柯达系列工业X射线胶片特性(收集整理)

《正片反转片》FUJI富士：RVP50极艳丽，颗粒极细，反差大特点：适用于风景，对蓝色绿色表现突出，尤其适用蓝天白云绿草地，色彩不太容易让人失望，但人像肤色容易偏红，不推荐拍人。

RVP100极艳丽，颗粒极细，反差大特点：和RVP差不多，感光度提高了一档，特性基本和RVP50没太大区别RVP100F极艳丽，颗粒极细，反差大特点：也是属于风光型的胶卷，但极其容易偏红，比不带F的系列难驾驭，拍人比较惨，不太推荐轻易使用。

RDP3艳丽颗粒细反差一般特点：适用于大多数题材，颜色艳丽但比RVP系列灰一点，反差一般，可迫冲到400，反转片首选。

RAP100F艳丽颗粒细反差一般特点：富士人像反转片，肤色会黄黄的，相比其它反转片倾向暖色调，偶尔用来拍不需要太“国家地理”的那种风景反而很有诗意，基本停产，无福消受。

KODAK柯达：KODAK EB-3 100色彩饱和一般颗粒一般反差一般特点：一款低端入门级反转片，各项指数不如富士RDP3有特点，颜色偏灰偏蓝，用这个不如用高端彩负划算。

KODAK 100G艳丽颗粒细反差一般特点：和富士RDP3同级别的胶卷，但没有RDP3的色彩有个性，属于更平和型，颜色偏冷，看适用题材而定。

KODAK 100VS极艳丽颗粒极细反差一般特点：和富士RVP系列同级别的胶卷，对红黄表现突出，尤其适用类似宗教题材，日出日落，色彩呈洋红，蓝色部分容易偏紫不容易碧蓝，比RVP偏灰反差略低，比RVP适合拍人像，但还是尽量避免。

