A review of heavy-duty legged robots

2024中考英语新题型：科技发明创造Choose the best choice from A, B or C according to the passage.1．What can Bot2Karot help people do?A．Look after the plants.B．Cook vegetables.C．Play music in the garden. 2．Why might pet owners find iCPooch useful?A．Because it gives pets something fun to do.B．Because it plays videos for pets to watch.C．Because it lets pet owners watch their pets from anywhere.3．Who may like Robert Saunt’s invention?A．Sam, a pet owner.B．Lisa, a sports lover.C．John, a big fan of video games.4．What’s the purpose（目的）of the text?A．To show people some good inventions.B．To ask people to buy the new products.C．To introduce the most excellent inventors to people.5．Where can we probably find the text?A．In a storybook.B．In a science magazine.C．In a geography book.二、（2023上·黑龙江齐齐哈尔·九年级统考期中）Inventors are always looking for ways to make our lives easier, greener and more fun. Here are just a few examples of inventions.Crayons were invented by Edwin Binney and Harold Smith. They had a paint company in New York City. The new crayons were made of wax (蜡) and different pigments (颜料) In 1903, Binney and Smith put the first box of eight “Crayola Crayons” on the market. These new crayons were a great success.Remote control technology (遥控技术) has been used since the early 1900s. During World War I, Germans used remote control to control boats. The TV remote control was first put on the market in 1950. Zenith Radio Company created the first TV remote control, called the “Lazy Bone”. It could turn the TV on and off and could change programs.BowLingual (犬语翻译机) , named by the US Time magazine as a “BEST invention of 2002”, has two parts. A microphone (传声器) is tied to the dog’s neck and sends our sound information to the gadget (小装置) held by the owner. Then the translation is done in the gadget with kinds of dog barks.Some students in South Korea have a new language teacher: an English-teaching robot. The robot is 157cm tall and speaks both Korean and English. It can make 16 kinds of faces. The robot teachers are helping to solve a shortage (短缺) of English teachers there. Could robots replace human teachers one day?根据短文内容选择最佳答案。

四足仿生机器人毕业设计毕业设计背景随着科技的飞速发展，机器人技术在工业、医疗、军事等领域发挥着重要作用。

而仿生机器人技术尤为吸引人们的注意，它借鉴了生物学中的智慧，通过模仿动物的结构和行为来实现各种功能。

四足仿生机器人是一种模拟四足动物的机器人，具有行动灵活、稳定性强等优点。

它可以在不平坦的地形上自由移动，拓展了机器人的应用范围。

本毕业设计将设计和制作一款四足仿生机器人，通过对其机身结构、运动控制和智能算法等方面的研究，提高机器人的稳定性、灵活性和智能性能，为未来机器人技术的发展做出贡献。

毕业设计目标本毕业设计的目标是设计和制作一款具备以下特点的四足仿生机器人：1.机身结构紧凑、轻量化，以增加机器人的灵活性和运动速度；2.采用先进的运动控制算法，提高机器人的稳定性和动态能力；3.集成各种传感器和感知技术，使机器人具备环境感知和自主导航的能力；4.具备一定的智能化能力，可以完成基本的任务，如物品搬运、巡逻等。

毕业设计内容1. 机身结构设计与制作1.1 机身结构设计通过研究四足动物的骨骼结构和运动方式，设计一种紧凑而稳定的机身结构。

考虑材料的选择、关节的设计以及机身部件的连接方式等因素，使机器人能够灵活自如地在各种地形上行走。

1.2 机身结构制作根据机身结构设计，制作出机体骨架、关节部件和外壳等，并进行组装和测试。

通过优化机身结构，提高机器人的运动效率和结构强度，达到设计要求。

2. 运动控制算法研究与实现2.1 运动学分析通过对四足仿生机器人的运动学进行建模和分析，推导出机器人的运动学方程，为后续的运动控制算法设计提供依据。

考虑机器人的步态、关节角度和身体姿态等因素，实现机器人的平稳运动和姿态控制。

2.2 动力学分析基于运动学分析的基础上，进一步进行机器人的动力学分析，推导出机器人的动力学方程。

根据机器人的质量、惯性和外部力矩等因素，实现机器人的动态行走和冲击抗性。

2.3 控制算法设计与实现根据运动学和动力学分析的结果，设计机器人的运动控制算法。

摘要四足机器人在19世纪就有研究记录，但无论是机械结构还是控制因受到技术的束缚，到20世纪末，才有了突破性的进展。

四足机器人的应用很广，现在已经在军事上得到应用，推广民用也只是时间问题。

它以其能适应各种复杂地形以及能承载一定负重而优于轮式机器人。

在国外，也已经开始在物流行业应用四足机器人。

现在国内也掀起了四足机器人的研究热潮，以宇树科技为首的一大批公司在前后发布四足机器人量产及推出市场的信息。

本课题四足机器人机械结构设计主要是从简单的四足机器人结构入手，在原有的八自由度的基础上，优化八自由度的方案，得到其中的经验，为十二自由度的四足机器人的设计打下基础。

并且提供一个廉价的八自由度四足机器人的设计方案，能在一定程度上降低四足机器人在中国高校的研究门槛。

关键词：四足机器人；电控制；测试与仿真；同步轮计算AbstractQuadruped robots have been studied in the 19th century, but it was not untilthe end of the 20th century that breakthroughs were made in terms of mechanical structure and control technology. Quadruped robot has been widely used in military,and it is only a matter of time before it is popularized in civilian. It is better than wheeled robot because it can adapt to various complex terrain and can carry certainload. In foreign countries, quadruped robots have been applied in the logistics industry. Now there is also a upsurge of research on quadruped robots in China. Alarge number of companies led by Yushu technology have released information aboutmass production and market launch of quadruped robots around the world.In this paper, the mechanical structure design of quadruped robot is mainlybased on the simple structure of quadruped robot. On the basis of the original eight degrees of freedom, the eight degrees of freedom scheme is optimized, and the experience is gained, which lays the foundation for the design of twelve degrees of freedom quadruped robot. And provide a cheap design scheme of 8-DOF quadrupedrobot, which can reduce the research threshold of quadruped robot in Chinese universities to a certain extent.Keywords: Quadruped robot; Electric control; Optical torque sensor; Test and simulation; Synchronous wheel calculation目录1 .引言 (3)1.1 研究意义 (3)1.2 国内外研究现状 (3)1.2.1国外研究概况 (3)1.2.2国内研究概况 (5)1.2.3总体发展概况 (7)1.3主要研究内容 (8)2．四足机器人总体方案的基础理论规则 (9)2.1 四足哺乳动物的近似运动模型 (9)2.2 近似运动模型下的四足机器人设计规则 (9)2.3 四足机器人腿长腿间距的选取，及腿的布局 (10)2.4 四足机器人腿越长越稳、机身质量越大越稳 (13)2.5 前期验证总体方案的腿部结构测试（9月份测试模型） (14)2.5.1测试目的： (14)2.5.2测试结构方案： (14)2.5.3测试方式： (15)2.5.4测试结果以及优化方案： (15)3．冲击设计：估计碰撞过程中的传输载荷 (20)3.1 碰撞的鲁棒性对机械结构的影响 (20)3.2 通心轴的有限元分析 (22)3.2.1 Soildworks2019简介 (22)3.2.2 Soildworks2019 Simulation 插件介绍以及通心轴有限元分析 (22)3.3 同步轮及同步带节线长的计算 (23)4.整体方案的确定以及优化 (24)4.1 同步轮及同步带节线长的计算 (24)4.2 整体机构具体方案实物展示及二次优化方案 (25)4.2.1 第一版的优化方案（已做出实物）： (25)4.2.2 第二版的优化方案： (26)5. 三维建模图展示 (27)6. 总结 (28)1 .引言1.1 研究意义足式机器人未来的发展前景很大，它除了能应用在军事、航空探索领域上以外（例如扫雷排雷、运输物资等），还能在物流行业（外卖配送、快递运输等）、教育行业（硬件的学习以及功能、算法的开发等）还有智能家电等行业占有一席之地。

