中文翻译-Wages, Unemployment and Inequality with Heterogeneous Firms and Workers

管理经济学中英文术语及其解释Ability-to-Pay principle (税收的)能力支付原则the idea that taxes should be levied on a person according to how well that person can shoulder the burdenAbsolute advantage绝对优势the comparison among producers of a good according to their productivityAccounting profit会计利润total revenue minus total explicit costAdverse selection逆向选择the tendency for the mix of unobserved attributes to become undesirable from the standpoint of an uninformed partyAgent代理人 a person who is performing an act for another person, called the principalArrow ‟s impossibility theorem阿罗不可能定理a mathematical result showing that, under certain assumed conditions, there is no scheme for aggregating individual preferences into a valid set of social preferencesAverage fixed cost平均固定成本fixed costs divided by the quantity of outputAverage revenue平均收益total revenue divided by the quantity soldAverage tax rate平均税率total taxes paid divided by total incomeAverage total cost平均总成本total cost divided by the quantity of outputAverage variable cost平均可变成本variable costs divided by the quantity of outputBenefits principle受益原则the idea that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government servicesBudget constraint预算约束the limit on the consumption bundles that a consumer can afford Budget deficit预算赤字an excess of government spending over government receiptsBudget surplus预算盈余an excess of government receipts over government spending Business cycle经济周期fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and production Capital资产the equipment and structures used to produce goods and servicesCartel卡特尔a group of firms acting in unisonCircular-flow diagram循环流向图 a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firmsCoase theorem科斯定理the proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities on their ownCollusion共谋an agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to chargeCommon resources共源goods that are rival but not excludableComparative advantage比较优势the comparison among producers of a good according to their opportunity costCompensating differential补偿性工资差别 a difference in wages that arises to offset the nonmonetary characteristics of different jobsCompetitive market竞争性市场 a market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and seller is a price takerComplements互补性商品two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the demand for the otherCondorcet paradox孔多塞悖论（投票悖论）the failure of majority rule to produce transitive preferences for societyConstant returns to scale规模报酬不变the property whereby long-run average total cost staysthe same as the quantity of output changesConsumer surplus消费者剩余 a buyer‟s willingness to pay minus the amount the buyer actually paysCost成本the value of everything a seller must give up to produce a goodCost-benefit analysis成本收益分析 a study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public goodCross-price elasticity of demand需求的交叉价格弹性 a measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second goodDeadweight loss无谓损失the fall in total surplus that results from a market distortion, such as a taxDemand curve需求曲线 a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demandedDemand schedule需求表 a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demandedDiminishing marginal product边际产品递减the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines．As the quantity of the input increasesDiscrimination歧视the offering of different opportunities to similar individuals who differ only by race, ethnic group, sex, age, or other personal characteristicsDiseconomies of scale规模不经济the property whereby long-run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increasesDominant strategy占优策略 a strategy that is best for a player in a game regardless of the strategies chosen by the other playersEconomic profit经济利润total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costsEconomics经济学the study of how society manages its scarce resourcesEconomies of scale规模经济the property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increasesEfficiency效率the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources Efficiency wages效率工资above-equilibrium wages paid by firms in order to increase worker productivityEfficient scale有效规模the quantity of output that minimizes average total costElasticity弹性 a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to one of its determinantsEquilibrium均衡 a situation in which the price has reached the level where quantity supplied equals quantity demandedEquilibrium price均衡价格the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded Equilibrium quantity均衡数量the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium priceEquity平等the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of societyExcludability排他性the property of a good whereby a person can be prevented from using it Explicit costs显性成本input costs that require an outlay of money by the firmExports出口goods produced domestically and sold abroadExternality外部性the uncompensated impact of one person‟s actions on the wellbeing of a bystanderFactors of production生产要素the inputs used to produce goods and servicesFixed casts固定成本costs that do not vary with the quantity of output producedFree rider免费搭车者 a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it Game theory博弈论the study of how people behave in strategic situationsGiffen good吉芬商品 a good for which an increase in the price raises the quantity demanded Horizontal equity横向公平the idea that taxpayers with similar abilities to pay taxes should pay the same amountHuman capital人力资本the accumulation of investments in people, such as education andon-the-job trainingImplicit costs隐性成本input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firmImport quota进口配额 a limit on the quantity of a good that can be produced abroad and sold domesticallyImports进口goods produced abroad and sold domesticallyIncome effect收入效应the change in consumption that results when a price change moves the consumer to a higher or lower indifference curveIncome elasticity of demand需求的收入弹性 a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers‟ income, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in incomeIndifference curve无差异曲线 a curve that shows consumption bundles that give the consumer the same level of satisfactionInferior good低档物品 a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demandInflation通货膨胀an increase in the overall level of prices in the economyIn-kind transfers实物转移支付transfers to the poor given in the form of goods and services rather than cashInternalizing an externality外部性的内在化altering incentives so that people take account of the external effects of their actionsLaw of demand需求定理the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good risesLaw of supply and demand需求与供给定理the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded for that good into balanceLiberalism自由主义the political philosophy according to which the government should choose policies deemed to be just, as evaluated by an impartial observer behind a “veil of ignorance”Libertarianism自由至上主义the political philosophy according to which the government should punish crimes and enforce voluntary agreements but not redistribute incomeLife cycle生命周期the regular pattern of income variation over a person‟s lifeLump-sum tax定额税 a tax that is the same amount for every personMacroeconomics宏观经济学the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growthMarginal changes边际变动small incremental adjustments to a plan of actionMarginal cost边际成本the increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of production Marginal product边际产品the increase in output that arises from an additional unit of input Marginal product of labor劳动的边际产品the increase in the amount of output from an additional unit of laborMarginal rate of substitution边际替代率the rate at which a consumer is willing to trade one good for anotherMarginal revenue边际收益the change in total revenue from an additional unit soldMarginal tax rate边际税率the extra taxes paid on an additional dollar of incomeMarket市场 a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or serviceMarket economy市场经济an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services Market failure市场失灵 a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficientlyMarket power市场势力the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market pricesMaximin criterion极大极小准则the claim that the government should aim to maximize the well-being of the worst-off person in societyMedian voter theorem中位选举人定理 a mathematical result showing that if voters are choosing a point along a line and each voter wants the point closest to his most preferred point, then majority rule will pick the most preferred point of the median voterMicroeconomics微观经济学the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in marketsMonopolistic competition垄断竞争 a market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identicalMonopoly垄断 a firm that is the sole seller of a product without close substitutesMoral hazard道德风险the tendency of a person who is imperfectly monitored to engage in dishonest or otherwise undesirable behaviorNash equilibrium纳什均衡 a situation in which economic actors interacting with one another each choose their best strategy given the strategies that all the other actors have chosenNatural monopoly自然垄断 a monopoly that arises because a single firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a smaller cost than could two or more firmsNegative income tax负所得税 a tax system that collects revenue from high-income households and gives transfers to low-income householdsNormal good正常商品 a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demandNormative statements规范性表述claims that attempt to prescribe how the world should be Oligopoly寡头 a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical productsOpportunity cost机会成本whatever must be given up to obtain some itemPerfect complements完全互补品two goods with right-angle indifference curvesPerfect substitutes完全替代品two goods with straight-line indifference curvesPermanent income持久性收入 a person‟s normal incomePhillips curve菲利普斯曲线 a curve that shows the short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemploymentPigovian tax庇古税 a tax enacted to correct the effects of a negative externalityPositive statements实证表述claims that attempt to describe the world as it isPoverty line贫困线an absolute level of income set by the federal government for each family size below which a family is deemed to be in povertyPoverty rate贫困率the percentage of the population whose family income falls below an absolute level called the …poverty linePrice ceiling价格天花板（上限） a legal maximum on the price at which a good can be sold Price discrimination价格歧视the business practice of selling the same good at different prices to different customersPrice elasticity of demand需求的价格弹性 a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in pricePrice elasticity supply供给的价格弹性 a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in pricePrice floor价格地板I下限） a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold Principal委托人 a person for whom another person, called the agent, is performing some act Prisoners‟ dilemma囚徒困境 a particular “game” between two captured prisoners that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficialPrivate goods私人物品goods that are both excludable and rivalProducer surplus生产者剩余the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller‟s cost Production function生产函数the relationship between quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that goodProduction possibilities frontier生产可能性曲线 a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technologyProductivity生产率the quantity of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker‟s timeProfit利润total revenue minus total costProgressive tax累进税 a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a larger fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayersProportional tax比例税 a tax for which high-income and low-income taxpayers pay the same fraction of incomePublic goods公共产品goods that are neither excludable nor rivalQuantity demanded需求数量the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase Quantity supplied供给数量the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell Regressive tax累退税 a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a smaller fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayersRivalry竞争the property of a good whereby one person‟s use diminishes other people‟s use Scarcity稀缺性the limited nature of society‟s resourcesScreening筛选an action taken by an uninformed party to induce an informed party to reveal informationShortage短缺 a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied Signaling信号显示an action taken by an informed party to reveal private information to anuninformed partyStrike罢工the organized withdrawal of labor from a firm by a unionSubstitutes替代品two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to an increase in the demand for the otherSubstitution effect替代效应the change in consumption that results when a price change moves the consumer along a given indifference curve to a point with a new marginal rate of substitution Sunk cost沉淀成本 a cost that has already been committed and cannot be recoveredSupply curve供给曲线 a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity suppliedSupply schedule供给表 a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity suppliedSurplus过剩 a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demandedTariff关税 a tax on goods produced abroad and sold domesticallyTax incidence税收归宿the manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a marketTotal cost总成本the market value of the inputs a firm uses in productionTotal revenue (for a firm)总收益the amount a firm receives for the sale of its outputTotal revenue (in a market)总收益the amount paid by buyers and received by sellers of a good, computed as the price of the good times the quantity soldTragedy of the Commons公共地的悲剧a parable that illustrates why common resources get used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a wholeTransaction costs交易成本the costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing and following through on a bargainUnion工会 a worker association that bargains with employers over wages and working conditionsUtilitarianism功利主义the political philosophy according to which the government should choose policies to maximize the total utility of everyone in societyUtility效用 a measure of happiness or satisfactionValue of the marginal product边际产品价值the marginal product of an input times the price of the outputVariable costs可变成本costs that vary with the quantity of output producedVertical equity纵向公平the idea that taxpayers with a greater ability to pay taxes should pay larger amountsWelfare福利government programs that supplement the incomes of the needyWelfare economics福利经济学the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-beingWillingness to pay支付意愿the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a goodWorld price世界价格the price of a good that prevails in the world market for that good。

