(3)【解析】已掌握新技术人数()x t 的变化率,即dxdt,由题意可立即建立初值问题 0(),(0).dxkx N x dtx x ⎧=-⎪⎨⎪=⎩ 把方程分离变量得,()dx kdt x N x =-111()dx kdt N x N x+=-.积分可得 11ln xkt c N N x=+-,1kNt kNt cNe x ce =+. 以0(0)x x =代入确定00x c N x =-,故所求函数为000.kNtkNtNx e x N x x e =-+四、(本题共2小题,第(1)小题6分,第(2)小题7分,满分13分.)(1)【分析】求出曲面22:0S x y z +-=在点0(1,2,5)M -(位于S 上)处的切平面方程,再写出L 的参数方程,L 上的点的坐标应满足切平面方程,由此定出参数a 与b . 【解析】曲面S 在点0M 的法向量{2,2,1}{2,4,1}M n x y =-=--.切平面∏的方程是2(1)4(2)(5)0x y z --+--=,即 2450x y z ---=.将直线L 的方程改写成参数方程,(1) 3.y x b z a x ab =--⎧⎨=---⎩将它代入平面∏方程得24()(1)350x x b a x ab -----++-=,即(5)420a x b ab +++-=.解得5,2a b =-=-.(2)【分析】(sin )xz f e y =是由一元函数()z f u =与二元函数sin xu e y =复合而成的二元函数,它满足方程22222xz z e z x y∂∂+=∂∂. (*) 为了求()f u ,我们将用复合函数求导法,导出z x ∂∂,z y ∂∂,22z x ∂∂,22zy ∂∂与(),()f u f u '''的关系,然后由(*)式导出()f u 满足的常微分方程,从而求出()f u . 【解析】先用复合函数求导法导出22222222()()sin ,()()cos ,()sin ()sin ,()cos ()sin .x x x x x x z u z u f u f u e y f u f u e y x x y y zzf u e y f u e y f u e y f u e y xy∂∂∂∂''''====∂∂∂∂∂∂''''''=+=-∂∂将后两式代入(*)得 222222()()x xz z f u e e f u x y∂∂''+==∂∂,即 ()()0f u f u ''-=.这是二阶线性常系数齐次方程,相应的特征方程210λ-=的特征根为1λ=±,因此求得12()u u f u C e C e -=+,其中1C 、2C 为任意常数.五、(本题满分6分)【分析】通过变换将()x ϕ化为积分上限函数的形式,此时0x ≠,但根据0()limx f x A x→=,知 (0)0f =,从而1(0)(0)0f dt ϕ==⎰,由此,利用积分上限函数的求导法则、导数在一点处的定义以及函数连续的定义来判定()x ϕ'在0x =处的连续性. 【解析】由题设0()limx f x A x→=知,(0)0,(0),f f A '==且有(0)0ϕ=.又 10()()()(0),xf u du x f xt dtu xtx xϕ==≠⎰⎰于是 02()()()(0),xxf x f u dux x xϕ-'=≠⎰由导数定义,有02()()(0)()(0)limlimlim22xx x x f u du x f x Axx x ϕϕϕ→→→-'====⎰.而 0022000()()()()lim ()limlim lim xxx x x x xf x f u duf u du f x x xx xϕ→→→→-'==-⎰⎰ (0)22A AA ϕ'=-==, 从而知()x ϕ'在0x =处连续. 评注：对1()()x f xt dt ϕ=⎰作积分变量变换xt u =时,必附加条件0x ≠.因此,由01()()xx f u du xϕ=⎰得到的()x ϕ'也附加有条件0x ≠.从而(0)ϕ'应单独去求.六、(本题满分8分)【解析】(1)先证n a 单调有界.显然0(1,2,)n a n >=,由初等不等式：对∀非负数,x y必有x y +≥,易知 1111()21(1,2,)22n n n a a n a +=+≥⋅==.