2006年考研英语真题及答案完整解析

2006 年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题Directions：Read the following text. Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1（10 points）The homeless make up a growing percentage of America’s population。

1 , homelessness has reache d such proportions that local government can’t possibly 2 . To help homeless people 3 independence， the federal government must support job training programs， 4 the minimum wage， and fund more low—cost housing。

5 everyone agrees on the numbers of Americans who are homeless。

Estimates6 anywhere from 600，000 to 3 million。

7 the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter： that the number of the homeless is8 . One of the federal government’s studies9 that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade.Finding ways to 10 this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult. 11 when homeless individuals manage to find a 12 that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night， a good number still spend the bulk of each day 13 the street。

2006考研英语（一）真题及答案解析Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1(10 points)The homeless make up a growing percentage of America’s population. 1 , homelessness has reached such proportions that local government can’t possibly 2 . To help homeless people 3 independence, the federal government must support job training programs, 4 the minimum wage, and fund more low-cost housing.5 everyone agrees on the numbers of Americans who are homeless. Estimates6 anywhere from 600,000 to 3 million. __7__ the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is__8__. One of the federal government’s studies __9__ that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade.Finding ways to __10__ this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult. __11__when homeless individuals manage to find a __12__ that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day__13__ the street. Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs. And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders. Many others, __14__not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday __15__ skills needed to turn their lives __16__. Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are _17__ programs that address the many needs of the homeless. __18__ Edward Zlotkowski, director of community service at Bentley College in Massachusetts, _19__it, “There has to be _20 _of programs. What we need is a package deal.”1.[A]Indeed [B]Likewise [C]Therefore [D]Furthermore2.[A]stand [B]cope [C]approve [D]retain3.[A]in [B]for [C]with [D]toward4.[A]raise [B]add [C]take [D]keep5.[A]generally [B]almost [C]hardly [D]not6.[A]cover [B]change [C]range [D]differ7.[A]Now that [B]Although [C]Provided [D]Except that8.[A]inflating [B]expanding [C]increasing [D]extending9.[A]predicts [B]displays [C]proves [D]discovers10.[A]assist [B]track [C]sustain [D]dismiss11.[A]Hence [B]But [C]Even [D]Only12.[A]lodging [B]shelter [C]dwelling [D]house13.[A]searching [B]strolling [C]crowding [D]wandering14.[A]when [B]once [C]while [D]whereas15.[A]life [B]existence [C]survival [D]maintenance16.[A]around [B]over [C]on [D]up17.[A]complex [B]comprehensive [C]complementary [D]compensating18.[A]So [B]Since [C]As [D]Thus19.[A]puts [B]interprets [C]assumes [D]makes20.[A]supervision [B]manipulation [C]regulation [D]coordinationDirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1In spite of “endless talk of difference,”American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. This is “the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of deference”characteristic of popular culture. People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption”launched by the 19th-century department stores that offered ‘vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite.”these were stores “anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shopping into a public and democratic act.”The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization.Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today’s immigration is neither at unprecedented level nor resistant to assimilation. In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of population; in 1900, 13.6 percent. In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1,000 residents; in the 10 years prior to 1890, 9.2 for every 1,000. Now, consider three indices of assimilation------language, home ownership and intermarriage.The 1990 Census revealed that “a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English “well”or “very well”after ten years of residence.”The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English. “By the third generation, the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families.”Hence the description of America as a graveyard”for language. By 1996 foreign-born immigrants who had arrive before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans.Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics “have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S-born whites and blacks.”By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics, and 41 percent of Asian-American women are married to non-Asians.Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around world are fans of superstars like Amold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet “some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power.”Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America? Indeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against America’s turbulent past, today’s social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.21.The word “homogenizing”(Line 2, Paragraph 1) most probably means_____.A. identifyingB. associatingC. assimilatingD. monopolizing22. According to the author, the department stores of the 19th century_____.A. played a role in the spread of popular culture.B. became intimate shops for common consumers.C. satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite.D. owed its emergence to the culture of consumption.23. The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S. _____.A. are resistant to homogenization.B. exert a great influence on American culture.C. are hardly a threat to the common culture.D. constitute the majority of the population.24. Why are Amold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5?A. To prove their popularity around the world.B. To reveal the public’s fear of immigrants.C. To give examples of successful immigrants.D. To show the powerful influence of American culture.25. In the author’s opinion, the absorption of immigrants into American society is_____.A. rewardingB. successfulC. fruitlessD. harmfulText 2Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry---William Shakespeare---but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches. There is the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC), which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon. And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway’s Cottage, Shakespeare’s birthplace and the other sights.The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny to their revenue. They frankly dislike the RSC’s actors, them with their long hair and beards and sandals and noisiness. It’s all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share of noise-making.The tourist streams are not entirely separate. The sightseers who come by bus---and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side---don’t usually see the plays, and some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford. However, the playgoers do manage a little sight-seeing along with their playgoing. It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in much of the town’s revenue because they spend the night (some of them four or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants. The sightseers can take in everything and get out of town by nightfall.The townsfolk don’t see it this way and local council does not contribute directly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company. Stratford cries poor traditionally. Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge. Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive.Anyway, the townsfolk can’t understand why the Royal Shakespeare Company needs a subsidy. (The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a row. Last year its 1,431 seats were 94 percent occupied all year long and this year they’ll do better.) The reason, of course, is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low.It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford’s most attractive clientele. They come entirely for the plays, not the sights. They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over)-lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside thetheatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10:30 a.m.26. From the first two paragraphs, we learn that_____.A. the townsfolk deny the RSC ’s contribution to the town’s revenue.B. the actors of the RSC imitate Shakespeare on and off stage.C. the two branches of the RSC are not on good terms.D. the townsfolk earn little from tourism.27. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that_____.A. the sightseers cannot visit the Castle and the Palace separately.B. the playgoers spend more money than the sightseers.C. the sightseers do more shopping than the playgoers.D. the playgoers go to no other places in town than the theater.28. By saying “Stratford cries poor traditionally”(Lines 2-3, Paragraph 4), the author implies that_____.A. Stratford cannot afford the expansion projects.B. Stratford has long been in financial difficulties.C. the town is not really short of money.D. the townsfolk used to be poorly paid.29. According to the townsfolk, the RSC deserves no subsidy because_____.A. ticket prices can be raised to cover the spending.B. the company is financially ill-managed.C. the behavior of the actors is not socially acceptable.D. the theatre attendance is on the rise.30. From the text we can conclude that the author_____.A. is supportive of both sides.B. favors the townsfolk’s view.C. takes a detached attitude.D. is sympathetic to the RSC.Text 3When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals. They suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived. The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then.Dr Worm acknowledges that the figures are conservative. One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Today's vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, whichwere not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around now.Dr Myers and Dr Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the "shifting baseline". The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business.31. The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that_____.A. large animals were vulnerable to the changing environment.B. small species survived as large animals disappeared.C. large sea animals may face the same threat today.D. Slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones32. We can infer from Dr Myers and Dr. Worm’s paper that_____.A. the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%.B. there are only half as many fisheries as there were 15 years ago.C. the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amount.D. the number of larger predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the old.33.By saying “these figures are conservative”(Line 1, paragraph 3), Dr Worm means that_____.A. fishing technology has improved rapidly.B. the catch-sizes are actually smaller then recorded.C. the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss.D. the data collected so far are out of date.34. Dr Myers and other researchers hold that_____.A. people should look for a baseline that can work for a longer time.B. fisheries should keep the yield below 50% of the biomassC. the ocean biomass should restored its original level.D. people should adjust the fishing baseline to changing situations35. The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries’_____.A. management efficiencyB. biomass levelC. catch-size limitsD. technological application.Text 4Many things make people think artists are weird. But the weirdest may be this: artists' onlyjob is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.This wasn't always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere in the 19th century, more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless, phony or, worst of all, boring as we went from Wordsworth's daffodils to Baudelaire's flowers of evil.You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen so much misery. But it's not as if earlier times didn't know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents. The reason, in fact, may be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today.After all, what is the one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness? Advertising. The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young. In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too.Today the messages your average Westerner is surrounded with are not religious but commercial, and forever happy. Fast-food eaters, news anchors, text messengers, all smiling, smiling, smiling. Our magazines feature beaming celebrities and happy families in perfect homes. And since these messages have an agenda---to lure us to open our wallets---they make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable. "Celebrate!" commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attacks.What we forget---what our economy depends on us forgetting---is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need someone to tell us, as religion once did, Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It's a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air.36.By citing the example of poets Wordsworth and Baudelaire, the author intends to show that_____.A. poetry is not as expressive of joy as painting or music.B. art grows out of both positive and negative feeling.C. poets today are less skeptical of happiness.D. artists have changed their focus of interest.37. The word “bummer”(Line 5. paragraph 5) most probably means something_____.A. religiousB. unpleasantC. entertainingD. commercial38. In the author’s opinion, advertising_____.A. emerges in the wake of the anti-happy art.B. is a cause of disappointment for the general public.C. replaces the church as a major source of information.D. creates an illusion of happiness rather than happiness itself.39. We can learn from the last paragraph that the author believes_____.A. happiness more often than not ends in sadness.B. the anti-happy art is distasteful but refreshing.C. misery should be enjoyed rather than denied.D. the anti-happy art flourishes when economy booms.40. Which of the following is true of the text?A. Religion once functioned as a reminder of misery.B. Art provides a balance between expectation and reality.C. People feel disappointed at the realities of morality.D. Mass media are inclined to cover disasters and deaths.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A- G to fit into each of numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)On the north bank of the Ohio River sits Evansville, Ind., home of David Williams, 52, and of a riverboat casino where gambling games are played. During several years of gambling in that casino, Williams, a state auditor earning $35,000 a year, lost approximately $175,000. He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $20 worth of gambling.He visited the casino, lost the $20 and left. On his second visit he lost $800. The casino issued to him, as a good customer, a Fun Card, which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the user's gambling activities. For Williams, these activities become what he calls “electronic heroin”.(41)______________. In 1997 he lost $21,000 to one slot machine in two days. In March 1997 he lost $72,186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boat docked at 5 a.m., then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m. Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It did know he had a problem.In March 1998, a friend of Williams's got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams's gambling problem. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a “cease admissions”letter. Noting the medical/psychological nature of problem gambling behaviors, the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being.(42) ______________.The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 20 signs warning: “Enjoy the fun ... and always bet with your head, not over it”. Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williams's suit charges that the casino, knowing he was “helplessly addicted to gambling”, intentionally worked to ”lure”him to “engage in conduct against his will”. Well.(43) ______________.The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says “pathological gambling”involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of moneythan of the thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.(44) ______________. Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.(45) ______________.Forty-four states have lotteries, 29 have casinos, and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on---you might say addicted to---revenues from wagering. And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competition for gamblers' dollars has become intense. The Oct. 28 issue of Newsweek reported that 2 million gamblers patronize 1,800 virtual casinos every week. With $3.5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year, gambling has passed pornography as the Web's most profitable business.(A). Although no such evidence was presented, the casino's marketing department continued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected.(B). It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was his will operative?(C). By the time he had lost $5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even, he would quit. One night he won $5,500, but he did not quit.(D). Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a social policy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is government.(E). David Williams’s suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don’t bet on it.(F). It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will.(G). The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especially conductive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so?Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET2. (10points) Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society?I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckbergen told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected Americans. But they have done more than that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of intellectual. It is they, not Americans, who have become anti-intellectual.First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual? (46) I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems. He explores such problem consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained. (47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals --- the average scientist for one (48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in everyday performance of his routine duties---he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports. (49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. During most of his walking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics.The definition also excludes the majority of factors, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living. (50) They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. This description even fits the majority eminent scholars. Being learned in some branch of human knowledge in one thing, living in “public and industrious thoughts,”as Emerson would say, “is something else.”51.DIRECTIONS:You want to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area. Write a letter to the department concerned, asking them to help find a candidate. You should specify what kind of child you want to help and how you will carry out your plan.Write your letter no less than 100 words. Write it on the ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your name at the end of the letter; use Li Ming instead. You do not need to write the address.To those that is concerned,I write this letter to request your help to recommend a proper candidate to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial assistance to a child in a remote area.I wonder if it is convenient for you if three things concerning the child are taken into consideration. First, the child should come from Gansu Province, for I intend to help a child from my hometown. Second, it will be better if the child is a primary school student. I hope I will help him/her from the very beginning. In addition, he/she must be willing to return to his hometown to help built it after graduation from university.My plan will be carried out as follows. On one hand, I will remit at least 2,000 yuan in cash every year until he/she finishes his/her education before entering college. On the other hand, I decide to teach the child math and English in person during my summer vacation, which will surely be more beneficial to the child.Your prompt help would be highly appreciated. And I am expecting your reply at your earliest convenience.Sincerely yours,Li Ming52.DIRECTIONS:Study the following photos carefully and write an essay of 160~200 words in which you should1. describe the photos briefly,2. interpret the social phenomenon reflected by them, and3. give your point of view.1. 逻辑关系题本题目选择逻辑关系词，前后两句的逻辑关系决定答案。