劳动和社会保障权益英语Labor and Social Security Rights: A Comprehensive Overview.Introduction.Labor and social security rights are fundamental human rights that safeguard the well-being and dignity of individuals in the workplace and throughout their lives. These rights are enshrined in international and national laws, conventions, and policies to protect individuals from exploitation, abuse, and insecurity.Labor Rights.Labor rights encompass a wide range of principles and standards that govern the relationship between employees and employers. These rights include:Freedom of association: the right to form and jointrade unions or employee organizations without fear of retaliation.Collective bargaining: the right to negotiate fair wages, working conditions, and other benefits collectively through unions or employee representatives.Equal opportunity and non-discrimination: the right to fair and equitable treatment regardless of race, gender, religion, national origin, or any other protected characteristic.Fair wages and working conditions: the right to a living wage, reasonable working hours, safe and healthy working environments, and protection from unfair or hazardous practices.Decent work: the right to employment that is productive, provides a fair income, ensures equality and non-discrimination, and promotes personal and professional growth.Social Security Rights.Social security rights are designed to protect individuals from economic and social risks that may arise throughout their lives. These rights include:Social insurance: programs that provide financial benefits to individuals in case of unemployment, illness, disability, old age, or other life events that may lead to loss of income.Social assistance: programs that provide financial and other support to individuals who are unable to meet their basic needs or who face particular vulnerabilities.Health care: the right to access affordable andquality health care services, including preventive, curative, and rehabilitative care.Education: the right to access quality education throughout life, including early childhood, primary, secondary, and higher education.Housing: the right to adequate and affordable housing, free from discrimination or forced evictions.Enforcement and Implementation.Labor and social security rights are enforced and implemented through a combination of legal, administrative, and institutional mechanisms. These include:Labor laws and regulations: Government regulations and policies that establish minimum standards for working conditions, wages, and other labor-related matters.Trade unions and employee organizations: Unions play a crucial role in advocating for workers' rights, negotiating collective bargaining agreements, and providing support and representation to members.Social security agencies: Government agencies responsible for administering social insurance and assistance programs, as well as providing support servicesto vulnerable individuals.International labor standards: International conventions and organizations, such as the International Labour Organization (ILO), set global standards for labor rights and promote their implementation and enforcement.Monitoring and evaluation mechanisms: Systems for tracking progress, identifying gaps, and ensuring accountability in the realization of labor and social security rights.Importance of Labor and Social Security Rights.Protecting labor and social security rights is essential for promoting social justice, economic development, and human well-being. These rights:Foster decent work and productive employment: By establishing fair labor standards, these rights create conditions that support decent work and promote economic growth.Reduce poverty and inequality: Social security programs help individuals and families overcome economic hardship, reduce poverty, and prevent social exclusion.Ensure access to essential services: Rights to health care, education, and housing provide individuals with the opportunities they need to live healthy, productive, and fulfilling lives.Promote social cohesion and security: By protecting individuals from economic and social risks, these rights contribute to a more just and stable society.Uphold human dignity: Labor and social security rights are essential for safeguarding the fundamental dignity and well-being of individuals throughout their lives.Challenges and Opportunities.The realization of labor and social security rights faces a number of challenges, including:Informal economy: Many workers in developing countries operate in the informal sector, where labor rights and social protection are often lacking.Globalization: Global competition and the rise of multinational corporations can put downward pressure on labor standards and erode social security protections.Demographic changes: Aging populations and declining birth rates are challenging social security systems around the world, requiring reforms to ensure sustainability.Technological advancements: Automation and other technological advancements are changing the nature of work and raising questions about the future of labor rights and social protection.Despite these challenges, there are also opportunities to strengthen labor and social security rights. These include:Stronger labor unions: Revitalizing and empowering trade unions can help to advance workers' rights and promote fair labor practices.Universal social protection: Extending social protection coverage to all individuals, regardless of employment status, can ensure a safety net for those in need.Sustainable social security systems: Reforms that address demographic challenges and ensure the long-term viability of social security programs are essential.Decent work agenda: Promoting decent work principles and policies can create a more just and equitable global labor market.International cooperation: Collaboration between countries and international organizations can promote the realization of labor and social security rights worldwide.Conclusion.Labor and social security rights are fundamental human rights that play a vital role in safeguarding the well-being and dignity of individuals. These rights ensure fair working conditions, provide protection against economic and social risks, and promote social justice and economic development. By upholding these rights, we create a more just and equitable society where everyone has the opportunity to live a decent and fulfilling life.。

