气象要素观测

四要素气象观测自动站需求说明一、项目情况
二、技术规格、参数及要求（一）设备总体性能参数
（二）四要素气象观测自动站主要指标参数
（三）自动站备件主要指标参数
三、售后及备品备件要求
1、供应商须提供完整的售后服务方案。

设备整机质保期内免费维修，其中包括所有故障部件的免费更换及整套系统故障的现场维修（人力不可抗拒因素除外）。

整套系统在质保期外的维修，只收取成本费。

2、包含质保期外所提供的备件及耗材清单，且所提供的设备价格水平不高于本次的价格水平，供货期不超过1个月。

3、设备在安装调试及保修期内如发现质量问题，供应商收到采购人的最终用户函电后，2小时内作出答复，12小时内达到现场，24小时内排除故障。

被服务方向供应商现场人员提供食宿条件，费用由供应商负责。

四、工程进度要求
1、合同签订后根据采购人的要求安排发货。

2、设备到达安装现场后，收到采购人通知五日内到达现场，并完成设备的安装、调测以及供电系统的联调工作。

3、供应商应根据采购人的工程进度要求，提出具体的工程进度安排。

供应商应提交本项目的项目计划进度表。

该计划进度表首先对本项目的工作内容进行分解，针对不同的工作内容提出相应的实施进度表，并提供相应的阶段性工作成果以及验收标准的建议。

地面气象观测要素探析摘要：气象要素是气象部门开展地面气象观测的重要内容，包括气温、湿度、降水、气压、日照、风向风速等。

本文对气象观测中的几个主要气候要素进行分析探讨，为做好天气预报、气候分析以及有关科学研究积累准确、有效的气象要素基础资料。

关键词：地面气象观测；气象要素；自动站观测中图分类号：p4121文献标识码：a1地面气象观测场所11观测场观测场是气象部门获取地面气象信息的气象要素主要观测场所，通常要求观测场地点设在四周空旷平坦、不受局部地形影响的地带；能较好的反映当地大范围内气象要素特点，多在城市最多风向的上风方；其边缘与周围孤立障碍物高度10倍以上，并与水库、湖泊等较大水体最高水位线水平距离保持在100m以上；为保障观测场内气流畅通，禁止在观测场四周10m内种植高秆作物。

12百叶箱观测场内百叶箱是用来安置测量大气温度和湿度的仪器的防护设备，可防止太阳对仪器的直接辐射以及地面对仪器的反射辐射，并保护仪器免受强风、雨、雪等恶劣天气影响。

气象百叶箱一般置于观测场北向，由木质和玻璃钢两种材质制成，箱壁两排叶片与水平面夹角约呈45°，为“人”字形，箱底为中间一块稍高的三块平板组成，箱顶是两层平板，最上层稍向后倾斜，箱面为白色，可降低吸热能力。

这种结构设计有利于箱内适当通风，使箱内存放的观测仪器真实感应外界大气温度和湿度的变化。

2地面气象观测要素21气温地面气象观测中气温要素是指表示大气冷热程度的物理量，对气温要素的观测项目为温度计测量到的气温的连续记录，包括定时气温、日最高气温和日最低气温等；气温单位为℃，小数点后面取一位小数。

22湿度湿度的观测记录方法为：首先取记录纸套在自记钟钟筒上，使记录纸紧贴钟筒表面，保证记录纸下沿贴紧钟筒下边缘，记录纸接合处与水平线衔接紧密，然后使用自记纸夹将记录纸夹紧；把自记钟插在中心轴后反时针旋转钟筒，使钟筒稳当的落在中心轴上，消除其间间隙；笔尖灌适当自记墨水，多出的墨水要用光硬纸剔净，然后拨动笔挡使笔尖与自记纸轻触；最后检查笔尖在自记纸上划出的湿度数据记录线条质量，使其粗细不超过03mm。

