广东外语外贸大学考研翻译硕士日语真题2014

2013年对外经济贸易大学213翻译硕士日语考研试题
回忆版）
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翻译硕士日语：
第一，第二大题：共40个语法，前30个0.5分一个，后10个1分一个。

注意外 经贸学硕日语的历年真题，有很多重复，一定要仔细做真题，注意敬语。

第三大题：一篇小说阅读（特别长）8个选择，2个主观，3分一个。

文章不难，但是选项实在暧昧的不行。

第四大题：一篇经贸阅读，让你选择句子填空，共五题，不难，注意上下文的联系，不用全部阅读，注意技巧，需要在复习时学习一些经贸和社会日语词汇，尤其是经贸，金融日语词汇（例如：相場，为替等等）
最后：インターネットの功罪について ，600词，这种题目的作文我相信大家应该都没有什么问题吧。

2014年国际关系学院外语学院359日语翻译基础[专业硕士]考研真题及详解一、将下列词语翻译成汉语（每小题1分，总共15分)1．レアアース2．けじめをつける3．覚悟を持つ4．頭が下がる5．ハイエンド・フォーラム6．エコ工業パーク7．二桁台の伸び8．表敬訪問9．国連気候変動枠組み条約10．北京コンセンサス11．大局を見据える12．国際法や例に則った方法で行う13．無人探査車両を搭載する14．正義感から捨て身で人を助ける15．歴史に向き合い、未来を切り開く【答案】1．稀土2．划清界限，区分3．有心理准备4．佩服5．高端论坛6．生态工业园区7．两位数的增长8．礼节性拜访9．联合国气候变化框架公约10．北京共识11．着眼于大局12．做法符合国际法和国际惯例13．搭载无人驾驶探测车14．见义勇为15．正视历史，开创未来二、将下列词汇翻译成日语（每小题1分，总共15分）1．酒驾2．社会基础设施3．签字仪式4．文化软实力5．坚持以人为本的理念6．摸着石头过河7．把权利关进制度的笼子8．畅销书9．搜索引擎10．欠费11．二手房12．退休金13．执政党14．病毒15．车牌【答案】1．よっぱらい運転2．社会インフラ3．調印式4．文化ソフトパワー5．「人間本位」という理念を堅持する6．石橋を叩いて渡る7．権力を制度の檻に閉じ込める8．ベス卜セラー9．検索エンジン10．料金が不足している11．中古住宅12．年金13．与党14．ウイルス15．車のナンバープレート三、把以下的日语短文1翻译成汉语（每题30分）中国伝統の濃厚な家族主義的ムードにおいて、結婚することは、親を養い、家を継ぐという意味合いを持っていた。

しかし、変革期にある今の中国では、核家族への転換が進み、家族の軸が親子関係から夫婦関係にシフトしつつあり、夫婦双方の感情はいっそう個人重視の傾向にある。

残念なことに、このような新しい情勢に直面しても、若年夫婦は、職場で教育を受ける機会や現代の結婚観・家庭観と家庭経営術を教えてもらうチャンスがない。

育明教育孙老师整理，来育明教于赠送资料，更多真题可咨询孙老师。

对外经济贸易大学2014年MTI考研真题I.Phrase Translation1.Anti-Dumping Duty Order反倾销税令2.counter trade对销贸易3.holding company控股公司4.working capital营运资本，流动资金5.contingency fund应急费用6.par value票面价值w of diminishing marginal utility边际效用递减/规律8.treasury bills(美国或英国的)短期国库券9.zero sum game零和博弈，又称零和游戏10.niche market利基市场11.即期汇票sight draft，demand draft12.资本流动性mobility of capital13.抵押贷款Mortgage Loan14.指令经济Command economy15.机会成本opportunity cost16.远期汇率forward rate17.最低限价floor price18.金融租赁公司Financial leasing company19.微信WeChat20.雾霾haze21.MOOC网络公开课(Massive Open Online Courses)22.TPP跨太平洋战略经济伙伴协议(Trans-Pacific Partnership)23.CAFTA东盟自由贸易区(China-ASEAN Free Trade Area)24.CFR成本加运费（Cost and Freight）25.GSP普及特惠税制度(Generalized System Of Preferences)26.ICC国际商会（International Chamber of Commerce）27.ITC国际贸易委员会(International Trade Commission)28.SBA小企业管理局(Small Business Administration)29.UNCTAD联合国贸易和发展会议(United Nations Conference on Trade and Development)AID美国国际开发署(United States Agency for International Development)ⅡPassage Translatron(120points)Section One:Translate the following English passage into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET(60points).Global financial stability has improved over the past six months, bolstered by better macroeconomic performance and continued accommodative macroeconomic policies,but fragilities remain.Thetwo-speed recovery-modest in advanced economies and robust in emerging market economies-has posed different policy challenges for countries. In advanced economies hit hardest by the crisis,governments and households remain heavily indebted,to varying degrees,and the health of financial institutions has not recovered in tandem with the overall economy.Emerging market economies are facing new challenges associated with strong domestic demand,rapid credit growth,relatively accommodative macroeconomic policies,and large capital infl.ows. Geopolitical risks could also threaten the economic and financial outlook,with oil prices increasing sharply amid fears of supply disruptions in the Middle East and North Africa.The main task facing policymakers in advanced economies is to shift the balance of policies away from reliance on macroeconomic ar,d liquidity support to more structural policies-less“leaning”and more “cleaning of the financial system.This vnll entail reducing leverage and restoring market discipline,while avoiding financial or economic disruption during the transition.Thus,ongoing policy efforts to withdraw(implicit)public guarantees and ensure bondholder liability for future losses must build on more rapid progress toward stronger bank balance sheets,ensuring medium-term fiscal sustainability and addressing excessive debt burdens in the private sector.For policymakers in emerging market economies,the task is to limit overheating and a buildup of vulnerabilities-to avoid“cleaning”later.Emerging market economies have continued to benefit from strong growth relative to that in advanced economies,accompanied by increasing portfolio capital inflows.This is putting pressure on some financial markets,contributing to higher leverage,potential asset price bubbles,and inflationary pressures.Policymakers will have to pay increasing attention to containing the buildup of macro-financial risks to avoid future problems that could inhibit their growth and damage financial stability.In a number of cases,this will entail a tighter macroeconomic policy stance,and,when needed,the use of macro-prudential tools to ensure financial stability.Increasing the financial sector’s capacity to absorb higher flows through efforts to broaden and deepen local capital markets will also help.Section Two:Translate the following Chinese passage into English.Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET(60 points).中意两国都是拥有悠久历史和灿烂文化的文明古国。

2014年广州外国语大学翻译硕士考研真题各位考研的同学们，大家好！我是才思的一名学员，现在已经顺利的考上研究生，今天和大家分享一下这个专业的真题，方便大家准备考研，希望给大家一定的帮助。

一:百科名词解释：银监会行政许可独立董事结汇核心资本十八届三中全会生态文明中等收入陷阱改革红利小康社会君主立宪制《自由大宪章》明治维新洋务运动张之洞事业单位计划经济绩效工资养老金“去行政化”中国银行业监督管理委员会（简称：中国银监会或银监会；英文：ChinaBankingRegulatoryCommission，英文缩写：CBRC）成立于2003年4月25日，是国务院直属国务院交办的其他事项。

