5润滑系
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汽车构造(发动机,底盘,车身,电气设备)1. 发动机:发动机2大机构5大系:曲柄连杆机构;配气机构;燃料供给系;冷却系;润滑系;点火系;起动系。
2. 底盘:底盘作用是支承、安装汽车发动机及其各部件、总成,形成汽车的整体造型,并接受发动机的动力,使汽车产生运动,保证正常行驶。
底盘由传动系、行驶系、转向系和制动系四部分组成。
3. 车身:车身安装在底盘的车架上,用以驾驶员、旅客乘坐或装载货物。
轿车、客车的车身一般是整体结构,货车车身一般是由驾驶室和货箱两部分组成。
4. 电气设备:电气设备由电源和用电设备两大部分组成。
电源包括蓄电池和发电机;用电设备包括发动机的起动系、汽油机的点火系和其它用电装置。
性能参数1. 整车装备质量(kg):汽车完全装备好的质量,包括润滑油、燃料、随车工具、备胎等所有装置的质量。
2. 最大总质量(kg):汽车满载时的总质量。
3. 最大装载质量(kg):汽车在道路上行驶时的最大装载质量。
4. 最大轴载质量(kg):汽车单轴所承载的最大总质量。
与道路通过性有关。
5. 车长(mm):汽车长度方向两极端点间的距离。
6. 车宽(mm):汽车宽度方向两极端点间的距离。
7. 车高(mm):汽车最高点至地面间的距离。
8. 轴距(mm):汽车前轴中心至后轴中心的距离。
9. 轮距(mm):同一车轿左右轮胎胎面中心线间的距离。
10. 前悬(mm):汽车最前端至前轴中心的距离。
11. 后悬(mm):汽车最后端至后轴中心的距离。
12. 最小离地间隙(mm):汽车满载时,最低点至地面的距离。
13. 接近角(°):汽车前端突出点向前轮引的切线与地面的夹角。
14. 离去角(°):汽车后端突出点向后轮引的切线与地面的夹角。
15. 转弯半径(mm):汽车转向时,汽车外侧转向轮的中心平面在车辆支承平面上的轨迹圆半径。
转向盘转到极限位置时的转弯半径为最小转弯半径。
16. 最高车速(km/h):汽车在平直道路上行驶时能达到的最大速度。
润滑系的工作原理
润滑系统的工作原理是通过润滑剂在摩擦表面形成润滑膜,使摩擦表面之间的接触减小,从而降低摩擦系数和摩擦磨损。
润滑剂可以是油、脂、液体或固体,其选择要根据工作条件和需要进行考虑。
润滑系统通常由润滑剂、润滑油泵、润滑油管路、油箱、滤清器、油冷却器等组成。
润滑剂被泵送到摩擦表面,当润滑剂进入接触面之间的微小间隙时,它们会承受足够的压力,形成一个薄膜,将摩擦表面分隔开来。
润滑膜的形成需要一定的压力和速度,以及适当的温度。
当润滑剂被泵送回油箱时,通过滤清器去除固体颗粒和污染物,确保润滑系统的正常运行。
润滑系统有以下几个基本原理:
1. 分隔原理:润滑剂在摩擦表面之间形成润滑膜,分隔摩擦表面,减少直接接触和摩擦力;
2. 负载分配原理:润滑剂的高压力推动下,润滑膜承受负载,均匀分配在接触表面上,减小局部应力和磨损;
3. 冷却原理:润滑剂可以带走摩擦产生的热量,通过冷却器散热,降低摩擦温度,防止零件过热和膨胀;
4. 清洁原理:润滑剂通过油路中的滤清器去除固体颗粒和污染物,保持润滑系统的清洁,减少磨损和故障的发生。
综上所述,润滑系统通过润滑剂形成润滑膜,以分隔、负载分配、冷却和清洁的原理来保持摩擦表面的良好润滑和工作。
这种工作原理可以降低机械零件之间的摩擦和磨损,延长设备的使用寿命,提高工作效率。
汽油发动机主要分两大机构五大系统:五大系统包括:燃料供给系,起动系,冷却系,润滑系,点火系。
燃料供给系:燃料供给系由空气供给系统、燃油供给系统与电子控制系统组成。
起动系:主要由蓄电池、起动控制与传动机构与起动机(马达)等组成冷却系:冷却系统主要由水泵、散热器、风扇、水套与节温器等组成.、口16IG121风扇罩2 5风扇电机3风扇4水箱6水泵皮带7水泵89 1 0 水管11 回水管12补水管13 次水箱1 4过热蒸汽管1 5下水管16上水管17水箱固定胶润滑系:润滑系统由机油泵、机油滤清器、机油冷却器、集滤器等组成。
此外,润滑系统点火系:点火系由传统式由蓄电池、发电机、点火线圈、断 电器、火花塞等组成•普通式与传统式点火系统类似,只就是 用电子元件取代了断电器•电子点火式全部就是全电子点火系统,完全0 土泊追仝決It机油滤涪方式取消了机械装置,由电子系统控制点火时刻,包括蓄电池、发电机、点火线圈、火花塞与电子控制系统等。
柴油机就是没有点火系,柴油机就是工作原理:空气进入气缸后,压缩成高温体同时再由高压得柴油泵通过喷油嘴直接喷到气缸后自燃后产生动能.点.火系统1、点火开关2、点火线圈3、绝缘盖4、初级线圈5、次级线圈6、分电器7、蓄电池8、点火控制器9、传动齿轮10、真空提前装置11、分电器主轴12、分火头13、分电器盖1 4、离心提前装置不过就是柴油机还就是汽油都就是四冲程:进气冲程, 压缩冲程,燃烧冲程(作功冲程),排气冲程.汽车发动机得两大机构发动机就就是引擎,就是从英文单词“en g in e ”音译而来得。
汽车所用得发动机主要就是活塞式发动机,p i ston en g ine,或称为reciprocating engine (往复式发动机)以及转子发动机(Ro t ary Eng i ne, RE)。
所以,汽车发动机得类型主要有以下几种:(直列L,V型,水平对置,W型与转子发动机(三角活塞发动机,RE)活塞式发动机我们说就是汽车发动机就好比我们人类得心脏如果发动机坏人那么车也就不能动了。
UNIT 5 THE LUBRICATION SYSTEM学习目标:1.掌握润滑系相关的专业术语、词汇。
2.能对润滑系相关的资料进行中英文互译。
3.能进行相关内容的阅读和翻译。