省份区站号站名纬度（度分）经度（度分）气压传感器拔海高度（米）观测场拔海高度（米）安徽58015砀山34271162045.444.2安徽58016萧县34111165835.934.7安徽58102亳州33521154639.237.7安徽58107临泉3301115173735.8安徽58108界首3314115203534安徽58109太和33111153734.233安徽58112天柱山304411627969.4968.2安徽58113濉溪33561164532.831.6安徽58114涡阳33291161132.331.2安徽58116淮北33591165032.731.5安徽58117利辛33081161229.427.9安徽58118蒙城33161163127.226安徽58122宿州33381165927.125.9安徽58125灵璧33351173124.422.9安徽58126泗县33281175220.719.5安徽58127怀远32591171222.421.2安徽58128固镇33201172122.221安徽58129五河33091175016.114.9安徽58202阜南32401153432.431.2安徽58203阜阳32521154433.932.7安徽58210颍上32391161426.225.2安徽58212凤台32431164624.223安徽58214霍邱32201161734.132.9安徽58215寿县32261164726.925.7安徽58220长丰32281170929.328.1安徽58221蚌埠3251117182826.8安徽58222凤阳32511173325.624.6安徽58223明光32481175932.631.4安徽58224淮南32391170133.632.6安徽58225定远32321174070.669.6安徽58234来安32281182541.640.4安徽58236滁州32211181534.733.5安徽58240天长32411190122.521.3安徽58306金寨31411155396.595.4安徽58311六安31441163075.374.1安徽58314霍山31241161987.686.4安徽58316舒城31281165524.823.6安徽58317岳西305211622435.4434.2安徽58319桐城3104116578685.4安徽58320肥西31441170822.821.8安徽58321合肥31471171828.227安徽58323肥东3153117282625安徽58326巢湖31351175031.930.9安徽58327庐江31161171746.445.2安徽58329无为31201175210.89.6安徽58330含山3145118052726安徽58331和县31441182223.522.5安徽58334芜湖31231182210.79.5安徽58335当涂31341183124.423.2安徽58336马鞍山31421183481.280安徽58337繁昌3105118112826.8安徽58338芜湖县31091183518.317.1安徽58417宿松30101160855.954.7安徽58429铜陵30591175112.211安徽58431南陵30541181940.239安徽58432泾县30411182458.457.3安徽58433宣城30561184532.231.2安徽58435旌德301811832221.3220.2安徽58436宁国30371185988.587.3安徽58437黄山3008118091841.41840.4安徽58441广德30521192544.343.1安徽58442郎溪31101191117.716.5安徽58520祁门295111743143.1142安徽58523黟县295611756228.7227.5安徽58530歙县295211826170.1168.7安徽58531屯溪294311817143.9142.7安徽58534休宁294711811171.4170.2北京54398顺义40081163729.628.6北京54399海淀39591161746.945.8北京54406延庆402711558489.1487.9北京54416密云4023116527371.8北京54419怀柔40221163876.875.7北京54421密云上甸子403911707294.3293.3北京54424平谷40101170733.332.1北京54431通州39551163844.543.3北京54433朝阳39571163036.335.3北京54499昌平40131161377.476.2北京54501斋堂395811541441.3440.3北京54505门头沟39561160699.198北京54511北京39481162832.531.3北京54513石景山39571161266.865.6北京54514丰台39521161556.755.2北京54594大兴39431162138.837.6北京54596房山39461161249.948.9北京54597霞云岭394411544408.7407.7福建58724光泽273211719269.2268.2福建58725邵武272011728218.9218福建58730武夷山274611802223.1222.1福建58731浦城275511832277.9276.9福建58734建阳272011807198.1196.9福建58735松溪273111845261.3260.2福建58736政和272311849263.6262.4福建58737建瓯270311819155.7154.9福建58744寿宁272711925816.9815.9福建58747周宁270911921900.3899.3福建58748福安27061193951.550.5福建58749柘荣271411953685.1684.1福建58