[6]行政许可，是指在法律一般禁止的情况下，国家突破人均GDP1000美元的“贫困国家的十个方面的特征，包括经济体制，又称指令型经济，是一种经济体系，而这种体系下，国家在经济体制都依赖ZF的指令性计划，因此计划经济也被称为“指令性经济”。

其余的三种经济体系是市场经济体系、传统经济体系和混合经济体系。

绩效工资分为广义绩效工资和狭义绩效工资，广义绩效工资又称绩效加薪、奖励工资（Meritpay)或与评估挂钩的工资（Appraisalrelatedpay）。

绩效工资设计的基本原则是通过激励个人提高绩效促进组织的绩效。

即是通过绩效工资传达企业绩效预期的信息，刺激企业中所有的员工来达到它的目的；使企业更关注结果或独具特色的文化与价值观；能促进高绩效员工获得高期望薪酬；保证薪酬因员工绩效而不同意义：1、由于员工的绩效的不同而导致其工资收入的不同的工资制度，是每一年都有的浮动薪酬，但不是永久增加的固定薪酬。

绩效工资不是局限于流水线工人，可以使用于任何公司的任何岗位，包括银行，会计师事务所，律师事务所等等。

2、其目的是找出和奖赏绩效好的员工并且鼓励每一个人都更加努力，以更好的方法去工作。

3、真正的绩效工资是正规化的而不是想到的时候心血来潮给一些奖励。

2014年广外翻译硕士日语口译真题回忆首先觉得考研结束了，广外的翻译硕士日语也没有想象的那么难，除了日语翻译基础（359）的难度在预料之中，翻译硕士日语（213）和汉语写作与百科知识（448）都还可以。

在这里还是支持那些想考广外的日语口译的同学尝试一下，我当初报考的时候就是听别人说广外的日语很难，不好考，就动摇了好久。

不过真正考下来了，就那样吧。

和室友开玩笑说：认真准备的话，也就相当于广外期末考试的水平。

所以准备考广外这个专业的同学考考准备就可以了。

接下来说下我考研各科的准备过程，说实话考研非我本意，只是拗不过父母。

所以那些不想考而又不得不考的同学，既然考试决定准备了就不要退缩了，因为考研是一个和那个在大学里疯狂了3年的懒惰的自己作斗争的过程。

说实话，我在的大学日语专业也一般，我的日语学的也很渣，在13年7月分的日语一级都没考过，我当时考研就是抱着考不上也要巩固基础的决心去的。

所以在考研的时候我准备了日语一级和专业八级，虽然目前分数还没出来，我在考完一级后有了沪江估分器估计到了自己的分数是一百三十多分，对于我这种一级考了2次都没考过再考第三次渣渣来说感觉难以相信，不过暂且这样吧。

然后是专八，感觉也还可以（虽然很多日语专业的院校都不考专八），所以决定考研的都要坚持，我们当时有10个人决定考，到考试的时候只有4个人了，还有2个半裸考的（中途放弃，但是参加了考试）。

接下来说说准备的过程和真题吧:政治：个人觉得如果是高考文科生的话，就不要担心政治，我当时看了风中劲草的那一本政治，里面把大纲的要点都标注出来了，照着上面复习就可以了，你会发现有大部分都是高中学过的，只不过是拓展了一下，在这里只记下延生的内容就可以了。

在考试前做一下肖秀荣的4套题就可以了，今年肖秀荣的4套题里出现了“2个不能否定”和“改革开放没有完成时”2个大题，所以政治不要担心，好好准备。

翻译硕士213：这个我没怎么准备，因为找不到历年真题，我就在准备一级和专八的内容，结果这个出乎我意料的简单。

1/10【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站： 12015年广东外语外贸大学考研指导育明教育，创始于2006年，由北京大学、中国人民大学、中央财经大学、北京外国语大学的教授投资创办，并有北京大学、武汉大学、中国人民大学、北京师范大学复旦大学、中央财经大学、等知名高校的博士和硕士加盟，是一个最具权威的全国范围内的考研考博辅导机构。

更多详情可联系育明教育孙老师。

学院：(010)高级翻译学院学科专业代码：055106学科专业名称：日语口译本学科拟招生人数:20(说明：招生人数以教育部最终下达招生人数为准，此处仅作参考，可能会有调整)报考条件：学科简介：研究方向导师初试考试科目复试考试科目备注01各研究方向陈多友丁国旗庞焱2/10【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站： 2张秀强徐磊①101思想政治理论②213翻译硕士日语③359日语翻译基础④448汉语写作与百科知识①726日语翻译综合考试（笔译、口译）③719基础口译(同等学力加试）④731日汉互译(同等学力加试)复试形式与内容：初试参考书目•101|思想政治理论:请查看广东外语外贸大学研究生处网站•213|翻译硕士日语:1、《新编汉日日汉同声传译教程》，宋协毅编著，外语教学与研究出版社，2005年。

2、《日语高级口译研究》，夏菊芬主编，对外经济贸易大学出版社，2008年。

3、《新编日汉翻译教程》，庞春兰主编，北京大学出版社，1998年。

4、《日本纵横》，学习研究社词典编3/10【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站： 3辑部主编•359|日语翻译基础:1、《新编汉日日汉同声传译教程》，宋协毅编著，外语教学与研究出版社，2005年。

2、《日语高级口译研究》，夏菊芬主编，对外经济贸易大学出版社，2008年。

3、《新编日汉翻译教程》，庞春兰主编，北京大学出版社，1998年。

4、《日本纵横》，学习研究社词典编辑部主编•448|汉语写作与百科知识:《全日制翻译硕士专业学位（MTI）研究生入学考试指南》，全国翻译硕士专业学位教育指导委员会编，外语教学与研究出版社，2009年。

2019年广东外语外贸大学日语口译考研真题汇总【翻译硕士日语】一、单词汉字选假名5个：投書輔弼否応栄達意図二、语法选择以下每一行的内容均为同一道选择题目的选项。

语法题中规中矩，考了少许惯用句及动词词义辨析，剩下为近义语法的辨析，基本以N2为主。

所以复习准备时一定要打牢基础。

三、阅读理解阅读理解为两篇篇幅略短的文章，各设5道选择题1、第一篇文章大意为如果日本人一起到绿色就想到自然，然后分析原因，因为日本天蓝水清呀，农村的耕地也会让人觉得身处大自然之中呀等等。

