非谓语动词之分词的用法

高考英语非谓语动词之分词作状语的用法考点解析：分词作状语的用法是所有分词用法中最重要也是最难掌握的，历年的高考英语考题也说明，分词作状语的用法是所用分词用法中最常考的。

a.分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种，其表达式如下表：分词作状语表达式现在分词doingbeingdonehavingdonehavingbeendone过去分词done主句主语主句谓语主动被动主动被动被动同时同时之前之前之前b.分词作状语知识点：第一、要熟悉分词作状语的句子形式，考试中目前出现过以下三种：1.分词部分，主+谓+其他成分seeingthatshe wasgoingofftosleep,iaskedifshe’dlikethatlittledollonherbed.2.主+曰+其他成分,分词部分time,usedcorrectly,ismoneyinthebank.第二、分词形式在句中所表达的概念：时间、原因、条件、方式、妥协、结果等第三、在高考题的具体解题中，一定要找准两个对象：1.找出主句的主语去确认必须填上分词的主被动语态形式（确认主被动的挑选）2.找到主句的谓语来确定分词动作与主句谓语动词动作发生的时间先后关系（确定是否用having的形式）第四、分词作状语时，若分词表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词动作之前并结束的话，那分词就要用havingdone、havingbeendone的形式，主动用havingdone，被动用havingbeendone；否则，就用doing或done的形式，主动用doing被动用done。

特别注意：beingdone的用法暂不必考量！例一、lookingatmyclassmates'faces,ireadthesameexcitementintheireyes.解析：looking的动作并不是先出现回去再出现read这个动作，因此不必having例四、havingbeengivensuchagoodchance,heplannedtolearnmore.解析：give的动作明显是发生在planned这个动作之前并结束，因此要用having的形式，故挑选havinggiven或havingbeengiven两种形式，又由于主句主语he与give这个动作就是被动关系，所以答案为havingbeengiven。

第十六讲：非谓语动词——分词教学重点：掌握分词这一语法知识。

了解这一语法知识在高考中的应用。

命题趋势：分词的考点依次为作状语，作定语，做宾补及表语。

一些固定的基本知识应记牢。

知识点回顾：1.分词的基本概念：分词也是非谓语动词之一。

分词在形式上有两种形式：（1）现在分词，动词原形+ ing（同动名词形式）（2）过去分词，（规则动词）动词原形+ ed（不规则动词）构成没有什么规律4.分词的用法（1）分词做表语①跟在系动词之后分词做表语，一般跟在be, get, become, look, sound, feel, keep, remain, grow, seem, appear等系动词后面。

现在分词做表语：一般表主动或主语的性质和特征。

含有“令人….”的意思。

主语多数为物。

过去分词做表语：一般表示被动或主语所处的状态。

含有“感到….”的意思。

主语多数情况是人。

例如：The news sounds encouraging.His father seems pleased with his results.②做表语的过去分词与被动语态中的过去分词的区别被动语态表示主语受到的动作表示主语的动作，而作表语的分词表示主语所处的状态。

The blackboard was broken by LiMing.The blackboard is broken.③作表语的现在分词和进行时态的现在分词的区别作表语的现在分词表示主语的特征和性质。

The situation in our country is encouraging.进行时态中的分词表示主语正在进行的动作。

The situation in our country is encouraging the people.另外，在分词作表语的结构中，可以用其它系动词来代替be，但在进行结构中，则不可以。

因为进行时的句型必须是be + doing。

The news is surprising. = The news sounds surprising.④分词、动名词和不定式作表语的区别分词作表语：主要是表示主语的特点和所处的状态主语和表语的位置不可以互换。

考研长难句：非谓语动词之分词1．分词作定语（1）分词作定语既可以放在所修饰的词之前，作前置定语，也可以放在所修饰的词后面，作后置定语。

其作用相当于一个定语从句。

例如：Where are the reserved seats? （=Where are the seats which have been reserved?）预定的座位在哪里？This is a pressing problem. （=This is a problem which is pressing.）这是一个紧迫的问题。

（2）分词作后置定语可分为限制性（紧跟在所修饰的中心词之后）和非限制性（用逗号与其所修饰的中心词分开）两种，其作用分别相当于一个限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。

例如：The funds raised（= which have been raised）are mainly used for helping the homeless.筹集的资金主要用来帮助那些无家可归的人。

There are many students waiting（= who are waiting）to get examined.有许多学生在等待检查。

This book,written（= which is written）in simple English,is suitable for beginners.本书是用浅显的英语写的，适合初学者。

（3）分词常和形容词、副词或名词构成合成形容词作定语。

例如：The flower-carrying girl must be waiting for someone.那位手持鲜花的姑娘一定在等人。

The newly-built building is our office building.这座新建的大楼是我们的办公楼。

（4）有些不及物动词的过去分词作定语，并不表示被动的意思而是表示完成。

这类过去分词常作前置修饰语。

分词非谓语动词讲解分词非谓语动词是英语中的一种非谓语动词形式，常见的分词有现在分词（-ing形式）和过去分词（-ed/-en形式）。

分词非谓语动词在句子中可以作主语、宾语、定语、表语、宾补、状语等成分，具有形容词和副词的特点。

下面是对分词非谓语动词的详细讲解及相关参考内容。

一、现在分词的用法：1. 作定语：现在分词作定语时修饰名词，表示该名词所描述的事物或状态形如：- The running water sounds very pleasant.（现在分词作定语修饰名词water）- She saw a crying baby on the street.（现在分词作定语修饰名词baby）参考内容：-《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》-《剑桥高阶英汉双解词典》2. 作状语：现在分词作状语时修饰整个句子或句子的某一部分。