机器人顶刊论文机器人领域内除开science robotics以外，TRO和IJRR是机器人领域的两大顶刊，最近师弟在选择研究方向，因此对两大顶刊的论文做了整理。

TRO的全称IEEE Transactions on Robotics，是IEEE旗下机器人与自动化协会的汇刊，最新的影响因子为6.123。

ISSUE 61 An End-to-End Approach to Self-Folding Origami Structures2 Continuous-Time Visual-Inertial Odometry for Event Cameras3 Multicontact Locomotion of Legged Robots4 On the Combined Inverse-Dynamics/Passivity-Based Control of Elastic-Joint Robots5 Control of Magnetic Microrobot Teams for Temporal Micromanipulation Tasks6 Supervisory Control of Multirotor Vehicles in Challenging Conditions Using Inertial Measurements7 Robust Ballistic Catching: A Hybrid System Stabilization Problem8 Discrete Cosserat Approach for Multisection Soft Manipulator Dynamics9 Anonymous Hedonic Game for Task Allocation in a Large-Scale Multiple Agent System10 Multimodal Sensorimotor Integration for Expert-in-the-Loop Telerobotic Surgical Training11 Fast, Generic, and Reliable Control and Simulation of Soft Robots Using Model Order Reduction12 A Path/Surface Following Control Approach to Generate Virtual Fixtures13 Modeling and Implementation of the McKibben Actuator in Hydraulic Systems14 Information-Theoretic Model Predictive Control: Theory and Applications to Autonomous Driving15 Robust Planar Odometry Based on Symmetric Range Flow and Multiscan Alignment16 Accelerated Sensorimotor Learning of Compliant Movement Primitives17 Clock-Torqued Rolling SLIP Model and Its Application to Variable-Speed Running in aHexapod Robot18 On the Covariance of X in AX=XB19 Safe Testing of Electrical Diathermy Cutting Using a New Generation Soft ManipulatorISSUE 51 Toward Dexterous Manipulation With Augmented Adaptive Synergies: The Pisa/IIT SoftHand 22 Efficient Equilibrium Testing Under Adhesion and Anisotropy Using Empirical Contact Force Models3 Force, Impedance, and Trajectory Learning for Contact Tooling and Haptic Identification4 An Ankle–Foot Prosthesis Emulator With Control of Plantarflexion and Inversion–Eversion Torque5 SLAP: Simultaneous Localization and Planning Under Uncertainty via Dynamic Replanning in Belief Space6 An Analytical Loading Model for n -Tendon Continuum Robots7 A Direct Dense Visual Servoing Approach Using Photometric Moments8 Computational Design of Robotic Devices From High-Level Motion Specifications9 Multicontact Postures Computation on Manifolds10 Stiffness Modulation in an Elastic Articulated-Cable Leg-Orthosis Emulator: Theory and Experiment11 Human–Robot Communications of Probabilistic Beliefs via a Dirichlet Process Mixture of Statements12 Multirobot Reconnection on Graphs: Problem, Complexity, and Algorithms13 Robust Intrinsic and Extrinsic Calibration of RGB-D Cameras14 Reactive Trajectory Generation for Multiple Vehicles in Unknown Environments With Wind Disturbances15 Resource-Aware Large-Scale Cooperative Three-Dimensional Mapping Using Multiple Mobile Devices16 Control of Planar Spring–Mass Running Through Virtual Tuning of Radial Leg Damping17 Gait Design for a Snake Robot by Connecting Curve Segments and ExperimentalDemonstration18 Server-Assisted Distributed Cooperative Localization Over Unreliable Communication Links19 Realization of Smooth Pursuit for a Quantized Compliant Camera Positioning SystemISSUE 41 A Survey on Aerial Swarm Robotics2 Trajectory Planning for Quadrotor Swarms3 A Distributed Control Approach to Formation Balancing and Maneuvering of Multiple Multirotor UAVs4 Joint Coverage, Connectivity, and Charging Strategies for Distributed UAV Networks5 Robotic Herding of a Flock of Birds Using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle6 Agile Coordination and Assistive Collision Avoidance for Quadrotor Swarms Using Virtual Structures7 Decentralized Trajectory Tracking Control for Soft Robots Interacting With the Environment8 Resilient, Provably-Correct, and High-Level Robot Behaviors9 Humanoid Dynamic Synchronization Through Whole-Body Bilateral Feedback Teleoperation10 Informed Sampling for Asymptotically Optimal Path Planning11 Robust Tactile Descriptors for Discriminating Objects From Textural Properties via Artificial Robotic Skin12 VINS-Mono: A Robust and Versatile Monocular Visual-Inertial State Estimator13 Zero Step Capturability for Legged Robots in Multicontact14 Fast Gait Mode Detection and Assistive Torque Control of an Exoskeletal Robotic Orthosis for Walking Assistance15 Physically Plausible Wrench Decomposition for Multieffector Object Manipulation16 Considering Uncertainty in Optimal Robot Control Through High-Order Cost Statistics17 Multirobot Data Gathering Under Buffer Constraints and Intermittent Communication18 Image-Guided Dual Master–Slave Robotic System for Maxillary Sinus Surgery19 Modeling and Interpolation of the Ambient Magnetic Field by Gaussian Processes20 Periodic Trajectory Planning Beyond the Static Workspace for 6-DOF Cable-Suspended Parallel Robots1 Computationally Efficient Trajectory Generation for Fully Actuated Multirotor Vehicles2 Aural Servo: Sensor-Based Control From Robot Audition3 An Efficient Acyclic Contact Planner for Multiped Robots4 Dimensionality Reduction for Dynamic Movement Primitives and Application to Bimanual Manipulation of Clothes5 Resolving Occlusion in Active Visual Target Search of High-Dimensional Robotic Systems6 Constraint Gaussian Filter With Virtual Measurement for On-Line Camera-Odometry Calibration7 A New Approach to Time-Optimal Path Parameterization Based on Reachability Analysis8 Failure Recovery in Robot–Human Object Handover9 Efficient and Stable Locomotion for Impulse-Actuated Robots Using Strictly Convex Foot Shapes10 Continuous-Phase Control of a Powered Knee–Ankle Prosthesis: Amputee Experiments Across Speeds and Inclines11 Fundamental Actuation Properties of Multirotors: Force–Moment Decoupling and Fail–Safe Robustness12 Symmetric Subspace Motion Generators13 Recovering Stable Scale in Monocular SLAM Using Object-Supplemented Bundle Adjustment14 Toward Controllable Hydraulic Coupling of Joints in a Wearable Robot15 Geometric Construction-Based Realization of Spatial Elastic Behaviors in Parallel and Serial Manipulators16 Dynamic Point-to-Point Trajectory Planning Beyond the Static Workspace for Six-DOF Cable-Suspended Parallel Robots17 Investigation of the Coin Snapping Phenomenon in Linearly Compliant Robot Grasps18 Target Tracking in the Presence of Intermittent Measurements via Motion Model Learning19 Point-Wise Fusion of Distributed Gaussian Process Experts (FuDGE) Using a Fully Decentralized Robot Team Operating in Communication-Devoid Environment20 On the Importance of Uncertainty Representation in Active SLAM1 Robust Visual Localization Across Seasons2 Grasping Without Squeezing: Design and Modeling of Shear-Activated Grippers3 Elastic Structure Preserving (ESP) Control for Compliantly Actuated Robots4 The Boundaries of Walking Stability: Viability and Controllability of Simple Models5 A Novel Robotic Platform for Aerial Manipulation Using Quadrotors as Rotating Thrust Generators6 Dynamic Humanoid Locomotion: A Scalable Formulation for HZD Gait Optimization7 3-D Robust Stability Polyhedron in Multicontact8 Cooperative Collision Avoidance for Nonholonomic Robots9 A Physics-Based Power Model for Skid-Steered Wheeled Mobile Robots10 Formation Control of Nonholonomic Mobile Robots Without Position and Velocity Measurements11 Online Identification of Environment Hunt–Crossley Models Using Polynomial Linearization12 Coordinated Search With Multiple Robots Arranged in Line Formations13 Cable-Based Robotic Crane (CBRC): Design and Implementation of Overhead Traveling Cranes Based on Variable Radius Drums14 Online Approximate Optimal Station Keeping of a Marine Craft in the Presence of an Irrotational Current15 Ultrahigh-Precision Rotational Positioning Under a Microscope: Nanorobotic System, Modeling, Control, and Applications16 Adaptive Gain Control Strategy for Constant Optical Flow Divergence Landing17 Controlling Noncooperative Herds with Robotic Herders18 ε⋆: An Online Coverage Path Planning Algorithm19 Full-Pose Tracking Control for Aerial Robotic Systems With Laterally Bounded Input Force20 Comparative Peg-in-Hole Testing of a Force-Based Manipulation Controlled Robotic HandISSUE 11 Development of the Humanoid Disaster Response Platform DRC-HUBO+2 Active Stiffness Tuning of a Spring-Based Continuum Robot for MRI-Guided Neurosurgery3 Parallel Continuum Robots: Modeling, Analysis, and Actuation-Based Force Sensing4 A Rationale for Acceleration Feedback in Force Control of Series Elastic Actuators5 Real-Time Area Coverage and Target Localization Using Receding-Horizon Ergodic Exploration6 Interaction Between Inertia, Viscosity, and Elasticity in Soft Robotic Actuator With Fluidic Network7 Exploiting Elastic Energy Storage for “Blind”Cyclic Manipulation: Modeling, Stability Analysis, Control, and Experiments for Dribbling8 Enhance In-Hand Dexterous Micromanipulation by Exploiting Adhesion Forces9 Trajectory Deformations From Physical Human–Robot Interaction10 Robotic Manipulation of a Rotating Chain11 Design Methodology for Constructing Multimaterial Origami Robots and Machines12 Dynamically Consistent Online Adaptation of Fast Motions for Robotic Manipulators13 A Controller for Guiding Leg Movement During Overground Walking With a Lower Limb Exoskeleton14 Direct Force-Reflecting Two-Layer Approach for Passive Bilateral Teleoperation With Time Delays15 Steering a Swarm of Particles Using Global Inputs and Swarm Statistics16 Fast Scheduling of Robot Teams Performing Tasks With Temporospatial Constraints17 A Three-Dimensional Magnetic Tweezer System for Intraembryonic Navigation and Measurement18 Adaptive Compensation of Multiple Actuator Faults for Two Physically Linked 2WD Robots19 General Lagrange-Type Jacobian Inverse for Nonholonomic Robotic Systems20 Asymmetric Bimanual Control of Dual-Arm Exoskeletons for Human-Cooperative Manipulations21 Fourier-Based Shape Servoing: A New Feedback Method to Actively Deform Soft Objects into Desired 2-D Image Contours22 Hierarchical Force and Positioning Task Specification for Indirect Force Controlled Robots。

