延续性动词与非延续性动词及其转换

延续性动词与非延续性动词及其转换动词按其动作发生的方式、发生过程的长短可分为延续性动词与非延续性动词。

一 . 延续性动词表示能够延续的动作 , 如:learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。

延续性动词可以与表示时间段的状语连用。

表示时间段的短语有 : ⑴ for+一段时间 , 如 :for 2 years; ⑵ since 从句 , 如 since he came here; since+过去时间点名词 , 如 since last year, since 5 days ago. 例 :He has lived here for 6 years. Y ou can keep the book for 5 days.二 . 非延续性动词也称终止性动词、瞬间动词 , 表示不能延续的动作 , 这种动作发生后立即结束。

如 : open, die, close, begin, finish, come, go, move, borrow, lend, buy 等。

非延续性动词在肯定句中与表示时间点的状语连用,如:two years ago; at 5o'clock;例 : He died 5 years ago.三 . 延续性动词与非延续性动词之间的转换:例:He left five minutes ago. = He has been away for five minutes.这句话的意思是指他离开的动作是 5分钟之前发生的,是过去时。

也就是说从他离开到现在已经有五分钟了,这个动作是延续的,要用现在完成时,并且要把原来的短暂性动词改为延续性动词。

下面是一些短暂性动词及相应的延续性动词,须牢记。

leave --- be away, borrow --- keep, buy --- have,begin/start --- be on, die --- be dead, finish --- be over,join --- be in+组织机构 , be a member of+组织机构 ,open sth --- keep sth open, fall ill --- be ill, get up---be up,catch a cold --- have a cold, come here --- be here,go there --- be there, become --- be, come back --- be back,fall asleep --- be asleep, get to/ arrive/reach --- be (in,leave --- be away from, get to know --- know,go (get out → be out, put on→ wear ; catch a cold → have a cold等。

练习 :1. The old man died 4 years ago.----The old man___________________for 4 years.2. He joined the Party 2 years ago.-----He __________________the Party for 2 years.3. I bought the book 5 days ago.--- I _________________the book for 5 days.现在完成时(一现在完成时是初三教材中的一个重点语法项目,下面我们就来学习它的构成。

1.现在完成时的基本句式是“have (has +过去分词” 。

如:① I have seen that film.我已经看过那部影片了。

② We have just finished our homework.我们刚刚做完家庭作业。

③ She has gone home.她回家去了。

注意:1该句式中的 have 或 has 是助动词, has 用于第三人称单数,其它人称一律用 have 。

2该句式中 have (has 和过去分词之间可用 just 插入。

3 把该句式译成汉语时,往往用“ 已经” 、“ 刚刚” 、“ 过” 或“ 了” 等。

2.现在完成时的一般疑问句式是把助动词 have 或 has 提到主语之前。

如:④Have you read this story book yet?你读过这本故事书吗?⑤ Has he eaten that apple yet?他吃那个苹果了吗?注意:1现在完成时的一般疑问句往往在句末加 yet 。

2把现在完成时的一般疑问句译成汉语时,往往译成“…… 过吗? ” 、“ 还有…… 吗? ” 等。

3其肯定回答用:Y es , . . . have (has .否定回答用:No , . . . haven't (hasn't .有时用: No , not yet.或 No , never .3.现在完成时的否定句式是“have (has +过去分词” 。

如:⑥ We haven't studied Unit 2yet.我们还没学习第二单元。

⑦ The train hasn't stopped yet.火车还没有停下来。

注意:1现在完成时的否定句句末往往加 yet 。

2否定句常译为“ 还没有……” 等。

现在完成时(二现在完成时表示过去发生或完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。

如: Have you read that story?你读过那个故事吗?(“ 读” 这一动作发生在过去,对现在造成的影响是:是否知道故事的内容I have bought two apples.我买了两个苹果。

(“ 买” 这一动作发生在过去,对现在造成的结果是:拥有两个苹果在学习这一概念的同时,还应注意常与现在完成时连用的几个副词:already , just , yet , ever , never 等。

already , just 多用于肯定句中, yet , ever , never 多用于疑问句和否定句中。

如:I have already finished my homework.我已经做完家庭作业了。

He has just had his meal.他刚吃过饭。

Have you ever sung this English song?你曾唱过这首英文歌吗?They haven't started yet.他们还没有动身。