分词短语可以表示时间、原因、方式、伴随、条件等相关意义。

如：- Feeling tired, she decided to take a break.（现在分词短语表示原因）- Understanding the task, they started to work.（现在分词短语表示条件）参考内容：-《剑桥高阶英汉双解词典》-《英汉大词典》二、过去分词的用法：1. 作定语：过去分词在句中作定语时，修饰名词，表示该名词被动、完成或被描述的状态，如：- The broken vase needs to be repaired.（过去分词作定语修饰名词vase）- The information provided is accurate.（过去分词作定语修饰名词information）参考内容：-《朗文当代高级英语辞典》-《剑桥国际英语高级词典》2. 作表语：过去分词可以作表语，表示主语的状态或特征，如：- He is interested in the books written by the famous author.（过去分词作表语修饰主语）- The glass is broken.（过去分词作表语修饰主语）参考内容：-《剑桥高阶英汉双解词典》-《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》三、分词作宾补的用法：分词非谓语动词可以作及物动词的宾语补足语，表示被动、完成的意义，如：- She found the door locked.（分词作宾补修饰宾语door）- They heard the news announced on the radio.（分词作宾补修饰宾语news）参考内容：-《韦氏英语用法词典》-《剑桥高阶英汉双解词典》综上所述，分词非谓语动词的用法主要包括现在分词作定语、状语，过去分词作定语、表语和宾补等。

分词非谓语动词用法总结分词是一种特殊的非谓语动词形式，用来表达被动、完成、进行等不同的语态和时态。

分词非谓语动词在句子中可以作主语、宾语、定语、状语等成分，具有丰富的用法。

本文将总结分词非谓语动词的用法，以帮助读者更好地理解和运用。

一. 分词作定语分词作定语时，一般修饰名词或代词，并与其构成逻辑上的主谓关系，用于修饰、限定名词，起形容词的作用。

例如：1. The running water is very clear.流动的水非常清澈。

2. A baked cake smells delicious.烤熟的蛋糕闻起来很美味。

二. 分词作状语分词作状语时，一般修饰整个句子，表示时间、原因、条件、结果、方式等。

1. 时间状语分词表达动作发生的时间，常用的有现在分词（doing）和过去分词（done）。

例如：Cooking dinner, she accidentally burned her hand.她在做晚饭时不小心烧伤了手。

Exhausted from the long journey, they went straight to bed.他们疲惫不堪地进行了漫长的旅行，直接上床睡觉。

2. 原因状语分词表达动作的原因，常用过去分词形式。

例如：Surprised by the sudden news, he couldn't say a word.受突如其来的消息的惊愕，他说不出话来。

Lost in thoughts, she didn't notice the time passing by.沉浸在思考中，她没有注意到时间的流逝。

3. 条件状语分词表达动作的条件，也常用过去分词形式。

例如：Given the right opportunities, anyone can succeed.给予合适的机会，任何人都能成功。

Without proper training, it's difficult to master a new skill.没有适当的培训，要掌握一项新技能是很困难的。

分词非谓语动词详解分词是动词的一种非谓语形式，在句子中起到形容词或副词的作用。

它可以被用作定语、表语、宾语补足语等，用于修饰名词或代词，增强句子的表达力。

分词在英语中有两种形式：现在分词和过去分词，它们分别以-ing和-ed结尾。

本文将详细解释分词的用法和句子中的具体应用。

一、现在分词现在分词是由动词的基本形式加上-ing构成，表示正在进行或者被动作的状态或行为。

1. 作定语现在分词可以用作定语，修饰名词或代词，增加句子的描述性和细节。

例如：- A smiling child greeted us at the door.（一个微笑的孩子在门口迎接我们。

）- The running water sounds soothing.（奔流的水声听起来很舒缓。

）2. 作表语现在分词也可以作为表语，说明主语的特征或状态。

例如：- The book is interesting.（这本书很有趣。

）- The situation is becoming complicated.（情况变得复杂。

）3. 作状语现在分词可以用作状语，表示伴随、原因、时间、方式等。

例如：- Lying on the grass, she enjoyed the sunshine.（躺在草地上，她享受着阳光。

）- Knowing the answer, he confidently raised his hand.（他知道答案，自信地举起了手。

）二、过去分词过去分词是由动词的过去式形式或加上-ed（部分不规则动词除外）构成，常用来表示被动语态或完成状态。

1. 作定语过去分词可以用作定语，描述被修饰名词或代词的状态。

例如：- The broken glass should be handled with care.（破碎的玻璃应该小心处理。

）- The lost key has been found.（丢失的钥匙已经找到。

）过去分词也可以作为表语，说明主语的特征或状态。

非谓语动词分词的用法总结一、非谓语动词分词的基本概念及形式非谓语动词分词是英语中的一种特殊用法，常用来表达被动、完成、主动等不同含义。

在句子中作为定语、状语或补语，并且有时可以替代从句。

它的形式通常为“过去分词”或“现在分词”，具体使用取决于上下文和句子结构。

1. 过去分词过去分词通常由动词原形后加上-ed或-d构成，如：played, taken, finished等。

它可以表示被动意义，也可以表示稍微延续的状态或完成的行为。

2. 现在分词现在分词通常由动词原形后加-ing构成，如：playing, taking, working等。

它可以表示主动进行的行为，同时也具有形容词性质。

二、非谓语动词分词作定语非谓语动词分词可以用作定语来修饰名词，起到进一步说明、限定名次的作用。

1. 过去分词作定语过去分词作为定语时，通常修饰被其所描述的名次，如：broken heart (破碎的心) ，cooked rice (煮熟的米饭)等。

它可以表示被动或完成的状态。

2. 现在分词作定语现在分词作为定语时，通常修饰与之相关的名次，并且描述正在进行或主动发生的行为，如：a running river (奔流的河流) ，a barking dog (叫唤的狗)等。