①第一题是问文中一句话作者想表达的是什么意思（寻求读者的意见、向读者提出问题还是引起读者的共鸣）考点应该是のではないか与ではないか的意思辨析。

②第二题是将段落中挖了一句，提供5个选项，要求选出可填入空白位置的2处。

③剩下三题，一题是不符合文章描述的内容，还有一题是选出最符合的标题。

2、第二篇文章是说：书都是知识渊博的人所著，很多人阅读时非常吃力。

虽然读书能带来很多收获，但因并非生活必需，会有很多人选择逃避。

另外读书就像偏食一样，每个人有自己的喜好。

如果自己不喜欢的话，纵使努力读完，也不会得到收获，只会疲劳罢了。

不过读书的偏食是可以很好解决的。

先从自己喜欢的简单的开始，伴随积累之后自然也会改变读书口味，及读难书了。

文中挖空了三处接续词，整体来说，阅读理解文章短小，且无复杂词语。

题目全为选择题，中规中矩。

难度远低于N1。

但是40分分值非常重，建议不要放松复习，毕竟出题人的心猜也无法猜，万一像今年的百科一样…四、作文题目：弱者に送る言葉，不少于800字。

作文我是没有发言权的，在宪老师的多次催促下，我也只写过两篇作文。

而且一塌糊涂。

不过因为前面题目简单且题量不大，写作文的时间还是非常充裕的。

一定要理清思路打好草稿再写。

如果报了初心通用课程或专项课程的童鞋，一定要毫不客气地辛苦老师们呀~【日汉翻译基础】一、词汇日译汉二、词汇汉译日1、养老院2、垄断3、互利合作4、马拉松5、电饭煲6、中药7、圣火传递8、扶贫工作9、投标10、加息11、视频30个单词各种类别，并没有单纯考政经。

2018 年上外高翻 MTI 研究生统考《汉语百科知识》考题完整版百科知识（一）选择题1.能表演“掌上舞”是古代哪位美女？（几个选项是：貂蝉，西施，赵飞燕，杨玉环）2.《史记》中“世家”是给什么人做的传？（帝王，王侯，将士，还有一个忘了。

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2014年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士解析真题战后期，与美英分区占领德国，参加纽伦堡对纳粹战犯的审判。

⑼西德成立后,法德同为北约与欧共体成员国,推动欧洲一体化进程。

3、英德关系⑴在法国大革命和拿破仑帝国时期，英国联合普奥反法。

⑵1814—1815年，英国同普奥共同操纵维也纳会议，建立维也纳体系。

（略）⑶进入帝国主义阶段后，英德矛盾成为帝国主义主要矛盾，英、德分别组织三国协约和三国同盟两大军事集团。

疯狂扩军备战。

⑷一战爆发后，英法在西线相继取得马恩河、凡尔登、索姆河、日德兰等战役的胜利，最后大败德国，取得一战胜利。

⑸一战后，在巴黎和会上，奉行均势，反对过分削弱德国；参与瓜分德国海外殖民地。

⑹20年代在德国赔款和法国安全问题，英国偏袒德国；道威斯计划通过后，对德提供贷款，扶植德国；参与签订洛迦诺公约，提高德国政治地位。

⑺30年代对德实行绥靖政策：对德实施普遍义务兵役制，开进莱茵不设防区不予反击；对德入侵西班牙采取“不干涉”政策；制造慕尼黑阴谋；德国突袭波兰，英法确坐视波兰灭亡而按兵不动。

⑻二战爆发后，英国逐渐坚定了反法西斯斗争决心；不列颠之战使德国遭到第一次重大失败；丘吉尔和罗斯福发表《大西洋宪章》；参与发表华盛顿26国宣言，建立世界反法西斯同盟；阿拉曼战役战胜德意在北非的军队，北非登陆迫使德意军队投降；诺曼第登陆，开辟欧洲第二战场；相继参加开罗会议、德黑兰会议、雅尔塔会议和波茨坦会议。

⑼二战后，参与对德国及其首都柏林的分区占领；在纽伦堡队纳粹战犯进行审判。

4、英美关系⑴1775—1783年的独立战争，美国摆脱英国殖民统治，赢得独立。

⑵1823年，美国提出“门罗主义”，引起英国不满。

1846年美国从英国手中取得俄勒冈。

⑶1899年美国提出对华“门户开放”政策，首先得到英国承认。

⑷一战后期，美国加入协约国作战，企图与英法争夺战利品。

⑸一战后美国企图凭借世界经济霸权地位，实现统治全世界的野心，同英国力图保持海上霸权，继续扩大殖民地的意图发生矛盾，英美矛盾成为主要矛盾。

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2018 年上外高翻 MTI 研究生统考《汉语百科知识》考题完整版百科知识（一）选择题1.能表演“掌上舞”是古代哪位美女？（几个选项是：貂蝉，西施，赵飞燕，杨玉环）2.《史记》中“世家”是给什么人做的传？（帝王，王侯，将士，还有一个忘了。