武装军用机器人英语作文Military robots are the future of warfare. These advanced machines are designed to carry out dangerous and complex tasks on the battlefield, reducing the risk to human soldiers. Equipped with state-of-the-art technology, these robots can perform a wide range of functions, from reconnaissance and surveillance to combat and logistics support.One of the key advantages of military robots is their ability to operate in environments that are too hazardous for human soldiers. Whether it's navigating through minefields or entering buildings rigged with explosives, these robots can go where humans cannot, making them invaluable assets in modern warfare.The use of military robots also raises ethical and legal questions. As these machines become more autonomous, there is concern about the potential for them to make life-and-death decisions without human intervention.Additionally, there are debates about the legality of using robots to engage in combat, as it blurs the line between man and machine on the battlefield.Despite the controversies surrounding military robots, their development and deployment continue to advance. With ongoing technological advancements, these machines are becoming more sophisticated and capable, changing the landscape of modern warfare. As we look to the future, it's clear that military robots will play a significant role in shaping the way conflicts are fought and won.。

Testing and Evaluation (Tertiary English Teaching &Research)Part I Listening Comprehension Section A In this section,you will hear five short conversations.Each conversation will be read only once .A t the end of each conversation,one question will be asked,and you have fifteen seconds to read the four choices marked A ,B ,C and D ,and decide which is the best answer.Then mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a single line through the centre.1.M:Hey Mandy,are you all right?You look upset.W:As a matter of fact,I ’m a bit upset.I just came out of a meeting and it didn ’t go very well.No one would listen to any of my suggestions.Instead,they just kept arguing with each other.M:Then what happened?Q:Why does Mandy feel upset?2.W:David,how ’s your college going?M:Not very well,Cathy.I ’ve got a bit of a problem with my timetable this term,I mean,the last thing I need is two lectures on a Friday.I wish they wouldn ’t change the timetable every term.W:Poor you.I think next term may be much better.Q:How does David feel about his college life?3.M:Foxtail Coffee,please!W:Um ...Excuse me ...I ’m looking for the shuttle bus.M:Certainly,madam.The university shuttle bus stops at the main gate of the building.It usually arrives here at about 8:10...look ...it ’s coming right there.W:Oh,yes.Thank you very much.Q:What is the woman looking for?4.M:So Diana,how many hours do you sleep?W:Well,I usually sleep about six hours on weekdays.That ’s why I ’m always tired.M:They say about 13percent of the population suffers from insomnia?Do you know why?W:Yeah,maybe I ’m too worried about work.Q:What makes Diana always tired?5.W:Hi,Bill.How did your appraisal go?M:It went well.My boss thinks it ’s time I took more responsibility and maybe even became a team leader.W:Oh,that ’s great.Q:What may happen to the man?2022National English Competition for College Students (Type C -Preliminary)听力录音原文110··Section BIn this section,you will hear two long conversations.Each conversation will be read only once.A t the end of each conversation,there will be a one-minute pause.Conversation OneListen to the conversation.Then read the four choices marked A,B,C and D,and decide which is the best answer according to what you hear.Then mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a single line through the centre.W:Did I tell you a really funny lawyer story that a friend of mine told me the other day?M:No.W:Well,the way it goes is that there’s this lawyer in southern US.He buys a box of really rare and very expensive cigars...M:Yeah.W:And because they’re so expensive,he decides to insure them...against fire and things like that.M:Fair enough.W:Yes,except that,he smoked his complete collection of these fantastic cigars within a month,and before he’d even made his first payment on the insurance policy,the lawyer filed a claim with the insurance company.M:You mean he wanted the insurance company to pay him?Why?W:Well,in his claim,the lawyer stated that the cigars were lost“in a series of small fires.”M:How ridiculous!W:And of course,the insurance company refused to pay since,you know,they weren’t really lost in a fire. The guy had just smoked them.And then,the lawyer sued the insurance company—and get this—he won! M:What?W:And so the company had to pay the claim.M:No!You’re kidding!W:But that’s not all!So the insurance company accepted the decision and wrote the guy a check for $15,000.But here’s the best part!After he cashed the check,the guy was arrested.The insurance company had him charged with24counts of arson!And based on his own insurance claim,the lawyer was convicted of deliberately burning his insured property.M:I don’t believe it.W:Well,he was sentenced to24months in jail and a$24,000fine.Isn’t that great?M:Unbelievable!Conversation TwoListen to the conversation,and complete the sentences with one word according to what you hear.Then write the answers on the answer sheet.111··考试与评价·高校英语教研版M:Welcome to Our Modern World.On our show today,we’re talking to Rachel Kim about the power of persuasion.All around us,there are advertisements trying to make us believe something or persuading us to buy something.Fear not,however,Rachel is here to reveal their secrets and show us how to resist all this persuasion.Hi,Rachel.Persuading people is big business,isn’t it?I mean,supermarkets and politicians,advertisers and salespeople,they all take it very seriously,don’t they?W:Yes.They spend a lot of money coming up with psychological tricks to guarantee that even the most cautious among us are open to manipulation.M:Let’s talk about supermarkets.How do they make us buy things we don’t necessarily want to buy?W:Well,their first trick is to try to relax us by playing music and by pumping the smell of freshly-baked bread into the store.Research has shown us that the smell of fresh bread makes people buy more.M:I know.I’ve probably done that without even thinking about it.W:Exactly.Most of the time,we’re completely unaware that it’s going on.It’s subconscious persuasion. M:So what about the advertising industry?How do advertisements persuade us to buy certain products,or watch certain shows?W:Well,there’s so much of it.These days ads are everywhere from TV shows to websites to our cell phones. And no matter how much we think we know about what the advertisers are doing,they still end up winning.Generally,we still fall for the ad and end up buying the product,which,more often than not,is something we don’t need.M:Yes.W:When you get down to it,there are really only two types of ads:those that appeal to the thinking part of our brain and those that appeal to the emotional part.Generally,ads that appeal to our emotions are usually much more successful.These emotional ads are often based on psychological theories about the mind.By that I mean,advertisers know that images can reach our emotions at a level that we are not aware of and so are much more powerful in persuading us to do things.Section CIn this section,you will hear five short news items.Each item will be read only once.A fter each item,there will be a fifteen-second pause.During the pause,read the question and the four choices marked A,B,C and D,and decide which is the best answer.Then mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a single line through the centre.16.Researchers are sailing to a distant part of Antarctica so they can better understand how much and how fast seas could rise because of global warming.The area,which is where the Thwaites glacier is located,is sometimes called“the place in the world that’s the hardest to get to.”Thirty-two scientists are starting a more than two-month trip aboard an American research ship.Their goal is to study the area where the large,but melting,Thwaites glacier faces the Amundsen Sea.17.Vaccine makers are racing to make changes to their COVID-19shots.They hope to make sure their vaccines are effective against the newest coronavirus threat even before it is clear a change is needed. Experts doubt that current COVID-19vaccines will become useless.But they say it is critical to see how fast companies can produce a new vaccine and prove it works.The newest version of the virus,omicron, appeared just a few weeks ago.But,scientists know it will not be the last.Omicron“is pulling the fire alarm.”112··Testing and Evaluation(Tertiary English Teaching&Research)18.Scientists have been experimenting with four-legged robots for years,trying to see if they could be used as pack animals for carrying heavy loads over a difficult terrain.But the machine’s power requirements limited their potential.That’s changed now,with a running robot designed by a group of engineers that operates on batteries rather than on heavy gasoline-powered engines.Scientists say these new robots will soon be able to run like cheetahs.But for now,the different technologies that will bring them closer to everyday life are still being tested.One of the obstacles continues to be power consumption.19.With coronavirus restrictions easing in some places,companies around the world are struggling to find workers,ships,parts and fuel.Such shortages have led to higher prices for goods and services and have threatened economic recovery.In Britain,the nation’s largest chicken producer warned that the20-year period of cheap food prices is ending.The head of the producer said food prices will go much higher because of increasing costs for labor and supplies.On Thursday,the Swedish central bank reported that inflation in the northern European country reached its highest level in more than10years.Similar reports came from Spain and Ireland.20.New Zealand’s government believes it has come up with a new plan to end tobacco smoking:a lifetime ban for those aged14or younger.Under a new law the government plans to pass in2022,the lowest age to buy cigarettes would keep rising year after year.The yearly increase could mean that65years after the law takes effect,shoppers could still buy cigarettes—but only if they could prove they were at least80 years old.Officials hope smoking will disappear many years before then.The new plan sets a goal of having fewer than5percent of New Zealanders smoking by2025.Section DIn this section,you will hear two short passages.The passages will be read only once.A fter each passage, there will be a one-minute pause.DictationListen to the passage and fill in the blanks with the exact words or phrases you hear.Write the answers on the answer sheet.Laser technology has aided scientists with their knowledge of Stonehenge,the stone monument near the city of Salisbury,England.Most of the stones at Stonehenge stand in incomplete circles.One of the largest stones weighs about40thousand kilograms.Some stones are more than seven meters high.Others lie broken on the ground.The mysterious stone formation has stood on the flat,windy Salisbury Plain for perhaps five thousand years.But the organization English Heritage used modern technology to solve some of that mystery. Recently,researchers working for English Heritage reported what they found after directing lasers at some of the stones.The lasers showed bright gray-white surfaces under material collected on the stones over the ages.And the intense light seemingly identified an ancient secret.The uncovered surfaces appear to have been cut and shaped with a clear purpose.The researchers say the designers of Stonehenge wanted to improve the ability to see sunlight through the circles twice each year.113··考试与评价·高校英语教研版Some people believe the designers of Stonehenge wanted to make the best showing possible of sunlight on the longest day of the year.That day is known as the summer solstice.The designers also may have shaped stones to capture the sunset on the shortest day of the year—the winter solstice.The effect of the light passing through spaces between the stones has brought many people to the monument on those special days. Sometimes clouds cover the sun,but people come anyway.Researchers say Stonehenge’s ancient“architects”placed importance on what people could see from northeast of the monument.It is thought that travelers came toward the stone circle in that direction on a path from the Avon River.The pathway is one of Stonehenge’s two avenues.The stones on the northeast side are the biggest and the most similar to each other on the monument.The southwestern part has smaller stones.The smaller ones are less alike and have not been improved like the others.SummaryListen to the passage and complete the note using not more than three words for each blank according to what you hear.Write the answers on the answer sheet.A disease that threatens the world’s most popular fruit—the banana—has arrived in Latin America.As a result,officials in Colombia have declared a state of emergency.Bananas are among the most important food crops in the world,along with wheat,rice and corn.That information comes from the United Nations(UN). Five years ago,the UN warned that a disease called Tropical Race4,or TR4,could destroy“much of the world’s banana crop.”The disease first appeared in Asia in the1990s.It later spread to Africa and the Middle East.There are as many as1,000kinds of bananas grown in more than150countries.The TR4 disease only affects the most popular and common kind of banana—the Cavendish.It is easier and more cost-effective for growers to produce just one kind of banana.Growers in Colombia and many other places choose Cavendish bananas.This variety can be shipped to countries around the world without ripening too quickly.Banana industry watchers say there is still time to find another kind of banana to grow.Randy Ploetz is a retired scientist from the University of Florida.He studied tropical plant diseases.He said of the recent spread of TR4,“I don’t think it’s going to impact the availability of the Cavendish in supermarkets anytime soon.”He added that Asian countries affected by the TR4disease have planted different kinds of Cavendish or moved to uninfected farmlands.But those bananas are not as productive,and they later become infected,too.In Colombia,officials are taking special measures to stop the disease from spreading.Officials have removed plants infected with the disease and covered soil with black plastic sheets to prevent spread of the disease.Officials have also set up controls at entrances to affected banana farms where they disinfect the trucks that travel between the farms and ports.Gert Kema is a plant scientist who studies bananas.He agrees that the banana industry needs to diversify.He says there are many types of tomatoes and peppers grown around the world,for example.Bananas should be no different.This is the end of the listening part.Please transfer your answers to the answer sheet. 114··Testing and Evaluation(Tertiary English Teaching&Research)。