2006年考研英语答案解析和参考译文(二)SectionⅠUse of English篇章导读本文是一篇论说文。

文章的主题是"英才通才教育"。

作者在文章开头就提出了一个具有选择性的问题："如果我们只是需要决定是把基本的科学传授给每个人，还是找一些有才华的人，引领他们变得更出色，那么我们的工作将会相当容易。

"随后作者从"the education in public school，the balance among the branches of knowledge and the balance between current and classical knowledge"三个方面来论述在教育中保持知识平衡的重要性。

解读文章时注意作者的客观态度。

思路解析1「答案」[C]「解析」"选择"。

根据文章一致性原则，"choice"与文章第一句中的"decide决定"形成呼应，根据原文"decide whether......or......"所以下文就应该是对其有所"选择choice"或没有"选择choice"。

而选项[A]"（与属性区别的）本质：the entity of justice 正义的本质"，[B]"拍卖；（某些纸牌戏中的）叫牌；叫牌阶段"，[D]"结合体，联合；（政党、个人、国家等）临时结成的联盟"是本题的干扰，均不形成呼应，不符合题意。

「解析」"因为"。

"for"与文章第一段第三句中的"Because we depend......"构成搭配，均表示解释原因。

而选项[A][B][C]均不用于解释原因，不符合原文意思。

2006年考研英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. Use of English 2. Reading Comprehension 3. WritingSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points)The homeless make up a growing percentage of America’s population. 【B1】homelessness has reached such proportions that local government can’t possibly 【B2】.To help homeless people 【B3】independence, the federal government must support job training programs, 【B4】the minimum wage, and fund more low-cost housing. 【B5】everyone agrees on the numbers of Americans who are homeless. Estimates 【B6】anywhere from 600,000 to 3 million. 【B7】the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is 【B8】, one of the federal government’s studies 【B9】that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade. Finding ways to 【B10】this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult. 【B11】when homeless individuals manage to find a 【B12】that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day 【B13】the street. Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs. And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders. Many others, 【B14】not addicted or men tally ill, simply lack the everyday 【B15】skills needed to turn their lives 【B16】. Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are 【B17】programs that address the many needs of the homeless. 【B18】Edward Blotkowsk, director of community service at Bentley College in Massachusetts, 【B19】it. “There has to be 【B20】of programs. What we need is a package deal”.1．【B1】A．IndeedB．LikewiseC．ThereforeD．Furthermore正确答案：A解析：这道题考查对上下文句子关系的把握。

