Exploring Individuals- Loyalty To Online Support Groups From the

考研英语一历年真题及答案【篇一：2015年考研英语一真题及答案详细解析】ass=txt>2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题及答案详细解析section i use of english :directions: read the following text. choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark a, b,c or d on the answer sheet.(10 points)though not biologically related, friends are as ―related‖ as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. that is _(1)_a study, published from the university of california and yale universityin the proceedings of the national academy of sciences,has__(2)_.the study is a genome-wide analysis conducted _(3)__1,932 unique subjects which __(4)__pairs of uelated friends and uelated strangers. the same people were used in both_(5)_.while 1% may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a geneticist. as james fowler, professor of medical genetics at uc san diego,says, ―most people do not even _(7)_their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who_(8)_our kin.‖the study_(9)_found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity .why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, fornow,_(10)_,as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more_(11)_it. there could be many mechanisms working together that _(12)_us in choosing genetically similar friends_(13)_‖functional kinship‖ of being friends with_(14)_!one of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolution_(15)_than other genes studying this could help_(16)_why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being amajor_(17)_factor.the findings do not simply explain people‘s_(18)_to befriend those of similar_(19)_backgrounds, say the researchers. though all the subjects were drawn from a population ofeuropean extraction, care was taken to_(20)_that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.1. [a] when [b] why [c] how [d] what2. [a] defended [b] concluded [c] withdrawn [d] advised3. [a] for [b] with [c] on [d] by4. [a] compared [b] sought [c] separated [d] connected5. [a] tests [b] objects [c]samples [d] examples6. [a] insignificant [b] unexpected [c]unbelievable [d] incredible7. [a] visit [b] miss [c] seek [d] know8. [a] resemble [b] influence [c] favor [d] surpass9. [a] again [b] also [c] instead [d] thus10. [a] meanwhile [b] furthermore [c] likewise [d] perhaps11. [a] about [b] to [c]from [d]like12. [a] drive [b] observe [c] confuse [d]limit 13. [a] according to [b] rather than [c] regardless of [d] along with 14. [a] chances [b]responses [c]missions [d]benefits 15. [a] later[b]slower [c] faster [d] earlier 16. [a]forecast [b]remember[c]understand [d]express 17. [a] unpredictable [b]contributory [c] controllable [d] disruptive 18. [a] endeavor [b]decision [c]arrangement [d] tendency 19. [a] political [b] religious [c] ethnic [d] economic20. [a] see [b] show [c] prove [d] tellsection ii reading comprehensionpart adirections:read the following four texts. answer the questions below each text by choosing a, b,c or d. mark your answers on answer sheet. (40 points)text 1king juan carlos of spain once insisted ―kings don‘t abdicate, they dare in their sleep.‖ but embarrassi ng scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. so, does the spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? does that mean the writing is on the wall for all european royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle? the spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. when public opinion is particularly polarised, as itwas following the end of the franco regime, monarchs can rise above ―mere‖ politics and ―embody‖ a spirit of national unity. it is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs‘ continuing popularity polarized. and also, the middle east excepted, europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting vatican city and andorra). but unlike their absolutist counterparts in the gulf and asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today –embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. at a time when thomas piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.the most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.while europe‘s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the british royals who have most to fear from the spanish example.it is only the queen who has preserved the m onarchy‘s reputation with her ratherordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. the danger will comewith charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. he has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service – as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. charles ought to know that as english history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy‘s worst enemies.21. according to the first two paragraphs, king juan carlos of spain[a] used turn enjoy high public support[b] was unpopular among european royals[c] cased his relationship with his rivals[d]ended his reign in embarrassment22. monarchs are kept as heads of state in europe mostly[a] owing to their undoubted and respectable status[b] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality[c] to give voter more public figures to look up to[d]due to their everlasting political embodiment23. which of the following is shown to be odd, according to paragraph 4?[a] aristocrats‘ excessive reliance on inherited wealth[b] the role of the nobility in modern democracies[c] the simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families[d]the nobility‘s adherence to their privileges24. the british royals ―have most to fear‖ because charles[a] takes a rough line on political issues[b] fails to change his lifestyle as advised[c] takes republicans as his potential allies[d] fails to adapt himself to his future role25. which of the following is the best title of the text?[a] carlos, glory and disgrace combined[b] charles, anxious to succeed to the throne[c] carlos, a lesson for all european monarchs[d]charles, slow to react to the coming threatstext 2just how much does the constitution protect your digital data? the supreme court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.california has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. it is hard, the state argues, for judgesto assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.the court would be recklessly modest if it followed california‘s advice. enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.they should start by discarding california‘s lame argument that exploring the contentsof a smart phone — a vast storehouse of digital information —is similar to, say, rifling through a suspect‘s p urse. the court has ruled that police don‘t violate the fourth amendment when they sift through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. but exploring one‘s smart phone is more like entering his or her home. a smart phone may contain an a rrestee‘s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. the development of ―cloud computing,‖ meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.as so often is the case, stating that principl e doesn‘t ease the challenge of line-drawing. in many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. they could still invalidate fourth amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. the court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.but the justices should not swallow california‘s argument whole. new, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the constitution‘s protections. orin kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: the justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the fourth amendment applies to digital information now.26. the supreme court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to[a] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.[b] search for suspects‘ mobile phones without a warrant.[c] check suspects‘ phone contents without bein g authorized.[d]prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.27. the author‘s attitude toward california‘s argument is one of[a] disapproval.[b] indifference.[c] tolerance.[d]cautiousness.28. the author believes that exploring one‘s phone contents is comparable to[a] getting into one‘s residence.[b] handling one‘s historical records.[c] scanning one‘s correspondences.[d] going through one‘s wallet.29. in paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that[a] principles are hard to be clearly expressed.[b] the court is giving police less room for action.[c] citizens‘ privacy is not effectively protected.[d] phones are used to store sensitive information.30. orin kerr‘s comparison is quoted to indic ate that[a] the constitution should be implemented flexibly.[b] new technology requires reinterpretation of the constitution.[c]california‘s argument violates principles of the constitution.[d]principles of the constitution should never be alteredtext 3the journal science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief marcia mcnutt announced today. the policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.―readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,‖ writes mcnutt in an editorial. working with the american statistical association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors(sbore). manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal‘s internal editors, or by its existing board of reviewing editors or by outside peer reviewers. the sbore panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, mcnutt said: ―the creation of the ?statistics board‘ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of science‘s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.‖giovanni parmigiani, a biostatistician at the harvard school of public health, a member of the sbore group. he says he expects the board to ―play primarily an advisory role.‖ he agreed to join because he ―found the foresight behind the establishment of the sbore to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. this impact will not only be through the publications in science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after science.‖john ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is ―a most welcome step forward‖ and ―long overdue.‖ ―most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. i think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,‖ he says. but he not ed that biomedical journals such as annals of internal medicine, the journal of the american medical association and the lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to david vaux, a cell biologist. researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, ―engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process‖. vaux says that science‘s idea to pass some papers to statisticians ―has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ?the papers that need scrutiny‘ in the first place‖.31. it can be learned from paragraph 1 that[a] science intends to simplify their peer-review process.[b] journals are strengthening their statistical checks.[c] few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.[d] lack of data analysis is common in research projects.【篇二：考研英语一历年真题及答案解析(1980-2015年)】p class=txt>section 1 use of english directions:read the following text. choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [a], [b], [c] or [d] on answer sheet 1.(10 points)though not biologically related, friends are as related as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. that is 1 a study published from the university of california and yale university in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences, has 2 . the study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1932 unique subjects which 4 pairs ofuelated friends and uelated strangers. the same people were used in both 5 .while 1% may seem 6 , it is not so to a geneticist. as james fowler, professor of medical genetics at uc san diego, says, most people do not even 7 their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who 8 our kin.the study 9 found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. 