再考察 121111(1)(1)1221n n n a a a +=+≤+=.因此,n a 单调下降且有界,存在极限lim n n a →+∞.(2)方法1：由n a 单调下降11110n n n n n a a a a a +++-⇒-=≥. ⇒原级数是正项级数.现适当放大,注意1n a ≥,得111101.n n n n n n n a a a a a a a ++++-≤-=≤- 11()nn n aa ∞+=-∑的部分和1111()n k k n k S a a a a ∞++==-=-∑,11lim lim n n n n S a a +→+∞→+∞⇒=-存在,可见级数11()n n n a a ∞+=-∑收敛.由比较判别法知,级数111n n n a a ∞=+⎛⎫- ⎪⎝⎭∑也收敛. 方法2：令11nn n a b a +=-,利用递推公式,有 221221111lim lim 0141n n n n n n n n b a a b a a ρ+→∞→∞++-==⋅⋅=<+, 由比值判别法知级数111n n n a a ∞=+⎛⎫- ⎪⎝⎭∑也收敛.【评注】由证明中可见,有下述结论：11()nn n aa ∞+=-∑收敛⇔lim n n a →∞存在.在考研题中多次用到这个知识点,考生可倍加注意.七、(本题共2小题,第(1)小题5分,第(2)小题6分,满分11分.) 【分析】要求0Bx =的解空间的一个标准基,首先必须确定此解空间的维数以及相应个数的线性无关的解.【解析】(1)因秩()2r B =,故解空间的维数()422n r B -=-=,又因12,αα线性无关,12,αα是方程组0Bx =的解,由解空间的基的定义,12,αα是解空间的基.用施密特正交化方法先将其正交化,令：[][][][]1121221111,1,2,3,(,)521,1,4,11,1,2,32,1,5,3.(,)153TT T T βααββαβββ===-=---=--将其单位化,有]]1212121,1,2,3,2,1,5,3T T ββηηββ====--, 即为所求的一个标准正交基.评注：此题是一个基本计算题,只要求得一个齐次方程组的基础解系再标准正交化即可. 由于解空间的基不唯一,施密特正交化处理后标准正交基也不唯一.已知条件中12,,αα3α是线性相关的(注意12323ααα-=),不要误认为解空间是3维的.(2)(I)设ξ是矩阵A 的属于特征值0λ的特征向量,即0,A ξλξ=021*******,1211a b λ-⎡⎤⎡⎤⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥----⎣⎦⎣⎦⎣⎦即 0002125312a b λλλ--=⎧⎪+-=⎨⎪-++=-⎩0130,a ,b λ⇒=-=-=. (II)将(1)解得的30a ,b =-=代入矩阵A ,得212533102A -⎡⎤⎢⎥=-⎢⎥⎢⎥--⎣⎦. 其特征方程为3212533(1)0,102E A λλλλλ---=-+-=+=+知矩阵A 的特征值为1231λλλ===-.由于 312()5232101r E A r --⎡⎤⎢⎥--=--=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦, 从而1λ=-只有一个线性无关的特征向量,故A 不能相似对角化. 评注：A 相似于对角阵⇔A 的每个i r 重特征值有i r 个线性无关的特征向量.八、(本题满分5分)【解析】由于ij B E A =,其中ij E 是初等矩阵10111ij i E j ⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦(1)因为A 可逆,0A ≠,故0ij ij B E A E A A ==⋅=-≠,所以B 可逆.(2)由ij B E A =,知11111().ij ij ij ij AB A E A AA E E E -----====评注：①本题考查初等矩阵的概念与性质,要知道初等变换与初等矩阵左右乘的关系以及初等矩阵的逆矩阵的三个公式.有的考生写不出初等矩阵ij E ,或将B 写成ij B AE =,或不知道1ij ij E E -=,或认为A B =±,而不知道B A =-等,这些要引起注意.