误用平行结构弗雷特[p.212] 谈到“最致命的的问题就是想用匹配的结构却没用好”。

但同样致命的是对那些本来不匹配的成分使用匹配的结构。

以上两种情况都会给人一种毫无头绪的印象。

当把平行结构强加在那些逻辑上本不平行的成分中，其结果总会让人吃惊（例如，“Just like the Crowne Plaza, all rooms...”）。

有时，这种用法会故意产生幽默感。

乔森[p.9] 引用了这两个错误的平行结构“He took his hat and his leave”和“He bolted his door and his dinner”。

乔森暗示人们都是出于搞笑的意图才会写：“He keeps fit, sleep, and his word .”但是逻辑上不一致的问题常常是不经意产生的。

拉姆齐福勒和简·艾伦[p.354] 引用了一个误用的结构：The painting has subdued tone, great feeling, and a length of about three feet. 作者在这个毫无相似性的结构中无意间暗示了一种相似性。

克莱尔·库克[p.67] 给出以下这个引人深思的平行结构：The police found no alcohol in his bloodstream but a loaded gun in his car. 这一结构几乎没什么意义。

杰克斯·巴润和亨利·格拉芙，像弗雷特一样，坚持认为平行结构一旦开始使用就应贯穿始终，然而他们强调，这种结构如果一开始就不符合逻辑就不应使用。

杰克斯·巴润和亨利·格拉芙说：“平行结构是如此重要的一种写作工具以至于平行结构的使用必须是纯粹的，所以不要将平行形式用在迥然不同的观点中。

”如果你能记住以上这点建议，你就会避免拿破仑战争中那位法国退伍军人在叙述自己三次受伤经历时所犯的错误：Once in an ambush, once in the leg, and once in the Netherlands.对二十个例子的修改1）A：Economically, we are struggling for the democracy of distribution of food grain, reduction production.B：Economically, we are struggling to ensure the democratic distribution of grain,reduce rents and interest rates, increase wages, eliminate unemployment anddevelop production.句意为：从经济上说，我们正努力保证粮食的民主分配，减少租金和利率，增加工资，消除失业，发展生产。