10 perhaps, as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more 11 it. there could be many mechanisms working in tandem that 12 us in choosing genetically similar friends 13 than nal kinship of being friends with 14 !one of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving 15 than other genes. studying this could help 16 why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major 17 factor. the findings do not simply corroborate peoples 18 to befriend those of similar 19 backgrounds, say the researchers. though all the subjects were drawn from a population of europeanextraction, care was taken to 20 that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. the team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.section ii reading comprehension1、what2、concluded3、on4、compared5、samples6、insignificant7、know8、resemble9、also10、perhaps11、to12、drive13、ratherthan14、benefits15、faster16、understand17、contributory18、tendency19、ethnic20、seepart aread the following four texts. answer the questions below each text by choosing [a], [b], [c] or[d]. mark your answers on answer sheet 1. (40 points)原标题：2015年考研英语一真题答案（完整版）text 1king juan carlos of spain once insistedkings dont abdicate, they die in their sleep. butembarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republicans left in the recent euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. so, does the spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? does that mean the writing is on the wall for all european royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyles?the spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. when public opinion is particularly polarized, as it was following the end of the france regime, monarchs can rise above mere polities and embody a spirit of national unity.it is this apparent transcendence of polities that explains monarchys continuing popularity as heads of state. and so, the middle east expected, europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting vatican city and andorra). but unlike their absolutistcounterparts in the gulf and asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history-and sometimes the way they behave today-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. at a time when thomas piketty and other economists are warming of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.the most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.while europes monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the british royals who have most to fear from the spanish example.it is only the queen who has preserved the monarchys reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. the danger will come with charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. he has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service-as non-controversial andnon-political heads of state. charles ought to know that as english history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchys worst enemies.21. according to the first two graphs, king juan carlos of spain[a]eased his relationship with his rivals.[b]used to enjoy high public support.[c]was unpopular among european royals.[d]ended his reign in embarrassment.22. monarchs are kept as head of state in europe mostly[a]to give voters more public figures to look up to.[b]to achieve a balance between tradition and reality.[c]owing to their undoubted and respectable status.[d]due to their everlasting political embodiment.23. which of the following is shown to be odd, according to graph 4?[a] the role of the nobility in modern democracies.[b] aristocrats excessive reliance on inherited wealth.[c] the simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.[d] the nobilitys adherence to their privileges.24. the british royals have most to fear because charles[a]takes a tough line on political issues.[b]fails to change his lifestyle as advised.[c]takes republicans as his potential allies.[d]fails to adapt himself to his future role.【篇三：2015考研英语真题：英语一真题完整版+答案】>read the following text. choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark a, b, c or d on answer sheet. (10 points)though not biologically related, friends are as “related”asfourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. that is _(1)_a study, published from the university of california and yale universityin the proceedings of the national academy of sciences,has__(2)_.the study is a genome-wide analysis conducted _(3)__1,932 unique subjects which __(4)__pairs of uelated friends and uelated strangers. the same people were used in both_(5)_.while 1% may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a geneticist. as james fowler, professor of medical genetics at uc san diego, says, “most people do not even _(7)_their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who_(8)_our kin.”the study_(9)_found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity .why thissimilarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, fornow,_(10)_,as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more_(11)_it. there could be many mechanisms working together that _(12)_us in choosing genetically similar friends_(13)_”functional kinship” of being friends with_(14)_!one of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolution_(15)_than other genes studying this could help_(16)_why human evolutionpicked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major_(17)_factor.the findings do not simply explain people’s_(18)_to befriend those of similar_(19)_backgrounds, say the researchers. though all the subjects were drawn from a population of european extraction, care was taken to_(20)_that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.1. [a] when [b] why [c] how [d] what2. [a] defended [b] concluded [c] withdrawn [d] advised3. [a] for [b] with [c] on [d] by4. [a] compared [b] sought [c] separated [d] connected5. [a] tests [b] s [c]samples [d] examples6. [a] insignificant [b] unexpected [c]unbelievable [d] incredible7. [a] visit [b] miss [c] seek [d] know8. [a] resemble [b] influence [c] favor [d] surpass9. [a] again [b] also [c] instead [d] thus10. [a] meanwhile [b] furthermore [c] likewise [d] perhaps11. [a] about [b] to [c]from [d]like12. [a] drive [b] observe [c] confuse [d]limit13. [a] according to [b] rather than [c] regardless of [d] along with14. [a] chances [b]responses [c]missions [d]benefits15. [a] later [b]slower [c] faster [d] earlier16. [a]forecast [b]remember [c]understand [d]express17. [a] unpredictable [b]contributory [c] controllable [d] disruptive18. [a] endeavor [b]decision [c]arrangement [d] tendency19. [a] political [b] religious [c] ethnic [d] economic20. [a] see [b] show [c] prove [d] tellsection ii reading comprehensionpart adirections:read the following four texts. answer the questions below each text by choosing a, b, c or d. mark your answers on answer sheet. (40 points)text 1king juan c arlos of spain once insisted “kings don’t abdicate, they dare in their sleep.”but embarrassing scandals and the popularity of therepublican left in the recent euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. so, does the spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? does that mean the writing is on the wall for all european royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle?the spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. when public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere”politics and “embody”a spirit of national unity.it is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs’continuing popularity polarized. and also, the middle east excepted, europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting vatican city and andorra). but unlike their absolutist counterparts in the gulf and asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today –embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. at a time when thomas piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.the most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.while europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the british royals who have most to fear from the spanish example.it is only the queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. the danger will come with charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. he has failed to understand thatmonarchies have largely survived because they provide a service – as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. charles ought to know that as english history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy’s worst enemies.21. according to the first two paragraphs, king juan carlos of spain[a] used turn enjoy high public support[b] was unpopular among european royals[c] cased his relationship with his rivals[d]ended his reign in embarrassment22. monarchs are kept as heads of state in europe mostly[a] owing to their undoubted and respectable status[b] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality[c] to give voter more public figures to look up to[d]due to their everlasting political embodiment23. which of the following is shown to be odd, according to paragraph 4?[a] aristocrats’excessive reliance on inherited wealth[b] the role of the nobility in modern democracies[c] the simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families[d]the nobility’s adherence to their privileges24. the british royals “have most to fear”because charles[a] takes a rough line on political issues[b] fails to change his lifestyle as advised[c] takes republicans as his potential allies[d] fails to adapt himself to his future role25. which of the following is the best title of the text?[a] carlos, glory and disgrace combined[b] charles, anxious to succeed to the throne[c] carlos, a lesson for all european monarchs[d]charles, slow to react to the coming threatstext 2just how much does the constitution protect your digital data? the supreme cpurt will now consider whether police cansearch the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.california has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. it is hard, the state argues, for judgesto assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.the court would be recklessly modest if it followed california’s advice. enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justice can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.they should start by discarding california’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone- a vast storehouse of digital information is similar to say, going through a suspect’s purse .the court has ruled that police dont violate the fourth amendment when they go through the wallet or porcketbook, of an arrestee without a warrant. but exploring one’s smartphone is more like ente ring his or her home. a smartphone may contain an arrestee’s readinghistory ,financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. the development of “cloud computing.” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.but the justices should not swallow california’s argument whole. new, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the constitution’s protections. orin kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a digital necessity of life in the 20th: the justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the fourth amendment applies to digital information now.26. the supreme court, will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to。