其它品牌：agfa CT100艳丽颗粒细反差一般特点：中规中矩的胶卷，agfa的偏红，讲不出有什么特色，价格也不算便宜。

正片反转片总结：反转片成像细腻，比负片更显直白真实，其实数码有点像它。

RDP3性价比高可常备，追求艳丽系风景的RVP50首选，也可配合100VS用，两者色彩特性互补。

反转片冲扫不便宜，对曝光要求精确严格，适合风景和商业，宽容度低不适合作后期调整，EB3就尽量少用了。

December 2006 • TI-2434TECHNICAL DATA / NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTINGKODAK INDUSTREX M100 FilmFEATURES / CUSTOMER PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS•For critical radiography, especially with high voltage x-rays and gamma rays •Can be used with direct x-rays or with lead foil screens •For manual or machine processing•Medium speed, very high contrast, high definition (excellent sensitivity)•Very fine grainTHICKNESSCLASSIFICATIONEXPOSURE CONDITIONS: 8 mm Copper Filtration, HVL 3.5 mm Copper (220 kV), Lead screens.AVAILABLE PACKAGING FORMATSSheet FilmNon-Interleaved (NIF) (M100-1): This form of packaging is generally supplied in packs of 100 sheets, and is for use when film is to be loaded into metal or plastic cassettes, or exposure holders, with or without lead screens.Pb Contactpak (M100-7): In INDUSTREX Pb Contactpak packaging, industrial X-ray films are placed between two lead screens, which absorb the undesirable longerwavelengths of scattered radiation. The lead screens also intensify the image by emitting secondary electrons caused by the radiographic exposure. Lead screens are made up of a thin lead layer of 27-microns (1-mil)Base / Support 0.18 mm (7.0 mils)Emulsion 25 microns (1.0 mil); 12.5 microns each side Overcoat 10 microns (0.4 mil); 5 microns each side T otal0.22 mm (8.4 mils)KODAK INDUSTREX 43IC ProcessorKODAK INDUSTREX Single Part Developer Replenisher,8 minutes at 79°F (26°C)EN-584-1C2ASTM 1815-96Class I ISO 11699-1T1comprising a low percentage of antimony and tin,laminated on a paper sheet. The lead foil features a protective overcoat which prevents human contact with the lead, protects the film from potential "lead smudge" artifacts, and also provides static protection as the film and screens are separated.Lead Screens*Thickness not drawn to scale.The film type is identified on the package as well as embossed on the film itself. The package is laser-scored for easy opening, and has a butt edge which is invaluable for accurate positioning in difficult situations where the image needs to fall right up to the edge of the pack. The sandwich of lead screens and film is vacuum sealed in a lighttight, water and oil resistant, ready-to-expose flexible package, providing superb film/screen contact for optimum image quality.READY-PACK II Film (M100-2): These films areindividually vacuum sealed in lighttight, water-resistant, flexible packages. The package is laser-scored for easy opening. The film type is identified on the package as well as embossed on the film itself. The package has a butt edge which is invaluable for accurate positioning in difficult situations where the image needs to fall right up to the edge of the pack.Roll FilmREADY-PACK (M100-381): The film is supplied in a long, lighttight roll sandwiched between two yellow-black paper polyethylene layers. The rolls are of 60- or 100-metre lengths in a variety of widths. The film is provided in a dispenser box and is cut to length by the user in a darkroom.NIF bulk roll (M100-359): The film is supplied on acardboard core in rolls 150 metres long in three widths: 60 mm, 70 mm and 100 mm. The film must be loaded into a cassette in a darkroom.LayerApproximate Thicknessprotective overcoat1.5 micron lead *27.5 micronspaper *70 micronsSAFELIGHT RECOMMENDATIONSUse a KODAK LED Safelight (660 nm red) or a red safelight filter (i.e. KODAK 1, 1A, or 2 Safelight Filter) in a suitable safelight lamp equipped with a 15-watt bulb. Keep the film at least 4 feet (1.2 metres) from the safelight.Note: Other safelight filters (i.e. KODAK 8 and GBX-2 Safelight Filter) which block radiation at 550nm and shorter wavelengths are also suitable for use.STORAGE AND HANDLINGHandle film carefully to avoid physical strains such as pressure, creasing, or buckling.It is important to realize that meeting the chemical and physical requirements does not by itself ensure thatrecords will not deteriorate. It is essential to provide proper storage conditions. ASTM E 1254 gives details of storage conditions. ISO 18911 and ISO 18902 give, for processed films, recommended storage conditions and specifications for the respective enclosure materials.Unexposed50 to 70°F (10 to 21°C), 30 to 50% RH. Properly shield from x-rays, gamma rays, or other penetrating radiation.ExposedKeep cool, dry, and properly shielded from penetrating radiation. Process as soon as possible after exposure.Processed60 to 80°F (15 to 27°C), 30 to 50% RH.RELATIVE EXPOSUREKODAK INDUSTREX Films for Various Processing ConditionsEXPOSURE CONDITIONS: 8 mm Copper Filtration, HVL 3.5 mm Copper (220 kV), Lead screens* M100 Film in 8 min 79°F (26°C) cycle is assigned a relative exposure of 1.KODAKINDUSTREX FilmsKODAK INDUSTREX Processor KODAK INDUSTREX Chemicals8 min 79°F (26°C)DR50 1.6M100* 1.0MX1250.6T2000.4AA 4000.3HS8000.15RELATIVE EXPOSURE FOR VARIOUS ENERGY LEVELSFor each exposure condition, M100 Film is assigned a relative exposure of 1.00.KODAK INDUSTREX Processor, 8 minute 79°F (26°C) cycle.* In accordance with ISO 7004 standard. Without lead screens † In accordance with ISO 7004 standard - EN 584-1 Lead screens ‡ 8 mm Copper filtration. 