三、非谓语动词分词作状语非谓语动词分词可以用作状语来修饰句子、从句或名词短语，起到表示时间、原因、方式、条件等不同功能的作用。

1. 过去分词作状语过去分词作为状语时，可以表示原因、结果、条件、时间等。

例如：Having finished his homework, he went out to play. (完成了家庭作业后，他出去玩了)2. 现在分词作状语现在分词作为状语时，可以表达同时进行、原因、方式等含义。

例如：Walking slowly, she enjoyed the beautiful scenery. (慢慢地走着，她欣赏美丽的风景)四、非谓语动词分词作补语非谓语动词分词还可以用来充当及物动词的宾补或形容词的补足语，起到补充说明、进一步描述的作用。

非谓语动词（现在分词/过去分词的具体用法）Step1:分词的语法意义：（1）分词是非谓语动词，不可以单独作谓语.（2）它具有动词、形容词、副词的特征.A：当它具备动词特征时可有自己的宾语，也可带状语构成分词短语.B：当它具备形容词的特点时，可在句中作定语、宾语补足语和状语，还可以构成独立结构.C：当它具有副词特征时，可在句中作状语，也可构成独立结构.Step2:分类：分词按语法功能可分为现在分词和过去分词两种.Step3:构成：现在分词v+-ing(即v-ing形式)；过去分词：V+-ed(即v-ed形式).一，分词作定语的用法.（一）现在分词作定语的用法.特点：（1）单个现在分词作定语时，一般放在所修饰词的后面.（2）若是现在分词短语作定语时，则放在它所修饰词的后面.（3）现在分词作定语，意思表示“正在----的”或“即将-----的”或“令人------的”.（4）与所修饰的名词之间是主动关系，或者表是表示正在进行的动作.E g: The student raised a confusing question.（表示：令人费解/困惑的）主语及物动词定语宾语译文：这个学生提出一个令人困惑的问题.E g: The retiring teacher walked into the classroom.（表示：即将退休的）定语译文：这位即将退休的老师步入教室.E g: The aging father found it hard to solve this tough problem. （表示：年华正在老去的）定语译文：这位日渐年迈的父亲发现很难解决这个棘手的问题.E g: The man talking to a stranger loudly is our English teacher.(表示：主动和正在进行)现在分词作后置定语译文：正在和一位谋生人大声交谈的那个人是我们的英语老师.（二）过去分词作定语的用法.特点：（1）单个过去分词作定语时，一般放在所修饰词的后面.（2）若是过去分词短语作定语时，则放在它所修饰词的后面.（3）过去分词作定语，意思表示“感到----的”或“受到-----的”.（4）与所修饰的名词之间是被动关系，或者表示：已经完成的动作.E g: The retired soldier passed away last year. （表示：已经退休的或者动作已经完成）定语译文：那个退役的军人上个月去世了.E g: The wounded soldier was sent to the hospital immediately. （表示：受伤的或者动定语经完成）.译文：那位受伤的士兵被立刻送往医院.E g: Give me some boiled water to drink. （表示：已经煮开过的或者动作已经完成）定语译文：给我弄点白开水喝.练习：He is sweeping (falling; fallen) leaves in the (falling; fallen) rain.译文：他在雨中扫落叶.二，分词作表语的用法.（一）现在分词作表语的用法.特点：单个现在分词作表语时，多表示主语所具有的特征.一般放在系动词be/become/look/sound/smell/remain/seem/appear等后面.作表语的分词均为形容词.可以译成：“-----------的”.E g: The English speech contest is really exciting.（表示：令人兴奋的）表语译文：这次英语演讲比赛很令人兴奋.E g: The naughty baby is very tiring.（表示：令人累的）表语译文：这个调皮的孩子真是累人.E g: The food smells so inviting. （表示：令人诱惑的）表语译文：这食物闻起来很诱人.E g: This once-in-a-blue-moon experience is really thrilling. （表示：令人刺激的）译文：这次难得的经历真扣人心弦.（二）过去分词作表语的用法.特点：单个过去分词作表语时，多表示主语所处的状态.一般放在系动词be/ become/look/sound/smell/remain/seem/appear等后面.作表语的分词均为形容词.可以译成：“-----------的”.E g: I was bored by her endless bragging. （表示：感到枯燥、厌倦的）.译文：她不停地吹嘘，我烦透了.E g: I’m really interested in making a speech in English in public. （表示：感到有趣的）译文：我对在公共场合用英文演讲非常感兴趣.E g: I felt confused about this matter. （表示：感到费解、迷惑的）译文：我对这件事情很费解.总结：并非所有的分词均可当形容词对待.有些分词不能翻译成“--------的”.Killed:不能译成“感到杀的”Killing:不能译成“令人杀的”Writing: 不能译成“令人写的”Written: 不能译成“感到写的”此类分词,只能置于be动词之后，不可置于连系动词（become/look/sound/smell/remain/seem/appear）等后面，不可视为是形容词，而视为动词的进行时或被动语态.E g: He was murdered last night. (表示：一般过去式的被动语态)译文：他昨晚被谋杀了.E g: I can’t believe you didn’t have a written contract.译文：我简直不敢相信，你居然没有一份书面合同.三，分词作宾语补足语的用法.（一）现在分词作宾语补足语的用法.特点：现在分词作宾语补足语时常用在感官动词和使役动词之后，现在分词一般强调动作正在进行，主动，与物有关.方法：（1）宾补的动词若为及物动词，后面一定接宾语，共同作宾补.（2）宾补的动词为不及物动词，一律用现在分词.（3）宾语与宾补之间为主动关系.（4）宾补的动作在逻辑上是由宾语来完成的.E g: I heard some girls gossiping about you.宾语补足语译文：我听到一些女孩子在说你的闲话.E g: I found him killing cockroaches宾语补足语译文：我发现他正在杀蟑螂.E g: I saw him coming out of the office just now.宾语补足语译文：我刚才看见他正在从办公室出来.（二）过去分词作宾语补足语的用法.特点：现在分词作宾语补足语时常用在感官动词和使役动词之后，过去分词一般强调被动，完成，与人有关.方法：（1）宾补的动词为及物动词，后面不可接宾语（2.）宾语与宾补之间为被动关系，宾补与前面的宾语构成动宾关系.（3）宾补的动作不是由宾语自身完成.E g: I found the cockroaches killed.(过去分词充当宾语补足语)译文：我发现那些蟑螂被人杀了.E g: I had my wallet robbed in the street this morning. (过去分词充当宾语补足语)译文：今天早上在街上我的钱包被人抢了.（三）由介词with引导的复合结构中，分词作宾语补足语的用法.特点：置于句首或句尾，常用来修饰句中的主语，以表示主语所处的状况，通常为大动作附带小动作时，大动作以句子的动词表示，而小动作则使用with复合结构.（1）with +宾语+宾补（过去分词充当）.特点：宾语与宾补之间表示被动和完成.E g: He stood there with his arms folded.译文：他双臂交叉站在那里.E g: He sat there with his eyes closed.译文：他双眼闭着坐在那儿.（2）with +宾语+宾补（现在分词充当）.特点：宾语与宾补之间表示主动和正在进行.E g: He talked to me with his legs shaking译文：他和我说话时两腿发抖.E g: A: Come on, Please give me some ideas about the project.B: Sorry. With so much work filling my mind, I almost break down.（3）with +宾语+宾补（动词不定式充当）.特点：宾语与宾补之间表示将要发生或没有完成.E g: With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the manager felt worried all the time.译文：由于很多的难题没有得到解决，经理一直很担忧.（4）with +宾语+宾补（介词短语充当）.特点：表示宾语所处的状态.E g: He talked to me with a pipe in his mouth.译文：他和我说话时嘴里叼着烟斗.四，分词作状语的用法.（一）现在分词作状语的用法.特点：（1）现在分词短语作状语时刻表示原因、方式、伴随、结果、或条件等.此时它的逻辑主语应与句子的主语保持一致.（2）现在分词一般式，若现在分词短语表示的动作与谓语表示的动作同时发生，或者紧接发生，也可在该短语前加上when或while; （3）现在分词的完成时，若现在分词短语表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生.（4）若现在分词短语的逻辑主语（即句子的主语）发出该动作，则就是主动语态.（5）若现在分词短语的逻辑主语（句子的主语）承受了该动作，那么就用它的被动式.E g:We often provide our children with toys, footballs or basketballs, thinking that all children like these things.