托福阅读真题第309篇Transcendentalism（答案文章最后）TranscendentalismBeginning in the 1820s, a new intellectual movement known as transcendentalism began to grow in the Northeast. In this context, to transcend means to go beyond the ordinary sensory world to grasp personal insights and gain an appreciation of a deeper reality, and transcendentalists believed that all people could attain an understanding of the world that goes past rational, sensory experience. Transcendentalists were critical of mainstream American culture. They reacted against the age they lived in where people were encouraged to act the same as others and argued for greater individualism against conformity. European romanticism, a movement in literature and art that stressed emotion over cold, calculating reason, also influenced transcendentalists in the United States, especially the transcendentalists’ celebration of the uniqueness of individual feelings.Ralph Waldo Emerson emerged as the leading figure of this movement. Born in Boston in 1803, Emerson came from a religious family. His father served as a minister, and after graduating from Harvard Divinity School in the 1820s, Emerson followed in his father’s footsteps. However, afte r his wife died in 1831, he left the clergy. On a trip to Europe in 1832, he met leading figures of romanticism who rejected the cold, strict rationalism of popular 18th century Enlightenment thought, emphasizing emotion instead.When Emerson returned home the following year, he began giving lectures on his romanticism-influenced ideas. In 1836, hepublished “Nature,” an essay arguing that humans can find their true spirituality in nature, not in the everyday bustling working world of cities and industrial factories. In 1841, Emerson published his essay "Self-Reliance,” which urged readers to think for themselves and reject the mass conformity he believed had taken root in American life. Emerson expressed concern that a powerful majority could overpower the will of individuals.Emerson’s ideas struck a chord with a class of literate adults who also were dissatisfied with mainstream American life and searching for greater spiritual meaning. Many writers were drawn to transcendentalism, and they started to express its ideas through new stories, poems, essays, and articles. The ideas of transcendentalism were able to permeate American thought and culture through magazines, journals, and newspapers that were widely read.Among those attracted to Emerson’s ideas wa s his friend, Henry David Thoreau, whom he encouraged to write about his own ideas. Thoreau placed a special emphasis on the role of nature as a gateway to the transcendentalist goal of greater individualism. In 1848, Thoreau gave a lecture in which he argued that individuals must stand up to governmental injustice, a topic he chose because of his disgust over the Mexican-American War and slavery. In 1849, he published his lecture, “Civil Disobedience,” and urged readers to refuse to support a government that was immoral.Margaret Fuller also came to prominence as a leading transcendentalist and advocate for women’s equality. Fuller was a friend of Emerson and Thoreau, and other intellectuals of her day. Because she was a woman, she could not attend Harvard, as it was a male-only institution for undergraduate students until1973. However, she was later granted the use of the library there because of her towering intellect. In 1840, she beacame the editor of The Dial, a transcendentalist journal, and she later found employment as a book reviewer for the New York Tribune newspaper. Tragically, in 1850, she died at the age of forty in a shipwreck off Fire Island, New York.Some critics took issue with transcendentalism’s emphasis on individualism by pointing out the destructive consequences of compulsive human behavior. Herman Melville’s novel, Moby Dick, emphasized the problems with individual obsession by telling the tale of Captain Ahab’s single-minded quest to kill a white whale, Moby Dick, which had destroyed Ahab’s original ship and caused him to lose one of his legs. Edgar Allan Poe, a popular author, critic, and poet, decried “the so-called poetry of the so-called transcendentalists. ” These American writers who questioned transcendentalism illustrate the underlying tension between individualism and conformity in American life.Source: Corbett, S.P., Janssen, V., Lund, J.M., Pfannestiel, T., Waskiewicz, S., & Vickery, P. (2014).Reading Paragraph 1Beginning in the 1820s, a new intellectual movement known as transcendentalism began to grow in the Northeast. In this context, to transcend means to go beyond the ordinary sensory world to grasp personal insights and gain an appreciation of a deeper reality, and transcendentalists believed that all people could attain an understanding of the world that goes past rational, sensory experience. Transcendentalists were critical of mainstream American culture. They reacted against the age they lived in where people were encouraged to act the same as others and argued for greater individualism against conformity.European romanticism, a movement in literature and art that stressed emotion over cold, calculating reason, also influenced transcendentalists in the United States, especially the transcendentalists’ celebratio n of the uniqueness of individual feelings.1. According to paragraph 1, what did transcendentalists do?a. They overreacted towards those who acted the same as everyone elseb. They protested the government for greater nonconformityc. They celebrated individualism and nonconformityd. They wrote articles in favor of a more rational cultureReading Paragraph 2Ralph Waldo Emerson emerged as the leading figure of this movement. Born in Boston in 1803, Emerson came from a religious family. His father served as a minister, and after graduating from Harvard Divinity School in the 1820s, Emerson followed in his father’s footsteps. However, after his wife died in 1831, he left the clergy. On a trip to Europe in 1832, he met leading figures of romanticism who rejected the cold, strict rationalism of popular 18th century Enlightenment thought, emphasizing emotion instead.2. Which of the following is NOT true about Ralph Waldo Emerson?a. He was one of the leaders of the transcendentalism movementb. Like his father, he served as a ministerc. He went to Europe after his wife had passed awayd. He met critics of romanticism while visiting EuropeReading Paragraph 3When Emerson returned home the following year, he begangiving lectures on his romanticism-influenced ideas. In 1836, he published “Nature,” an essay arguing that humans can find their true spirituality in nature, not in the everyday bustling working world of cities and industrial factories. In 1841, Emerson published his essay, “Self-Reliance,” which urged readers to think for themselves and reject the mass conformity he believed had taken rootin American life. Emerson expressed concern thata powerful majority could overpower the will of individuals.3. Why does the author say “his romanticism-influencedi deas”?a. To show that his ideas were romantic in natureb. To explain why he published his essays “Nature” and “Self-Reliance”c. To show that his beliefs were inspired by the romanticists he metd. To prove that his ideas came from other sources4. The phrase taken root in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning toa. Become abandonedb. Been establishedc. Been examinedd. Been discoveredReading Paragraph 5Among those attracted to Emerson’s ideas was his friend, Henry David Thoreau, whom he encouraged to write about his own ideas. Thoreau placed a special emphasis on the role of nature as a gateway to the transcendentalist goal of greater individualism. In 1848, Thoreau gave a lecture in which he argued that individuals must stand up to governmental injustice, a topic he chose because of his disgust over the Mexican-American Warand slavery. In 1849, he published his lecture, “Civil Disobedience,” and urged readers to refuse to support a government that was immoral.5. Which of the following is true, according to paragraph five?a. Henry David Thoreau believed that nature could help people achieve more individualismb. Henry David Thoreau was Emerson’s closest friend and had similar ideasc. Emerson suggested that Henry David Thoreau should start giving lecturesd. Thoreau organized groups that protested the injustices of governmentsReading Paragraph 6Margaret Fuller also came to prominence as a leading transcendentalist and advocate for women’s equality. Fuller was a friend of Emerson and Thoreau, and other intellectuals of her day. Because she was a woman, she could not attend Harvard, as it was a male-only institution for undergraduate students until 1973. However, she was later granted the use of the library there because of her towering intellect. In 1840, she became the editor of The Dial, a transcendentalist journal, and she later found employment as a book reviewer for the New York Tribune newspaper. Tragically, in 1850, she died at the age of forty in a shipwreck off Fire Island, New York.6. All of the following are true EXCEPTa. Margaret Fuller did research in the library at Harvardb. Harvard University remained an all-male school until the 20th-centuryc. Margaret Fuller was a transcendentalist and supported the equality of womend. Margaret Fuller met Emerson and Thoreau while studying at HarvardReading Paragraph 6Margaret Fuller also came to prominence as a leading transcendentalist and advocate for women’s equality. Fuller was a friend of Emerson and Thoreau, and other intellectuals of her day. Because she was a woman, she could not attend Harvard, as it was a male-only institution for undergraduate students until 1973. However, she was later granted the use of the library there because of her towering intellect. In 1840, she became the editor of The Dial, a transcendentalist journal, and she later found employment as a book reviewer for the New York Tribune newspaper. Tragically, in 1850, she died at the age of forty in a shipwreck off Fire Island, New York.7. What can be inferred about Margaret Fuller from the information in paragraph six? a. She was the most famous transcendentalist of her timeb. She attended Harvard University even though women were not allowed at that timec. She held positions that most women did not in her timed. She only reviewed books that were of interest to her while at the New York TribuneReading Paragraph 7Some critics took issue with transcendentalism’s emphasis on individualism by pointing out the destructive consequences of compulsive human behavior. Herman Mel ville’s novel, Moby Dick, emphasized the problems with individual obsession by telling the tale of Captain Ahab’s single-minded quest to kill a white whale, Moby Dick, which had destroyed Ahab’s original ship and caused him to lose one of his legs. Edgar Allan Poe, apopular author, critic, and poet, decried “the so-called poetry of the so-called transcendentalists". These American writers who questioned transcendentalism illustrate the underlying tension between individualism and conformity in American life.8. Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 7? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.a. Herman Melville wrote a novel called Moby Dick and the main character is Captain Ahabb. The story of Captain Ahab’s quest to kill a white whale is titled Moby Dickc. After learning about transcendentalism, Herman Melville decided to write a book criticizing itd. Herman Melville’s book, Moby Dick, was inspired by the issues surrounding the obsession with individualism9. Look at the four squares (A, B, C, D) that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.However, as with all major movements, transcendentalists faced criticism for their beliefs. Where would the sentence best fit?A Some critics took issue with transcendentalism’s emphasis on individualism by pointing out the destructive consequences of compulsive human behavior.B Herman Melville’s novel, Moby Dick, emphasized the problems with individual obsession by telling the tale of Captain Ahab’s single-minded quest to kill a white whale, Moby Dick, which had destroyed Ahab’s original ship and caused him to lose one of his legs.C Edgar Allan Poe, a popular author, critic, and poet, decried “the so-called poetry of the so-calledtranscendentalists". D These American writers who questioned transcendentalism illustrate the underlying tension between individualism and conformity in American life.10. DIRECTIONS: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Transcendentalism was an intellectual movement in which prominent thinkers sought greater levels of individualism and spirituality.a. Ralph Waldo Emerson encouraged members of society to be more individualisticb. Herman Melville’s book, Moby Dick, subtly criticizes the transcendentalist beliefsc. Emerson was friends with other transcendentalists like Henry David Thoreau and Margaret Fullerd. Margaret Fuller could not attend Harvard because she was a womane. Some transcendentalist subscribers warned of the problems with mass conformityf. American transcendentalist ideas were influenced by European romanticism。