100/200 microns lead screens § 100/200 microns lead screensAUTOMATIC PROCESSINGNotice: Observe precautionary information on product labels and on the Material Safety Data Sheets.See Kodak publication TI-2621, Processing KODAKINDUSTREX Films , for additional information on automatic processing.EXPOSURE CONDITIONS: 200/220 kV, ISO/ANSI/EN Conditions, KODAK INDUSTREX ChemicalsFilm Characteristics (Sensitometric)* Contrast calculated between net densities of 1.5 and 3.5.Recommended Replenishment RatesThe consistency of the radiographic quality is related to the accurate adjustment of the replenishment rate.Replenishment should maintain the chemical equilibrium, replacing the components used by the film.* For optimum archivability, a 10% increase in fixer replenishment rate may bedesirable.INDUSTREXFilms ISO 120kV *EN 220kV †Iridium ‡Cobalt §DR50 2.3 1.6 1.6 1.6M100 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0MX1250.70.60.60.6T2000.40.40.40.3AA4000.30.30.20.2HS800—0.15——KODAK INDUSTREX Processor / Cycle Base + Fog Contrast *M43IC, 8 min 79°F (26°C)0.19 5.4M43IC, 5 min 86°F (30°C)0.19 5.25M35, 10.5 min 86°F (30°C)0.194.8Solution Replenishment Volumeper 35 x 43 cm (14 x 17 inch) sheetper m 2Developer 100 mL 665 mL Fixer180 mL *1200 mLWashing and DryingWashing: Follow the processor manufacturer'srecommendation for wash flow rate, or adjust flow to achieve the equivalent of the wash tank capacity every five minutes, or twelve tank volumes per hour. Insufficient wash flow can adversely affect the life expectancy of processed radiographs. Wash flow rate should be increased if chemical spot tests or other analyticalmethods reveal a high level of retained chemicals in the processed film. For best results, the wash tank should be drained daily and left empty when not in use.Drying: Follow the processor manufacturer'srecommendation for dryer settings. In general, the dryer should be set to a temperature slightly above (3°C/5°F) the lowest temperature required to eliminate any signs of tackiness in films exiting the dryer.MANUAL PROCESSINGNotice: Observe precautionary information on product labels and on the Material Safety Data Sheets.See Kodak publication TI-2643, Guide to Manual Processing of NDT Films , for additional information on manual processing.Film Characteristics (Sensitometric)* Contrast calculated between net densities of 1.5 and 3.5.Development ConditionsBase + Fog Contrast *5 min 68° (20°C)0.19 5.03 min 75° (24°C)0.195.3DevelopmentDevelop with rack and tank, using properly replenished solutions.•Remove film and hanger 5 seconds before end of development. DO NOT ALLOW EXCESS DEVELOPER TO DRAIN BACK INTO THE TANK. Normally this will carry out the proper amount of solution to permit correct replenishment.•Use floating covers on developer tanks to reduce oxidation and evaporation; store developer replenisher in a closed container. •Fill the developer and fixer tank to its original level each morning with developer or fixer replenisher solution (topping off).•Discard solution after adding two tank volumes of replenisher to tank, or at least once a month, and refill with fresh solution.Stop, Fix, Wash and Dry StepsStop baths check development, prevent most spots or streaks, and prolong the life of the fixing bath.Immerse the film in fixer for 3 to 6 minutes , agitating for 5 seconds every 30 seconds . Film should remain in fixer for twice the time it takes to "clear" it (when the milky look disappears). Never fix film for less than 3 minutes.KODAK Hypo Clearing Agent may be used following the fixer to reduce washing time and conserve water. First rinse films in running water for 30 seconds, the use Hypo Clearing Agent for 1 to 2 minutes, followed by a final running water wash for 5 minutes.T emperature RecommendedT ime(Minutes)Agitation KODAK INDUSTREX Single Part Developer Replenisher68°F (20°C)72°F (22°C)75°F (24°C)79°F (26°C)5432Intermittent (5 seconds every 30 seconds)T emperatureRecommendedT ime Agitation KODAK Indicator Stop Bath, or acetic acid (diluted to 3.5%) solution 60 to 85°F 16 to 30°C30 to 60 secondsContinuous, ModerateKODAK Rapid Fixer, KODAK INDUSTREX Manual Fixer, or KODAKINDUSTREX LO Fixer and Replenisher 60 to 85°F 16 to 30°C3 to 6 minutes, or twice the clearing timeVigorous for 15 seconds, then intermittent (5 sec every 30 sec)Running water wash(8 volumechanges per hour)60 to 85°F 16 to 30°C 10 to 30MinutesKODAK INDUSTREX M100 FilmAerial and Industrial MarketsEASTMAN KODAK COMPANY • ROCHESTER, NY 14650-0505Revised 12-06Printed in U.S.A.KODAK INDUSTREX M100 Film KODAK Publication No. TI-2434NOTICE: While the sensitometric data in this publication are typical of production coatings, they do notrepresent standards which must be met by Kodak. Varying storage, exposure, and processing conditions will affect results. The company reserves the right to change and improve product characteristics at any time.To minimize water spots and drying marks, use KODAK PHOTO-FLO Solution after washing.Dry in a dust-free area at room temperature or in a suitable drying cabinet. Temperature not to exceed 120°F (50°C).Recommended Replenishment RatesMaintain chemical activity and solution level in the developer tank by adding 100 mL (3.38 fluid ounces) of replenisher according to instructions for each 14 x 17-inch (35 x 43 cm) film processed. Stir vigorously after each addition. Replenish the fixer tank at the rate of 180 mL (6 fluid ounces) per 35 x 43 cm (14 x 17 in) sheet of film processed.CURVESCharacteristic Curves, Manual ProcessingCharacteristic Curves, Machine ProcessingKodak, Industrex, Ready-Pack, and Photo-flo are trademarks.。