2019年第四次⼯业⾰命外⽂⽂献翻译第四次⼯业⾰命中英⽂2019英⽂The Fourth Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on Occupational Health and Safety, Worker's Compensation and Labor ConditionsJeehee Min，Yangwoo KimAbstractThe “fourth industrial revolution” (FIR) is an age of advanced technology based on information and communication. FIR has a more powerful impact on the economy than in the past. However, the prospects for the labor environment are uncertain. The purpose of this study is to anticipate and prepare for occupational health and safety (OHS) issues.In FIR, nonstandard employment will be common. As a result, it is difficult to receive OHS services and compensation. Excessive trust in new technologies can lead to large-scale or new forms of accidents. Global business networks will cause destruction of workers' biorhythms, some cancers, overwork, and task complexity. The social disconnection because of an independent work will be a risk for worker's mental health. The union bonds will weaken, and it will be difficult to apply standardized OHS regulations to multinational enterprises.To cope with the new OHS issues, we need to establish new concepts of "decent work” and standardize regulations, which apply to enterprises in each country, develop public health as an OHS service, monitor emerging OHS events and networks among independent workers, and nurture experts who are responsible for new OHS issues.Keywords：Fourth industrial revolution，Occupational health and safety，Workers' compensation，Workers' health1. IntroductionKlaus Schwab predicted a new industrial revolution to begin in the near future in the World economy forum Global Challenge Insight Report (The Future of Jobs-Employment, Skills and Workforce Strategy for the Fourth Industrial Revolution[FIR] in 2016). Experts say that the FIR needs to be prepared because it will change the way people work, how they consume, and even how they think.The industrial revolution led to changes in the labor market with machines replacing human labor. The first industrial revolution replaced manual work with the invention of a steam engine and the second industrial revolution enabled mass production using electric energy. The tertiary industrial revolution started the automation era with informatization based on computers and the Internet. In the future, the super intelligence revolution based on the Internet of things, cyber-physical system, and artificial intelligence (AI) will greatly change human intellectual labor.The technologies that will lead the FIR are diverse. Artificial intelligence based on high-speed networks and interfaces would change the production process, and business models based on big data will be popular. The speed actory in Germany, which produces Adidas-personalized sneakers, is a typical example of the innovation of the production process.The world has overcome differences of time and space by the development of information and communication technology, which has developed into a single economic system. The social network system has already changed the way people communicate. In the future, operational technology or cyber-physical system devices will monitor, coordinate, and integrate information in real time. Operational technology will lead to a hyper-connectivity society, with human--machine, machine--machine, and human--human connections.If human labor is replaced by machines, the labor market will be greatly affected. As technology develops, labor productivity increases, and new jobs are created. According to the US Department of Labor, American's factory workers declined by two-thirds from 1960 to 2014, but productivity has increased dramatically. In addition, the average hourly wage from 1973 to 2014 increased by 85%, and new jobs were created in new industries. During the third industrial revolution, manpower shifted from the manufacturing sector to the service sector. The FIR is likely to change what kind of work needs to be performed, not just the number of jobs. For example, the role of product marketers is changing because of the emergence of big data, which is a core technology in the FIR. Instead of market research using current surveys, the use of big data is increasing. Therefore, it is necessary to hire professional staff to collect, store, analyze, and distribute big data. Specifically, spending on the big data in information technology market worldwide has doubled from $27 billion in 2011 to $54 billion in 2016.Thanks to globalization, accelerated by the FIR, multinational corporations could easily exploit the workforce and theenvironment of developing countries. Over the course of history, multinational corporations have established manufacturing factories in developing countries because of low incomes and lenient environmental regulations. As a result, the employment rate of the manufacturing sector in developed countries declined by 19% for 37 years. However, plants result in socioeconomic problems in many developing countries because they are based on loose labor regulations and low wages. In the era of the FIR, manufacturing will be developed in small quantity production systems of various kinds. Factories in developing countries are no longer attractive because low-wage workers can be replaced by automated robots. Rather, it is advantageous to place the production plant near the main market to quickly produce and distribute products. This is called “re-shoring”. In an Adidas Speed factory equipped with this system, AI-based robots perform most of the shoe manufacturing work. Some accessories were made with 3D printers, which reduced employment from 600 people to 10 people. If the re-shoring phenomenon continues, the power of economic development in developing countries will be lost and developing countries will endure a poor and risky working environment to secure price competitiveness.The development of technology is a double-edged sword. You need to be prepared not only for the bright future that technology will bring, but also for the problems that will arise. The purpose of this study is to anticipate and prepare for OHS problems for workers in the era of the FIR.2. Changes in OHS expected in the FIR2.1. Positive aspects in the workplaceNew technologies can be used to create a safe working environment byexcluding humans from harmful workplaces. For example, by applying a deep-learning algorithm to detect human behavior patterns by security cameras, it is possible to monitor for chemical leaks or worker accidents in real time. If a dangerous situation is recognized, the relevant system can alert the operator, safety officer, or responsible department immediately to prevent the accident in advance. In fact, in the New Boliden mine in Sweden, robots can be used for safe work. The use of virtual reality technology and smart glass in safety education can enhance the effectiveness of education. It is also possible to prevent musculoskeletal disorders by wearing a wearable robot that supports human strength.2.2. Negative aspects in the workplace: globalizationGlobalization is a pre-existing concept, which existed before the debate of the fourth industrial evolution. As a result, it is a precondition of the FIR with the development of information and communication technology and AI technology. Friedman states that “the world is flat,” in which the social and cultural standards of individual countries are unified into global standards through the proliferation of financial capitalism as well as the development of transportation and communication. Globalization would be accelerated by the FIR and eventually, it would affect working conditions.Because multinational corporations take advantage of loosening labor regulations in developing countries to increase productivity, workers in developing countries work in hazardous workplaces without proper welfare. Child labor and forced labor, which are prohibited in most developed countries, occur in developing countries. There are often no provisions for minimum wages and maximum working hours. As a result, the ILO proposed the “Rule of the Game” as a global standard in 2014, but it was not enforced and could not be introduced into industrial sites in many countries.Globalization affects working time, where shifts or night shifts increase. Birth describes time--space compression as a change in the concept of time due to