W e have never heard of it.我们从来没有听说过这件事。

现在完成时(三1.现在完成时态既涉及过去,又联系现在,它可表示动作或状态过去已经开始一直延续到现在,和由 for 或 since 引导的时间状语连用。

例如:W e have lived here for five years.我们在这里住了五年了。

I have known him since he was a boy.我从他还是个孩子的时候就认识他了。

注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别:现在完成时强调过去发生的事对现在造成的影响;一般过去时指过去发生的事实。

请看下面对话中一般过去时和现在完成时的不同。

A :Have you seen the film?B :Y es , I have.A :When did you see it?B :I saw it a year ago.2.延续性动词与非延续性动词在现在完成时中的使用。

(1 延续性动词:be , have , know , live , work , study , learn , teach , speak , talk , draw , wait , wear , walk , sleep 等,这些动词可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。

例如:Uncle Wang has worked in this factory for ten years.王伯伯在这家工厂工作十年了。

(2 非延续性动词:come , go , arrive , reach , see , hear , close , leave , begin , start , lose , buy , fall , join , die 等,这些动词可用于完成时态,说明某个动作的结果还存在,但不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。

例如:【正】 The play has begun.戏开演了。

(戏正在演着【误】 The play has begun for half an hour.戏开演半小时了。

3.非延续性动词表示状态有三种方法:(1用相应的延续性动词来替换非延续性动词。

句中的谓语动词一般用现在完成时, 时间状语为“for +时间段” 或“since +时间点 (过去某一时刻或非延续性动词的一般过去时从句” 或用在 how long的问句中。

例如:They have been here for five years. 他们来这里已经五年了。

(这里 come 这一非延续性动词改成了 be 。

常见的非延续性动词与延续性动词转换如下:come→be , come to→be in /at , go out→be out , leave→be away , begin /start→be on , buy→have , borrow→keep ,join→be a member of /be a. . . member , die→be dead, put on→wear , catch a cold→ have a cold, get to know→know , become a teacher→be a teacher, fall asleep→be asleep, go to sleep→sleep 等。

(2用“ 非延续性动词的一般过去时+一段时间+ago” 这一句型(即用一般过去时。

例如:They came here five years ago.他们是五年前来这里的。

(3用“It is(has been+时间段+since 从句(从句的谓语动词用非延续性动词的过去式” 这一句型。

例如:It is five years since they came here.自从他们来到这里已经有五年了。

现在完成时与中考题选择填空。

1. I_______ a letter from him since he left. (天津市A . didn't receive B. haven't got C. didn't have D. haven't heard2. — Where have you _______ these days ? — I have to Dazhu with my friends . (重庆市 A . been ; gone B. been ; been C. gone ; been D. gone ; gone3. How long have you _______ this book?(哈尔滨市A . bought B. borrowed C. had D. lent4. — Where's Peter? — He _______ to Nanjing. (沈阳市A . is going B. has been C. has gone D. went5. Y ou've never seen such a wonderful film before, _______ ?(河北省 A . haven't you B. have you C. do you D. don't you6. W e have lived here _______ five years ago. (河南省A . when B. since C. before D. after7. — I have watched the game. — When you _______ it?(长沙市A . have ; watched B. do ; watch C. did ; watch D. will ; watch8. — How do you like Beijing, Mr Black? — Oh , I _______ such a beautiful city . (江西省 A . don't visit B. didn't visit C. haven't visited D. hadn't visited 9. The old people _______ lonely at all since we began to visit them once a week . (广州市 A . don't feel B. hasn't felt C. haven't felt D. didn't feel10. My grandfather_______ in the small town all his life. He always says he likes the town. (四川省 A . lived B. have lived C. has lived D. is living 11. Miss Brown_______ to the Great Wall twice. (贵阳市A . have been B. has been C. have gone D. has gone12. His brother has been to Stone Forest twice _______ he came to Yunnan. (昆明市 A . after B. before C. since D. for13. His grandpa _______ for two years. (广西A . was died B. has been dead C. was dead D. has died14. — Have you ever_______ to Haikou?— Y es , I_______ there with my family last August. (海南省A . gone ; went B. been ; went C . been ; went to D. been ; was in 15. His sister_______ her hometown for three years . She'll return next year . (合肥市 A . left B. has left C . has been away D. has been away from (Key :1— 5BBCCB 6— 10BCCCC 11—15BCBBD。