TEXT A THE LUBRICATION SYSTEM1. Lubrication PrinciplesReducing friction to minimize wear and loss of power is the primary job a lubrication system must perform[1]. Residual oil on engine parts also provides lubrication for engine start-up.The engine oil forms a seal between the pistons, rings, and cylinders. It also helps to cool engine parts. Without the cleaning acting of the lubricating system, carbon and varnish build up would be excessive. The engine oil also absorbs the shock and dampens the noise of moving parts.How successful the lubrication system is in performing all these functions depends on a number of factors and conditions. There must be an adequate supply of good-quality lubricant delivered to all moving engine parts under sufficient pressure to provide hydrodynamic lubrication for rotating parts and oil adhesion to surface subject to sliding friction.2. Parts of the Pressure-Lubrication System2.1 Oil PanThe oil pan bolts under the engine block, where it seals off the bottom of engine. Shaped like a trough, this sheet-metal pan serves as the reservoir for about 5 quarts of oil. As oil flows from the engine, it drains downward into the oil pan. The oil pump sucks oil from the lowest part of the oil pan, the oil sump. Many oil pans have baffles, which are thin metal partitions. These keep the oil in the sump when the car corners hard or brakes suddenly. A drain plug at the bottom of the sump allows oil to be drained from the engine. The oil-pan gasket fits between the oil pan and the bottom of the engine block.In most engines, the oil circulates in the engine, and then returns to the pan. It stays in the oil pan until drawn back into the engine by the oil pump. During operation, the sump usually holds 2 to 3 quarts of oil. The rest of the oil moves through the passageways of the lubrication system. With the engine off, the pan holds about four quarts of oil. The fifth quart is in the oil filter. Because a pool of oil always rests in the sump, the type of lubrication system is called a wet-sump oiling system.A dry-sump oil system is used in many racing engines. This system has a separate storage tank for the oil. A second oil pump draws oil from the oil pan as the oil drains from the engine. As a result, a dry-sump system can circulate more oil through the engine than a wet-sump system.2.2 Oil PumpThere are two general types of automotive-engine lubricating-system oil pumps, gear