globalization. Human time is divided into the local time, an individual's biological time, and social time, which constitutes labor conditions. Because of globalization and the development of information and communication, time--space compression adaptsto the time of work, not the biological time of the person. At this time, the biological cycles for a location on the globe and the time of his work are desynchronized, which causes many problems.2.3. Negative aspect in the workplace: automationWhen automation or robots replace simple and repetitive tasks, workers feel uneasy about employment and their livelihood. Work insecurity refers to “fear of unemployment and difficulty of re-employment”. The ILO has extended work insecurity beyond the level of employment and wages to a comprehensive concept. In addition, it is difficult to maintain an individual work--life balance without negotiating working conditions such as working hours, wages, paid time off, and improving the workplace with an employer. ILO redefines job insecurity. In addition, when social safety nets such as public pension payments, sick leave, annual leave, and maternity leave are not guaranteed, when there is no opportunity for job turnover or promotions, or when basic human rights such as discrimination or joining unions willfully are ignored, employment instability is affected.Increased employment instability can increase mental illness. 2012 and 2014 automation workers in high-risk occupations complained of anxiety and poor health. In particular, workers feel insecure about their jobs if they feel that their jobs are asubstitute for robots and experience worsening poverty and health as wages decrease and welfare benefits of employers decrease.Also, automation introduced to increase productivity and quality of life would paradoxically result in increased human labor time. For example, if an autonomous vehicle is introduced, it would be possible to enjoy leisure activities instead of driving during travel. However, humans could be forced to do more work to improve productivity. In this case, driving stress may be replaced by work-related stress.Human beings could be in charge of tasks with poor working conditions. For example, if an automation machine malfunctions, the worker should repair the machine manually. Most industrial accidents occur during this time such that it is demanded that all machinery should be shut off and worker's security should be guaranteed. However, in many cases, safety checks are carried out without stoppingthe machine for upkeep. Recently, there was a death in Republic of Korea, where a worker who was directly checking the conveyor belt in a thermal power plant was killed by the belt.2.4. Negative aspect in the workplace: on-demand economyIn the on-demand economy, workers are independent contractors and it is difficult to earn a certain income because “demand” changes every day (sometimes every hour). In the on-demand economy, workers need to find work day-by-day or even every hour as independent contractors. Therefore, they endure the risk of fluctuating revenue, which was a primary role of corporations. In this situation, workers cannot avoid stress and instability. Like most people with temporary jobs, on-demand economy workers rather than by choice, often choose on-demand jobs because they do not have a fixed job. Because they are treated as private businesses, legal protection as a worker is difficult. Currently, independent workers are not part of the “worker” class defined by labor laws and on-demand employers are not obliged to provide welfare including pensions, insurance, paid time off, maternity leave, and sick leave. This is because, through the platform, the consumer and supplier of labor interact and provide labor outside the supervision and direction of the employer. This type of economy has the advantage of creating new employment opportunities and enabling flexible work, but it is hard to distinguish between individual operators and workers. Therefore, it is hard to provide legal protection for OHS. In the case of employment relations, platform companies must provide various pensions, insurance, and leave based on labor laws, but in the platform business, employers are not obliged to provide welfare. Therefore, they are not subject to restrictions regarding wages and working hours guaranteed by various labor laws in the employment relationship. As a result, it is difficult to receive social insurance benefits. In the United States, there was a lawsuit in which Uber drivers argued that they should be treated as Uber employees and they demanded payment of the cost of doing business on the premise of an employment relationship. In the United Kingdom, there was a lawsuit raised by Uber drivers claiming the right to a minimum wage and vacation. Also, in Republic of Korea, there was a lawsuitcase that injured delivery man who are enrolled in delivery agency received compensation. And Republic of Korea Worker's Compensation & Welfare Service collects compensations from the delivery agency, but agency filed a lawsuit for cancellation of the taxation. They declared that worker was not their employees, and the delivery agency do not have any responsibility for the delivery man. As such an example, it is hard to adapt traditional concept for employment to new employment. To respond to new employment relations, the Korean government has recently extended the concept of “workers” in the Industrial Safety and Health Law as “those who provide work for wages to businesses or workplaces of any kind”.2.5. Who should be responsible for providing OHS to on-demand business?The Korean Occupational Safety and Health Act imposes OHS obligations on the government, employers, and workers. The government has the responsibility for disaster prevention of workplaces such as establishing and enforcing OHS policies, research and development of technology for safety and health, and the installation and operation of facilities. The employer is obliged to comply with the Industrial Safety and Health Act, the standards for the prevention of industrial accidents, and to provide a comfortable work environment and working conditions. Workers are obliged to observe the precautions necessary to prevent industrial accidents and to observe measures to prevent industrial accidents.At present, the social security system for some special independent workers as worker is the only worker's compensation insurance in Republic of Korea. However, if a worker works for several companies, he/she can only partake in a voluntary subscription scheme where he/she pays a 100% premium. Under current law, it is impossible for an employer to pay workers compensation insurance for platform workers. In addition, because the employee is not a worker (a worker under the Labor Standards Act) for a single employer, the employer's liability and obligation regarding OHS services is not imposed. Therefore, it is difficult for platform workers to manage chronic diseases, work-related diseases, and occupational diseases due to difficulties in health examination and health care.3. Missions of OHS to prepare for the FIR3.1. Re-definition of decent workLabor is indispensable. Even if a machine replaces labor, human labor is indispensable. Labor is also necessary for the development of human beings, both culturally and psychologically. Labor is also needed to contribute to society and to protect the dignity and value of individuals. In a world where jobs are scarce, employment opportunities must be fair. In other words, it is necessary to discuss who is going to perform decent work and bad work. It is also necessary to renew the definition of working hours in the situation where fragmented labor is universalized and globalization causes social time constraints to gradually disappear.To date, ideal jobs have been thought of as stable jobs where workers receive fixed salaries. However, as nonstandard employment becomes popular, it is necessary to re-establish the concept of stable jobs and good jobs. In the “Declaration of Social Justice for a Fair Globalization” adopted in 2008, the ILO “convinced that in a world of growing interdependence and complexity and the internationalization of production: the fundamental values of freedom, human dignity, social justice, security and nondiscrimination are essential