(现在分词在句中作伴随状语，而且句子的主语是thinking的执行者).译文：我们考虑到孩子们都喜欢这些东西，通常给孩子提供玩具；足球和篮球.E g: Daddy didn’t mind what we were doing, as long as we were together, having fun. (现在分词在句中作伴随状语，而且句子的主语we是having的执行者).译文：只要我们能在一起共享乐趣，爸爸不会介意我们在做什么.E g: The storm left, having caused a lot of damage to this area.（说明：分词的逻辑主语为the storm,故用现在分词表示主动，因为是造成破坏之后离开的，所以用现在完成时态，在句中作时间状语从句）可以改写为：After it had caused a lot of damage to this area, the storm left.E g:Having been separated from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world.(说明：separate from 与主句主语有被动的含义，并且先于主句谓语动词，因此用现在分词完成时的被动语态)E g: Oil prices have risen by 32percent since the start of the year, reaching a recor d＄57.65 a barrel on April 4.（现在分词在句中作伴随状语）译文：自从今年开始油价已经上涨了32﹪，在4月份达到每桶＄57.65这个记录.E g: The manager, having made it clear to us that he didn’t agree with us, left the meeting room.(现在分词的完成时态表示动作发生在主句的动作之前).E g: Whenever he was asked why he was late for class, he would answer careless, always saying the same thing.译文：无论什么时候他被问到为什么他会上课迟到，他总是粗心地答复，说着同样的话.E g: He is a student at Oxford University, studying for a degree in computer science.（现在分词在句中作伴随状语）E g: He was busy writing a story, only stopping once in a while to smoke a cigarette. （现在分词在句中作伴随状语）译文：他那时忙于写一个故事，只是偶尔停下来抽支烟.E g:Having been shown around the Water Cube, we were then taken to see the Bird’s Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games.译文：我们参观了水立方后，又被带去参观了为2008年奥运会准备的鸟巢.E g: Not realizing that he was in great danger, Eric walked deeper into the forest. (主语Eric与realize 构成主动关系，因此用realizing，v-ing形式前加not表示否定)练习题：1，in the queue for half an hour, the old man suddenly realized he had left the cheque in the car.A: Waiting B: To wait C: Having waited D: To have waited2, in the fields on a March afternoon, he could feel the warmth of spring.A: To walk B: Walking C: Walked D: Having walked3, their hats into the air, the fans of the winning team let out loud shouts of victory.A: To throw B: Thrown C: Throwing B: Being thrown4, We had an anxious couple of weeks for the results of the experiment.A: wait B: to be waiting C: waited D: waiting.5, that she was going off to sleep , I asked if she’s like that little doll on her bed.A: Seeing B: To see C: See D: Seen.6, The wild flowers looked like a soft orange blanket the desert.A: Covering B: Covered C: Cover D: To cover.（二）过去分词作状语的用法.特点：（1）过去分词短语作状语修饰谓语动词，说明其发生的情况，可以放在句首其强调作用，也可放在句中、句末，它的逻辑主语须与句子的主语保持一致.（2）过去分词一般表示动作已完成，只有一般式.（3）过去分词表示被动和完成E g:Dressed in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor.说明：当状语从句的主语和主句主语相一致且谓语包含动词be的某种形式时，可省略从句的主语以及动词be. 恢复原句：When he is dressed in a white uniform, -----------.译文：穿着白色的制服，他看上去更像是个厨师而不像医生.E g: When offered help, one often says “ Thank you.” Or “It’s kind of you.”译文：当被提供了帮助时，人们常说：“谢谢”或“你真好”.E g: Faced with so much trouble, we failed to complete the task on time.说明：be faced with 表示:“面临，面对.”作原因状语.译文：由于面临很多的困难，我们未能按时完成这项工作.E g: Blamed for the breakdown of the school computer network, Alice was in low spirits. (作原因状语).练习题：1，No matter how frequently , the works of Beethoven still attract people all over the world.A: Performed B: Performing C: to be performed D: being performed2，The flowers his friend gave him will die unless every day.A: watered B: watering C: water D: to water3, by a greater demand of vegetables , farmers have built more green houses.A: Driven B: Being driven C : To drive D: Having driven4, To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English as much as we can.A: speak B: speaking C: spoken D: to speak5, It is one of the funniest things on the internet so far this year.A: finding B: being found C: to find D: found(三)分词结构-----动词变化1，若一句中有两个动词同时存在，彼此一定要有连接词相连.E g: He studied very hard but failed the exam.2, 若两个动词没有连接词相连，注意下列变化原则.(1) 若两个动词所代表的动作时同时发生时，第二个动词一定要变成现在分词；若该动词是be动词，变成现在分词being 之后要省略.E g: He sat in the corner reading books.(他一面坐在角落，一面看书，动作同时发生，因此read应该变成现在分词)译文：他坐在角落看书.E g: Don’t sit there doing nothing. Come and help me with this table.译文：别坐那儿无所事事，过来帮助我收拾一下桌子.E g: He came home was tired.第一步：变成：He came home being tired.第二步：变成：He came home tired.（说明：他一面回家，一面感到累，故came与was tired同时发生.由于was是be动词，变成being之后应给予省略）译文：他回到家感到很累.E g: He left young and came back old.译文：他少小离家老大回.E g: We are born equal.译文：我们生而平等.（2）若两个动词所代表的动作并非同时发生，而是有先后次序时，第二个动词就要变成“to+动词原形）形成的不定式短语，作目的状语.E g: He stood up to smoke a cigarette.译文：他站起来抽烟.E g: He rushed here to tell me the story.译文：他赶到这里来告诉我这个故事.（3）若有两个动词有逗号隔开，而无连接词时，就不必考虑动词所代表的动作先后发生的次序，第二个动词一定要变成现在分词.E g: He left home at six in the morning, arriving here about four in the afternoon.