）3.“孔雀东南飞”和___并称诗歌史上的“双壁：4.“菊月”是指哪一个月？5.“红肥绿瘦”是指什么季节？6.“司空见惯”中“司空”是指？ A唐朝的一位诗人 B唐朝的一位高僧 C一个官职7.下面哪一个是武松所为？A倒拔垂杨柳 B汴京城卖刀 C醉打蒋门神8.“名花解语”是指什么？9.“程门立雪”是为了什么？A拜访 B请罪 C道谢 D拜别10.一知半解又爱炫耀的人我们通常用什么词语形容？A半截剑 B半段枪 C半面 D半瓶醋11.“七月流火”形容的是？ A炎炎夏日 B夏去秋来 C春去秋来 D秋去冬来12.“汗流浃背”是为了什么？13.京剧中，性格活泼的青年女性是？ A青衣 B花旦 C彩旦14. “杨柳”是？ A一种植物 B两种植物 C与植物无关15“成也萧何败萧何”指的是哪位历史人物？（二）成语解释精卫填海来龙去脉初出茅庐韬光养晦斯芬克之谜2018英语专业考研备考精华资料史上最全最有效大家论坛原创基础英语英汉互译二外语言学英美文学英美文化学校真题汇总等热门必备的辅导书：基础与综合英语[基础英语] 2018英语专业考研考点精梳与精练基础英语[大家网]英语专业考研名校全真试卷基础英语 07到 10年真卷与解读下载[大家网]2018英语专业基础英语考研真题详解.圣才.2018年版[大家网]2018英语专业基础英语考研真题详解.金圣才. 2009出版[大家网]09年版.英语专业考研基础英语高分突破.吴中东.宫玉波[大家网]10年题解英语专业考研过关必备 3000词 PDF.金圣才版1[大家网]英语专业考研核心词汇.pdf.宫玉波.09版[大家网]题解英语专业考研过关必备 3000词[大家网]读者的选择阅读手册[大家网]读者的选择第 4版英文版[大家网]谈语言写作读本英汉互译：[大家网]2018英语专业英汉互译考研真题与典型题详解.圣才考研网编[大家网]星火英语专业考研名校全真试卷精解英汉互译（2018）[大家网]2018年英语专业考研名校全真题精解.英汉互译.郭棲庆.10年版重点推荐资料：点击下载！英语专业考研（最全最新！） /thread-2407892-1-1.html 基础英语汇总：各校基础英语真题资料汇总英美文学：各校英美文学真题汇总二外：英研二外资料——日语、法语、德语、俄语、西班牙语等汇总学校真题汇总：中国人民大学英语专业考研真题汇总！中国矿业大学英语专业考研资料汇总！上海外国语大学北京外语国大学资料汇总华中师范大学英语专业考研--汇总华中科技大学英语专业考研资料汇总广东外语外贸大学深圳大学的真题汇总南开大学英语专业考研真题汇总中山大学资料汇总暨南大学资料北京航空航天大学英语专业考研真题资料西安外国语大学英语专业考研真题汇总河海大学英语专业考研真题资料汇总中国海洋大学英语专业考研资料小汇武汉理工大学英语专业考研资料汇总武汉大学英语专业考研资料汇总苏州大学英语专业考研资料北京师范大学英语专业考研资料汇总西安外国语大学英语专业考研真题汇总四川大学英语专业考研真题资料汇总！2南京大学英语专业考研资料中南大学二外法语 01年到 07年真题 pdf翻译资料：全日制翻译硕士专业学位 MTI研究生入学考试指南外事翻译口译和笔译技巧.rar下载[大家网]新编当代翻译理论刘宓庆著下载[大家网]英汉翻译综合教程[大家网]西方译学理论辑要下载[大家网]英语翻译理论与实践论文集下载[大家网]外事翻译口译和笔译技巧.rar下载汉语成语典故谚语与歇后语英语翻译全国 68所院校英汉互译试卷分析英语专业考研翻译超全面的笔记~英语专业考研各大院校题型对比分析 pdf英语修辞手法经济学人文本许渊冲与翻译艺术.张智中.扫描版散文佳作 108篇汉英英汉对照报刊英语单词精华经济指标名词解释真题：基础英语汇总：各校基础英语真题资料汇总英美文学：各校英美文学真题汇总二外：英研二外资料——日语法语德语俄语西班牙语等汇总语言学方面真题：汇总中中南大学 2006年英语语言文学与文化综合知识真题四川外语学院 01-06年英语语言文学真题长安大学 2007年英语语言学真题四川外国语大学英语专业 2006年考研真题翻译真题：汇总中广外英语专业历年初试真题水平+翻译与写作武汉大学 2009综合英语汉译英真题及参考答案南京大学 2007基础英语汉译英及参考答案文本及 pdf广外 10年写作与翻译真题3上外 01-08年英汉互译真题外交学院翻译真题及答案杭州师范大学 2018年硕士生招生入学考试科目和参考书目9.天津地区院校英专考研翻译真题8.上海地区院校英专考研翻译真题7.陕西地区院校英专考研翻译真题6.江苏地区院校英专考研翻译真题5.湖北地区院校英专考研翻译真题4.广东地区院校英专考研翻译真题3.福建地区院校英专考研翻译真题[大家网]2.东北地区院校英专考研翻译真题.pdf[大家网]1.北京地区院校英专考研翻译真题.pdf[大家网]高级英语第一册第二册教材及教师用书 rar下载孙亦丽--大学英语精读学习精要--第一册第二册第三册 pdf下载【大家论坛】传播学原理 2009年版张国良全日制翻译硕士专业学位 MTI研究生入学考试指南英语专业考研名校全真试卷基础英语 07到年真卷与解读下载英语专业考研核心词汇.pdf.宫玉波.09版孙亦丽--大学英语精读学习精要--第一册第二册第三册 pdf下载高级英语第二册教材及教师用书第一册 rar下载MTI之 2018中文百科-keys（杭州小蚩尤尝鲜版）1.汉宫飞燕赵飞燕身材轻盈，有人认为是古代芭蕾的雏形。

广东外国外贸大学考研翻译硕士英语真题2014回忆版1、选择题30道选择题的前面10道左右是选自小说里的话，大概是从里面抠出几个空让我们选择合适的词汇，大概记得主人公Tom和Isabella。