Applications• Assembly • Dispensing• Friction Spot Joining • Machine Tending • Material Handling • Material Removal •Spot WeldingThe Z-Series heavy-duty robots were developed using Kawasaki’s advanced technology and extensive experience in automation. The robust low-maintenance designs are directly responsible for improved production line efficiencies in automotive and general industry applications.THE FLEXIBLEHEAVY-DUTY ROBOTSHIGH QUALITY & LOW-MAINTENANCEThe Z- Series Robots boast industry leading MTBF and 10,000 hour maintenance intervals, which translate to low operating costs and the highest production efficiencies.CYCLE TIME ADVANTAGEThe Z Robots along with the ultra high processing speed capabilities of the Kawasaki E Controller can achieve superior operating speeds. Add the high-speed option package and cycle times can be reduced by up to 20% as compared to previous models. Faster speeds translate to shorter cycle times, resulting in maximum production.WIDE WORK ENVELOPEThe Kawasaki Z Robot combines a long reach arm with a minimal amount of dead space for the widest work envelope in its class. In addition, the patented Kawasaki Hybrid Link Configuration enables the arm to rotate back over itself without having to rotate the base joint, thereby improving efficiency and minimizing power consumption.SPACE SAVING DESIGN WITH INTEGRATED FEATURESThe small footprint of these high payload long reach robots allows for installations in confined areas. The Z-Series Robots are available with integrated pneumatic piping, wiring, and fork lift pockets, limiting the amount of work space required and minimizing potential interference.PROTECTION FROMHARSH ENVIRONMENTSZ-Series Robots can operate in some of the harshest environments due to the Kawasaki sealed arm design. The wrist portion of the robot has an Ingress Protection classification of IP67, while the other areas of the arm are rated at IP65. Robot maintenance due to contamination can be eliminated.ARM ID MEMORYKawasaki’s Arm ID board enables the robot arm to be interchanged with any E Controller. The ID board stores all of the necessary servo encoder data. In the event of a production emergency, the controller can quickly andeasily be replaced to allow for any service and maintenance procedures to be performed. This feature greatly limits potential system downtime.UPGRADEABLEThe Z-Series robot line is manufactured using modularcomponents and a common software platform. This flexible design allows some models to be modified to alter reach, payload capacities and speed. Both hardware and software alterations can easily be performed in the field. The ability to change the robot characteristics provide for greaterflexibility to accommodate production and system changes.Kawasaki Robotics (USA), Inc.United States28140 Lakeview Drive Wixom, Michigan 48393Phone (248) 446-4100*********************Assembly • Cutting • Dispensing • Grinding • Handling • Inspection • Packaging • Painting • Palletizing • Polishing • Tending • WeldingCanadaPhone (905) 304-7784MexicoPhone (52) 33-3110-1895ZXE165UZXE165U - REV02/14© Kawasaki Robotics (USA), Inc. All rights reserved.Technical specifications subject to change without notice.。