译文：他早上6点离开家，约下午4点抵达此地.E g: He ran away quickly, looking as if something terrible had happened.译文：他很快的跑开了，看起来好像发生了什么可怕的事.(四)分词结构-----单句化简法.两个句子在一起，若无连接词相连时，往往第一个句子要化简，变成分词短语.法则如下：（1）两句的主语相同时，被化简的句子的主语要删除，若主语不同时要保留.（2）之后的动词要变成现在分词.（3）若该动词为be动词时，变成现在分词being之后，可给予省略，但亦可不予省略，以强调“因为------”的意思.E g: He has nothing to do, he feels bored.改正：化简第一个句子第一步：删除相同的主语he第二步：其后动词has变成现在分词having.最简化为：Having nothing to do , he feels bored.译文：他没有事情可做，所以觉得无聊.E g: He was sick of studying, he ran away from home.改正：化简第一个句子第一步：删除相同的主语he第二步：其后动词was变成现在分词being，然后给予省略.最简化为：Sick of studying, he ran away from home.译文：他厌倦学习，所以离家出走了.E g: The sun set, the cowboys rode back to the ranch.改正：化简第一个句子第一步：因为两个句子的主语不同，故要保留.第二步：其后动词set变成现在分词setting.最简化为：The sun setting, the cowboys rode back to the ranch.译文：夕阳西下，牛仔们刺马回到牧场(五)使用单句化简法时应注意事项.（1）变成否定分词结构时，not要置于分词前.E g:Not satisfied with result, he decided to try again.译文：他不满意此结果，决定再试一次.（2）句中有助动词do/does/did时，可直接删除.E g: He didn’t intend to see her, he left early.-----Not intending to see her, he left early.译文：他不打算见她，便提前离开了.(3)句中有完成时助动词has /have/had要视为动词而变成现在分词having.E g: He had done the work, he felt very happy.--------having done the work , he left happy.译文：他做完了这个工作，觉得很高兴.E g: I have not seen her for ages, I miss her very much.-------Not having seen her for ages, I miss her very much.译文：好久没有见面了，我非常想念她.（4）主语不同时，所形成的分词短语，成为分词的独立主格结构.所谓分词的独立主格结构，就是独立修饰不同主语的分词结构.在句中只能做状语，表示条件；时间；原因；伴随情况.E g: This being the case, you’d better be more careful.(解释：this being the case原为this is the case,但如此一来，本句与you’d better be more careful 无连接词相连.故将第一个句子化简为分词短语.由于主语不同，故给予保留，之后的动词is变成现在分词being, being the case 独立修饰不同主语this,故称为分词的独立主格结构).译文：这样的话，你最好多加小心.E g: All things considered, I decided to major in business administration.译文：全盘考虑后，我决定主修企业管理.E g: All the work finished, you can go home.译文：所有工作都做完了，你可以回家了.E g: Weather permitting , we are going to have a picnic tomorrow.译文：若天气许可，我们明天就去野餐.(六)分词短语------定语从句化简法.1，在限定性定语从句中、（即关系代词之前无逗号）中，若关系代词作主语时，可化简成分词短语，法则如下：（1）删除关系代词（2）其后动词变成现在分词.（3）若该动词为be动词，变成现在分词being之后，可给予省略.E g: The man who is talking to Mary over there is my father.第一步：将who删除第二步：将who之后的is变成现在分词being第三步：再将being省略.上句可简化成：-----------The man talking to Mary over there is my father.译文：那边那位正在和玛丽说话的男士是我爸爸.2，在非限制性的定语从句中（即关系代词之前有逗号）通常不得化简为分词短语.E g: I like Tom, who is talking to Mary.-------不能变成I like Tom, talking to Mary.3, 不过在非限制性的定语从句结构为“关系代词+be+名词”时，则仍可化简，从而形成同位语.E g: John, who is a good friend of mine, studies hard.------John, a good friend of mine , studies hard.译文：约翰，我的一个好朋友，学习很用功.(七)分词短语------状语从句化简法.Once; when; while; if ;unless; though等六个连接词所引导的状语从句中，若主语与主句中的主语相同时，亦可化简为分词结构，法则与单句化简完全相同.注意：once; if; unless所引导的状语从句若化简为分词短语，多限于“主语+be+分词/形容词”的结构；而when; while; though则不限于此.E g: If I am free, I’ll go with you.-------If free，I’ll go with you.译文：如果有空，我将和你一起去.E g: Though he was seriously injured, he was not at all daunted.----- Though seriously injured, he was not at all daunted.译文：虽然受伤很严重，他一点都不畏惧.E g: Once I am available, I’ll let you know the result.----- O nce available, I’ll let you know the result.译文：一旦我有空，我会告诉你结果的.E g: Once I have money, I’ll buy a new car.------不能转化为Once having money, I’ll buy a new car.(八)少数现在分词可当成介词使用.(1)including 包含/包括=inclusive of ；（2）excluding =exclusive of除外；（3）considering 考虑；（4）regarding关于；(5)concerning=about=on关于E g: Considering his performance, he can be a good teacher.译文：从他的表现来看，他可以当个好老师.E g: He wrote an article regarding environment pollution.译文：他写了一篇有关环境污染的文章.(九)独立分词短语的使用.特点：某些独立分词短语有副词的功能，通常置于句首，修饰整个句子.常见的分词短语有：generally speaking（一般来说）; judging from（从----判断）; frankly speaking（坦率地说）; considering everything（把一切考虑在内）; strictly speaking（严格地说）; talking of (谈到/谈及); according to(根据); seeing that+从句----------(既然)；given that+从句---------(考虑到).E g:Generally speaking, the more expensive the camera, the better its quality.E g:Strictly speaking, he is not good enough.E g: Judging from his appearance, he seems to be rich.E g: Talking of the devil, he will appear.E g:According to John, the fire broke out at ten in the morning.E g:Seeing that you have no time, I’ll have Peter replac e you.E g: Given that you had very little help, I think you did very well.(十)与使役动词有关的重要分词短语的句子.1，I started the ball rolling. 我给那件事开个头.2，The news set my heart throbbing.这个消息使我心悸不已3, I am sorry to have kept you waiting.我很抱歉让你久等了.4, I couldn’t make myself understood. 我无法让别人听懂我的话. 5, I had my shoes repaired.我把我的鞋拿去修好了.6, He got a new suit made.他订做了一套西服.7, You should leave it unsaid.你应该别提这件事情.8, I like my eggs half boiled.我喜欢吃煮的半熟的鸡蛋.9, I had my watch stolen.我的表被偷了.。