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Cooperativecompetition. Competitive cooperation. Confused? Airline alliances havetravelers scratching their heads over what s going on in the skies. Some folksview alliances as a blessing to travelers, offering seamless travel, reducedfares and enhanced frequent-flyer benefits. Others see a conspiracy of bigbusinesses, causing decreased competition, increased fares and fewerchoices.Whatever your opinion, there's no escaping airline alliances: the marketinghype is unrelenting, with each of the two mega-groupings, One world and StarAlliance, promoting itself as the best choice for all travelers. And, even ifyou turn away from their ads, chances are they will figure in any of yourtravel plans. By the end of the year, One world and Star Alliance will betweenthem control more than 40% of the traffic in the sky. Some pundits predict thatfigure will be more like 75% in 10 years.But why, after years of often ferocious competition, have airlines decidedto band together? Let's just say the timing is mutually convenient. NorthAmerican airlines, having exhausted all means of earning customer loyalty athome, have been looking for ways to reach out to foreign flyers. Asian carriersare still hurting from the region-wide economic downturn that began two yearsago-just when some of the airlines were taking delivery of new aircraft.Alliances also allow carriers to cut costs and increase profits by poolingmanpower resources on the ground （rather than each airline maintaining its own groundcrew）and code-sharing-the practice of two partners selling tickets and operatingonly one aircraft.So alliances are terrific for airlines-but are they good for the passenger?Absolutely, say the airlines: think of the lounges, the joint FFP（frequent flyer program）benefits, theround-the-world fares, and the global service networks. Then there's thepromise of "seamless" travel: the ability to, say, travel fromSingapore to Rome to New York to Rio de Janeiro, all on one ticket, withouthaving to wait hours for connections or worry about your bags. Soundsutopian?Peter Buecking, Cathay Pacific's director of sales and marketing, thinks thatseamless travel is still evolving. "It's fair to say that these links areonly in their infancy. The key to seamlessness rests in infrastructure andinformation sharing. We're working on this." Henry Ma, spokesperson forStar Alliance in Hong Kong, lists some of the other benefits for consumers:"Globaltravelers have an easier time making connections and planningtheir itineraries." Ma claims alliances also assure passengers consistentservice standards.Critics of alliances say the much-touted benefits to the consumer aremostly pie in the sky, that alliances are all about reducing costs for theairlines, rationalizing services and running joint marketing programs. JeffBlyskal, associate editor of Consumer Reports magazine, says the promotionalballyhoo over alliances is much ado about nothing. "I don't see much of again for consumers: alliances are just a marketing gimmick. And as far asseamless travel goes, I'll believe it when I see it. Most airlines can't evenget their own connections under control, let alone coordinate with anotherairline."Blyskal believes alliances will ultimately result in decreased flightchoices and increased costs for consumers. Instead of two airlines competingand each operating a flight on the same route at 70% capacity, the allied pairwill share the route and run one full flight. Since fewer seats will beavailable, passengers will be obliged to pay more for tickets.The truth about alliances and their merits probably lies somewhere betweenthe travel utopia presented by the players and the evil empires portrayed bytheir critics. And how much they affect you depends on what kind of traveleryou are.Those who've already made the elite grade in the FFP of a major airlinestand to benefit the most when it joins an alliance: then they enjoy the FFPperks and advantages on any and all of the member carriers. For example, if youre a Marco Polo Club "gold" member of Cathay Pacific s Asia MilesFFP, you will automatically be treated as a valuable customer by all members ofOne world, of which Cathay Pacific is a member-even if you've never flown withthem before.For those who haven't made the top grade in any FFP, alliances might be away of simplifying the earning of frequent flyer miles. For example, I belongto United Airline's Mileage Plus and generally fly less than 25,000 miles ayear. But I earn miles with every flight I take on Star Alliance member-AllNippon Airways and Thai Airways.If you fly less than I do, you might be smarter to stay out of the FFP gamealtogether. Hunt for bargains when booking flights and you might be able tosave enough to take that extra trip anyway. The only real benefit infrequentflyers can draw from an alliance is aninexpensive round-the-world fare.The bottom line: for all the marketing hype, alliances aren't all things toall people-but everybody can get some benefit out of them.19. Which is the best wordto describe air travelers’ reaction to airline alliances?A) Delight.B) Indifference.C) Objection.D) Puzzlement.20. According to the passage,setting up airline alliances will chiefly benefit ______.A) North American airlines and their domestic travelersB) North American airlines and their foreign counterpartsC) Asian airlines and their foreign travelersD) Asian airlines and their domestic travelers21. Which of the following is NOT a perceivedadvantage of alliances?A) Baggage allowance.B) Passenger comfort.C) Convenience.D) Quality22. Onedisadvantage of alliances foreseen by the critics is that air travel may bemore expensive as a result of ______.A) less convenienceB) higher operation costsC) less competitionD) more joint marketing23. According tothe passage, which of the following categories of travelers will gain most fromairline alliances?A) Travelers who fly frequently economy class.B) Travelers who fly frequently business class.C) Travelers who fly occasionally during holidays.D) Travelers who fly economy class once in a while.有一篇是讲一个医生杀死妻子的案件，以下是阅读原文：A jury convicted a doctor of murder earlySaturday in the death of his wife six years ago, bringing an end to a trialthat became thenation's latest true-crime cable TV obsession with its tales ofjailhouse snitches, forced plastic surgery, philandering and betrayal.Martin MacNeill was accused of knockingout Michele MacNeill with drugs after cosmetic surgery, then leaving her to diein a tub like one that was displayed during the trial.Prosecutors asserted that he may haveheld her underwater for good measure and that he did it to take up a new life with another woman. Michele MacNeill's daughters and otherrelatives let out a loud yelpbefore dissolving in tears as the jury deliveredits verdict to the tense, packed courtroom."We're just so happy he can't hurtanyone else," said Alexis Somers, one of his older daughters. "Wemiss our mom; we'll never see her again. But that courtroom was full of so manypeople who loved her." Martin MacNeill, 57, showed littleemotion when the verdict was read. He hugged his lawyer afterward and said,"It's OK."He faces 15 years to life forfirst-degree murder when he is sentenced Jan. 7. He also was found guilty ofobstruction of justice, which could add 1-15 years. MacNeill was led bydeputies back to Utah County jail.Randy Spencer, one of his lawyers, saidhe was disappointed before declining further comment.The chief prosecutor, Chad Grunander,said the largely circumstantial case was the most difficult he ever brought totrial and that many prosecutors wouldn't bother trying, especially with medicalexaminers unable to produce a finding of homicide."It was an almost perfectmurder," Grunander said in his closing argument, asserting MacNeill"pumped her full of drugs" that he knew would be difficult to detectonce she was dead.An early mistress of MacNeill's testifiedhe once confided he could induce a heart attack insomeone that would appear natural.After deliberating for 11 hours, the juryissued its guilty verdict to murder and obstruction of justice shortly after 1a.m. Saturday.The case shocked the Mormon community ofPleasant Grove, 35 miles south of Salt Lake City, and captured nationalattention because the defendant was a wealthy doctor and a lawyer, a father ofeight in a picture-perfect family and former bishop in his local congregationof The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.Defense lawyers contend Michele MacNeilldied of natural causes. They believe she had a heart attack and fell headfirstinto the tub and noted the autopsy showed she had an enlarged heart, anarrowing of the heart arteries and liver and kidney deterioration."There's simply no proof" ofhomicide, Spencer said. "The prosecution has presented to you theircherry-picked portion of the evidence."He called the testimony of a handful of prisoninmates anglingforearly release doubtful. The men who spent time behind bars with the doctortestified he had acknowledged killing his wife - or suggested thatinvestigators could never prove he did it.Their testimony was the only directevidence of murder, Grunander said. MacNeill lawyers argued he would neveradmit murder to strangers in prison.MacNeill was medical director of the UtahState Development Center, a residential center for people with cognitivedisorders, whomoonlighted in other medical jobs, once consulting for a laserhair removal clinic. He had a law degree but wasn't known to practice law andhas since surrendered his law and medical licenses.The highlight of the three-week trial wasa mistress who MacNeill introduced as a nanny within weeks of hiswife's death. His older daughters quickly recognized Gypsy Willis as his secretlover and said her mother had been arguing with her husband over the affair.The daughters went to work uncoveringwhat they call their father's secret life. They abandoned him while doggingauthorities to open a murder investigation. It wasn't until MacNeill's releasein July 2012 from a federal prison in Texas on charges of fraud that Utahprosecutors moved to file charges of murder and obstruction of justice.Willis also served a federal sentence forusing the identity of one of MacNeill's adopted daughters to escape adebt-heavy history. That daughter had been sent back to Ukraine, supposedlyonly for a summer. For a time, MacNeill's only familydefender was his only son. Damian, a 24-year-old law student, committed suicidein January 2010, according to his sisters, who have said he was haunted bytheir mother's death.Prosecutors said MacNeill might havegotten away with a perfect murder, but his erratic behavior the day of hiswife's death and shortly afterward was "dripping with motive."They reminded jurors about testimony thatMacNeill stood in the bathroom yelling what prosecutors called phony grief,"Why did you do this? All because of a stupid surgery," as paramedicstried to revive his wife.Family testimony suggested it wasMacNeill who insisted his 50-year-old wife, a former local beauty queen in herCalifornia hometown, get the surgery. Prosecutors said he used it as an excuseto mix painkillers, Valium and sleeping pills for her supposed recovery.第一问是paraphrase”bringing an end to a trial that became thenation's latest true-crime cable TVobsession”第二问是Whatdid “whomoonlighted in other medical jobs, once consulting for a laser hair removalclinic”imply ?三、作文：curb the use of cars，即你对车辆限行的看法，要拟标题，400词。