for sustainable economic and social development and efficiency”. Decent work should in volve many dimensions. It means not only productivity, fair income, and workplace safety, but also guarantee of social security for the family, individual self-development and social integration, freedom of individual expression, and participation of union labor in the workplace. In other words, the concept of decent work is a set of values that go beyond fixed, high wages, stable working hours, and stable employment conditions.3.2. Paradigm shift of OHSAn occupational disease is a disease caused by the working environment or conditions for the purpose of livelihood. Occupational diseases are not limited to specific organs, so treatment is difficult. Therefore, OHS emphasizes prevention and reward rather than focusing on treatment or rehabilitation. Occupational medicine originated from industrial medicine centering on occupational diseases in manufacturing and it was extended to occupational medicine, which encompasses the entire occupation.Currently, most of the OHS services are in business units. However, as the employment relations change with the FIR, the units and responsibilities for managing workers exposed to harmful factors become unclear. Currently, OHS services in asbestos business units cannot take care of independent workers employed on a project-by-project basis. In other words, OHS services should be changed from an employer-centric to a public health approach, as set out in the WHO's Health and Safety Convention.The same is true of industrial accidents. In case of working as a project unit, it is difficult to apply the present system that estimates and compensates based on exposure to harmful factors. In other words, in the age of the FIR, labor is not continuous or constant. In such a working environment, there is a lack of grounds for judging whether an individual's illness is caused by a certain occupation. Even if there are many problems in the current industrial accident compensation systems, in the current systems, there are the consensus that specific jobs must have specific risk factors in common. So, it was possible to assess job hazard analysis by job groups. However, when constant and continuous jobs are scarce, and people have more than one job by their needs, it was hard to assess risk of jobs. Furthermore, in this situation, current industrial accident compensation system cannot protect independent workers. Therefore, this should also be changed from an employer-centered approach to a public-health approach.Each country has to make institutional arrangements and broad legislative measures to ensure that the ILO's international labor standards apply equally to its own regulations and policies. International labor standards cover basic agreements. The Equal Remuneration Convention seeks to ensure that a worker who provides equal value is not discriminated on the basis of sex, race, color, religion, political opinion, socioeconomic status, social origin, or age. Particularly, the freedom of association, the right to collective bargaining, OHS, and the protection of employment and discrimination are necessary. Wages of temporary workers should not be lower than those of other workers who do the same or similar things. In addition, temporary workers should be provided with maternity protection, paid leave, paid holidays, andsick leave.Each country should also prepare for the labor market, which has no national boundaries because of the development of the FIR technology. International standard rules are required for working conditions. A labor market in developing countries should no longer be viewed in terms of being regulation-free. In 2019, the ILO describes labor standards in international markets under the title “Rules of the game”. It must be ensured that labor does not interfere with personal freedom and safety, and does not undermine its dignity. In other words, labor standards of international markets are being proposed so that the aim of human labor is to improve the life of humanity as a whole, not for economic development itself.3.3. Need for a network replacing the traditional labor union to claim the new rights of independent workersWith the FIR, traditional unions have difficulty negotiating with their employers. The labor union participation rate in developed countries is decreasing compared with the 1970s. As various work relationships such as suppliers,subcontractors, non-governmental organizations, and other labor relations are applied, and the characteristics of workers such as women, youth, and immigrants are diversified, labor organization innovation is needed.As technology is developed, globalization promotes the decentralization of production. Multinational corporations now design and produce new products and manage production lines for workers in their home countries. This is a system which constructs and produces factories in middle-income or developing countries which are also consumer markets. At this time, workers in their home countries can demand a safe working environment by organizing labor unions based on relatively strong labor laws and social safety networks in developed countries. Workers in developing countries are likely to have little bargaining power in their relationship with employers because they cannot organize trade unions in their own countries, where social and legal infrastructures are lacking.Thus, in the era of the FIR, where the on-demand business will become the dominant employment relationship, a new type of union is needed to represent theinterests of independent workers. Unions based on a single workplace should also learn about the employment relationship between on-demand and platform businesses. The new union should go beyond the workplace to be a union of industrial units or a community-based union.The new union should first demand the right of the independent worker and understand that industrial accidents caused by new technologies are unpredictable. In particular, the employer must disclose to workers all the health hazards that may arise in the event of a new chemical or physical process used at the manufacturing stage in a transparent manner. The nature of the employment relationship of the platform business is likely to be attributed to the individual independent worker. In addition to efforts to clarify responsibility, it is necessary to disclose information on harmful substances and harmful environments including trade secrets.3.4. Government policyBecause of the effects of the FIR, a large number of jobs will be replaced by machines and new jobs will be created. There is a concern of mass unemployment in the transitional period of technological change. Capital income is overwhelmingly higher than labor income and mass unemployment is likely to make a society unstable. In addition, when nonstandard employment becomes mainstream, there is a concern that the number of workers who cannot be protected by the current labor law is likely to increase. Furthermore, there is a need for social security for those without capital. The gap between the rich and the poor is an element of social unrest. Therefore, redistribution of the profits of capital by means of a robot tax or basic income system is being considered.It is necessary to reform the system to protect workers' health rights. With the expansion of platform business, on-demand business may make the business owner unclear and the entity that is responsible for providing the OHS service may disappear. Therefore, to broaden the scope of OHS service and compensation, it is necessary to revise the definition of ‘full property’ or ‘worker character.”We must establish a system to monitor the emergence of new forms of OHS issues, nurture experts to be responsible for changing OHS issues, and enact newlabor laws and social insurance systems according to changes of the labor environment.4. ConclusionsTo cope with the emerging OHS issues in the fourth industrial revolution era, we need to establish new concepts of ‘decent work’,” and standardized regulations which apply to enterprises in each country, to develop public health as an OHS service, surveil emerging OHS events and networks among independent workers, and nurture experts to be responsible for new OHS issues.中⽂第四次⼯业⾰命及其对职业健康与安全、⼯⼈薪酬和劳动条件的影响摘要“第四次⼯业⾰命”是基于信息和通信的先进技术时代。