and rotor. The gear-type oil pump uses a pair of gears. As they rotate, the spaces between the teeth are filled with oil from the oil inlet. Then, when the gears mesh, the oil is forced out through the oil outlet.The rotor-type oil pump has an inner and an outer rotor. The inner rotor is driven and turns the outer rotor. The spaces between the rotor lobes become filled with oil. When the lobes of the inner rotor move into the spaces in the outer rotor, the oil is squeezed out through the outlet.Oil pumps are usually driven from the engine camshaft by the same spiral gear that drives the ignition distributor. The oil intake for the oil pump is attached to a float in some engines. This floating intake takes oil only from the top of the oil in the oil pan. Since dirt particles sink, the top oil is the cleanest.2.3 Oil FilterAll automotive-engine lubricating systems have an oil filter(Figure5-1). Oil circulates through this filter. In the filter, an element of filtering material traps particles of foreign material. This helps to keep the engine oil clean and to prevent particles from entering the engine.Oil filters are of two types. Those that filter part of the oil from the oil pump are caller bypass oil filters. Those that filter all the oil from the oil pump are caller full-flow oil filters. Some turbocharged diesel engines have both types of filter.Figure 5-1 oil filterFull-flow filters have a spring-loaded bypass valve. It protects the engine from oil starvation if the filter becomes clogged. If this happens, the valve is opened by the increased pressure from the pump trying to push oil through the filter. With the valve open, oil bypasses the filter. However, before this happens, the filter should be changed. The oil circulating with the valve open is not filtered and engine damage could result.3. Engine LubricationAn internal combustion engine would not run for even a few minutes if the moving parts were allowed to make metal-to-metal contact. The heat generated due to the tremendous amounts of friction would melt the metals, leading to the destruction of the engine[2]. To prevent this, all moving parts ride on a thin film of oil that is pumped between all the moving parts of the engine. Once between the moving parts, the oil serves two purposes. One purpose is to lubricate the bearing surfaces. The other purpose is to cool the bearings by absorbing the friction-generated heat. The flow