754福鼎2720120123736.2福建58818宁化261411638359.7358.9福建58819清流261111649338336.9福建58820泰宁265411710344.1342.9福建58822建宁265011651343.5342.3福建58823顺昌264811748176.4175.2福建58824明溪262411709358.4357.4福建58826沙县262411748121.5120.6福建58828三明261611737209.2208.2福建58836古田263511844362.7361.5福建58837尤溪260911809205.9204.8福建58839闽清26141185141.840.8福建58843霞浦26531200157.856.8福建58844闽侯26091190958.657.8福建58845罗源26301193261.560.5福建58846宁德26401193133.232.4福建58847福州26051191784.884福建58848连江26121193314.413.4安徽58435旌德301811832221.3220.2安徽58436宁国30371185988.587.3安徽58437黄山3008118091841.41840.4安徽58441广德30521192544.343.1安徽58442郎溪31101191117.716.5安徽58520祁门295111743143.1142安徽58523黟县295611756228.7227.5安徽58530歙县295211826170.1168.7安徽58531屯溪294311817143.9142.7安徽58534休宁294711811171.4170.2北京54398顺义40081163729.628.6北京54399海淀39591161746.945.8北京54406延庆402711558489.1487.9北京54416密云4023116527371.8北京54419怀柔40221163876.875.7北京54421密云上甸子403911707294.3293.3北京54424平谷40101170733.332.1北京54431通州39551163844.543.3北京54433朝阳39571163036.335.3北京54499昌平40131161377.476.2北京54501斋堂395811541441.3440.3北京54505门头沟39561160699.198北京54511北京39481162832.531.3北京54513石景山39571161266.865.6北京54514丰台39521161556.755.2北京54594大兴39431162138.837.6北京54596房山39461161249.948.9北京54597霞云岭394411544408.7407.7福建58724光泽273211719269.2268.2福建58725邵武272011728218.9218福建58730武夷山274611802223.1222.1福建58731浦城275511832277.9276.9福建58734建阳272011807198.1196.9福建58735松溪273111845261.3260.2福建58736政和272311849263.6262.4福建58737建瓯270311819155.7154.9福建58744寿宁272711925816.9815.9福建58747周宁270911921900.3899.3福建58748福安27061193951.550.5福建58749柘荣271411953685.1684.1福建58754福鼎2720120123736.2福建58818宁化261411638359.7358.9福建58819清流261111649338336.9福建58820泰宁265411710344.1342.9福建58822建宁265011651343.5342.3福建58823顺昌264811748176.4175.2福建58824明溪262411709358.4357.4福建58826沙县262411748121.5120.6福建58828三明261611737209.2208.2福建58836古田263511844362.7361.5福建58837尤溪260911809205.9204.8福建58839闽清26141185141.840.8福建58843霞浦26531200157.856.8福建58844闽侯26091190958.657.8福建58845罗源26301193261.560.5福建58846宁德26401193133.232.4福建58847福州26051191784.884福建58848连江26121193314.413.4甘肃52993会宁3541105041740.61739.4甘肃52995安定3535104371898.41897.2甘肃52996华家岭3523105012451.82450.6甘肃52998渭源3508104122112.22111甘肃53821环县3634107181256.81255.6甘肃53829庆城3559107541094.91093.7甘肃53906静宁3531105431657.61656.4甘肃53908通渭3513105141769.41768.2甘肃53915崆峒3533106401347.81346.6甘肃53917庄浪3513106041632.21631甘肃53923西峰3544107381422.21421甘肃53924灵台350410737967.8966.6甘肃53925镇原354110711117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5.3江苏58041西连岛3447119262226.9江苏58044连云港343211914 4.7 4.7江苏58045响水3412119368.4 4.8江苏58047灌云341511914 5.3 4.8。