Loyalty is a virtue that has been celebrated and revered throughout history.It is the unwavering commitment to a cause,a person,or an idea.It is the quality that enables individuals to stand by their beliefs,even in the face of adversity.In this essay,we will explore the significance of loyalty,its various forms,and the impact it has on our lives.Firstly,loyalty to ones country is a fundamental aspect of patriotism.It is the dedication to the wellbeing and prosperity of ones nation.This form of loyalty is often demonstrated through military service,where individuals put their lives on the line to protect their homeland.It is also seen in the commitment to uphold the values and principles that a nation stands for,such as democracy,freedom,and justice.Secondly,loyalty to friends and family is a cornerstone of personal relationships.It is the trust and support that we extend to those closest to us.This loyalty is evident in the way we stand by our loved ones during difficult times,offering a shoulder to lean on and a listening ear.It is also reflected in the way we celebrate their successes and share in their joys.In the workplace,loyalty is crucial for the success of any organization.Employees who are loyal to their company are more likely to be committed to its goals and values.They are willing to go the extra mile to ensure the success of their team and the organization as a whole.This loyalty can lead to increased productivity,better teamwork,and a more positive work environment.Loyalty to oneself is also essential.It means staying true to ones beliefs and values,even when faced with pressure to conform to societal norms or expectations.This selfloyalty can be a source of strength and resilience,enabling individuals to maintain their integrity and sense of selfworth.However,it is important to note that loyalty should not be blind.It is essential to balance loyalty with critical thinking and the ability to recognize when a cause or person is no longer deserving of our commitment.Blind loyalty can lead to negative consequences, such as supporting harmful practices or perpetuating injustices.In conclusion,loyalty is a powerful force that can shape our lives in many ways.It is the glue that holds relationships together,the driving force behind our dedication to our country,and the foundation of our selfrespect.By cultivating loyalty in all aspects of our lives,we can build stronger connections,contribute to the success of our communities, and maintain our sense of self.。