of oil to the moving parts is accomplished by the engine’s internal lubricating system. Figure 5-2 shows a engine’s lube oil circuit schematic.Figure 5-2 lube oil circuit schematicThe oil pump is of the gear type, consisting essentially of two gears in mesh and requires no attention or adjustment. It is housed in the sump, being driven by a shaft and skew gearing from the camshaft.Oil from the sump is delivered at full pressure to all main bearings and camshaft bearings through gallery pipes and drillings in the cylinder block. The big-end bearings are fed from the main bearings via passages in the crankshaft.Lubrication for the timing chain is supplied an two points, by a feed from the front camshaft bearing into the periphery of the camshaft chain wheel and also by oil fed through the hollow shaft on which the timing chain jockey pulley is mounted arid thence through holes in the circumference of the jockey pulley.The inlet and exhaust rocker shafts are hollow, the inlet shaft being fed with oil from the rear of the main gallery pipe via an external pipeline, whilst that for the exhaust rockers and inlet followers is supplied via drillings from the center camshaft bearings. Each rocker and follower receives its oil through small holes drilled in the rocker shafts and in turn they are themselves also drilled, so that the oil finds its way through them and thence out again to lubricate the points of contact with the valves, push-rods and camshaft[3]. The distributor drive shaft is lubricated with oil fed from the exhaust rocker shaft via a hollow bolt.Surplus oil from the inlet valve gear returns through the cylinder casting and that from the exhaust valve gear direct to the sump.4. Lubrication OilsMotor oils for automobile engines fall into two basic categories: petroleum-based oils and synthetic oils. Petroleum-based oils, however, contain a variety of additives; so in fact they, too, are partly synthetic.The oil lubricates moving parts in the engine to minimize wear. Clearances between moving parts are filled with oil. The parts move on the layers of oil to minimize wear. Parts moving on layers of oil requirecomparatively little power to move them. The oil minimizes frictionhorsepower.The circulating oil helps cool the engine. As the oil moves through the engine, the oil gets hot. Then, when it drops down into the oil pan, which is cooler, the oil gives up this heat. So the oil is