英语语法总结：非谓语动词之分词1．分词的性质：具有形容词性质，可以在句中担任表语、定语、宾补、状语，现在分词表示主动，且动作在进行：过去分词表示被动，或动作已完成。

2．分词的形式：例：write (vt) rise (vi)主动语态被动语态主动过去分词时态现在时writing beingwritten rising risen完成时having written having beenwritten having risen3．用法：（1）定语分词置于被修饰名词前分词短语于置于被修饰名词后a sleeping baby = a baby who is sleepinga running dog = a dog which is runninga broken glass = a glass which is brokena beaten team = a team which is beaten（beaten 是被打败的意思）（2）表语：The book is interesting.He is interested in the book.The news is exciting.He feels excited.（3）宾语补足语：When I woke up, I found my mother sitting besideme.I'd like to have this package weighed.掌握精髓：动词不定式作宾语表示动作的全过程，而现在分词作宾补表示动作正在进行；过去分词表示被动概念。

（4）状语：（以下例句值得一背！）①If you turn to the left, you'll find the station.→Turning to the left, you'll find the station.②As I didn't receive her letter, I called her up by telephone.→Not receiving her letter, I called her up by telephone.③While I was walking to school yesterday morning, I met a friend.→Walking to school yesterday morning, I met a friend.④When she was asked it she had any bad habit, she answered that she was a heavy smoker.→Asked if she had any bad habit, she answered that she was a heavy smoker.你知道吗？注意：在运用此类句型时主语前后要保持一致。

非谓语动词之“现在分词”的用法现在分词由“动词原形+ing”构成，具有动词的特点，在句中可作宾语补足语，定语，状语。

一、作宾语补足语。

（有“主动”的意思）感官动词后可用现在分词作宾语补足语。

感官动词有：一感。

（feel）二听。

（hear，listen to）四看。

（see，watch，notice，find）如：I heard the girl singing an English song when I came into the room.例题：1.-Do you often find Tom （play）on the playground after school ？-Y es，and I found him （play）on the playground just now .2. – Do you often see Mary （draw）picture in her room ？- Y es，and she was seen （draw）a horse just now.区别：现在分词作宾补表示宾语动作的瞬间，省to不定式作宾补表示宾语动作的过程。