广东外语外贸大学翻译硕士考研真题广东外语外贸大学（原题）翻译硕士英语Part I.Vocabulary and Grammar(30points,1point for each)Directions:After each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Choose the answer that best completes the sentence.Write your answers on your answer sheet.1.Although she gives badly_______titles to her musical compositions,they_______ unusual combinations of materials including classical music patterns and rhythms, electronic sounds,and bird songs.A.conventional…incorporateB.eccentric…deployC.traditional…excludeD.imaginative…disguise2.Even though the folktales Perroult collected and retold were not solely Frenchin origin,his versions of them were so decidedly French in style that lateranthologies of French folktales have never_______them.A.excludedB.admiredC.collectedprehended3.In arguing against assertions that environmental catastrophe is imminent,her book does not ridicule all predictions of doom but rather claims that the risks of harm have in many cases been_________.A.exaggeratedB.ignoredC.scrutinizedD.derided4.There seems to be no________the reading public’s thirst for books about the 1960’s:indeed,the normal level of interest has______recently because of a spate of popular television documentaries.A.quenching…moderatedB.whetting…mushroomedC.slaking…increasedD.ignoring…transformed5.Despite a tendency to be overtly_______,the poetry of the Middle Ages often sparks the imagination and provides lively entertainment,as well as pious sentiments.A.divertingB.emotionalC.didacticD.romantic6.One of the first______of reduced burning in Amazon rain forests was the chestnut industry:smoke tends to drive out the insect that,by pollinating chestnut tree, allow chestnuts to develop.A.reformersB.discoveriesC.casualtiesD.beneficiaries7.The research committee urged the archaeologist to_______her claim that the tomb she has discovered was that of Alexander the Great,since her initial report has been based only on______.A.disseminate…suppositionB.withdraw…evidenceC.undercut…capriceD.document…conjecture8.Although Heron is well known for the broad comedy in the movies she has directed previously,her new film is less inclined to__________:the gags are fewer and subtler.A.understatementB.preciosityC.symbolismD.melodrama9.Bebop’s legacy is______one:bebop may have won jazz the right to be taken seriously as an art form,but it_______jazz’s mass audience,which turned to other forms of music such as rock and pop.A.a mixed……alienatedB.a troubled……seducedC.an ambiguous……aggrandizedD.a valuable……refined10.The exhibition’s importance lies in its___________:curators have gathered a diverse array of significant works from many different museums.A.homogeneityB.sophistryC.scopeD.farsightedness11.Despite the fact that the commission’s report treats a vitally important topic, the report will be______read because its prose is so_________that understanding it requires an enormous effort.A.seldom…….transparentB.carefully……..pellucidC.little……….turgidD.eagerly……..digressive12.Carleton would still rank among the great________of nineteenth century American art even if the circumstance of her life and career were less_____than they are.A.celebrities……….obscureB.failures……..illustriousC.charlatans……impeccableD.enigmas……mysterious13.Although based on an actual event,the film lacks______________:the director shuffles events,simplifies the tangle of relationships,and _____________documentary truth for dramatic power.A.conviction……..embracesB.expressiveness…..exaggeratesC.verisimilitude…….sacrificesD.realism……….substitutes14.When Adolph Ochs became the publisher of The New York Times,he endowed the paper with a uniquely_________tone,avoiding the________editorials that characterized other major papers of the time.A.abstruse….scholarlyB.dispassionate…shrillC.argumentative…tendentiousD.cosmopolitan…timely15.There are as good fish in the sea_____ever came out of it.A.thanB.likeC.asD.so16.All the President’s Men______one of the important books for historians who study the Watergate Scandal.A.remainB.remainsC.remainedD.is remaining17.“You______borrow my notes provided you take care of them”,I told my friend.A.couldB.shouldC.mustD.can18.If only the patient______a different treatment instead of using the antibiotics, he might still be alive now.A.had receivedB.receivedC.should receiveD.were receiving19.Linda was_____the experiment a month ago,but she changed her mind at the last minute.A.to startB.to have startedC.to be startingD.to have been starting20.She_____fifty or so when I first met her at the conference.A.must beB.had beenC.could beD.must have been21.It is not______much the language as the background that makes the book difficult to understand.A.thatB.asC.soD.very22.The committee has anticipated the problems that________in the road construction project.A.ariseB.will ariseC.aroseD.have arisen23.The student said there were a few points in the essay he_______impossible to comprehend.A.had foundB.findsC.has foundD.would find24.He would have finished his college education,but he_______to quit and finda job to support his family.A.had hadB.hasC.hadD.would have25.The research requires more money than________.A.have been put inB.has been put inC.being put inD.to be put in26.Overpopulation poses a terrible threat to the human race.Yet it is probably ________a threat to the human race than environmental destruction.A.no moreB.not moreC.even moreD.much more27.It is not uncommon for there_______problems of communication between the old and the young.A.beingB.would beC.beD.to be28.________at in his way,the situation does not seem so desperate.A.LookingB.LookedC.Being lookedD.To look29.It is absolutely essential that William______his study in spite of some learning difficulties.A.will continueB.continuedC.continueD.continues30.The painting he bought at the street market the other day was a_____forgery.A.man-madeB.naturalC.crudeD.realPart II.Reading Comprehension(40points)Section1Multiple choice questions(20points,2points for each)Directions:In this section there are reading passages followed by multiple-choice questions.Read the passages and then write your answers on your answer sheet.Passage1On New Year’s Day,50,000inmates in Kenyan jails went without lunch.This was not some mass hunger strike to highlight poor living conditions.It was an extraordinary humanitarian gesture:the money that would have been spent on their lunches went to the charity Food Aid to help feed an estimated3.5million Kenyans who,because of a severe drought,are threatened with starvation.The drought is big news in Africa, affecting huge areas of east Africa and the Horn.If you are reading this in thewest,however,you may not be aware of it—the media is not interested in old stories. Even if you do know about the drought,you may not be aware that it is devastating one group of people disproportionately:the pastoralists.There are20million nomadic or semi-nomadic herders in this region,and they are fast becoming some of the poorest people in the continent.Their plight encapsulates Africa’s perennial problem with drought and famine.How so?It comes down to the reluctance of governments,aid agencies and foreign lenders to support the herders’traditional way of life.Instead they have tended to try to turn them into commercial ranchers or agriculturalists,even though it has been demonstrated time and again that pastoralists are well adapted to their harsh environments,and that moving livestock according to the seasons or climatic changes makes their methods far more viable than agriculture in sub-Saharan drylands.Furthermore,African pastoralist systems are often more productive,in terms of protein and cash per hectare,than Australian,American and other African ranches in similar climatic conditions.They make a substantial contribution to their countries’national economies.In Kenya,for example,the turnover of the pastoralist sector is worth$800million per year.In countries such as Burkina Faso, Eritrea and Ethiopia,hides from pastoralists’herds make up over10per cent of export earnings.Despite this productivity,pastoralists still starve and their animals perish when drought hits.One reason is that only a trickle of the profits goes to the herders themselves;the lion’s share is pocketed by traders.This is partly because the herders only sell much of their stock during times of drought and famine,when they need the cash to buy food,and the terms of trade in this situation never work in their favour.Another reason is the lack of investment in herding areas.Funding bodies such as the World Bank and-USAID tried to address some of the problems in the1960s,investing millions of dollars in commercial beef and dairy production.It didn’t work.Firstly,no one bothered to consult the pastoralists about what they wanted.Secondly,rearing livestock took precedence over human progress.The policies and strategies of international development agencies more or less mirrored the thinking of their colonial predecessors.They were based on two false assumptions: that pastoralism is primitive and inefficient,which led to numerous failed schemes aimed at