四足机器人动力学建模：拉格朗日动力学引言在机器人领域中，四足机器人是一种常见的机器人类型。

它们具有四条腿和能够模拟和模仿动物行走的能力。

为了实现自主步行和平稳运动，我们需要对四足机器人的动力学进行建模和分析。

本文将介绍使用拉格朗日动力学方法对四足机器人进行建模的过程和步骤。

拉格朗日动力学简介拉格朗日动力学是一种描述系统动力学行为的方法。

它基于拉格朗日原理，通过最小化系统的运动方程，求解系统中的广义坐标和约束力。

在机器人动力学中，拉格朗日动力学方法被广泛应用于建模和控制。

四足机器人动力学建模步态与坐标系在进行四足机器人动力学建模之前，首先需要确定机器人的步态和坐标系。

通常，四足机器人的步态可以分为步行和跑步两种模式。

对于步行模式，机器人的步态可以简化为前后左右四个联系稳定的点。

在这种情况下，机器人的坐标系可以选择为正前方为x轴正方向，右侧为y轴正方向，地面为z轴正方向。

运动学分析在进行动力学建模之前，需要进行机器人的运动学分析。

运动学分析可以得到机器人各个关节的位置、速度和加速度信息。

这些信息对于后续的动力学建模非常重要。

动力学建模操作要素在进行动力学建模之前，需要确定机器人系统的操作要素。

这些要素包括机器人的质量、惯性、关节约束等。

通过对这些要素的分析和建模，可以得到机器人的整体动力学方程。

拉格朗日方程拉格朗日动力学方法使用拉格朗日方程来描述系统的运动方程。

拉格朗日方程可以通过系统的动能和势能表达式得到。

对于四足机器人，为了简化模型，通常可以假设机器人为刚体，并且忽略其柔软特性。

拉格朗日方程的形式如下：L = T - V其中，L为拉格朗日函数，T为系统的动能，V为系统的势能。

动力学模拟通过对拉格朗日方程进行求解，可以得到系统的运动方程。

为了模拟机器人的动力学行为，可以使用数值方法进行迭代求解。

常见的数值方法有欧拉法和中点法等。

结论通过拉格朗日动力学方法进行建模，可以得到四足机器人的运动方程和动力学模拟。

关于机器人英语小作文四年级上册全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1Robots are Cool!Hi there! My name is Tommy, and I'm in the fourth grade. Today, I want to tell you all about robots because I think they're super cool!What are robots? Well, they're machines that can do things on their own without a person controlling them. Robots can move around, pick up stuff, and even talk! Some robots look like humans, while others look like animals or just weird metal things. But no matter what they look like, they're awesome!The first robots were invented a long time ago, but nowadays, we have way cooler and smarter ones. There are robots that can explore other planets, robots that can do surgeries on people, and even robot vacuum cleaners that clean your house for you! How neat is that?One of the coolest robots I've ever seen is called Sophia. She's a human-like robot that can talk, move her head and arms,and even make facial expressions! Sophia has been on TV shows and has given speeches in front of lots of people. I saw a video of her once, and she was cracking jokes and everything. It's like she's almost human, but she's still a robot!Another awesome robot is called Spot. Spot is a robot dog made by a company called Boston Dynamics. It can walk around on four legs, climb stairs, and even do backflips! Spot is used to inspect buildings and construction sites because it can go places that are too dangerous for humans. How cool would it be to have a robot dog like Spot?Robots are also used in factories to build things like cars and computers. These robots can work super fast and never get tired. They can lift heavy things and put together tiny parts with perfect precision. Without robots, it would be really hard to make all the cool gadgets and devices we use every day.Did you know that there are even robots that can do surgery? They're called surgical robots, and they're controlled by doctors. These robots can make tiny, precise cuts and movements that human hands can't do as well. Surgeries done by robots are often safer and have quicker recovery times for patients.But robots aren't just for work and medical stuff – they can also be fun! There are robot toys that you can play with and evenprogram to do different things. Some robots can dance, play games, or even tell jokes! I've been asking my parents for a robot toy for my birthday because I think it would be so much fun to have one.I think robots are going to become even more common and advanced in the future. Maybe one day, we'll have robot helpers in our homes that can clean, cook, and do chores for us. Or maybe we'll have robot teachers that can teach us in fun, interactive ways. Who knows, we might even have robot friends to play with!Personally, I can't wait to see what kinds of cool robots will be invented in the years to come. I definitely want to learn more about them and maybe even become a robot engineer when I grow up. Robots are just so fascinating and full of possibilities!Well, that's all I have to say about robots for now. I hope you found my essay interesting and that you think robots are as awesome as I do. Who knows, maybe one day you'll even have a robot friend of your own!篇2Robots: Our Future HelpersHi there! My name is Emily and I'm going to tell you all about robots today. Robots are really cool machines that can do all kinds of amazing things. Some robots can walk and talk just like humans! Others are designed to work in factories, building cars and other products. There are even tiny robot surgeons that can perform operations inside people's bodies. How awesome is that?I think robots are the way of the future. Pretty soon, they'll be helping us out with chores and other tasks all the time. Imagine having a robot butler or maid to clean your room, do the laundry, and wash the dishes for you. That would be so convenient! You'd never have to do any annoying chores again. The robots could just handle all that boring stuff.Robots could also help out at school. Maybe someday there will be robot teachers to help kids learn subjects like math and science. The robot teachers would be really patient and could explain things over and over until every student understands. They would never get tired or frustrated like human teachers sometimes do.Robots might even become our friends in the future. Scientists are working on making robots that can understand emotions and have personalities, kind of like the movie robotsWall-E and Eva. How fun would it be to have a robot buddy to play with and go on adventures with? You'd never get lonely with a robot pal around.As long as we're careful and make sure the robots have strict rules to follow, I'm sure everything will be just fine. Robots are just tools to help make our lives easier, kind of like computers or dishwashers. We'll still be in charge and control what the robots can and can't do.I can't wait to see what new robot inventions come out in the future. Maybe I'll even become a famous robot engineer myself when I grow up! I'd love to design ultra-smart robots that can explore other planets or travel to the bottom of the ocean. How cool would that be?Robots are going to change the world in so many ways, maybe even more than computers and smartphones did. I think it's an exciting time and I'm really eager to see what happens next with robot technology. The future is going to be filled with awesome robot helpers and friends. Just wait and see!That's all I have to say about robots for now. They are such a fascinating topic though, so I'm sure I'll have more thoughts to share soon. Let me know if you have any questions! I'd be happyto tell you more about why robots are so amazing. Thanks for reading my essay!篇3Robots are Amazing Machines!Hi there! My name is Sarah and I'm going to tell you all about robots today. Robots are super cool machines that can do all sorts of amazing things. Some robots are big and strong, while others are tiny. Some move around on wheels or legs, while others stay in one place. But they all run on computers and electronics to operate.At school, we learned that the word "robot" comes from an old word that means "forced labor." The first robots were invented a long time ago to help humans with hard jobs like working in factories. Robots are great at doing the same tasks over and over without getting bored or tired.Nowadays, we have robots that can build cars, explore other planets, perform surgery, and even vacuum our floors at home! Pretty much any job that is dangerous, repetitive, or just too difficult for humans can have a robot helper. Just imagine how strong a robot would have to be to lift a whole car!My favorite kinds of robots are the ones that look a little bit like humans or animals. You've probably seen robots in movies or TV shows that can walk upright on two legs and have a head, arms, and body just like us. Sometimes these human-like robots even have a friendly face with eyes and a mouth! Isn't that neat?Robot animals like dog robots and dinosaur robots are amazing too. The roboticists who build them study real animals and try to copy how they move. I saw a video of a four-legged robot that could trot, jump, and turn just