补充：keep sb doing sth 使某人干某事，stop sb doing sth 阻止某人干某事二、作定语。

（有“主动”的意思）1、There is a girl singing an English song in the room. 有个女孩在房间里唱英文歌。

2、The man wearing a black coat may be Lucy’s father .穿着黑色外套的那个男子可能是Lucy 的爸爸。

例题：1、This is the best way （solve）the problem.2、I know the woman （wait）at the bus stop.区别：现在分词作定语有被修饰的人“正在做某事”的意思，但动词不定式没有。

第十六讲：非谓语动词——分词教学重点：掌握分词这一语法知识;了解这一语法知识在高考中的应用;命题趋势：分词的考点依次为作状语,作定语,做宾补及表语;一些固定的基本知识应记牢;知识点回顾：1.分词的基本概念：分词也是非谓语动词之一;分词在形式上有两种形式：1现在分词,动词原形 + ing同动名词形式2过去分词,规则动词动词原形 + ed不规则动词构成没有什么规律2.分词时态语态一览表3.分词在句中所能充当的成分4.分词的用法1分词做表语①跟在系动词之后分词做表语,一般跟在be, get, become, look, sound, feel, keep, remain, grow, seem, appear等系动词后面;现在分词做表语：一般表主动或主语的性质和特征;含有“令人….”的意思;主语多数为物;过去分词做表语：一般表示被动或主语所处的状态;含有“感到….”的意思;主语多数情况是人;例如：The news sounds encouraging.His father seems pleased with his results.②做表语的过去分词与被动语态中的过去分词的区别被动语态表示主语受到的动作表示主语的动作,而作表语的分词表示主语所处的状态;The blackboard was broken by LiMing.The blackboard is broken.③作表语的现在分词和进行时态的现在分词的区别作表语的现在分词表示主语的特征和性质;The situation in our country is encouraging.进行时态中的分词表示主语正在进行的动作;The situation in our country is encouraging the people.另外,在分词作表语的结构中,可以用其它系动词来代替be,但在进行结构中,则不可以;因为进行时的句型必须是be + doing;The news is surprising. = The news sounds surprising.④分词、动名词和不定式作表语的区别分词作表语：主要是表示主语的特点和所处的状态主语和表语的位置不可以互换;动名词和不定式作表语：主要是表示主语的具体内容;主语和表语的位置常常可以互换;The film is disappointing.这部电影令人失望;We are disappointed with the film.我们对这部电影感到失望;My job is teaching English. = Teaching English is my job.Our aim is to enter the universities. = To enter the universities is our aim.2分词作定语一般来讲,和分词做表语一样,现在分词修饰事物,过去分词修饰人;When they heard the exciting news, they got excited. Then the excited people shouted and cheered.当他们听到这一激动人心的消息时,他们变得激动起来;然后这些激动的人们大声叫喊,欢呼;①何时用现在分词的被动语态形式如果一个及物动词作定语,既要表达进行意味,又要表达被动意味时,用此形式;The question being discussed is very important.= The question that is being discussed is very important.Do you know the boy being punished by our teacher= Do you know the boy who is being punished by our teacher如果指的是将来的动作就要用不定式的被动形式或定语从句来表示;②何时用过去分词作定语过去分词包含完成和被动意味,一般表示的动作是在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生;This is a picture painted by my father.= This is a picture that was painted by my father.3分词作宾语补足语I heard someone calling me.I had a decayed tooth pulled off.我让大夫把我一颗蛀牙拔了;常用的动词有：感觉动词：hear, see, notice, watch, feel, find, leave使役动词：make, let, have, get, keep①现在分词和过去分词做宾补的区别现在分词：与句子的宾语是主动关系,它表示动作的进行;过去分词：与句子的宾语是被动关系,它表示动作的完成和结果;I heard someone calling me.someone calling me = someone is calling me.I heard my name called.my name called = my name was called.We found the snake eating the eggs.We found the eggs eaten by the snake.②过去分词在动词have, get两词后面作宾语时,常常表示这个动作不是由主语完成的,而是由别人完成的,还有一种情况就是表示这是主语的经历;You’d better have get the dangerous building pulled down.你最好叫人把这座危楼推倒了;How ofter do you have get your hair cut你每隔多久理一次发LiMing had his bike stolen.李明的自行车被偷了;是主语的一种经历,遭遇③重要的词组：make oneself donemake oneself understood = to make one’s meaning clear to othersmake oneself heardI can’t make myself understood because of my broken English.I didn’t make myself heard because a lot of people cried in the hall.④现在分词、过去分词和不定式作宾补的区别例如：Do you hear someone calling you现在分词= Someone is calling you, do you hearYes, I did. I heard him call me several times.不定式Oh, you mean you hear your name called several times.过去分词= Your name was called several times, do you hearWhen he was decorating his house, he got the bedroom painted first.过去分词作宾补当他装修他的房子时,他首先把卧室粉刷了;When he was decorating his house, he had some workers paint his bedroom first.不定式作宾补当他装修他的房子时,他首先让工人把卧室粉刷一新;In order to finish it, he had the workers painting his bedroom all the day and night.为了完成它,他让工人们从早一直干到晚;注意：<1>由省去to的不定式构成的符合宾语在变为被动语态时,要把原来省去的小品词to还原,但let这个词例外,被动语态时,to可还原,也可省略;I watched the boy cross the street. → The boy was watched to cross the street.The teacher let the students write the composition at class.→The students were let to write the composition at class.<2>have…do这一句型不可以变为被动式,而make…do和let…do则可以;The boss had Tom clean the room. → Tom was made to clean the room.√Tom was had to clean the room.×<3>find的用法find + 宾语 + doing 宾补√find + 宾语 + done 宾补√find + 宾语 + 不定式√He found a wallet lying on the ground.He found the city changed a lot.He found them change the city.