46. Thus, in this explanation the subject merges his unique personality and personal and moral code with that of larger institutional structures, surrendering individual properties like loyalty, self-sacrifice and discipline to the service of malevolent systems of authority.因此，在该解释中，对象将自己独特的人格以及个人和道德编码融入更大的制度结构之中，放弃了个性特点，比如忠诚、忘我和纪律，来服务于恶意的权威系统。

47. In purely scientific terms, Baekeland’s major contribution to the field is not so much the actual discovery of the material to which he gave his name, but rather the method by which a reaction between phenol and formaldehyde could be controlled, thus making possible its preparation on a commercial basis.如果用纯粹的科学语言描述，贝克兰对该领域的主要贡献实际上并不是发现了由他命名的材料，而是发现了控制苯酚和甲醛之间化学反应的方法，因此使此配制品的商业化成为可能。

48. Recently, however, it has been experiencing something of a renaissance, with renewed demand for original Bakelite objects in the collectors` marketplace, and museums, societies and dedicated individuals once again appreciating the style and originality of this innovative material. 然而，最近它又经历了一次“复兴”，在收藏品市场再次出现了对最初的酚醛塑料制品的需求，而博物馆、研究协会和一些爱好者又重新开始欣赏这种新型材料的风格和原创性。

英语作文有关身份与哲学Identity and Philosophy: Exploring the Essence of Being。

In the vast landscape of human existence, the quest to understand identity and the pursuit of philosophical truths have been perennial endeavors. From ancient sages to modern thinkers, the exploration of these themes has captivated minds and ignited spirited debates. In this essay, we delve into the intricate interplay between identity and philosophy, unraveling their profound significance in shaping human experience and understanding.Identity: The Essence of Self。

Identity, in its essence, encapsulates the unique constellation of traits, beliefs, experiences, andaffiliations that define an individual. It is the fundamental anchor that grounds us in the vast sea of humanity, providing a sense of continuity and coherence amidst life's flux. From the moment of birth, we areendowed with a set of inherent characteristics and predispositions, shaped by our genetic makeup and early environmental influences. However, identity is not static; it evolves and morphs over time, sculpted by the myriad interactions and experiences that punctuate our journey through life.At its core, identity encompasses both the tangible and intangible facets of our being. It encompasses our physical attributes, such as race, gender, and ethnicity, which intersect with social constructs to shape our lived realities. Yet, identity transcends the material realm, encompassing our beliefs, values, aspirations, and relationships. It is a mosaic of interconnected threads, woven together to form the tapestry of selfhood.Philosophy: The Quest for Truth and Meaning。

成功人士英语作文4级词汇In the vast tapestry of human endeavor, there are individuals who stand out as beacons of success. Their stories are often replete with resilience, innovation, and a relentless pursuit of excellence. This essay aims to explore the quintessential attributes of successful people, utilizing a lexiconbefitting a Level 4 English proficiency.Ambition: The cornerstone of success is a burning ambition, a driving force that propels one to set lofty goals and strive to achieve them. Ambitious individuals are not content with mediocrity; they seek to transcend the ordinary and make a significant impact.Discipline: Success is not a sprint; it's a marathon that requires discipline and consistency. Those who have achieved greatness often exhibit a strict regimen of work and self-improvement, ensuring that they allocate their time and energy wisely.Innovativeness: The ability to think innovatively and adapt to change is a hallmark of successful individuals. They are not afraid to disrupt the status quo and are always on the lookout for new opportunities and solutions.Resilience: The path to success is often riddled with setbacks and failures. What distinguishes the successful is their resilience and tenacity. They view each failure as astepping stone towards their ultimate goal, learning from their mistakes and persevering in the face of adversity.Leadership: True success often involves leading others towards a common goal. Successful individuals possess charisma and the ability to inspire and motivate. They understand the importance of teamwork and are skilled at delegate tasks effectively.Lifelong Learning: A relentless thirst for knowledge is a common trait among the successful. They recognize the importance of lifelong learning and are always seeking to enhance their skills and expand their understanding of the world.Emotional Intelligence: The ability to navigate social dynamics and manage one's emotions is crucial for success. Individuals who are emotionally intelligent can empathize with others, mediate conflicts, and maintain a positive outlook even in challenging situations.Adaptability: In a world that is constantly evolving, the ability to adapt to new circumstances is essential. Successful people are flexible and can pivot their strategies when faced with new information or changing environments.Vision: A clear vision is what guides successful individuals towards their objectives. They can envision the future and set a trajectory that aligns with their long-term goals and aspirations.Risk-Taking: Success often requires stepping out of one's comfort zone and taking calculated risks. Those who achieve great things are willing to venture into the unknown and capitalize on opportunities that others may overlook.In conclusion, the vocabulary of success is rich and multifaceted, encompassing a wide range of traits and behaviors. By cultivating these attributes and expandingone's linguistic repertoire, individuals can not only improve their English proficiency but also enhance their potentialfor personal and professional success.。