2006年考研英语参考答案及详细解答(4) Part B本部分内容请参见Part B（二）答案解析及参考译文Part C篇章导读本文的中心内容为如何改进公众对科学研究的认识。

文章首先提出了虽然不同领域间的相互受益在科学界被广为认同，但公众却不清楚这一事实，之后阐述了改进公众对科学认识的时机已经成熟并讲述了如何提高公众对科学研究的认识，最后作者以农业为例，说明了其它学科领域的研究对生物医学进步所起的作用。

思路解析46.本句的句子主干结构为“……the scientific community could build a more effective case for public support of all science……”，其中“Because……is strong”为because引导的原因状语从句，“by articulating……”为方式状语，在该方式状语中how引导“articulate”的宾语从句。

47.本句的句子主干结构为“……we can work to enhance public appreciation of scientific research……”，其中“by showing……”为方式状语，在该方式状语中how引导“show”的宾语从句。

48.本句为简单句。

句子的主干结构为“……it may appear to have made few significant contributions to biomedicaladvances……”，在该句中“related to human nutrition”为形容词短语作后置定语，修饰前面的“those.”49.本句的主句为“it was……that”的强调句型，其中“at the turn of the century”为时间状语，该时间状语包含一个when引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰前面的“the turn of the century”，该定语从句为连词and连接的并列结构。

Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America?Indeed.It is big enough to have a bit of everything.But particularly when viewed against America’s turbulent past,today’s social indices hardly suggesta dark and deteriorating social environment.21.The word“homogenizing”(Line2,Paragraph1)most probably means________.[A]identifying[B]associating[C]assimilating[D]monopolizing22.According to the author,the department stores of the19th century________.[A]played a role in the spread of popular culture[B]became intimate shops for common consumers[C]satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite[D]owed its emergence to the culture of consumption23.The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S.________.[A]are resistant to homogenization[B]exert a great influence on American culture[C]are hardly a threat to the common culture[D]constitute the majority of the population24.Why are Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph5?[A]To prove their popularity around the world.[B]To reveal the public’s fear of immigrants.[C]To give examples of successful immigrants.[D]To show the powerful influence of American culture.25.In the author’s opinion,the absorption of immigrants into American society is_______.[A]rewarding[B]successful[C]fruitless[D]harmfulText2Stratford-on-Avon,as we all know,has only one industry—William Shakespeare—but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches.There is the Royal Shakespeare Company(RSC),which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon.And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come,not to see the plays,but to look at Anne Hathaway’s Cottage, Shakespeare’s birthplace and the other sights.The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny totheir revenue.They frankly dislike the RSC’s actors,them with their long hair and beards and sandals and noisiness.It’s all deliciously ironic when youconsider that Shakespeare,who earns their living,was himself an actor(with a beard)and did his share of noise-making.The tourist streams are not entirely separate.The sightseers who come by bus—and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side—don’t usually see the plays,and some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford.However,the playgoers do manage a little sight-seeing along with their playgoing.It is the playgoers,the RSC contends,who bring in much of the town’s revenue because they spend the night(some of them four or five nights)pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants.The sightseers can take in everything and get out of town by nightfall.The townsfolk don’t see it this way and the local council does not contribute directly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company.Stratford cries poor traditionally.Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge.Hilton is building its own hotel there,which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars,the Lear Lounge,the Banquo Banqueting Room,and so forth,and will be very expensive.Anyway,the townsfolk can’t understand why the Royal Shakespeare Company needs a subsidy.(The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a st year its1,431seats were94per cent occupied all year long and this year they’ll do better.)The reason,of course,is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low.It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford’s most attractive clientele.They come entirely for the plays,not the sights.They all seem to look alike(though they come from all over)—lean,pointed,dedicated faces,wearing jeans and sandals,eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the20seats and80standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at10:30a.m.26.From the first two paragraphs,we learn that________.[A]the townsfolk deny the RSC’s contribution to the town’s revenue[B]the actors of the RSC imitate Shakespeare on and off stage[C]the two branches of the RSC are not on good terms[D]the townsfolk earn little from tourism27.It can be inferred from Paragraph3that________.[A]the sightseers cannot visit the Castle and the Palace separately[B]the playgoers spend more money than the sightseers[C]the sightseers do more shopping than the playgoers[D]the playgoers go to no other places in town than the theater28.By saying“Stratford cries poor traditionally”(Line2,Paragraph4),the author implies that______.[A]Stratford cannot afford the expansion projects[B]Stratford has long been in financial difficulties[C]the town is not really short of money[D]the townsfolk used to be poorly paid29.According to the townsfolk,the RSC deserves no subsidy because________.[A]ticket prices can be raised to cover the spending[B]the company is financially ill-managed[C]the behavior of the actors is not socially acceptable[D]the theatre attendance is on the rise30.From the text we can conclude that the author________.[A]is supportive of both sides[B]favors the townsfolk’s view[C]takes a detached attitude[D]is sympathetic to the RSCText3When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world,something strange happened to the large animals:they suddenly became extinct.Smaller species survived.The large,slow-growing animals were easy game,and were quickly hunted to extinction.Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.That the seas are being overfished has been known for years.Whatresearchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing.They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world.Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass(the amount of living biological matter)of fish species in particular parts of the ocean,but rather changes in that biomass over time.According to their latest paper published in Nature,the biomass of large predators(animals that kill and eat other animals)in a new fishery is reduced on average by80%within15years of the start of exploitation.In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then.Dr.Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative.One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved.Today’s vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar,which were not available50years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught,so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes.In the early days,too,longlines would have been more saturated with fish.Some individuals would therefore not have been caught,since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them,leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past.Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing,a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked.That is no longer a problem,because there are fewer sharks around now.Dr.Myers and Dr.Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline,which future management efforts must take into account.They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists,that of the“shifting baseline”.The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past.That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about50%of its original levels.Most fisheries are well below that,which is a bad way to do business.31.The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that________.[A]large animals were vulnerable to the changing environment[B]small species survived as large animals disappeared[C]large sea animals may face the same threat today[D]slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones32.We can infer from Dr.Myers and Dr.Worm’s paper that________.[A]the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by90%[B]there are only half as many fisheries as there were15years ago[C]the catch sizes in new fisheries are only20%of the original amount[D]the number of large predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the old33.By saying“these figures are conservative”(Line1,paragraph3),Dr.Worm means that________.[A]fishing technology has improved rapidly[B]then catch-sizes are actually smaller than recorded[C]the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss[D]the data collected so far are out of date34.Dr.Myers and other researchers hold that________.[A]people should look for a baseline that can work for a longer time[B]fisheries should keep their yields below50%of the biomass[C]the ocean biomass should be restored to its original level[D]people should adjust the fishing baseline to the changing situation35.The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries’________.[A]management efficiency[B]biomass level[C]catch-size limits[D]technological applicationText4Many things make people think artists are weird.But the weirdest may be this:artists’only job is to explore emotions,and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.This wasn’t always so.The earliest forms of art,like painting and music,are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere from the19th century onward,more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless,phony or, worst of all,boring,as we went from Wordsworth’sdaffodils to Baudelaire’s flowers of evil.You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen so much misery. But it’s not as if earlier times didn’t know perpetual war,disaster and the massacre of innocents.The reason,in fact,may be just the opposite:there is too much damn happiness in the world today.After all,what is the one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness? Advertising.The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media,and with it,a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.[D]Mass media are inclined to cover disasters and deaths.Part BDirections:In the following article,some sentences have been removed.For Questions41-45,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of numbered gaps.There are two extra choices,which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)On the north bank of the Ohio river sits Evansville,Ind., home of David Williams,52,and of a riverboat casino(a place where gambling games are played).During several years of gambling in that casino,Williams,a state auditor earning$35,000a year,lost approximately $175,000.He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for$20worth of gambling.He visited the casino,lost the$20and left.On his second visit he lost$800.The casino issued to him,as a good customer,a“Fun Card”,which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks,and enables the casino to track the user’s gambling activities.For Williams,these activities become what he calls“electronic heroin”.(41)________.In1997he lost$21,000to one slot machine in two days.In March1997he lost$72,186.He sometimes played two slot machines at a time,all night,until the boat docked at5a.m.,then went back aboard when the casino opened at9a.m.Now he is suing the casino,charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted.It did know he had a problem.In March1998a friend of Williams’s got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions,and wrote to inform the casino of Williams’s gambling problem.The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers,and wrote to him a“cease admissions”letter.Noting the“medical/psychological”nature of problem gambling behavior,the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being.(42)________.The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has24signs warning:“Enjoy the fun...and always bet with your head,not over it.”Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health.Nevertheless,Williams’s suit charges that the casino,knowing he was“helplessly addicted to gambling,”intentionally worked to“lure”him to“engage in conduct against his will.”Well.(43)________.The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says“pathological gambling”involves persistent,recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of the thrill of taking risks in quest ofa windfall.(44)________.Pushed by science,or what claims to be science,society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.(45)________.Forty-four states have lotteries,29have casinos,and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on—you might say addicted to—revenues from wagering.And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995,competition for gamblers’dollars has become intense.The Oct.28issue of Newsweek reported that2160-200words neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20points)2006年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）答案详解Section I Use of English一、文章结构分析本文介绍了美国无家可归者日益增多这个社会问题。