like my puppy at home! Although I'm honestly not sure which one is cuter...Inside a robot's body is a bunch of gears, motors, wires, sensors, and computers. The sensors collect information like sound, light, and movement from the outside world. Then the computers analyze that data and decide how to move the robot's motors and what actions to take next. It's like the computers are the robot's brain!Some super advanced robots can even learn from their experiences over time, kind of like how you and I learn new things each day. These robots use artificial intelligence to recognize patterns and solve problems on their own without having to be programmed for every little possibility. Maybe robots will be smarter than humans someday!Speaking of the future, I'll bet we'll have robot helpers in every home before too long. It would be awesome to have a robot that could fold laundry, wash dishes, or mow the lawn so I don't have to do those boring chores anymore. I just need to be careful what I wish for – I wouldn't want robots taking over all the fun stuff too!In school, we also talked about how robots are used in lots of different jobs. Manufacturing robots build appliances, electronics, and even other robots on assembly lines in factories. The car industry uses robots to weld, paint, and put vehicles together too.Medical robots lend a hand to doctors and surgeons by holding tools or doing procedures with extreme precision. Some hospitals use robot nurses to hand out medication and check on patients. I'm glad I don't have to get surgery very often, but if I did, I might feel safer with a careful robot helping rather than a human who could get tired or make a mistake.The military uses many different robotic vehicles and aircraft for missions that could be too dangerous for human soldiers. Some robots even have weapons for combat, while others are for surveillance, bomb disposal, or just carrying heavy supplies. Ihope we humans can find more peaceful uses for robots in the future though.Robots are also used a lot for scientific research and exploration. The Mars rovers are probably the most famous robot explorers – they drive around the surface of Mars taking pictures and collecting samples of rocks and soil. Here on Earth, underwater robots have filmed scenes from the depths of the ocean that humans can't easily go. And in laboratories, robot arms analyze chemicals and carefully measure experiments. Who knows what new frontiers robots will help us understand next?There are also lots of robots being used to help make our lives easier and more fun day-to-day. Service robots can greet customers, give directions, or even serve food in restaurants and stores. Some robots are designed to play games or act as friendly companions, kind of like very advanced pet robots. And of course there are all sorts of robot toys, from little doodads that dance around to advanced kits you can build and program yourself!Overall, I'd say robots are one of the coolest and most useful inventions ever made. They can go places and do jobs that would be too hard for humans. Robots make our lives safer, easier, andmore interesting. I can't wait to see how robots continue developing and helping us in the future!Whether they're big or small, modern or old-fashioned, human-like or just a simple machine, robots are awesome! I'm definitely going to learn more about them and maybe even try building my own robot someday. Who's with me?篇4Robots: Our Fascinating Mechanical FriendsHave you ever seen a robot before? I'm sure you have! Robots are everywhere these days – in factories, hospitals, homes, and even in outer space! They are amazing machines that can do all sorts of incredible things. Let me tell you more about these fascinating mechanical friends of ours.What exactly is a robot? A robot is a machine that can move and perform tasks automatically, without needing a human to control it directly. Robots are programmed with instructions that tell them what to do and how to do it. They have sensors that help them understand the world around them, and they can make decisions based on the information they gather from their sensors.Robots come in all shapes and sizes. Some are big and bulky, while others are tiny and can fit in the palm of your hand. Some look like humans or animals, while others look like futuristic machines straight out of a science fiction movie! But no matter what they look like, all robots have one thing in common: they are designed to help us humans with various tasks.One of the most common places you'll find robots is in factories. These industrial robots are used to build cars, computers, toys, and many other products. They can lift heavy objects, weld metal parts together, and even paint and assemble things with incredible precision. Factory robots work much faster and more accurately than humans, which helps companies make products more efficiently and at a lower cost.Robots are also used in hospitals and healthcare facilities. There are robots that assist doctors during surgery, robots that deliver medicines and supplies to patients, and even robots that can clean and disinfect hospital rooms. These healthcare robots help make hospitals safer and more efficient, allowing doctors and nurses to focus on caring for their patients.But robots aren't just limited to factories and hospitals. They can also be found in our homes! You might have heard of robotic vacuum cleaners like the Roomba. These little robots movearound your house, cleaning your floors automatically while you're at school or playing outside. Some robots can even mow your lawn or clean your pool for you!In addition to helping us with chores, robots can also be our companions and entertainers. There are robots that can play games with you, tell you jokes, and even teach you new things! Some robots are designed to look and behave like pets, providing us with companionship and comfort without needing to be fed or walked.Robots are even exploring outer space for us! NASA and other space agencies have sent robots to explore planets, moons, and asteroids in our solar system. These robotic rovers and landers can go places where it would be too dangerous for humans to go, and they send back valuable information and images that help us learn more about the universe.As you can see, robots are pretty amazing! But did you know that robots have been around for a long time? The first modern robots were created in the 1950s and 1960s, but the idea of creating mechanical helpers has been around for centuries. In fact, the word "robot" comes from a Czech word meaning "forced labor."Today, robots are becoming more and more advanced. Scientists and engineers are working on developing robots that can think and learn like humans, and even robots that can repair and improve themselves! In the future, we might see robots working as teachers, doctors, or even as our personal assistants.So, what do you think about robots? Are you excited about all the cool things they can do, or are you a little bit scared of them? Either way, there's no denying that robots are going to be a big part of our future. Who knows, maybe one day you'll even grow up to become a robot engineer or programmer yourself!In the meantime, keep learning about these fascinating machines and all the ways they are helping to make our lives easier and more exciting. And remember, robots are our friends – as long as we treat them with respect and use them responsibly, they will continue to be valuable helpers and companions for humans like us.