宏观经济学原理曼昆名词解释微观经济学（microeconomics），研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及它们如何在市场上相互影响。

宏观经济学（macroeconomics），研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长。

国内生产总值GDP（gross domestic product），在某一既定时期，一个国家内生产的所有最终物品与服务的市场价值。

消费（consumption），家庭除购买新住房之外，用于物品与服务的支出。

投资（investment），用于资本设备、存货和建筑物的支出，包括家庭用于购买新住房的支出。

政府购买（government purchase），地方、州和联邦政府用于物品与服务的支出。

净出口（net export），外国人对国内生产的物品的支出（出口），减国内居民对外国物品的支出（进口）。

名义GDP（nominal GDP），按现期价格评价的物品与服务的生产。

真实GDP（real GDP），按不变价格评价的物品与服务的生产。

（总之，名义GDP是用当年价格来评价经济中物品与服务生产的价值，真实GDP是用不变的GDP平减指数（GDP, deflator），用名义GDP与真实GDP的比率乘以100计算的物价水平衡量指标。

消费物价指数CPI（consumer price index），普通消费者所购买的物品与服务的总费用的衡量指标。

通货膨胀率（inflation rate），从前一个时期以来，物价指数变动的百分比。

生产物价指数（producer price index），企业所购买的一篮子物品运服务的费用的衡量指标。

指数化（indexation），根据法律或合同按照通货膨胀的影响，对货币数量的自动调整。

名义利率（nominal interest rate），通常公布的、未根据通货膨胀的影响，校正的利率。

真实利率（real interest rate），根据通货膨胀的影响校正过的利率。

agrue economic growth 英语阅读全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Economic growth is the increase in the amount of goods and services produced by an economy over a period of time. It is measured by the increase in a country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) or per capita GDP. Economic growth is essential for improving living standards, creating jobs, reducing poverty, and overall enhancing the quality of life for a country's citizens. However, there are differing opinions on how to achieve and sustain economic growth, with some advocating for policies that prioritize economic growth above all else and others arguing that there are other factors that should be considered.Those who argue for prioritizing economic growth believe that it is the key to prosperity and development. They argue that economic growth leads to increases in income and wealth, which in turn lead to higher living standards for the population. Proponents of economic growth argue that it is essential for addressing issues such as poverty, unemployment, and inequality. They believe that a growing economy can createopportunities for businesses to expand, create new jobs, and stimulate innovation and technological advancement.On the other hand, there are those who argue that economic growth should not be the sole focus of economic policy. They argue that there are other important factors to consider, such as environmental sustainability, social welfare, and income distribution. They believe that pursuing economic growth at all costs can have negative consequences, such as environmental degradation, resource depletion, and social unrest. They argue that it is important to strike a balance between economic growth and other considerations, such as social equity and environmental protection.One of the key debates surrounding economic growth is the question of whether it is possible to achieve sustainable economic growth. Sustainable economic growth is growth that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. This requires taking into account environmental, social, and economic factors in decision-making processes. Some argue that it is not possible to achieve sustainable economic growth within the current economic system, which is based on constant growth andconsumption. They argue that a new economic model is needed that prioritizes sustainability over growth.Another debate surrounding economic growth is the question of whether economic growth is inclusive. Inclusive economic growth is growth that benefits all segments of society, particularly the most vulnerable and marginalized populations. Some argue that economic growth can exacerbate inequality, if the benefits of growth are not distributed equitably. They argue that policies need to be put in place to ensure that the benefits of economic growth are shared by all members of society. This may include measures such as progressive taxation, social welfare programs, and investment in education and healthcare.In conclusion, economic growth is a complex and multifaceted concept that has profound implications for society as a whole. While economic growth is important for improving living standards and reducing poverty, it is crucial to consider other factors such as sustainability, inclusivity, and equity in economic policy. Achieving sustainable and inclusive economic growth requires careful consideration of all these factors and a balance between economic growth and other societal goals. Ultimately, the goal should be to create an economy thatbenefits all members of society and ensures a high quality of life for present and future generations.篇2Economic growth refers to an increase in the production of goods and services in an economy over time. It is often measured by the percentage increase in a country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Economic growth is important as it leads to higher standards of living, increased employment opportunities, and overall economic development. However, there is ongoing debate among economists and policymakers about the impact and sustainability of economic growth.Some argue that economic growth is necessary to lift people out of poverty and improve living standards. When the economy grows, there is more wealth to be distributed, leading to higher wages, increased job opportunities, and better access to goods and services. This can result in improvements in healthcare, education, and infrastructure, which ultimately benefit the population as a whole.Proponents of economic growth also argue that it can help address social issues such as inequality and poverty. As the economy expands, there is more revenue available for socialwelfare programs, which can help support vulnerable populations and reduce disparities in income and wealth. Economic growth can also lead to technological advancements and innovation, which can create new industries and improve productivity, further driving economic development.On the other hand, some critics argue that economic growth can have negative consequences for the environment and society. Rapid economic growth often leads to increased consumption of natural resources, pollution, and environmental degradation. This can have a detrimental impact on ecosystems, biodiversity, and climate change, leading to long-term sustainability challenges.Moreover, economic growth does not always translate into improvements in well-being for all members of society. In many cases, economic growth can exacerbate inequality, with the benefits of growth disproportionately accruing to the wealthy. This can widen the gap between the rich and the poor, leading to social unrest and instability.Furthermore, the pursuit of endless economic growth may not be sustainable in the long run. As resources become scarce and environmental constraints become more pronounced, there are growing concerns about the ability of the planet to supportcontinued economic expansion. This has led to calls for a reevaluation of our current economic model, with a focus on more sustainable and equitable forms of development.In conclusion, while economic growth has its benefits, it is important to consider the broader social and environmental implications of our economic policies. It is crucial to strike a balance between economic growth and sustainability, ensuring that growth is inclusive, equitable, and environmentally sustainable. By addressing these challenges, we can create a more prosperous and sustainable future for all.篇3Economic growth is a key goal for many countries around the world. It is often seen as a measure of a country's success and development. In recent years, there has been a growing debate about the best way to achieve economic growth and whether it is always a positive thing.Many economists argue that economic growth is essential for improving living standards and reducing poverty. They believe that a growing economy creates jobs, increases income, and provides better opportunities for people to improve their lives. Economic growth can also lead to increased investment ininfrastructure, education, and healthcare, which can benefit society as a whole.However, there are also those who argue that the pursuit of economic growth can have negative consequences. They point to issues such as environmental degradation, social inequality, and unsustainable consumption patterns as potential drawbacks of prioritizing growth above all else. Some critics of economic growth argue that a focus on GDP growth alone can overlook other important aspects of human well-being, such as health, education, and happiness.One of the key arguments against economic growth is its impact on the environment. As economies grow, they often consume more resources, produce more waste, and emit more pollutants. This can lead to a range of environmental problems, including climate change, deforestation, and pollution. Critics argue that these environmental costs are often not fully accounted for in traditional measures of economic growth, leading to an overemphasis on short-term economic gains at the expense of long-term environmental sustainability.Social inequality is another important consideration in the debate over economic growth. While economic growth can lead to higher incomes and improved living standards for manypeople, it can also widen the gap between the rich and the poor. In many countries, economic growth has been accompanied by rising levels of inequality, with the benefits of growth disproportionately accruing to the wealthiest members of society. This can lead to social unrest, political instability, and a range of other negative consequences.Another criticism of economic growth is that it can foster unsustainable patterns of consumption and production. As economies grow, they often become more reliant on fossil fuels, intensive agriculture, and other resource-intensive industries. This can lead to overexploitation of natural resources, depletion of ecosystems, and increased pollution. Critics argue that this kind of growth is not sustainable in the long term and will ultimately undermine the well-being of future generations.In conclusion, the debate over economic growth is complex and multifaceted. While there are clear benefits to economic growth, such as higher incomes, improved living standards, and increased opportunities for development, there are also important drawbacks to consider. These include environmental degradation, social inequality, and unsustainable consumption patterns. It is important for policymakers to carefully consider these trade-offs and to pursue a form of economic growth that issustainable, inclusive, and benefits society as a whole. By taking a more holistic approach to economic development, countries can ensure that growth is both meaningful and beneficial for all members of society.。