②经初等变换矩阵的秩不变,易知()()r B r A n ==,也可证明B 可逆.九、(本题满分7分) 【分析】首先需要清楚二项分布的产生背景.它的背景是：做n 次独立重复试验,每次试验的结果只有两个(要么成功,要么失败),每次试验成功的概率都为p ,随机变量X 表示n 次试验成功的次数,则~(,)X B n p .这道题中经过三个交通岗,在各个交通岗遇到红灯的事件是独立的,概率都为25,相当于做了3次独立重复试验,试验的结果只有两个(要么遇到红灯(成功),要么不遇到(失败)),每次成功的概率都为25,X 表示遇到红灯的次数,相当于做了3次试验成功的次数,故2~(3,)5X B .【解析】由题意知：2~(3,)5X B ,由二项分布的分布律的定义,有{}33(1),0,1,2,3.k kk p X k C p p k -==-=再由离散型随机变量分布函数的定义,有()kk xF x p≤=∑,(1)当0x <时,()0kk xF x p≤==∑；(2)当01x ≤<,{}300300322327()0()(1)555125k k xF x p p P X C -≤⎛⎫=====-==⎪⎝⎭∑； (3)当12x ≤<,{}{}1131013272281()01()(1)12555125k k xF x p p p P X P X C -≤==+==+==+-=∑； (4)当23x ≤<, {}{}{}012()012kk xF x pp p p P X P X P X ≤==++==+=+=∑223238122117()(1)12555125C -=+-=； (5)当3x ≥时{}{}{}{}0123()01231k k xF x p p p p p P X P X P X P X ≤==+++==+=+=+==∑.因此X 的分布函数为：0,0,27,01,12581(),12,125117,23,1251, 3.x x F x x x x <⎧⎪⎪≤<⎪⎪⎪=≤<⎨⎪⎪≤<⎪⎪≥⎪⎩2~(3,)5X B 的数学期望为26355EX np ==⋅=.【相关知识点】1.二项分布分布律的定义：{}(1),0,1,,kkn kn P X k C p p k n -==-=.2.离散型随机变量分布函数的定义：{}()i ix xF x P X x p ≤=≤=∑.3.二项分布~(,)X B n p 的期望为EX np =.十、(本题满分5分) 【分析】矩估计的实质在于用样本矩来估计相应的总体矩,此题中被估参数只有一个,故只需要用样本一阶原点矩(样本均值)来估计总体的一阶原点矩(期望)；最大似然估计,实质上就是找出使似然函数最大的那个参数,问题的关键在于构造似然函数. 【解析】(1)矩估计 由期望的定义：1110()()(1)(1)E X xf x dx x x dx x dx θθθθ+∞+-∞==+=+⎰⎰⎰1211001(1)(1)22x x dx θθθθθθθ+++=+=+=++⎰.样本均值11n i i X X n ==∑,用样本均值估计期望有EX X =,即12X θθ+=+,解得未知参数θ的矩估计量为：^21.1X Xθ-=- (2)最大似然估计设 12,,...,n x x x 是相应于样本12,,...,n X X X 的样本值,则样本的似然函数为：1(1)01(1,2,,)0 .nn ii i x x i n L θθ=⎧+<<=⎪=⎨⎪⎩∏其他当01i x <<时,10ni i x θ=>∏,又1θ>-,故10θ+>,即()10nθ+>.所以()0L θ>.111ln ln (1)ln(1)ln ln(1)ln n n nn i i i i i i L x n x n x θθθθθθ===⎡⎤=+=++=++⎢⎥⎣⎦∑∑∏.(由于ln L 是单调递增函数,L 取最大与ln L 取最大取到的θ是一致的,而加对数后能把连乘转换成累加,这样求导,找极值比较方便)1ln ln 1ni i d L nx d θθ==++∑. 令1ln ln 01n i i d L nx d θθ==+=+∑, 解得θ的最大似然估计值为^11ln nii nxθ==--∑,从而得θ的最大似然估计量为：^11ln nii nXθ==--∑.。