篇5Robots Are Really Cool!Hi there! My name is Jamie and I'm going to tell you all about robots because they are just so awesome. Robots can do some amazing things that we humans can't do. Some robots arereally big and strong, while others are tiny. But they all have one thing in common - they are super cool machines!Let me start by telling you about some of the biggest and strongest robots. These mega-robots are used for construction work like building roads, bridges, and giant skyscrapers. They have huge shovels or claws that can pick up tons and tons of dirt, rocks, steel beams and whatever else is needed. Can you imagine a regular person trying to lift something that weighs as much as a truck? No way! But robots don't get tired like we do. Their powerful motors allow them to work all day and all night without a break.Some of these construction robots are so massive, they are taller than a three-story house! The operator sits up in a little cab and uses levers and controllers to make the robot's arms move. It's kind of like playing a huge video game, except what the robot does is for real. With robots, humans don't have to risk getting hurt from falling objects or heavy equipment. The robots take on all the dangerous tasks.Other really big robots are used under the ocean to repair pipelines and oil rigs. These underwater robots have lots of lights and cameras so their operators can see what they're doing in the deep, dark water. Cool nisn't it? Kind of like having robotsexplore outer space, except it's inner space under the sea! The underwater robots use powerful grabbers to fix pipelines that were leaking oil. This is way safer than sending human divers to do the job.Moving from big to small, some robots are actually tiny - no bigger than an insect! These micro-robots are used for precision work like building computers and electronics. Their tiny robotic arms and tools are so small, you need a microscope to see them working. Pretty crazy, right? Here's something even crazier - nano-robots are being developed that will eventually be small enough to enter the human body! These little robots could one day remove blockages in blood vessels or even attack cancer cells. Wild stuff.Not all robots look like robots though. You might be surprised to learn that many of the machines and gadgets we use every day are actually robots. Take a robot vacuum for example. We program it with instructions to clean the floors, then it uses sensors to navigate around the house all by itself while the vacuum sucks up dirt and dust. My dad's newest toy is a robot lawn mower that automatically mows our yard according to a schedule. No more having to spend his weekends pushing a loud mower when it's hot outside!Robots are also being used more and more to explore and study other planets. The Mars rovers are probably the most famous robots of all. These robots drive around on the surface of Mars while taking pictures and scanning rocks for signs that Mars may once have had conditions suitable for life. Isn't that mind-blowing? We're using robots to explore an entirely different world! And they beam all the data and images they collect back to Earth so scientists can study it.Speaking of space, I can't wait for robots to start building bases on the Moon and maybe even Mars one day. Robots are perfect for harsh environments where the temperature gets extremely hot or cold. Their electronics and metal bodies aren't affected like ours would be. Plus, robots don't need to eat or drink. As long as they have a power source like solar panels or a nuclear battery, robots can keep on working without rest,24/7/365.That's definitely going to come in handy when we finally start mining asteroids and other planets/moons for rare minerals and metals. We'll send swarms of robots to do all the backbreaking work of digging and hauling rocks. Humans won't be able to live and work normally in those extreme conditions, but robots will have no issues at all.In fact, robots are already being used for mining here on Earth. Big companies like Rio Tinto and BHP are operating huge mines in remote deserts and rugged areas using self-driving trucks, drill rigs, and excavation robots that are controlled remotely by operators who can be thousands of miles away in a comfy office. No more people having to live in gross mining camps or risk their lives underground!It's pretty obvious that robots are rapidly becoming a huge part of our lives and workforce. But what about robots as friends and companions? I know it sounds silly, but robotic pets are starting to become really popular, especially among elderly people who can't care for a living pet. These robot pets look and sound just like the real thing! My great aunt Rose has a robot cat that meows, purrs, and loves to snuggle up on her lap and be petted. For people who live alone, having a lifelike robo-pet can be great company.篇6Robots Are Really Cool!Hi, my name is Alex and I'm going to tell you all about robots.I think robots are just about the coolest things ever! We learnedabout them in science class and I can't stop thinking about how awesome they are.First of all, what even is a robot? A robot is a machine that can move and do things automatically without a person controlling it directly. Robots have arms, wheels, sensors and computers that allow them to do tasks. Some robots look like humans or animals, while others are just pretty basic machines.Robots can do so many amazing things! They build cars and electronics in factories. Robot vacuums clean people's houses. There are even robot chefs that can cook food! The cool thing is that robots never get tired and can work 24/7 without stopping. They are also stronger and more precise than humans for certain tasks.My favorite kinds of robots are definitely the human-shaped ones called "humanoid robots". These robots can walk around on two legs just like people. Some of them are designed to look just like us, with a head, body, arms and legs. Others are more basic but can still do human-like things. The most advanced humanoid robots can recognize faces, understand speech, and even hold conversations!One awesome humanoid robot is called Atlas. It was created by a company called Boston Dynamics. Atlas is about the size ofan adult person and can walk, run, jump, and do backflips! It can also pick up heavy objects and tools to perform tasks. Atlas uses sensors to balance itself and moves in a really lifelike way. If you watched a video of it, you might think it was a person in a robot costume at first!Another cool robot is called Sophia. She is a human-like robot that can talk, smile, blink her eyes, and even tell jokes! Sophia was created by a company called Hanson Robotics. She has become a bit of a celebrity robot and has been interviewed on TV shows. Sophia can have conversations by using artificial intelligence to understand questions and give smart responses. Crazy, right?Speaking of artificial intelligence, that is what allows robots to be so capable these days. AI is computer software that can solve problems, learn from data, and make decisions. The latest AI systems are kind of like very advanced "brains" for robots. Using cameras, sensors, and machine learning programs, robots can now navigate through the world, recognize objects, understand language, and figure out solutions to challenges.AI is what lets self-driving cars perceive the road, avoid obstacles, and get you to your destination safely. Virtual assistant robots like Alexa and Siri also use AI to understand yourvoice commands and look up information. In the future, AI robots may even be able to take care of older adults, assist with surgery, or work alongside people in many careers.But in my opinion, the awesome capabilities of robots outweigh the risks as long as we are smart about how we develop and use them. I can't wait to see what new robot inventions will emerge in the future! Personally, I would love to have a little robot buddy to keep me company and help out with chores around the house. How cool would that be?Overall, robots are just totally mind-blowing to me. I love how they push the boundaries of what's possible with technology. The way robots can mimic human abilities like walking, talking and even thinking is like something out of a science fiction movie brought to life. I'm super excited to learn more about them in school and to see how robots will continue to advance and change the world as I get older. Who knows, maybe I'll even get to work on building robots myself someday!。