×<4>seat和sit的用法Please be seated. = Please sit down.What surprised me most was to see some of the village people seated sitting on the benches at the end of room.最使我惊奇的是看见村民们坐在房后的长登上;此句中的seated不能写成seating,但可以写成sitting<5>如果有一系列动作作宾语时,一般用不定式,而不用现在分词;I saw her enter the room, sit in a chair, open a book and begin to read.我看见她走进房间,坐在一把椅子上打开一本书开始读起来了;4分词作状语分词和分词短语可以在句子中作状语来修饰谓语动词或整个句子,表示动作发生的时间、原因、条件、结果、让步或伴随等情况;但分词状语一般表示一个次要的动作;分词作状语时,一般都可以变为相应的状语从句或并列句;①分词作时间状语<1>分词所表示的动作一发生,谓语动词表示的动作立即发生,可以用分词短语作状语;分词位置：放在前面;可以译为：“当……的时候”可以换成：on + 动名词结构;常用的动词多是表示一个极短暂动作的动词,如hear, see, return, look, open, close, arrive, leave Hearing the bad news, they couldn’t help crying.= When they heard the bad news they couldn’t help crying.= On hearing the bad news, they couldn’t help crying.当听到这个不幸的消息时,他们情不自禁地哭了起来;<2>分词所表示的动作在进行过程中,谓语动作发生了,此时可以用分词短语作状语,但一般在它的前面加上when或while;分词位置：前后都可以;可以译为：“当……时”While playing the piano, she got very excited.= While she was playing the piano, she got very excited.<3>分词所表示的动作完成了之后,谓语动词所表示的动作才发生,用分词的完成形式作状语;分词位置：放在句子前面;可以译为：“在……之后”;可以换成：after + 动名词这一结构;Having turned off the radio, he began to go over his lessons.= After he had turned off the radio, he began to go over his lessons.= After turning off the radio, he began to go over his lessons.②分词作原因状语分词短语作原因状语时,相当于一个原因状语从句,同时也可以转变为一个原因状语从句,分词的完成形式也经常用来作原因状语;<1>分词所表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或几乎同时发生时,用分词的一般形式;Forgetting his manners, he put his feet up on the desk.= As he forgot his manners, he put his feet up on the desk.忘掉了他的举止要文明了他把脚放在书桌上;Being so angry, he couldn’t go to sleep.= because he was so angry, he couldn’t go to sleep.因为太生气了,他不能入睡;<2>分词所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生,用分词的完成式;Having been to the Great Wall many times, he didn’t go last week.= Because As he had been to the Great Wall many times, he didn’t go last week.因为他已经去过长城许多次了,上周他就没去;③分词作条件状语分词短语有时表示一种假设情况,相当于一个条件从句,这种情况下,有时在分词短语前加上of, unless是条件更明确;Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.= If they had been given more attention, the trees could have grown better.如果对这些树再多注意些,它们可能长得更好;④分词作让步状语分词短语作让步状语时,相当于一个让步状语从句,有时分词前可带连词although, whether, even if, even though;Although working from morning till night his father didn’t get enough food.= Although his father worked from morning till night he didn’t get enough food.虽然他父亲从早到晚的拼命干,但是他还是挣不够吃的;⑤表示方式或伴随情况分词短语表示方式或伴随情况是比较常用的,它用来说明动作发生的背景或情况;一般情况下,分词所表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生;他没有相应的状语从句可转换,但可以用并列句来转换;They came into the classroom, singing and laughing.= They sang and laughed and they came into the classroom.他们又唱又笑地走进教室;⑥分词作结果状语分词短语作结果状语时,通常放在句末,中间有逗号,有时为了突出结果,分词前带有thus.The bus was helped up by the snowstorm, thus causing the delay.= The bus was helped up by the snowsorm, so it caused the delay.⑦分词作状语和不定式作状语的区别分词和不定式虽然都可以当状语,但区别较大;不定式作状语：主要是作目的状语和结果状语,还有一些作原因状语;分词作状语：一般表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式、伴随等情况用作目的和结果状语的时候不多I’m sorry to hear that.The doctor, not wishing to make her nervous, didn’t fully explain the seriousness of her condition.⑧分词作状语时需注意事项<1>分词短语作状语时,他的逻辑主语通常应是句子的主语,这一点需特别注意;Seen from the hill, the city is beautiful.句子的主语是the citySeeing from the hill, you can see the whole city.句子的主语是youSeeing from the hill, the city is beautiful.×<2>例外的情况被用作介词或连词的分词supposing 假设、设想 considering 认为including 包括 according to 按照granted 认为Supposing he won’t pass the exam, what should he doMany people including the old go to work without any pay on Sunday.According to his report, the situation is getting serious.独立成分Generally speaking…..一般说来Frankly speaking….坦白地说Judging from….根据…..来判断Considering…..考虑到…..5.独立主格前面讲到的分词短语作状语时,它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语;但有时分词短语带有自己的主语;它们之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系,这个逻辑上的主语一般由名词担任,在分词短语之前,我们称为独立主格;独立主格在句中作状语,可以表示时间、原因、条件和方式、伴随;Because it is Sunday, you needn’t go to school.→It being Sunday, you needn’t go to school.After all the officials had arrived, the meeting was declared open.→All the officials having arrived, the meeting was declared open.If weather permits, we’ll go to the Summer Palace.→Weather permitting, we’ll go to the Summer Palace.with的复合结构作独立主格表伴随时,既可用分词的独立结构,也可用with的复合结构;with + 名词代词+ 现在分词/ 过去分词/ 形容词/ 副词/ 不定式/ 介词短语。