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新托福阅读之指代关系题指代关系题（Reference）：考查读者认定代词与篇章中其他词语的指代关系的能力。
例题1：Passage：“…These laws are universal in their application， regardless of cultural beliefs， geography， or climate. If pots have no bottoms or have large openings in their sides，they could hardly be considered containers in any traditional sense. Since the laws of physics， not some arbitrary decision， have determined the general form of applied-art objects， they follow basic patterns，so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits…”The word they in the passage refers toA. applied-art objectsB. the laws of physicsC. containersD. the sides of pots正确答案是A.例题2：Passage：“…The first weekly newspaper in the colonies was the Boston Gazette，established in 1719， the same year that marked the appearance of Philadelphia‘s first newspaper， the American Mercury， where the young Benjamin Franklin worked. By 1760 Boston had 4 newspapers and 5 other printing establishments； Philadelphia，2 newspapers and 3 other presses； and New York， 3 newspapers. The distribution，if not the sale， of newspapers was assisted by the establishment of a postal service in 1710， which had a network of some 65 offices by 1770， serving all 13 colonies…”The word which in the passage refers toA. distributionB. saleC. newspaperD. postal service正确答案是D.【。
托福阅读笔记：指代题备考指南一、问题形式被考的文章中有一个词或词组被加亮，这个词通常是一个代词或名词。
指代题的形式如下：The word （or phrase） X in the passage refers to二、解题步骤1.根据解题技巧确定答案2.代入原文验证，看语义、逻辑和语法上是否通顺三、基本原则1.就近指代所谓就近指代，就是被指代对象通常在指代词前不远处，如本句或上一句中。
有时也出现在更前面的一句中。
例如，Large wind farms might also interfere with the flight patterns of migratory birds in certain areas, and they have killed large birds of prey （especially hawks, falcons, and eagles） that prefer to hunt along the same ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines. The killing of birds of prey by wind turbines has pitted environmentalists who champion wildlife protection against environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy. Researchers are evaluating how serious this problem is and hope to find ways to eliminate or sharply reduce this problem.The phrase this problem in the passage refers tointerference with the flight patterns of migrating birds in certain areas building ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbinesthe killing of birds of prey by wind turbinesmeeting the demands of environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy本题涉及的是一个词组this problem.寻找这一词组的指代对象时只需向上搜索就行。
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托福阅读考试中的指代题
顾名思义，这种题是要问考生文中的代词具体指代的是什么丁冬，说专业点叫做先行词antecedent.基本可以分为四类。
第一是人称代词或者物主代词，如I， you， our， mine; 第二类是从句中的引导词，如what， which， who;第三类是指示代词，this， that(包括其指示的名词，如问this reason， that purpose之类的);
第四类是其他的代词，all， most， some， many， the former， the latter之类。
代词需要遵循的首要原则是就近原则。
从前面找离它较近的那个词。
找到以后把意义代回到原句中看合适不合适就可以了。
OG还特别强调了，注意先行词和代词必须人称、单复数一致。
总体来说这种题难度都不大。
用OG上的几个例子说明：
先行词，先行词，顾名思义，一般应该在代词前面。
根据就近原则就找出来postal service.代回去看看合适不合适，A，distribution有65个office; B销售有65个office，C报纸有65个office，D，邮政服务有65个office.其他几个都太荒诞了。
这种题难度相对不大，也就不多说了。