continually removing heat from the engine.The oil also helps absorb shock loads. When the power stroke starts, a force of as much as 4000 pounds is suddenly imposed on the rod and main bearings[4]. The layers of oil in the bearing clearances resist 〞squeezing out〞, acting as cushions to absorb the sudden load.The oil helps form a gastight seal between piston rings and cylinder walls. In forming this, the oil helps to reduce blowby.The oil acts as a cleaning agent. As it circulates through the engine, the oil picks up particles of metal and carbon and carries them back down into the oil pan. Larger particles fall to bottom of the oil pan. Smaller particles are filtered out by the oil filter.NEW WORDSl ubrication ['lu:bri'keiʃən ] n. 润滑;润滑作用;润滑油principle ['prinsəpl] n. 原理,原则;主义,道义;本质,本义;根源,源泉residual [ri'zidjuəl,ri'zidʒuəl] n. 剩余;残渣adj. 剩余的;残留的varnish ['vɑ:niʃ] n. 虚饰;光泽面;亮光漆,清漆vt. 装饰,粉饰;在…上涂清漆;使…有光泽buildup ['bildʌp] n. 组合;增强;发展;形成;树立名誉quart [kwɔ:t] n. 夸脱(容量单位,等于1/4加仑或2品脱);一夸脱的容器excessive [ik'sesiv] adj. 过多的,太大的,过分的;过度的,极度的,放纵的dampen ['dæmpən] vt. 使降低;减少;抑制;使扫兴;使沮丧,使消沉,给…泼冷水;潮湿,弄湿,沾湿,使湿润partition [pɑ:'tiʃən] n. 分开;隔开;划分;分配隔开物;隔墙;隔板;区分线;区分物部分;隔开部分;隔开的房间gum [ɡʌm] n.树胶;橡皮;口香糖vt. 使…有粘性;用胶粘,涂以树胶rough [trɔf,trɔ:f] n. 槽,饲料槽,和面槽;洗槽,水槽;槽形物baffle ['bæfl] vt. 使…困惑;使…受挫折;用挡板控制vi. 做徒劳挣扎n. 挡板;困惑sump [sʌmp] n. 油底壳,机油箱;污水坑;水坑vi. 挖深(渠道,井筒等)turbocharge ['tə:bəutʃɑ:dʒ] vt. 用涡轮给增压clog [klɔɡ] vt.阻塞,堵塞(管子、道路等);障碍,妨碍,阻碍;挤满,填满vi.发生阻碍;堵塞,堵住;塞满:粘住,粘在一起;凝成一块n.障碍物;阻碍;妨碍porosity [pɔ:'rɔsiti, pəu'rɔsiti] n. 多孔性;有孔性;多孔的东西;多孔物质;多孔部分;多孔结构periphery [pə'rifəri] n.周界线(尤指圆周);周边;外围;周围;边缘;界限外表面(尤指圆体的外面),外部;次要部分;无关紧要部分,边缘科学synthetic [sin'θetik] adj. 综合的(相对于analytic) ;合成的,人造的;合成燃料的n. 合成物;合成纤维;合成剂antiscuff [ʌnti'skʌf] n.磨损overhaul ['əuvə'hɔ:l,'əuvəhɔ:l] vt. 解体检修,拆修,大修:彻底检查,仔细检验:全面修订;彻底革新(或改革):n.拆修,大修全面检查;详细检验全面修订;底革新(或改革)neutralize ['nju:trəlaiz] vt. 抵销;使…中和;使…无效;使…中立vi. 中和;中立化;变无效agitation ['ædʒiteiʃən] n. 激动,兴奋,煽动,搅动PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONSoil Pan油底壳dry-sump 干油底壳wet-sump 湿油底壳pickup tube机油吸油管filter screen滤网full-flow filtering system全流式滤清系统pressure-relief valve 安全阀泄压阀gear type oil pump齿轮式机油泵jockey pulley张紧轮,导向轮corrosion inhibitor 防腐剂detergent-dispersant 清洁分散剂viscosity index 粘度指数foam inhibitor泡沫抑制剂KEY VOCABULARYabsorb[əb'sɔ:b, əb 'zɔ:b]vt.1.吸收;吸引;承受;理解;使…全神贯注:Blotting paper absorbs ink. .吸墨水纸吸墨水。
冷却系习题1.填空题(1)根据所用冷却介质的不同,发动机的冷却方式可分为式和式两种。
(2)发动机水冷却系统由装置、装置和装置三部分组成。
(3)发动机水冷却系统中的冷却装置由、、等组成。
(4)发动机水冷却系统中的冷却强度调节装置由、、等组成。