Traver languageWith the development and spread of language in the world, the same language may develop different meanings. This is due to cultural differences. For this reason, France once legislated to protect its own language, while English was divided with the appearance of Americans. This difference first appears in the words, such as loafer. In Mumbai, it means baker, while visitors to Mumbai think loafer means lazy. In addition to the meaning of words, this difference is also manifested in grammar. People in different regions will get used to the different parts of a sentenceLies and TruthLie and truth are two opposite words. People usually think that lies are deliberately said.Some people hold the view that lying is always bad, because lying means that the liar neither respects himself nor trusts the audience. The opposite view is that some lies are evil, while others are necessary to safeguard the society. Everyone distinguishes lies by their own views, which varies with cultural differences.In addition, lies can also be classified simply, including white lies, dirty lies and omitted liesFalse promises. A white lie is a lie whose starting point is to help others. A dirty lie, on the contrary, is for personal gain. Knowing but not telling is also a kind of lie, and lies caused by one's own cognitive errors are considered to be forgivable false promises. Another kind of lie is to cheat yourself, because it is very hard to live in the real world. So what is truth? The truth is that we have to live in a world full of so many lies.Generation XToday's young people are called "Generation X". They are very different from their parents, but why are they so different?We can find the answer from their social background and family environment. First of all, they don't have many competitors. Secondly, the high divorce rate of parents makes most of them grow up in single-parent families. Moreover, they know that they are inferior to their parents, but at the same time they accept themselves. Finally, Gen X also witnessed the final outcome of their parents' hard work. Therefore, they feel that they can't find a good job after graduation. They even began to expect a lot of money.But they are not a decadent generation. They have ideals and goals. They hope they can change society in many ways. They are more free, personalized, sincere and have their own ideas, so they hate political manipulation. They want to spend more time with their children. They focus on innovationI believe that Generation X is different from the surface in many ways. In a period of time, they will make the society better.Women, men and moneyAs we all know, a couple often quarrel over money. Scientific research shows that if a woman makes more money than her husband, her husband will feel uncomfortable, and the two people are likely to quarrel and even divorce.There are many reasons why women's earning ability gradually exceeds that of men. The most important is that, first of all, women have higher education than in the past. Secondly, more of them work full-time. Finally, with the progress of society, people began to pay attention to and demand gender equality in the workplace.The research also shows that when the husband's income is less than the wife's income, the husbands will feel uncomfortable. Although they will try to adapt to change, the results are often unsatisfactory. Women may even face emotional crisis, even domestic violence.Men feel uncomfortable because their wives earn more than themselves, but this is not all because of men. Because sometimes, some wives will not respect their husbands in quarrels because of their high income. Therefore, it is very important to choose the right partner at the beginning of a relationship.Under such circumstances, it takes great efforts to maintain the relationship after marriage. First of all, women must be very sensitive to men's feelings. Secondly, women should respect men's efforts. Finally, if necessary, women should acknowledge men's efforts in public and give them face.With the increasing trend of women's income, there may be ways to solve it or get used to it in the future.The soul of the BusinessMost businessmen only want to make money, but Tom Chappell, the author of "The Soul of Enterprise", is different from other businessmen. He believes that he is "managing for profit and common interests". He hopes to be connected with the spirit of consumers and have common values: respect for human dignity, community value, environment and animals, as well as all aspects of our natural world.In the United States, the economy and interests have always been closely linked. Under such circumstances, it seems out of place for him to work for the common interests. However, the facts proved that he was right. He changed the world. With the support of his wife and friends, Tom founded a natural canned product care product company. With this idea, Tom became a successful businessman and also influenced others. His idea was not only successful in making profits, but also successful in influencing people's thoughts. He hopes to set an example of ethical business standards. Tom and his wife put it into practice. He created a valuable work culture. This culture can motivate employees and make them progress. Their company pays attention to giving back to the society and doing public welfare.Tom said that business people should not only focus on making money, but also on protecting, cultivating and maintaining the things we cherish in our lives. His success confirmed his idea.To Err Is HumanPeople are born to make mistakes. You can't find a person who never makes mistakes. The computer was invented by human beings and is an extension of the human brain. So computer mistakes are also human mistakes in essence. Human fallibility may be a unique talent and also the driving force of human progress. When we make mistakes, we try to answer or solve problems. In the process, we learn, we progress, and we grow. When we encounter two or more choices, we will choose the best one. In this process, we think, thinking allows us to rise to a higher level. If we don't have the knack of making mistakes, we will never achieve anything in life.It is this ability that makes us stand out from many creatures. If one day the computer also has the ability to learn from its own mistakes, it will have a huge impact on the development of human beings and robots. However, until then, only we can learn from our mistakes and overcome challenges and obstacles. Therefore, if we face huge mistakes, we can find ourselves at a new level and prepare to move forward again. Although this can only be achieved through our own attempts, mistakes and ultimate success.On Being Black and Middle ClassThe black middle class is a very embarrassing existence in American society. They are both black and middle class. Their identity is defined from the upper white and middle class.The author is a black middle class. His father was born in a poor family, but through hard work and sacrifice, he achieved the status of the middle class, so the author very much agrees with the idea of the middle class. However, the author believes that the lower black people in the stereotype of white people are so unfortunate because they are not hard enough to blame their misfortune on their skin color. The author believes that black people should not be restricted by color, and they should change the status quo through their own efforts.Many black people think that as long as the whole black community improves, individuals can improve, so they ignore their efforts. However, on the contrary, race can only progress when a large number of individuals in the group make progress. Some black people believe that the middle class black people should go back and try their best to help the lower class black people. The author objected to this. He believed that the status of the middle class was completely achieved through our own efforts. It is better to give people fish than to give them fish. We need to show the way to the black people who want to get the middle class but can't find a way out, instead of directly giving them subsidies. They should try to seize the opportunity and fight for it.Depression and How to Beat itWhen ordinary people suffer from depression, they will lose their enthusiasm for life, become very sad, and even want to commit suicide.Depression is a very common disease, and it is easy to be confused with other diseases. It is difficult to diagnose depression in time.Depression is a terrible disease, but it is also the most easily treatable mental disease. In addition, the incidence rate of depression is closely related to changes in gender, age and living environment. In general, the incidence rate of women is generally higher than that of men, and people with high IQ are more likely to get sick. In one survey, nearly 23% of people experienced serious hesitation.The cause of depression is usually the stress in life, mood fluctuations, including happiness and sadness. In addition, depression may also be inherited.The Japanese ChallengeThe Japanese pay the most attention to their own interests and want to take advantage of various conditions. The United States and Japan are fighting a trade war. Japan is a strong competitor. But the United States government did not notice this.Japan has an advantage in this trade war. First, the Japanese government supports Japanese industry through policies. Cultivate all kinds of technical talents. In addition, Japan's institutional provisions allow the government and industry to work together to achieve its national goals. This enables people to unite and use the most advanced technology to design excellent products. Second, Japan's tax rate is very low. Third, the yen is artificially devalued, which is to make the products they export attractive in price.These advantages of Japan have kept the United States in a passive state and may adversely affect us at any time. We must ask Japan to explain the behavior of disturbing our economic market and explain their follow-up plans.On FriendshipEach country has different definitions of friendship, but the same thing is that everyone cares about friendship very much.Americans think friendship is easy. They don't need many friends, but they are comfortable. In France, on the contrary, they require friends to have the same views and be of the same sex.. For them, friendship is a matter of two people, independent of family. German friendship is based on feelings. They value each other's heart more. In their view, friendship is a temporary relationship. When the environment of two people changes, their friendship may change. British friendship is the opposite. Their friendship will not change with time. Once the British friendship breaks down, it will inevitably leave irreparable scars.Each kind of friendship has its own way of life. However, the essence is the same. Friendship is different from affection. He is to choose and be chosen, as well as to be equal and inclusive. These are the common essence of friendship.。