converting herders to modern ranching models;and that Africa’s drylands can support commercial ranching.They cannot.Most of Africa’s herders live in areas with unpredictable weather systems that are totally unsuited to commercial ranching. What the pastoralists need is support for their traditional lifestyle.Over the past few years,funders and policy-makers have been starting to get the message.One example is intervention by governments to ensure that pastoralists get fair prices for their cattle when they sell them in times of drought,so that they can afford to buy fodder for their remaining livestock and cereals to keep themselves and their families alive(the problem in African famines is not so much a lack of food as a lack of money to buy it).Another example is a drought early-warning system run by the Kenyan government and the World Bank that has helped avert livestock deaths. This is all promising,but more needs to be done.Some African governments still favour forcing pastoralists to settle.They should heed the latest scientific research demonstrating the productivity of traditional cattle-herding.Ultimately, sustainable rural development in pastoralist areas will depend on increasing trade, so one thing going for them is the growing demand for livestock products:there will likely be an additional2billion consumers worldwide by2020,the vast majority in developing countries.To ensure that pastoralists benefit,it will be crucial to give them a greater say in local policies.Other key tasks include giving a greater say to women,who play critical roles in livestock production.The rich world should pay proper attention to the plight of the pastoralists.Leaving them dependent on foreign food aid is unsustainable and will lead to more resentment,conflict, environmental degradation and malnutrition.It is in the rich world’s intereststo help out.31.Which of the following CANNOT be concluded from the passage?(A)Forcing Africa’s nomadic herders to become ranchers will save them from drought.(B)The difference between pastoralist and agriculturalist is vital to the African people.(C)The rich world should give more support to the African people to overcome drought.(D)Environmental degradation should be the major concern in developing Africa’s pastoralism.32.The word“encapsulates”in the sentence“Their plight encapsulates Africa’s perennial problem with drought and famine.”(para.l)can be replaced by________.(A)concludes.(B)involves.(C)represents.(D)aggravates.33.What is the author’s attitude toward African drought and traditional lifestyle of pastoralism?(A)Neutral and indifferent.(B)Sympathetic and understanding.(C)Critical and vehement.(D)Subjective and fatalistic.34.When the author writes“the policies and strategies of international development agencies more or less mirrored the thinking of their colonialpredecessors.”(para.4),he implies all the following EXCEPT that the aid agencies did not__________.(A)have an objective view of the situation in Africa(B)understand the unpredictable weather systems there(C)feel themselves superior in decision making(D)care about the development of the local people35.The author’s main purpose in writing this article is_________.(A)to evaluate the living conditions of Kenyan pastoralists(B)to give suggestions on the support of the traditional pastoralism in Africa(C)to illustrate the difference between commercial ranching and pastoralism(D)to criticize the colonial thinking of western aid agenciesPassage2Civil-Liberties advocates reeling from the recent revelations on surveillance had something else to worry about last week:the privacy of the billions of search queries made on sites like Google,AOL,Yahoo and Microsoft.As part of a long-running court case,the government has asked those companies to turn over information on its users’search behavior.All but Google have handed over data,and now the Department of Justice(DOJ)has moved to compel the search giant to turn over the goods. What makes this case different is that the intended use of the information is not related to national security,but the government’s continuing attempt to police Internet pornography.In1998,Congress passed the Child Online Protection Act (COPA),but courts have blocked its implementation due to First Amendment concerns. In its appeal,the DOJ wants to prove how easy it is to inadvertently stumble upon pore.In order to conduct a controlled experiment—to be performed by a UC Berkeley professor of statistics—the DOJ wants to use a large sample of actual search termsfrom the different search engines.It would then use those terms to do its own searches,employing the different kinds of filters each search engine offers,in an attempt to quantify how often“material that is harmful to minors”might appear. Google contends that since it is not a party to the case,the government has not right to demand its proprietary information to perform its test.“We intend to resist their motion vigorously,”said Google attorney Nicole Wong.DOJ spokesperson Charles Miller says that the government is requesting only the actual search terms,and not anything that would link the queries to those who made them.(The DOJ is also demanding a list of a million Web sites that Google indexes to determine the degree to which objectionable sites are searched.)Originally,the government asked for a treasure trove of all searches made in June and July2005; the request has been scaled back to one week’s worth of search queries.One oddity about the DOJ’s strategy is that the experiment could conceivably sink its own case.If the built-in filters that each search engine provides are effective in blocking porn sites,the government will have wound up proving what the opposition has said all along—you don’t need to suppress speech to protect minors on the Net.“We think that our filtering technology does a good job protecting minors from inadvertently seeing adult content,”says Ramez Naam,group program manager of MSN Search.Though the government intends to use these data specifically for its COPA-related test,it’s possible that the information could lead to further investigations and, perhaps,subpoenas to find out who was doing the searching.“What if certain search terms indicated that people were contemplating terrorist actions or other criminal activities?”Says the DOJ’s Miller,“I’m assuming that if something raised alarms,we would hand it over to the proper authorities.”Privacy advocates fear that if the government request is upheld,it will open the door to further government examination of search behavior.One solution would be for Google to stop storing the information,but the company hopes to eventually use the personal informationof consenting customers to improve search performance.“Search is a window into people’s personalities,”says Kurt Opsahl,an Electronic Frontier Foundation attorney.“They should be able to take advantage of the Internet without worrying about Big Brother looking over their shoulders.”36.When the American government asked Google,AOL,Yahoo and Microsoft to turn over information on its users’search behavior,the major intention is_________.(A)to protect national security(B)to help protect personal freedom(C)to monitor Internet pornography(D)to implement the Child Online Protection Act37.Google refused to turn over“its proprietary information”(para.2)required by DOJ as it believes that________.(A)it is not involved in the court case(B)users’privacy is most important(C)the government has violated the First Amendment(D)search terms is the company’s business secret38.The phrase“scaled back to”in the sentence“the request has been scaled back to one week’s worth of search queries”(para.3)can be replaced by_________.(A)maximized to(B)minimized to(C)returned to(D)reduced to39.In the sentence“One oddity about the DOJ’s strategy is that the experiment could conceivably sink its own case.”(para.4),the expression“sink its own case”most probably means that_________.(A)counterattack the opposition(B)lead to blocking of porn sites(C)provide evidence to disprove the case(D)give full ground to support the case40.When Kurt Opsahl says that“They should be able to take advantage of the Internet without worrying about Big Brother looking over their shoulders.”(para.5),the expression“Big Brother”is used to refer to_________.(A)a friend or relative showing much concern(B)a colleague who is much more experienced(C)a dominating and all-powerful ruling power(D)a benevolent and democratic organizationSection2Answering questions(20points,4points for each)Directions:Read the following passages and then answer IN COMPLETE SENTENCES the questions following each e only information from the passage you have just read and write your answer in the corresponding space in your ANSWER SHEET.Passage3Millions of elderly Germans received a notice from the Health&Social Security Ministry earlier this month that struck a damaging blow to the welfare state.The statement informed them that their pensions were being cut.The reductions come as a stop-gap measure to control Germany’s ballooning pension crisis.Not surprisingly, it was an unwelcome change for senior citizens such as Sabine Wetzel,a67-year-old retired bank teller,who was told her state pension would be cut by$12.30,or1% to$1,156.20a month.