柯达公司研发出感光极快的医用X射线胶片
方留民
【期刊名称】《智能系统学报》
【年(卷),期】2005(000)002
【摘要】伊士·柯达公司正在大量生产一种高速X射线胶片，这种胶片可以让病人接受X射线时受到的辐射强度减少一半，却不影响成像质量。

同时，这家最大的胶片生产商把重点放在数码技术领域，生产这种胶片可能有助于缓解该公司的财务压力。

【总页数】1页(P54)
【作者】方留民
【作者单位】无
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】TB84
【相关文献】
1.应用感光度仪对医用X线胶片感光特性测试与分析 [J], 王继升;赵建中
2.用X射线对医用X线胶片进行感光测定时曝光条件的探讨 [J], 王淑芬;陈光民
3.医用X射线胶片感光度及平均斜率应用：技术理论探讨 [J], 王树儒
4.医用X射线胶片感光测定用光源 [J], 唐志健
5.应用感光度仪对医用X线胶片感光特性测试与分析 [J], 王继升;赵建中
因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。

82种专业彩色反转片胶卷特性一览彩色反转片品牌彩色反转片片速缩写分辨率锐度饱和度颗粒度反差宽容度片幅评语爱克发 RSX II 50（专业） 50 RSX 50 很高很高增强特细中中35mm/120 颗粒细，锐度好，拍摄明亮风光时灰色对比度平衡，也适合拍摄特写富士Velvia（专业）50 RVP 很高特高提高特细中偏高窄35mm/120/220/页片颗粒细，色彩明亮，暖调肤色平衡好富士 Pro 64T Type II（灯光专业型） 64 RTP II 高高增强很细中中 35mm/120/页片钨丝灯光色温平衡，颗粒细微，适用于摄影室内拍摄人像或静物柯达 Ektachrome 64（专业） 64 EPR 高高增强很细中中 35mm/120/220/页片曝光宽容度较宽，色彩明亮，颗粒细微，是专业摄影师喜爱的胶片柯达 Ektachrome 64T（专业） 64 EPY 高高增强很细中窄 35mm/120/页片钨丝灯光色温平衡，适用于摄影室内拍摄人像或静物柯达 64（专业） 64 PKR 高特高增强特细中偏高窄 35mm 颗粒细微，色彩真实，接近档案照片保存时间的要求。

有业余型胶片的提供爱克发 Ctprecisa 100 100 CT100 高特高增强特细中偏高中35mm 锐度很好，色彩明亮，适用于拍摄人像、风光和档案文件富士Astia 100（专业）100 RAP 很高很高增强很细中中35mm/120/220/页片影调柔和，肤色自然，色彩明亮。

适用于拍摄时装和产品富士 Provia 100F（专业） 100 RDP III 很高很高增强特细中中35mm/120/220/页片颗粒特细，色彩亮丽，适用于时装、风光和人像摄影富士 Sensia 100 100 RA 很高很高增强特细高中 35mm 颗粒特细，适用于拍摄人像、自然风光、水下和特写，是Sensia II的重新命名柯达 Ektachrome 100（专业） 100 EPN 高高中等很细中中 35mm/120/220/页片灰色对比度平衡，色彩真实，适用于要求严格的目录、翻拍录制柯达 Ektachrome 100Plus（专业） 100 EPP 高高中等很细中中 35mm/120/220/页片色彩真实，灰色对比度平衡。

胶片的感光特性感光特性主要指灰雾密度、反差系数、感光度、宽容度、感色性。

灰雾密度——是指胶片未经曝光，冲洗以后底片上产生的一定密度。

通常黑白全色片采用有色片基，都有极少量的灰雾度，但不影响使用效果。

胶片保存不当、冲洗不规范都会增加灰雾度。

已过有效期的胶片，也会产生严重的灰雾。

灰雾度过大的胶片不利于表现被摄体的层次和质感，同时胶片的反差性能降低，一般不宜使用。

反差系数——反差也叫“密度差”，“对比度”，“软硬度”。

指负片或照片影象强光部分和阴影部分的差度。

通常有景物的亮度差、底片密度差和画面影调差三类。

黑白相差很大而中间层次又很少，称之为反差大；黑白相差不大，中间层次很多，称之为反差小。

评定负片或照片的反差是否合适，或大或小，以是否符合被摄景物的原有反差（亮度范围）为标准，若超过被摄体的反差。

就是反差过强，反之则过弱。

胶片的反差性能是由胶片的感光度所决定的。

感光度高的胶片在底片上的影像反差就小，感光度低的胶片在底片上的影像反差就大。

在摄影时应根据拍摄内容选择不同感光度的胶片，不能用反差大的胶片去表现层次，也不能用反差小的胶片去表现高反差效果。

通常中速片的反差适中，能表现被摄体的质感层次与反差，适用于拍摄各种题材，成为最常用的胶片。

具体可以表示为：反差系数=影像反差/景物反差影像反差指拍摄画面中不同部位明暗的差别，景物反差是指景物不同部位的亮度差别。

为了得到合适的影像反差，反差系数必须严格控制。

一般来说，黑白负片系数在0.65左右，彩色负片的反差系数在0.6左右，反转片的反差系数在2.0左右。

感光度——感光度是指胶片对光线的敏感程度，表示感光能力的大小。

感光度高的胶片对光线反应快，感光也快。

感光度低的胶片对光线反应慢，感光也慢。

在摄影时感光度高的胶片曝光要少，感光度低的胶片曝光要多。

胶片的感光度原来在各个国家都有自己的标准，1979年，国际标准化组织统一了世界胶片感光度标准，用ISO表示。

这个国际标准采用了美国的感光度标准ASA制与德国的感光度标准DIN制。