蛇形机器人英语作文初一The Serpentine RobotRobotics has been a rapidly advancing field, with engineers and scientists constantly pushing the boundaries of what is possible. One of the most fascinating and innovative developments in this area is the serpentine robot. Inspired by the graceful and efficient movement of snakes, these robots are designed to navigate complex environments and tackle tasks that traditional wheeled or legged robots may struggle with.At the heart of a serpentine robot is a unique and intricate design that allows it to move in a sinuous, undulating manner. Unlike traditional robots, which often rely on a fixed number of limbs or wheels, serpentine robots are composed of a series of interconnected segments that can bend and twist in multiple directions. This flexibility enables them to navigate through tight spaces, climb over obstacles, and traverse uneven terrain with ease.One of the key advantages of serpentine robots is their ability to adapt to their surroundings. By adjusting the movement of their individual segments, these robots can change their shape andconfiguration to suit the task at hand. This versatility makes them particularly useful in a wide range of applications, from search and rescue operations to infrastructure inspection and maintenance.In the field of search and rescue, serpentine robots have proven to be invaluable. Their ability to navigate through narrow passages and climb over debris can be crucial in locating and assisting victims trapped in collapsed buildings or other disaster zones. These robots can be equipped with cameras, sensors, and other specialized tools to gather critical information and provide real-time updates to rescue teams.Additionally, serpentine robots have found applications in the field of infrastructure inspection. Their flexible design allows them to navigate through pipes, ducts, and other confined spaces, enabling them to perform detailed inspections and identify potential issues before they become major problems. This can help prevent costly and disruptive infrastructure failures, ultimately saving time and resources.Another area where serpentine robots have shown great promise is in the exploration of hazardous or difficult-to-access environments. Whether it's navigating through the narrow crevices of a cave system or traversing the rugged terrain of a remote wilderness, these robots can gather valuable data and information without putting humanexplorers at risk.The development of serpentine robots is not without its challenges, however. One of the key hurdles is the complex control systems required to coordinate the movement of multiple segments and ensure smooth and efficient locomotion. Researchers and engineers are constantly working to refine the algorithms and control mechanisms that govern the movement of these robots, aiming to improve their precision, speed, and energy efficiency.Another challenge is the need to create robust and durable designs that can withstand the rigors of their intended environments. Serpentine robots may be exposed to harsh conditions, such as extreme temperatures, abrasive surfaces, or corrosive substances, and their components must be able to withstand these stresses without compromising their functionality.Despite these challenges, the future of serpentine robotics is bright. As the technology continues to evolve, we can expect to see these remarkable machines playing an increasingly important role in a wide range of applications, from search and rescue operations to scientific exploration and beyond. The versatility and adaptability of serpentine robots make them a fascinating and promising area of study, and the potential for further advancements is truly exciting.In conclusion, the serpentine robot represents a remarkable and innovative development in the field of robotics. With their ability to navigate complex environments, adapt to changing conditions, and tackle a wide range of tasks, these remarkable machines are poised to make a significant impact in a variety of industries and applications. As research and development in this field continue to progress, we can look forward to witnessing the continued evolution and expansion of serpentine robotics, and the countless ways in which these remarkable machines will shape our world.。