GRE写作题库范文：忠诚导读：本文GRE写作题库范文：忠诚，仅供参考，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享。

GRE写作题目：Most people are taught that loyalty is a virtue. But loyalty-whether to one's friends，to one's school or place of employment，or to any institution-is all too often a destructive rather than a positive force.大多数人被告知忠诚是一种美德。

但是无论是对朋友、对学校、对单位还是对任何机构，忠诚时常都是弊大于利的。

GRE写作范文：I disagree with the author for he has confused the faithfulness with the misguided or overextended loyalty. In fact，loyalty does be a cherished virtue that should be given enough emphasis.Loyalty，a kind of lasting persistence and its precondition is that the subject of fidelity is worthy of such strong emotion. In each society，loyalty is a indispensable and vital part of the system of morality. No matter in schools，at home or at work，first midst and last，people accept a similar education that as an individual，he or she should first have a sense of ligeance，that is work for the whole. Of course，the subjects of loyalty are various including scientific theory，friends，family，schools，places of employment and the nation. A vivid example can lend support to the statement is the heroical astronomer - Bronow，who advanced Copernicus' theory that the earth and other planets revolve around the sun，enraged the Roma church that heldthe Ptolemaic system of astronomy and was burnt to death just because he refused to give up his scientific theory. It is the lasting loyalty toward truth that lead Bronow to sacrifice himself. And people all respect such duteous spirit. However，without loyalty，the morality of a society will deteriorate into apathy desert and everyone just lives for him/herself，that is to say，no one is willing to pay loyalty to the whole，then finally the human civilization will fall apart.However，on the other hand，the fidelity should not be confused with misguided or overextended loyalty and the latter is all too often a destructive rather than a positive force. People all hold that mutual loyalty between friends is the basis of lasting friendship. But people should also realize that true loyalty and authentic responsibility for a friend are not only always believing him or her unconditionally but also persuading，helping and even impeaching him or her when him or her has committed serious mistakes or even crimes. Of course，when facing up to such painful dilemma，each one will hesitate because he or she is afraid of being censured to betray his or her friend and some one may choose to keep slient in order to insist of the so-called loyalty.In fact，such behavior may prevent his or her friend from taking right actions. The same to a school，a family，a company even the nation，when the subject that people once string along with no longer deserves loyalty，people should resolutely choose to be loyal to the truth，the justice and the humanity. That calls for people are always alert to what they think right and what they think wrong，via doing so，people can change their mind for right choice on timeTo sum up，people should insist on true loyalty，and always avoid being thevictim of the misguided or overextended loyalty. In the world，there is nothing that can be always absolutely right or wrong and changing happens all the time. So people should always hold deep insight to discern what deserves their loyalty and what does not.。