气象观测元数据要素信息1.观测站点信息：包括观测站点的名称、代码、坐标、高程、区域等。

观测站点的准确定位和地理位置信息对于气象观测数据的解释和分析非常重要。

2.时间信息：包括观测数据的时间范围、观测时间间隔等。

时间信息的准确性对于气象观测数据的分析和预报非常关键，同时还需要考虑观测数据的时效性和时空分辨率。

3.观测项目信息：包括气温、湿度、气压、风速、风向、降水量等。

观测项目的种类和数量取决于观测站点的配置和需要。

观测项目信息对于气象预报和气候研究等都起到至关重要的作用。

4.观测仪器信息：包括所使用的气象观测仪器的型号、精度、校准信息等。

观测仪器的准确性和稳定性直接影响观测数据的质量和可靠性。

5.数据采集和传输信息：包括数据采集设备和数据传输方式等。

数据采集和传输信息需要保证观测数据的实时性和完整性。

6.质量控制信息：包括数据质量控制方法、规范和标准等。

质量控制信息对于保证观测数据的准确性和可靠性至关重要。

7.数据格式信息：包括观测数据的存储格式和编码方式等。

数据格式信息对于数据的存储、传输和交换非常重要。

8.元数据管理信息：包括元数据的更新和维护方式，以及元数据的查找和使用等。

元数据管理信息对于保持元数据的完整性和准确性非常重要。

9.数据访问权限信息：包括数据的访问权限和授权方式等。

数据访问权限信息需要确保观测数据的安全性和合规性。

以上是气象观测元数据要素信息的一些主要内容，这些信息对于气象观测数据的收集、分析和利用非常关键，能够保证气象观测数据的质量和可靠性，进而提高气象预报和气候研究的准确性和精度。

农业气象观测的主要内容及有效管理农业气象观测是指利用气象观测手段对农业生产活动进行监测、预测和评估的过程。

农业气象观测的主要内容包括气象要素观测、病虫害监测、作物生长监测、气象灾害监测等。

有效的管理对于农业气象观测工作的顺利开展和提高农业生产效益具有重要意义。

一、气象要素观测气象要素观测是农业气象观测的基础，包括温度、湿度、降水量、风速、日照时数等气象要素的观测。

这些气象要素对农作物的生长发育、病虫害的传播和防治、灌溉和施肥等农业生产活动具有重要的影响。

农业气象观测必须对这些气象要素进行连续、准确的观测，并通过数据分析和预测，为农业生产提供科学依据。

为了有效管理气象要素观测工作，需要加强气象观测站的建设和维护，提高观测设备的精准度和稳定性。

还需要加强观测人员的培训和管理，确保他们能够熟练操作观测设备，并进行准确的数据记录和分析。

还需要建立完善的数据管理系统，及时保存和整理观测数据，并进行有效的数据共享和利用。

二、病虫害监测农业病虫害是影响农作物产量和质量的重要因素。

通过病虫害监测，可以及时了解病虫害的传播情况和发生趋势，为科学防治提供依据。

农业气象观测需要对病虫害进行监测，包括病虫害种类、密度、趋势等方面的观测。

为了有效管理病虫害监测工作，需要建立健全的监测网络，确保监测点位的覆盖范围和密度。

还需要加强监测手段和技术的研发和应用，提高监测的准确性和可靠性。

还需要加强监测数据的分析和报告，及时向农民和农业管理部门通报病虫害的监测结果和预警信息，指导农业防治工作的开展。

三、作物生长监测作物的生长发育过程受气象条件的影响比较大，因此作物生长监测是农业气象观测的重要内容之一。

通过作物生长监测，可以了解作物的生长状态、需水需肥情况，为农业生产提供科学管理依据。

作物生长监测的主要内容包括作物播种、生长期、结果期等阶段的生长情况的观测和分析。

四、气象灾害监测气象灾害是指气象条件对农业生产活动造成的不利影响，包括干旱、洪涝、冻害、霜害等气象灾害。

有关“气象观测”的标准
有关“气象观测”的标准如下：
气象观测标准是指对天气、气象灾害等自然现象的观测规范，这些规范包括观测要求、观测方法、观测设备等方面的规定。

其中，观测要求涉及观测内容、观测时间、观测频度等；观测方法涵盖观测方式、观测顺序、观测时序等；观测设备则包括观测仪器、感应器等。

具体来说，根据中国气象局发布的《中华人民共和国气象观测规范》，天气观测内容包括温度、湿度、气压、风力、风向、能见度、云量、天气现象等。

此外，还有一系列详细的气象观测体系与标准，包括3个专业方向（气象仪器与方法、大气成分观测、气象卫星与空间天气），6个技术领域（基础通用、站网建设、技术装备、数据获取、数据处理、运行保障），以及19个标准系列（如质量控制、产品开发、检验评估等）。

这些标准和规范共同构成了气象观测的完整体系，旨在确保气象观测数据的准确性、一致性和可靠性，为天气预报、气候研究和其他相关领域提供有力支持。