“It was a real shock,”she says.“My pension had alwaysgone up in the past.”There’s more bad news on the way.On Mar.11,Germany’s lower house of Parliament passed a bill gradually cutting state pensions--which have been rising steadily since World War II--from53%of average wages now to46%by2020.And Germany is not ernments across Western Europe are racing to curb pension benefits. In Italy,the government plans to raise the minimum retirement age from57to60, while France will require that civil servants put in40years rather than37.5to qualify for a full pension.The reforms are coming despite tough opposition from unions,leftist politicians,and pensioners’groups.The explanation is simple:Europeans are living longer and having fewer children. By2030there will only be two workers per pensioner,compared with four in2000. With fewer young workers paying into the system,cuts are being made to cover a growing shortfall.The gap between money coming in and payments going out could top $10billion this year in Germany alone.“In the future,a state pension alone will no longer be enough to maintain the living standards employees had before they retired,”says German Health&Social Security Minister Ulla Schmidt.Says Italian Finance Minister Giulio Tremonti:“The welfare state is producing too few cradles and too few graves.”Of course,those population trends have been forecast for years.Some countries, such as Britain and the Netherlands,have responded by making individuals and their employers assume more of the responsibility for pensions.But many Continental governments dragged their feet.Now,the rapid runup in costs is finally forcing them to act.State-funded pension payments make up around12%of gross domestic product in Germany and France and15%in Italy——two percentage points more than 20years ago.Pensions account for an average21%of government spending across the European Union.The U.S.Social Security system,by contrast,consumes just4.8% of GDP.The rising cost is having serious repercussions on key European nations’commitments to fiscal restraint.“Governments have no choice but to make pensionreform a priority,”says Antonio Cabral,deputy director of the European Commission’s Directorate General for Economic&Financial Affairs.Just as worrisome is the toll being exacted on the private sector.Corporate contributions to state pension systems--which make up19.5%of total gross pay in Germany--add to Europe’s already bloated labor costs.That,in turn,blunts manufacturers’competitiveness and keeps unemployment rates high.According to the Institute of German Economics in Cologne,benefit costs reached a record41.7%of gross wages in Germany last year,compared with37.4%a decade before.French cement manufacturer Lafarge says pension cost of$121million contributed to a9%fall in operating profits last year.To cope,Germany and most of its EU partners are using tax breaks to encourage employees to put money into private pensions schemes.But even if private pensions become more popular,European governments will have to increase minimum retirement ages and reduce public pensions.While today’s seniors complain about reduced benefits,the next generation of retirees may look back on their parents’pension checks with envy.41.Paraphrase Italian Finance Minister Giulio Tremonti’s statement“The welfare state is producing too few cradles and too few graves.”(para.3)42.What is implied by the last sentence of the passage“While today’s seniors complain about reduced benefits,the next generation of retirees may look back on their parents’pension checks with envy.”?Passage4In the old days,it was all done with cakes.For Marcel Proust,it was a visit to Mother’s for tea and madeleines that provided the access to“the vast structure of recollection”that was to become his masterpiece on memory and nostalgia,“Remembrance of Past Things.”These days,it’s not necessary to evoke the past: you can’t move without tripping over it.In an age zooming forward technologically,why all the backward glances?The Oxford English Dictionary’s first definition of nostalgia reads:“acute longing for familiar surroundings;severe homesickness.”With the speed of computers doubling every18months,and the net doubling in size in about half that,no wonder we’re aching for familiar surroundings.Since the cornerstone of the Information Age is change,anything enduring becomes precious.“People are looking for something authentic,”says McLaren.Trouble is,nostalgia has succumbed to trends in marketing,demographics and technology.“Nostalgia ain’t what it used to be,”says Michael J.Wolf,senior partner at Booz-Allen&Hamilton in New York.“These are the new good old days.”Baby boomers form the core of the nostalgia market.The boomers,defined by American demographers as those born between1946and1964,are living long and prosperous lives.In both Europe and America,they remain the Holy Grail for admen,and their past has become everyone’s present.In a study on“entertainment imprinting,”two American marketing professors,Robert Schindler and Morris Holbrook,asked people ranging in age from16to86which popular music from the past they liked best.People’s favorite songs,they found,tended to be those that were popular when they were about24,with their affection for pop songs diminishing on either side of that age.Doubtless Microsoft knows about entertainment imprinting,or at least nostalgia.The company hawks its latest Explorer to the strains of Simon and Garfunkel’s“Homeward Bound,”just as it launched Windows98to the tune of “Start Me up”by the Rolling Stones.Boomers remember both tunes from their20s. If boomers are one market that values memories,exiles are another.According to the International Organization of Migration,more than150million people live today in a country other than the one where they were born—double the number that did so in1965.This mass movement has sources as dire as tyranny and as luxurious asthe freedoms of an EU passport.But exiles and refugees share one thing:homes left behind.Type in“nostalgia”on the search engine Google,and one of the first sites that pop up is the nostalgia page of The Iranian,an online site for Iran’s exiles, most of whom fled after1978’s Islamic revolution.Perhaps the savviest exploitation of nostalgia has been the secondhand-book site ,which features stories of clients’rediscovering long-lost books on it.One John Mason Mings writes of the glories of finding a book with information on“Kickapoo Joy Juice,”ad dreaded medicine of his youth.A Pennsylvanian waxes over alibris’s recovery of his first-grade primer”Down cherry Street.”The Net doesn’t merely facilitate nostalgia—it promotes it.Web-based auction houses have helped jump-start markets for vintage items,form marbles to Apple Macintoshes.Cutting-edge technology,designed to be transient,has even bred its own st year a$666Apple I went for$18,000to a British collector at a San Francisco auction.“Historic!Microsoft Multiplan for Macintosh”crows one item on eBay’s vintage Apple section.Surf to The Net Nostalgia Quiz to puzzle over questions like“In the old days,Altavista used to have which one of these URLs?”Those who don’t remember their history are condemned to repeat it.Or so entertainment moguls hope,as they market‘70s TV hits like“Charlie’s Angels”and“Scooby Doo,”out next year,to a generation that can’t remember them the first time round.If you’ve missed a Puff Daddy track or a“Sopranos”episode, panic not.The megahits of today are destined to be the golden oldies of2020,says Christopher Nurko of the branding consultant FutureBrand.“I guarantee you, Madonna’s music will be used to sell everything,”he says.“God help me,I hope it’s not selling insurance.”It could be.When we traffic in the past,nothing’s sacred.43.Explain the beginning sentence“In the old days,it was all done with cakes.”44.What is the other big group besides baby boomers which values memories?What do these people share?45.What is“nostalgia market”?What do they sell in the nostalgia market? Part III.Writing(30points)46.Please reflect on the following opinion and write an essay of about400words elaborating your view with a well-defined title.Some people believe the key of the reform in the education system is a well-shared awareness that educations is there,instead of simply offering the knowledge important to the students,to improve the students in an all-round way,and especially to guide them to a careful pondering over such fundamental issues as life itself and social responsibility.An undue emphasis on knowledge-education and the resultant ignorance over the guidance to the students to a proper understanding of life will bring us nothing but a large number of“memorizing machines”.We can never expect a group of young people well prepared for the real social life.英语翻译基础Part I.Phrase Translation(30points,1point for each)Section1Directions:Translate the following phrases into Chinese:。