(5)发动机水冷却系统中的水温显示装置由等组成。
(6)发动机冷却液的循环分为循环、循环和循环。
(7)发动机用散热器一般由、和等组成。
(8)发动机用离心式水泵主要由、、等三部分组成。
(9)发动机用风扇离合器有式、式和式,其中式应用最广泛。
(10)散热器的维修主要内容包括、和。
2.判断题( )(1)发动机过热会使充气效率降低。
( )(2)发动机过热会使发动机早燃和爆燃的倾向减小。
( )(3)发动机过热会使润滑条件恶化,加剧零件的磨损( )(4)发动机过热会使金属材料的机械性能降低,造成零件变形或损坏。
( )(5)发动机过冷会使进入气缸的可燃混合气温度太低,导致发动机功率下降、燃料消耗增加。
( )(6)发动机过冷会使润滑油的粘度增大润滑改善,零件的磨损减小。
( )(7)发动机过冷会使未汽化的燃料冲刷摩擦表面(如气缸壁)上的油膜或稀释润滑油,加重零件的磨损。
( )(8)点火时间过晚会造成发动机过冷。
( )(9)混合气过稀会造成发动机过热。
( )(10)若散热器中的水垢过多会造成发动机过冷。
( )(11)发动机水冷却系中的风扇属于冷却强度调节装置。
( )(12)发动机水冷却系中的节温器属于冷却强度调节装置。
( )(13)发动机水冷却系中的散热器属于冷却强度调节装置。
( )(14)发动机水冷却系中的百叶窗属于冷却强度调节装置。
( )(15)发动机水冷却系中的水温传感器属于水温显示装置。
( )(16)采用膨胀水箱把冷却系变成了一个暂时性的封闭系统。
( )(17)采用膨胀水箱避免了空气的不断进入,减小了对冷却系内部的氧化腐蚀。
( ) (18)采用膨胀水箱使冷却系中的水汽分离,使压力处于不稳定状态。
润滑系的作用及组成润滑系是机械设备中非常重要的一部分,它能够减少机械设备的摩擦和磨损,提高设备的工作效率和寿命。
润滑系主要由润滑剂和润滑系统两部分组成。
润滑剂是润滑系的核心组成部分,常见的润滑剂有润滑油和润滑脂。
润滑油是一种液体状的润滑剂,它主要由基础油和各种添加剂组成。
基础油是润滑油的主要成分,它可以是矿物油、合成油或动植物油。
添加剂是为了提高润滑油的性能而添加的物质,常见的添加剂有抗氧化剂、抗磨剂、极压剂等。
润滑油的性能取决于基础油和添加剂的种类和比例。
润滑脂是一种半固体状的润滑剂,它主要由基础油和稠化剂组成。
稠化剂是润滑脂的主要成分,它可以使润滑脂变得粘稠,提高其附着性和黏附性。
润滑脂的使用范围广泛,可以应用于高温、高速、重载和恶劣工况下的润滑。
除了润滑剂,润滑系还包括润滑系统。
润滑系统是将润滑剂输送到机械设备的各个部位,以实现润滑的作用。
润滑系统通常包括润滑油箱、润滑油泵、滤清器、冷却器、油管、油嘴等组件。
润滑系统的设计和运行对于设备的正常工作至关重要。
润滑系的作用主要有以下几个方面:1. 减少摩擦和磨损:润滑剂能够在机械设备的摩擦表面形成一层润滑膜,减少金属之间的直接接触,从而减少摩擦和磨损,延长设备的使用寿命。
2. 提高工作效率:润滑剂能够降低机械设备的摩擦阻力,减少能量损失,提高设备的工作效率。
3. 导热和冷却:润滑剂能够吸收和传导摩擦产生的热量,起到导热和冷却的作用,保持设备的正常工作温度。
4. 防止腐蚀和氧化:润滑剂中的添加剂能够起到抗氧化和防腐蚀的作用,保护机械设备的金属表面不受氧化和腐蚀的影响。
5. 封堵和密封:润滑剂能够填充机械设备上的微小间隙和缺陷,起到封堵和密封的作用,防止泄漏和污染。
润滑系在机械设备中起到非常重要的作用。
润滑剂和润滑系统是润滑系的两个主要组成部分,润滑剂通过降低摩擦和磨损、提高工作效率、导热和冷却、防止腐蚀和氧化、封堵和密封等方式,保护机械设备的正常运行。
汽车发动机试题及答案【篇一:汽车发动机复习题及答案(全)】:名词解释1、上止点:活塞顶部离曲轴中心的最远处。
2、下止点:活塞顶部离曲轴中心的最近处。
3、曲轴半径(r):曲轴与连杆下端的连接中心至曲轴中心的距离。
活塞冲程s与曲轴半径r的关系:s=2r4、气缸工作容积(vs):活塞从一个止点移动到另一个止点所扫过的容积称为气缸工作容积或气缸排量。
5、燃烧室容积(vc)活塞在上止点时,活塞顶上面的空间为燃烧室,它的容积称为燃烧室容积(单位为l)6、气缸总容积(va):活塞在下止点时,活塞顶上面的整个空间的容积为气缸总容积(单位为l)。
它等于7、气缸工作容积与燃烧室容积之和,即va=vs+vc8、压缩比:气缸总容积与燃烧室容积的比值,即9、发动机排量:多缸发动机各气缸工作容积的总和,称为发动机工作容积或发动机排量(单位l)vl=ivs10、四冲程发动机:凡是曲轴旋转两周,活塞往复4个冲程完成一个工作循环的称为四冲程发动机。
11、二冲程发动机:完成一个循环需要活塞往复2个冲程完成一个工作循环的称为二冲程发动机。
12、气门重叠:气门重叠角所谓的气门重叠角,通常是指发动机进气门和排气门处于同时开启的一段时间用曲轴转角来表示称为气门重叠角。
二:填空1、按着火方式分类:点燃式发动机和压然式发动机两种。
前者在汽车上获得了广泛的应用。
2、按燃料供给方式分类:化油器式发动机、汽油喷射式发动机和直接喷射式柴油机。
3、按使用燃料分类:汽油机、柴油机、煤气机、气体燃料发动机、多种燃料发动机等。
4、按冲程数分类:有二冲程发动机和四冲程发动机之分。
汽车发动机广泛采用的是四冲程发动机。
5、按冷却方式分类:有水冷式发动机和风冷式发动机之分。
汽车上广泛采用水冷式发动机。
6、按进气状况分类:有增压式发动机和非增压式发动机之分。
7、按气缸数分类:可分为单杠发动机和多缸发动机。
汽车上多采用四缸、六缸、八缸、十二缸发动机。
8、曲柄连杆机构的主要零件可分为三组组成:即:机体组、活塞连杆组和曲轴飞轮组。