Text 3篇章导读本⽂主要是⼀篇阐述型的⽂章。

中⼼是哥伦⽐亚号航天飞机失事的调查经过。

第1⾃然段作者⾸先提出因为有太多的情感和太多的⾃负，所以这个调查很难进⾏。

在第2⾃然段，调查组的领导⼈Gehman很谨慎地说，如果要真知道这个飞机的左翼出现问题的话，美国航空航天局的研究⼈员肯定会实施营救的，但⽬前问题在于美国航空航天局的研究⼈员有没有反对过或决定反对过进⾏调查，在4、5、6、7段作者讲述了在听证会上的主题即美国航空航天局拒绝接受军事部门提供的卫星照⽚。

本⽂的关键词为“inquiry”、“accident”、“Gehman”、“NASA”等等。

思路解析31「答案」[B]「解析」题⼲问：“本⽂最可能选⾃标题为……的⽂章”。

正确选项为[B]“对哥伦⽐亚号事件的调查”，“inquiry”和“accident”为本⽂的中⼼关键词，很显然⽂章的中⼼关键词作为整篇⽂章的⼤标题。

⽽选项[A]“Gehman对哥伦⽐亚号失事的评论”，在这篇⽂章中作者的态度相当谨慎，就事论事，没有涉及太多的评价。

选项[C]“阐述航天飞机的安全”，离题太远。

选项[D]“美国航空航天局正在被揭露的问题”，⽂中确实讲到美国航空航天局存在问题，但只是⼀部分，⽽不能作为整体。

32「答案」[B]「解析」题⼲问：“在句⼦‘since they could place’中的‘they’所指的是……”。

正确选项为[B]“回答”，对该句进⾏句型分析后，得出“they”指代的对象为前⾯的“answers”，“answer”为在听证会上的回答。

选项[A]“赔偿⾦”，选项[C]“决定”和选项[D]“问题”都与原⽂语境不相符合。

33「答案」[A]「解析」题⼲问：“根据作者，导致哥伦⽐亚号航天飞机失事的主要原因是……”。

⽂中作者明确讲述了导致航天飞机失事可能主要是因为其左翼受到了损坏，因此选项[A]“⼀个很可能左翼受到的损坏”为正确选项。

⽽选项[B]“故意拒绝卫星图⽚”，选项[C]“有⼀种多愁善感以及所涉及的⼀种⾃负”和选项[D]“航天机构在执⾏任务中的⾏动迟缓”都不是导致事件直接引发的原因。

2006 年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1(10 points)The homeless make up a growing percentage of America’s population. 1 , homelessness has reached such proportions that local government can’t possibly 2 . To help homeless people 3 independence, the federal government must support job training programs, 4 the minimum wage, and fund more low-cost housing.5 everyone agrees on the numbers of Americans who are homeless. Estimates6 anywhere from 600,000 to 3 million.7 the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is8 . One of the federal government’s s tudies9 that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade.Finding ways to 10 this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult. 11 when homeless individuals manage to find a 12 that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day 13 the street. Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs. And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders. Many others, 14 not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday 15 skills needed to turn their lives 16 . Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are _17 programs that address the many needs of the homeless. 18 Edward Zlotkowski, director of community service at Bentley College in Massachusetts, _19 it, “There has to be _20 _of programs. What we need is a package deal.”1．[A]Indeed [B]Likewise [C]Therefore [D]Furthermore 2．[A]stand [B]cope [C]approve [D]retain3．[A]in [B]for [C]with [D]toward4．[A]raise [B]add [C]take [D]keep5．[A]generally [B]almost [C]hardly [D]not6．[A]cover [B]change [C]range [D]differ7．[A]Now that [B]Although [C]Provided [D]Except that8．[A]inflating [B]expanding [C]increasing [D]extending9．[A]predicts [B]displays [C]proves [D]discovers10．[A]assist [B]track [C]sustain [D]dismiss11．[A]Hence [B]But [C]Even [D]Only12．[A]lodging [B]shelter [C]dwelling [D]house13．[A]searching [B]strolling [C]crowding [D]wandering14．[A]when [B]once [C]while [D]whereas15．[A]life [B]existence [C]survival [D]maintenance16．[A]around [B]over [C]on [D]up17．[A]complex [B]comprehensive [C]complementary [D]compensating18．[A]So [B]Since [C]As [D]Thus19．[A]puts [B]interprets [C]assumes [D]makes20．[A]supervision [B]manipulation [C]regulation [D]coordination文章中心：完型填空的命题理论规定，文章的中心思想一般体现在文章首段的首句；有时首段首句其他段落的首句共同表达文章中心思想。

Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,Cor D on ANSWER SHEET1. (10points) The homeless make up a growing percentage of America's population.__1__ homelessness has reached such proportions that local government can't possibly _____2____. To help homeless people _____3___ independence, the federal government must support job training programs,_____4_____ the minimum wage, and fund more low-cost housing._____5____everyone agrees on the numbers of Americans who are homeless. Estimates ____6__ anywhere from 600,000 to 3 million. _____7__ the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is_____8____, one of the federal government's studies _____9__ that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade. Finding ways to __10__ this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult.___11__when homeless individuals manage to find a ___12__ that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day__13__ the street, Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs. And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders. Many others,____14____not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday __15__ skills need to turn their lives _____16__.Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are_17___programs that address the many needs of the homeless._____18__ Edward Blotkowsk, director of community service at Bentley College in Massachusetts,___19__it. “There has to be _____20___of programs. What we need is a package deal.” 1.[A]Indeed [B]Likewise [C]Therefore [D]Furthermore 2.[A]stand [B]cope [C]approve [D]retain 3.[A]in [B]for [C]with [D]toward 4.[A]raise [B]add [C]take [D]keep 5.[A]generally [B]almost [C]hardly [D]not 6.[A]cover [B]change [C]range [D]differ 7.[A]Now that [B]Although [C]Provided [D]Except that 8.[A]inflating [B]expanding [C]increasing [D]extending 9.[A]predicts [B]displays [C]proves [D]discovers 10.[A]assist [B]track [C]sustain [D]dismiss 11.[A]Hence [B]But [C]Even [D]Only 12.[A]lodging [B]shelter [C]dwelling [D]house 13.[A]searching [B]strolling [C]crowding [D]wandering 14.[A]when [B]once [C]while [D]whereas 15.[A]life [B]existence [C]survival [D]maintenance 16.[A]around [B]over [C]on [D]up 17.[A]complex [B]comprehensive [C]complementary [D]compensating 18.[A]So [B]Since [C]As [D]Thus 19.[A]puts [B]interprets [C]assumes [D]makes 20.[A]supervision [B]manipulation [C]regulation [D]coordination Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B,C, or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points) Text 1 In spite of “endless talk of difference,” American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. This is “the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of consumption ”launched by the 19th –century department stores that offered 'vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite.“ these were stores ”anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shopping into a public and democratic act.“ The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization. Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today's immigration is neither at unprecedented level nor resistant to assimilation. In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of population; in 1900, 13.6 percent. In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1,000 residents; in the 10 years prior to 1890, 9.2 for every 1,000. Now, consider three indices of assimilation——language, home ownership and intermarriage. The 1990 Census revealed that “a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English ”well“ or ”very well“ after ten years of residence.” The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English. “By the third generation, the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families.” Hence the description of America as a graveyard“ for language. By 1996 foreign-born immigrants who had arrive before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans. Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics “have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S-born whites and blacks.” By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics, and 41 percent of Asian-American women are married to non-Asians. Rodriguez not that children in remote villages around world are fans of superstars like Amold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet “some Americans fear that immigrant living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation's assimilative power.” Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething in America? Indeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against America's turbulent past, today's social induces suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment. 21. The word “homogenizing” (Line 2, Paragraph 1) most probably meansA. identifyingB. associatingC. assimilatingD. monopolizing 22. According to the author, the department stores of the 19th century A.played a role in the spread of popular culture. B.became intimate shops for common consumers. C.satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite. D.owed its emergence to the culture of consumption. 23. The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S. A.are resistant to homogenization. B.exert a great influence on American culture. C.are hardly a threat to the common culture. D.constitute the majority of the population. 24. Why are Amold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5? A. To prove their popularity around the world. B. To reveal the public's fear of immigrants. C. To give examples of successful immigrants. D. To show the powerful influence of American culture. 25. In the author's opinion, the absorption of immigrants into American society isA. rewardingB. successfulC. fruitlessD. harmful Text 2 Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry—William Shakespeare—but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches. There is the Royal Shakespeare Company (ASC), which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon. And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway's Cottage, Shakespeare's birthplace and the other sights. The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny to their revenue. They frankly dislike the RSC's actors, them with their long hair and beards and sandals and noisiness. It's all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share of noise-making. The tourist streams are not entirely separate. The sightseers who come by bus- and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side—don't usually see the plays, and some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford. However, the playgoers do manage a little sight-seeing along with their playgoing. It is the playgoers, the ESC contends, who bring in much of the town's revenue because they spend the night (some of them four or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants. The sightseers can take in everything and get out of town by nightfall. The townsfolk don't see it this way and local council does not contribute directly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company. Stratford cries poor traditionally. Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge. Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive. Anyway, the townsfolk can't understand why the Royal Shakespeare Company needs a subsidy. (The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a row. Last year its 1,431 seats were 94 percent occupied all year long and this year they'll do better.) The reason, of course, is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low. It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford's most attractive clientele. They come entirely for the plays, not the sights. They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over)——lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing—room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10:30 a.m. Text 3 When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals. They suddenly became extinct. S m a l l e r s p e c i e s s u r v i v e d . T h e l a r g e , s l o w - g r o w i n g a n i m a l s w e r e e a s y g a m e , a n d w e r e q u i c k l y h u n t e d t o e x t i n c t i o n . N o w s o m e t h i n g s i m i l a r c o u l d b e h a p p e n i n g i n t h e o c e a n s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 2 " > 0 0 T h a t t h e s e a s a r e b e i n g o v e r f i s h e d h a s b e e n k n o w n f o r y e a r s . W h a t r e s e a r c h e r s s u c h a s R a n s o m M y e r s a n d B o r i s W o r m h a v e s h o w n i s j u s t h o w f a s t t h i n g s a r e c h a n g i n g . T h e y h a v e l o o k e d a t h a l f a c e n t u r y o f d a t a f r o m f i s h e r i e s a r o u n d t h e w o r l d . T h e i r m e t h o d s d o n o t a t t e m p t t o e s t i m a t e t h e a c t u a l b i o m a s s ( t h e a m o u n t o f l i v i n g b i o l o g i c a l m a t t e r ) o f f i s h s p e c i e s i n p a r t i c u l a r p a r t s o f t h e o c e a n , b u t r a t h e r c h a n g e s i n t h a t b i o m a s s o v e r t i m e . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r l a t e s t p a p e r p u b l i s h e d i n N a t u r e , t h e b i o m a s s o f l a r g e p r e d a t o r s ( a n i m a l s t h a t k i l l a n d e a t o t h e r a n i m a l s ) i n a n e w f i s h e r y i s r e d u c e d o n a v e r a g e b y8 0 % w i t h i n 1 5 y e a r s o f t h e s t a r t o f e x p l o i t a t i o n . I n s o m e l o n g - f i s h e d a r e a s , i t h a s h a l v e d a ga i n s i n c e t h e n . / p > pb d s f i d = " 1 3 3 " > 0 0 D r W o r m ac k n o w l ed ge s t h a t t h ef ig u r e s a r e c o n s e r v a t i v e . O n e r e a s o n f o r thi s i s t h a t f i s h i n g t e c h n o l o g y h a s i m p r o v e d . T o d a y ' s v e s s e l s c a n f i n d t h e i r p r e y u s i n g s a t e l l i t e s a n d s o n a r , w h i c h w e r e n o t a v a i l a b l e 5 0 y e a r s a g o . T h a t m e a n s a h i g h e r p r o p o r t i o n o f w h a t i s i n t h e s e a i s b e i n g c a u g h t , s o t h e r e a l d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n p r e s e n t a n d p a s t i s l i k e l y t o b e w o r s e t h a n t h e o n e r e c o r d e d b y c h a n g e s i n c a t c h s i z e s . I n t h e e a r l y d a y s , t o o , l o n g l i n e s w o u l d h a v e b e e n m o r e s a t u r a t e d w i t h f i s h . S o m e i n d i v i d u a l s w o u l d t h e r e f o r e n o t h a v e b e e n c a u g h t , s i n c e n o b a i t e d h o o k s w o u l d h a v e b e e n a v a i l a b l e t o t r a p t h e m , l e a d i n g t o a n u n d e r e s t i m a t e o f f i s h s t o c k s i n t h e p a s t . F u r t h e r m o r e , i n t h e e a r l y d a y s o f l o n g l i n e f i s h i n g , a l o t o f f i s h w e r e l o s t t o s h a r k s a f t e r t h e y h a d b e e n h o o k e d . T h a t i s n o l o n g e r a p r o b l e m , b e c a u s e t h e r e a r e f e w e r s h a r k s a r o u n d n o w . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 4 " > 0 0 D r M y e r s a n d D r W o r m a r g u e t h a t t h e i r w o r k g i v e s a c o r r e c t b a s e l i n e , w h i c h f u t u r e m a n a g e m e n t e f f o r t s m u s t t a k e i n t o a c c o u n t . T h e y b e l i e v e t h e d a t a s u p p o r t a n i d e a c u r r e n t a m o n g m a r i n e b i o l o g i s t s , t h a t o f t h e " s h i f t i n g b a s e l i n e " . T h e n o t i o n i s t h a t p e o p l e h a v e f a i l e d t o d e t e c t t h e m as s i v e c h a n g e s w h i c h h a v e h a p p e n e d i n t h e o c e a n b e c a u s e t h e y h a v e b e e n l o o k i n g b a c k o n l y a r e l a t i v e l y s h o r t t i m e i n t o t h e p a s t . T h a t m a t t e r s b e c a u s e t h e o r y s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e m a x i m u m s u s t a i n a b l e y i e l d t h a t c a n b e c r o p p e d f r o m a f i s h e r y c o m e s w h e n t h e b i o m a s s o f a t a r g e t s p e c i e s i s a b o u t 5 0 % o f i t s o r i g i n a l l e v e l s . M o s t f i s h e r i e s a r e w e l l b e l o w t h a t , w h i c h i s a b a d w a y t o d o b u s i n e s s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 5 " > 0 0 3 1 . T h e e x t i n c t i o n o f l a r g e p r e h i s t o r i c a n i m a l s i s n o t e d t o s u g g e s t t h a t / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 6 " > 0 0 A . l a r g e a n i m a l w e r e v u l n e r a b l e t o t h e c h a n g i n g e n v i r o n m e n t . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 7 " > 0 0 B . s m a l l s p e c i e s s u r v i v e d a s l a r g e a n i m a l s d i s a p p e a r e d . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 8 " > 0 0 C . l a r g e s e a a n i m a l s m a y f a c e t h e s a m e t h r e a t t o d a y . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 9 " > 0 0 D . S l o w - g r o w i n g f i s h o u t l i v e f a s t - g r o w i n g o n e s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 0 " > 0 0 3 2 . W e c a n i n f e r f r o m D r M y e r s a n d D r . W o r m ' s p a p e r t h a t / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 1 " > 0 0 A . t h e s t o c k o f l a r g e p r e d a t o r s i n s o m e o l d f i s h e r i e s h a s r e d u c e d b y 9 0 % . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 2 " > 0 0 B . t h e r e a r e o n l y h a l f a s m a n y f i s h e r i e s a s t h e r e w e r e 1 5 y e a r s a g o . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 3 " > 0 0 C . t h e c a t c h s i z e s i n n e w f i s h e r i e s a r e o n l y 2 0 % o f t h e o r i g i n a l a m o u n t . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 4 " > 0 0 D . t he n u m b e r of l a rg e r p r e d a t o r s d r o p p e d f a s t e r i n n e w f i sh e ri e s t h a n i n t h e o l d . / p > p b d s f i d = " 14 5 " > 0 0 3 3 . B y s a y i n g t h e s e f i g u r e s a r e c o n s e r v a t i v e ( L i n e 1 , p a r a g r a p h 3 ) , D r W o r m m e a n s t h a t / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 6 " > 0 0 A . f i s h i n g t e c h n o l o g y h a s i m p r o v e d r a p i d l y / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 7 " > 0 0 B . t h e n c a t c h - s i z e s a r e a c t u a l l y s m a l l e r t h e n r e c o r d e d / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 8 " > 0 0 C . t h e m a r i n e b i o m a s s h a s s u f f e r e d a g r e a t e r l o s s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 9 " > 0 0 D . t h e d a t a c o l l e c t e d s o f a r a r e o u t o f d a t e . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 0 " > 0 0 3 4 . D r M y e r s a n d o t h e r r e s e a r c h e r s h o l d t h a t / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 1 " > 0 0 A . p e o p l e s h o u l d l o o k f o r a b a s e l i n e t h a t c a n ' t w o r k f o r a l o n g e r t i m e . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 2 " > 0 0 B . f i s h e r i e s s h o u l d k e e p t h e y i e l d b e l o w 5 0 % o f t h e b i o m a s s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 3 " > 0 0 C . t h e o c e a n b i o m a s s s h o u l d r e s t o r e d i t s o r i g i n a l l e v e l . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 4 " > 0 0D . p e o p l e s h o u l d a d j u s t t h e f i s h i n g b a s e l i n e t o c h a n g i n g s i t u a t i o n / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 5 " > 0 03 5 . T h e a u t h o r s e e m s t o b e m a i n l y c o n c e r n e d w i t h m o s t f i s h e r i e s ' / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 6 " > 0 0 A . m a n a g e m e n t e f f i c i e n c y / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 7 " > 0 0 B . b i o m a s s l e v e l / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 8 " > 0 0 C . c a t c h - s i z e l i m i t s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 9 " > 0 0 D . t e c h n o l o g i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 0 " > 0 0 T e x t4 / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 1 " > 0 0 M a n y t h i n g s m a k e p e o p l e t h i n k a r t i s t s a r e w e i r d a n d t h e w e i r d e s t m a y b e t h i s : a r t i s t s ' o n l y j o b i s t o e x p l o r e e m o t i o n s , a n d y e t t h e y c h o o s e t o f o c u s o n t h e o n e s t h a t f e e l b a d . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 2 " > 0 0 T h i s w a s n ' t a l w a y s s o . T h e e a r l i e s t f o r m s o fa r t , l i k e p a i n t i n g a n d m u s i c , a r e t h o s eb e s t s u i t e d f o r e x p r e s s i n g j o y . B u t s o m e w h e r e i n t h e1 9 t h c e n t u r y , m o r e a r t i s t s b e g a n s e e i n g h a p p i n e s s a s i n s i p i d , p h o n y o r , w o r s t o f a l l , b o r i ng a s w e w e n t f r o m W o r d s w o r t h ' s d a f f o d i l s t o B a u d e l a i r e ' s f l o w e r s o f e v i l . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 63 " > 0 0 Y o u c o u l d a r g u e t h a t a r t b e c a m e m o r e s k e p t i c a l o f h a p p i n e s s b e c a u s e m o d e r n t i m e sh a v e s e e n s u c h m i s e r y . B u t i t ' s n o t a s i f e a r l i e r t i m e s d i d n ' t k n o w p e r p e t u a l w a r , d i s a s t e r a n d t h e m a s s a c r e o f i n n o c e n t s . T h e r e a s o n , i n f a c t , m a y b e j u s t t h e o p p o s i t e : t h e r e i s t o o m u c h d a m n h a p p i n e s s i n t h e w o r l d t o d a y . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 4 " > 0 0 A f t e r a l l , w h a t i s t h e o n e m o d e r n f o r m o f e x p r e s s i o n a l m o s t c o m p l e t e l y d e d i c a t e d t o d e p i c t i n g h a p p i n e s s ? A d v e r t i s i n g . T h e r i s e o f a n t i - h a p p y a r t a l m o s t e x a c t l y t r a c k s t h e e m e r g e n c e o f m a s s m e d i a , a n d w i t h i t , a c o m m e r c i a l c u l t u r e i n w h i c h h a p p i n e s s i s n o t j u s t a n i d e a l b u t a n i d e o l o g y . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 5 " > 0 0 P e o p l e i n e a r l i e r e r a s w e r e s u r r o u n d e d b y r e m i n d e r s o f m i s e r y . T h e y w o r k e d u n t i l e x h a u s t e d , l i v e d w i t h f e w p r o t e c t i o n s a n d d i e d y o u n g . I n t h e W e s t , b e f o r e m a s s c o m m u n i c a t i o n a n d l i t e r a c y , t h e m o s t p o w e r f u l m a s s m e d i u m w a s t h e c h u r c h , w h i c h r e m i n d e d w o r s h i p p e r s t h a t t h e i r s o u l s w e r e i n p e r i l a n d t h a t t h e y w o u l d s o m e d a y b e m e a t f o r w o r m s . G i v e n a l l t h i s , t h e y d i d n o t e x a c t l y n e e d t h e i r a r t t o b e a b u m m e r t o o . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 6 " > 0 0 T o d a y t h e m e s s a g e s y o u r a v e r a g e W e s t e r n e r i s b o m b a r d e d w i t h a r e n o t r e l i g i o u s b u t c o m m e r c i a l , a n d f o r e v e r h a p p y . F a s t - f o o d e a t e r s , n e w s a n c h o r s , t e x t m e s s e n g e r s , a l l s m i l i n g , s m i l i n g . O u r m a g a z i n e s f e a t u r e b e a m i n g c e l e b r i t i e s a n d h a p p y f a m i l i e s i n p e r f e c t h o m e s . A n d s i n c e t h e s e m e s s a g e s h a v e a n a g e n d a t o l u r e u s t o o p e n o u r w a l l e t s t o m a k e t h e v e r y i d e a o f h a p p i n e s s s e e m u n r e l i a b l e . " C e l e b r a t e ! " c o m m a n d e d t h e a d s f o r t h e a r t h r i t i s d r u g C e l e b r e x , b e f o r e w e f o u n d o u t i t c o u l d i n c r e a s e t h e r i s k o f h e a r t a t t a c k s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 7 " > 0 0 W h a t w e f o r g e t w h a t o u r e c o n o m y d e p e n d s o n i s f o r g e t t i n g i s t h a t h a p p i n e s s i s m o r e t h a n p l e a s u r e w i t h o u t p a i n . T h e t h i n g s t h a t b r i n g t h e g r e a t e s t j o y c a r r y t h e g r e a t e s t p o t e n t i a l f o r l o s s a n d d i s a p p o i n t m e n t . T o d a y , s u r r o u n d e d b y p r o m i s e s o f e a s y h a p p i n e s s , w e n e e d s o m e o n e t o t e l l u s a s r e l i g i o n o n c e d i d , M e m e n t o m o r i : r e m e m b e r t h a t y o u w i l l d i e , t h a t e v e r y t h i n g e n d s , a n d t h a t h a p p i n e s s c o m e s n o t i n d e n y i n g t h i s b u t i n l i v i n g w i t h i t . I t ' s a m e s s a g e e v e n m o r e b i t t e r t h a n a c l o v e c i g a r e t t e , y e t , s o m e h o w , a b r e a t h o f f r e s h a i r . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 8 " > 0 0 36 . B y c i t i n g t h e e x a m p l e o f p o e t s W o r d s w o r t h a n d B a u d e l a i r e , t h e a u t h o r i n t e n d s t o s h o w t ha t / p > pb d s f i d = " 1 6 9 " > 0 0 A . P o e t r y i s n o t a s e x p r e s s i v e o f j o y a s p a i n t i n g o r m u s ic . / p > p bd s f i d = " 1 7 0 " > 0 0 B . A r t g r o w o u t o f b o t h p o s i t i ve a n d n e g a t i v ef e e l i ng . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 1 " > 0 0 C . P o e t s t o d a y a r e l e s s s k e p t i c a l o fh a p pi n e s s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 2 " > 0 0 D . A r t i s t h a v e c h a ng e d t h e i r f o c u s o f i n t e r e s t . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 3 " > 0 0 3 7 . T h e w o r d b u m m e r ( L i n e 5 . p a r a g r a p h5 ) m o s t p r o b a b l y m e a n s s o m e t h i n g / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 4 " > 0 0 A . r e l i g i o u s B . u n p l e a s a n t C . e nt e r t a i n i n g D . c o m m e r c i a l / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 5 " > 0 0 3 8 . I n t h e a u t h o r ' s o p i n i o n , a d v e r t i s i n g / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 6 " > 0 0 A . e m e r g e s i n t h e w a k e o f t h e a n t i - h a p p y p a r t . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 7 " > 00 B . i s a c a u s e o f d i s a p p o i n t m e n t f o r t h e g e n e r a l p e e r / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 8 " > 0 0 C . r e p l a c e t h ec h u r c h a s a m a j o r s o u r c e o f i n f o r m a t i o n / p > p bd s f i d = " 1 7 9 " > 0 0 D . c re a t e s a n i l l u s i o n of h a p p i n e s s r a t h e r t h a n h a p p i n e s s i t s e l f . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 8 0 " > 0 0 3 9 . W e c a n l e a r n f r o m t h e l a s t p a r ag r a ph t h a t t h e a u t h o r b e li e v e s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 8 1 " > 0 0 A . H a p p i n e s s m o r e o f t e n t h a n n o t e n d s i n s a d n e s s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 8 2 " > 0 0 B . T h e a n t i - h a p p y a r t i s d i s t a s t e f u l b y r e f r e s h i n g . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 8 3 " > 0 0 C . M i s e r y s h o u l d b e e nj o y e d r a t h e r t h a n d e n i e d . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 8 4 " > 0 0 D . T h e a n t i - h a p p y a r t f l o u r i s h e s w h e n e c o n o m y b o o m s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 8 5 " > 0 0 4 0 . W h i c h o f t h e f o l l o w i n g i s t r u e o f t h e t e x t ? / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 8 6 " > 0 0 A . R e l i g i o n o n c e f u n c t i o n e d a s a r e m i n d e r o f m i s e r y . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 8 7 " > 0 0 B . A r t p r o v i d e s a b a l a n c e b e t w e e n e x p e c t a t i o n a n d r e a l i t y . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 8 8 " > 0 0 C . P e o p l e f e e l d i s a p p o i n t e d a t t h e r e a l i t i e s o f m o r a l i t y . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 8 9 " > 0 0 D . m a s s m e d i a a r e i n c l i n e d t o c o v e r d i s a s t e r s a n d d e a t h s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 0 " > 0 0 P a r t B / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 1 " > 0 0 D i r e c t i o n s : / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 2 " > 0 0 I n t h e f o l l o w i n g t e x t , s o m e s e n t e n c e s h a v e b e e n r e m o v e d . F o r Q u e s t i o n s 4 1 - 4 5 , c h o o s e t h e m o s t s u i t a b l e o n e f r o m t h e l i s t A - G t o f i t i n t o e a c h o f n u m b e r e d b l a nk s . T h e r e a r e t w o e x t r a c h o i c e s , w h i c h d o n o t f i t i n a n y o f t h e bl a n k s . M a r k y o u r a n s w e r s o n A N S W E R S H E E T 1 . ( 1 0 p o i n t s ) / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 3 " > 0 0 O n t h e n o r t h b a n k o f t h e O h i o R i v e r s i t s E v a n s v i l l e , I n d . , h om e o f D a v i d W i l l i a m s , 5 2 , an do f a r i v e r b o a t c a s i n o w h e r e g a m b l i n g g a m e s a r ep l a y e d . D u r i n g s e v e r a l y e a r s o f g a m b l i n g i n t h a t c a s i n o , W i l l i a m s , a s t a t e a u d i t o r e a r n i n g $ 3 5 , 0 0 0 a y e a r , l o s t a p p r o x i m a t e l y $ 1 7 5 , 0 0 0 . H e h a d n e v e r g a m b l e d b e f o r e t h e c a s i n o s e n t h i m a c o u p o n f o r $ 2 0 w o r t h o f g a m b l i n g . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 4 " > 0 0 H e v i s i t e d t h e c a s i n o , l o s t t h e $ 2 0 a n d l e f t . O n h i s s e c o n d v i s i t h e l o s t $ 8 0 0 . T h e c a s i n o i s s u e d t o h i m , a s a g o o d c u s t o m e r , a F u n C a r d , w h i c h w h e n u s e d i n t h e c a s i n o e a r n s p o i n t s f o r m e a l s a n d d r i n k s , a n d e n a b l e s t h e c a s i n o t o t r a c k t h e u s e r ' s g a m b l i n g a c t i v i t i e s . F o r W i l l i a m s , t h e s e a c t i v i t i e s b e c o m e w h a t h e c a l l s e l e c t r o n i c m o r p h i n e . ( 4 1 ) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . I n 1 9 9 7 h e l o s t $ 2 1 , 0 0 0 t o o n e s l o t m a c h i n e i n t w o d a y s . I n M a r c h 1 9 9 7 h e l o s t $ 7 2 , 1 8 6 . H e s o m e t i m e s p l a y e d t w o s l o t m a c h i n e s a t a t i m e , a l l n i g h t , u n t i l t h e b o a t l o c k e d a t 5 a . m . , t h e n w e n t b a c k a b o a r d w h e n t h e c a s i n o o p e n e d a t 9 a . m . N o w h e i s s u i n g t h e c a s i n o , c h a r g i n g t h a t i t s h o u l d h a v e r e f u s e d h i s p a t r o n a g e b e c a u s e i t k n e w h e w a s a d d i c t e d . I t d i d k n o w h e h a d a p r o b l e m . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 5 " > 0 0 I n M a r c h 1 9 9 8 , a f r i e n d o f W i l l i a m s ' s g o t h i m i n v o l u n t a r i l y c o n f i n e d t o a t r e a t m e n t c e n t e r f o r a d d i c t i o n s , a n d w r o t e t o i n f o r m t h e c a s i n o o f W i l l i a m s ' s g a m b l e r s . T h e c a s i n o i n c l u d e d a p h o t o o f W i l l i a m s a m o n g t h o s e o f b a n n e d g a m b l e r s , a n d w r o t e t o h i m a c e a s e a d m i s s i o n s l e t t e r n o t i n g t h e m e d i c a l / p s y c h o l o g i c a l n a t u r e o f p r o b l e m g a m b l i n g b e h a v i o r s , t h e l e t t e r s a i d t h a t b e f o r e b e i n g r e a d m i t t e d t o t h e p a t r o n i z i n g t h e c a s i n o w o u l d p o s e n o t h r e a t t o h i s s a f e t y h a v e t o h i s s a f e t y o r w e l l - b e i n g . ( 4 2 ) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 6 " > 0 0 T h e W a l l S t r e e t J o u r n a l r e p o r t s t h a t t h e c a s i n o h a s 2 0 s i g n s w a r n i n g : E n j o y t h e f u n & & a n d a l w a y s b e t w i t h y o u r h e a d , n o t o v e r i t . E v e r y e n t r a n c e t i c k e t l i s t s a t o l l - f r e e n u m b e r f o r c o u n s e l i n g f r o m t h e I n d i a n a D e p a r t m e n t o f M e n t a l H e a l t h . N e v e r t h e l e s s , W i l l i a m s ' s s u i t c h a r g e s t h a t t h e c a s i n o , k n o w i n g h e w a s h e l p l e s s l y a d d i c t e d t o g a m b l i n g , i n t e n t i o n a l l y w o r k e d t o l o v e h i m t o e n g a g e i n c o n d u c t a g a i n s t h i s w i l l w e l l . ( 4 3 ) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 7 " > 0 0 T h e f o u r t h e d i t i o n o f t h e D i a g n o s t i c a n d S t a t i s t i c a l M a n u a l o f M e n t a l D i s o r d e r s ( D S M - I V ) s a y s p a t h o l o g i c a l g a m b l i n g i n v o l v e s p e r s i s t e n t , r e c u r r i n g a n d u n c o n t r o l l a b l e p u r s u i t l e s s o f m o n e y t h a n o f t a k i n g r i s k s i nq u e s t o f a w i n d f a l l , ( 4 4 ) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . P u s h e d b y s c i e n c e , or w h a t c l a i mst o b e s c i e n c e , s o c i e t y i s r e c l a s s i f y i n g w h a t o n c e w e r e c o n s i d e r e d c h a r a c t e r f l a w s o r m o r a l f a i l i n g s a s p e r s o n a l i t y d i s o r d e r s a k i n t o p h y s i c a l d i s a b i l i t i e s . ( 4 5 ) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 8 " > 0 0 F o r t y - f ou r s t a t e s h av e l o t t e r i e s , 2 9 h a v e c a s i n o s , a n d m o s t o f t h e s e s t a t e s a r e t o v a r y i n g d e g r e e s d e p e n d e n t o n y o u m i g h t s a y a d d i c t e d t o r e v e n u e s f r o mw a g e r i n g . A n d s i n c e t h e f i r s t I n t e r n e t g a m b l i n g s i t e w a s c r e a t e d i n 1 9 9 5 , c o m p e t i t i o n f o r g a m b l e r s ' d o l l a r s h a s b e c o m e i n t e n s e . T h e O c t . 2 8 i s s u e o f N E W S W E E K r e p o r t e d t h a t 2 m i l l i o n g a m b l e r s p a t r o n i z e 1 , 8 0 0 v i r t u a l c a s i n o s e v e r y w e e k . W i t h $ 3 . 5 b i l l i o n b e i n g l o s t o n I n t e r n e t w a g e r s t h i s y e a r , g a m b l i n g h a s p a s s e d p o r n o g r a p h y a s t h e W e b ' s m o s t p r o f i t a b l e b u s i n e s s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 9 " > 0 0 ( A ) . A l t h o u g h n o s u c h e v i d e n c e w a s p r e s e n t e d , t h e c a s i n o ' s m a r k e t i n g d e p a r t m e n t c o n t i n u e d t o p e p p e r h i m w i t h m a i l i n g s . A n d h e e n t e r e d t h e c a s i n o a n d u s e d h i s F u n C a r d w i t h o u t b e i n g d e t e c t e d . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 0 0 " > 0 0 ( B ) . I t i s u n c l e a r w h a t l u r i n g w a s r e q u i r e d , g i v e n h i s c o m p u l s i v e b e h a v i o r . A n d i n w h a t s e n s e w a s h i s w i l l o p e r a t i v e ? / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 0 1 " > 0 0 ( C ) . B y t h e t i m e h e h a d l o s t $ 5 , 0 0 0 h e s a i d t o h i m s e l f t h a t i f h e c o u l d g e t b a c k t o e v e n , h e w o u l d q u i t . O n e n i g h t h e w o n $ 5 , 5 0 0 , b u t h e d i d n o t q u i t . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 0 2 " > 0 0 ( D ) . G a m b l i n g h a s b e e n a c o m m o n f e a t u r e o f A m e r i c a n l i f e f o r e v e r , b u t f o r a l o n g t i m e i t w a s b r o a d l y c o n s i d e r e d a s i n , o r a s o c i a l d i s e a s e . N o w i t i s a s o c i a l p o l i c y : t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t a n d a g g r e s s i v e p r o m o t e r o f g a m b l i n g i n A m e r i c a i s g o v e r n m e n t . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 0 3 " > 0 0 ( E ) . D a v i d W i l l i a m s ' s s u i t s h o u l d t r o u b l e t h i s g a m b l i n g n a t i o n . B u t d o n ' t b e t o n i t。