新世纪研究生公共英语教材阅读B课文原文及翻译Unit1Party PoliticsJudith Martin1. Etiquette at an office party? Why, these people have been socializing happily every working day of their lives, give or take a few melees, rumors, and complaint petitions. All it takes to turn this into holiday merriment is a bit of greenery looped around the office—the staff will soon be looped, too. Surely it is enough that the annual Christmas party has the magic ingredients: time off from work, free food and drink, and a spirit of fun replacing such ugly work realities as sexual harassment.2. Furthermore, partygoers figure, it offers relief from such pesky obligations as thanking anyone or being kind to wallflowers because there really aren‟t any hosts. Nobody has to pay (that same Nobody who generously provides the telephone line for long-distance personal calls), and so nobody‟s feelings need be considered.3. This is all pure hospitality—there for the taking, like the office-supplied felt-tipped pens everyone has been pocketing all year. Out of the natural goodness of its corporate heart and the spirit of the holiday season, the company wishes only to give its employees a roaring good time, and the employees, out of loyalty and the thrill of getting to know their bosses off-duty as equals, delight in the opportunity.4. For those still dimly aware of the once-standard give-and-take of real social life, this no-fault approach to business entertaining seems a godsend. In the now-rare domain of genuine society, hosts are supposed to plan and pay for the entertainment of their guests, on their own time and in their own houses. Guests have strict duties, as well—from answering invitations to cooperating with all arrangements, even to the extent of pronouncing them perfectly lovely.5. Business entertaining appears to remove the burdens of time, effort, money, individual responsibility—and the etiquette connected with them. The people who do the planning are paid for their trouble, so those who benefit need not consider they have incurred a debt. Why, the annual Christmas party ought to be an inspiration to lower-level employees to work their way into realms where company-sponsored partying can be enjoyed all year long.6. Not so fast. Flinty Miss Manners does not recognize any holidays from etiquette. (Employees, if not employers, should consider themselves lucky that she is only on the Party Committee, not the one that might take up ethical questions about those pens and calls.) Office parties differ from private ones but are no freer from rules.7. If it were indeed true that everyone has a better time without etiquette, Miss Manners could easily be persuaded to take the day off. But having long served on the Office Party Etiquette Cleanup subcommittee, she is aware that things generally do not go well when there is no recognized etiquette and everyone is forced to improvise.8. Let us look at all this spontaneous, carefree fun: There being no proper place for the boss, he or she hangs around the door, concerned about mixing with everyone. It might discourage hospitable bosses to see guests staring at them in horror and then slithering in by a side door. But etiquette‟s solution of having everyone greeted in a receiving line was rejected as too stiff. So one can hardly blame employees for recalling a long-ingrained principle of the workplace: Seeing the boss and having a good time are best not scheduled at the same time.9. Desperate to make the time count, the boss grabs the nearest available person and startsdelivering practiced words about the contribution he makes to their great enterprise. The reaction is not quite what was hoped for. Discreet questioning establishes that this is an employee‟s guest. He doesn‟t work for the company, recognize the boss, or appreciate the attention—and, as a matter of fact, has only a passing acquaintance with the employee who issued the invitation. What this guest wants is not professional fellowship but a fresh drink, if the boss would kindly step out of the way.10. Now, the reason the invitation said “and guest” was to avoid the ticklish issue of who is still married to whom and what the spouse calls itself. Last year, unmarried employees were furious when their partners were not included, and married employees complained that the forms by which their spouses were addressed were offensive: “Mrs.” offended women who preferred “Ms.,” and wives who had the same surnames outraged everybody who didn‟t. This year, the complaints will be from spouses who were not told that there was a party or who were told that spouses weren‟t invited—but found out otherwise. There won‟t be many complaints. They will, however, be memorable, darkly charging the company with promoting immorality.11. Meanwhile, what about those who are interested in promoting a bit of immorality, or just plain romance, of their own? They, too, are creating problems that will reach far into the new year. True office romances are the least of them, with their charges of favoritism and melding professional and personal time. More serious is the fact that, in spite of the liquor and high spirits, it still counts as sexual harassment when anyone with supervisory powers makes unreciprocated overtures to a lower-ranking employee. And foolhardy when a lower-ranking employee annoys a higher-ranking one.12. Some employees have their minds only on business and will be spending party time actively promoting workaday concerns. Remembering the company rhetoric about open communications and all being in this together, they will actually seek out the boss, who by this time is grateful to be addressed by anyone at all.13. But they do n‟t want to engage in platitudes. They accept compliments with: “Well, then how about a raise?” They plead for promotions, explain confidentially who ought to be fired, and advance previously submitted ideas about revolutionizing the business that have been unaccountably unappreciated for years. In one evening, they manage to cut through the entire hierarchy and procedures the boss has painstakingly established for the purpose of being spared this kind of importuning.14. Eventually—usually somewhat late in the party—it occurs to someone that this informal setting is just the time to offer the boss some constructive personal criticism. What else does talking frankly and informally mean but an invitation to unload opinions without any career consequence?15. Here is where the company has pulled a fast one on its employees. “Go ahead,” it has said, “relax, have a good time, forget about the job.” And the naive have taken this at face value. This event is called a party—a place where one lets loose without worrying about being judged by the cold standard of professional usefulness.16. Even employees who adhere strictly to standard business dress in the office may not know what the bosses might consider vulgar in evening wear. Here is a chance to show off their racy and imaginative off-duty clothes. But over there are supervisors murmuring that people who look like that can‟t really be sent out to represent the company.17. Worse are the comments on anyone whose idea of fun is a little boisterous. It may be just thebehavior that makes one a delight—or a trial—to one‟s friends. But here, it is not being offered for the delight or tolerance of friends. It is being judged on criteria other than whether the person is a riot.18. It is not that Miss Manners wants to spoil the office party by these warnings. She just wants to prevent it from spoiling careers. And the solution is what was banished from the party for being too inhibiting: etiquette.19. The first formality that must come back is inviting everyone by name. The practice of merely counting every invitation as two is as dangerous as it is unflattering. But people who have been clearly identified and told that they must respond—the suggestion must be made neutrally, to show that the party is a treat, not a requirement—already have some sense that they are both individually sought after and expected to be responsible.20. What constitutes a couple is a murkier question than Miss Manners and any sensible employer ought to investigate, but employees simply can be asked to supply the name of a spouse or friend they want to invite. (An office party can be limited by confining it to employees, in which case it should be held during office hours. But inviting spouses and such is better. Having to work is enough distract ion from one‟s more intimate relationships, and the staff was not compiled like a guest list, according to personal compatibility.21. Since we have established, Miss Manners hopes, that the point of an office party is not whooping it up or telling people off, what is it? It is showing appreciation of the staff.22. This starts with a well-run receiving line. However much popular opinion may regard receiving lines as nasty ordeals, they were invented to be, and remain, the easiest way to get everyone recognized by the key people. The oldest receiving-line trick in the world still works: Someone whose business it is to know everyone—or someone unimportant enough to be able to ask each guest his name—announces the guests to the host as they go through the line. The host can then scornfully declare: “Of course I know Annette. We couldn‟t run this place without her.” For extra charm, the employee‟s guest is also told how wonderful that employee is. This always seems more sincere than straight-out flattery, and from then on, whenever the employee complains that everyone at the office is an idiot, the spouse will counter by repeating that appreciation.23. It is often erroneously assumed that the style of the party ought to be what employees are used to: their own kind of music, food, and other things the executive level believes itself to have outgrown. Nonsense. What employees want is a taste of high-level entertaining. This may vary greatly according to the nature of the business. If, however, the party is too formal for the employees‟ taste, they‟ll get a good laugh and enjoy the contrast all the more when they continue partying on their own afterward.24. The clever employee will dress as the executives do, keeping in mind that there are few fields in which people are condemned for looking insufficiently provocative. Refusing or limiting drinks is not the handicap at business parties that it may be under the overly hospitable eye of a private host. And the real opportunity for career advancement is not petitioning a boss but rescuing one who has been cornered or stranded, thus demonstrating that one knows how to talk charmingly about nonbusiness matters.25. At the end, there is another receiving line. That is, the bosses plant themselves conspicuously by the exit, grabbing the hand of anyone trying to get away and thanking him for coming. Even the dimmest guest will then realize it is appropriate to thank back—that is, to realize that something has been offered and deserves gratitude.26. After all, isn‟t that why the office Christmas party is given?27. If the only goal were for the company to show the staff its appreciation, this could be effectively done with a day off and a bonus to go with it.第一单元晚会之道朱迪丝•马丁1. 办公室晚会礼节？有这个必要吗？员工们每天开开心心地彼此交往，虽然时不时会推推撞撞，发生点儿口角，传播点儿谣言，或是联名写点儿投诉信。