[工资用英文怎么说]工资薪水英文单词工资用英文怎么说工资用英文怎么说工资的英语说法wage salary pay 工资的相关短语supplementary wages;附加工资money wages;货币工资basic wages;基本工资piece rate wage;计件工资payment by the hour;time wage;计时工资nominal wage;名义工资real wage;实际工资工资的英语例句1. They suffered long hours, unsafe working conditions and skimpy pay.他们在不安全的工作环境下长时间辛苦劳作，却只有微薄的工资。

2. He will get a pay rise of nearly 4,000. 他的工资将会上涨将近4,000英镑。

3. The men voted by a four-to-one majority to accept the pay offer. 男雇员以4比1的多数票接受了工资条件。

4. In absolute terms British wages remain low by European standards. 根据欧洲标准，英国工资的绝对值依然很低。

5. The 103 is deducted from Mrs Adams“ salary every month. 这103英镑每月从亚当斯夫人的工资里扣掉。

6. He could not afford luxury food on his pay. 靠自己的工资他买不起奢侈的食品。

7. A wage freeze was imposed on all staff earlier this month. 这个月早些时候，所有员工的工资都被冻结了。

8. Wages were rising faster than productivity and this was eating into profits. 工资的涨幅高过了生产率增长的速度，从而消耗了利润所得。

克林顿总统文发表：美国联邦政府新闻署/1993年1月17日；学术交流网/美国历史文献/2004年1月27日转发转发说明：该国情咨文为笔者2000年初运用自动翻译器中英对照的文本，其中有些译文显然有误，这里未加改动，请读者对于译文自行校正。

State Of The Union Address 1993Mr. President, Mr. Speaker:先生总统,先生议长:When Presidents speak to theCongress and the nation from thispodium, they typically comment onthe full range of challenges andopportunities that face us. Butthese are not ordinary times. Forall the many tasks that requireour attention, one calls on us tofocus, unite, and act. Together,we must make our economy thriveonce again.当总统和从这个墩座国会和国家谈话的时候,他们典型提出对面对我们的挑战和机会的完整范围的看法.但是这些并非普通是时代.一请我们给所有的需要我们注意的很多任务聚焦,结合,和行动.一起,我们必须使我们经济再一次健康成长.It has been too long ? at leastthree decades ? since a Presidenthas challenged Americans to joinhim on our great nationaljourney, not merely to consumethe bounty of today but to investfor a much greater one tomorrow.由于一个总统向美国人挑战要求在我们伟大国家旅途中加入他不仅仅消耗今天的慷慨但是明天为一大得多一投资,至少三十年它已经太要很长时间.Nations, like individuals, mustultimately decide how they wishto conduct themselves ? how theywish to be thought of by thosewith whom they live, and, later,how they wish to be judged byhistory. Like every man andwoman, they must decide whetherthey are prepared to rise to theoccasions history presents them.像个体国家必须最终决定怎样他们向他们自己-其他们提出心愿的他们希望被以历史来判断的行为提出心愿,的被那些用他们过谁和以后认为.像每一个男人和妇女,他们必须决定是否他们是有准备的历史引见他们的出来应付局面.We have always been a people of youthful energy anddaring spirit. And at this historic moment, ascommunism has fallen, as freedom is spreading aroundthe world, as a global economy is taking shape beforeour eyes, Americans have called for change ? and now itis up to those of us in this room to deliver.我们总是已是一青年能源和勇敢的精神的人们.和在这个方面历史性时刻,当共产主义已经降下时,当自由是在全世界扩展时,当一全球性经济是在我们眼睛的前面成型时,美国人已要求改变在这履行的空间中和现在它算计我们的那些Our nation needs a new direction. Tonight, I present toyou our comprehensive plan to set our nation on thatnew course.我们国家需要一新指挥.今晚,我提交我们全面对那新途径给予我们国家的计划对你.I believe we will find our new direction in the basic values that brought us here: opportunity, individual responsibility, community, work, family, and faith. Weneed to break the old habits of both political partiesin Washington. We must say that there can be no more something for nothing, and we are all in this together.我相信我们将找出我们在基本价值观中那个把我们带到这里新指挥: 机会,个人责任,社区,工作,家庭和信心.我们需要使两个在华盛顿身上政党老习惯改掉.我们必须说那里能平白无故不是更某样东西,和我们一起这个精疲力竭.The conditions which brought us to this point are well known. Two decades of low productivity and stagnant wages; persistent unemployment and underemployment;years of huge government deficits and declininginvestment in our future; exploding health care costs,and lack of coverage; legions of poor children;educational and job training opportunities inadequateto the demands of a high wage, high growth economy. Fortoo long we drifted without a strong sense of purpose, responsibility or community, and our political systemtoo often was paralyzed by special interest groups,partisan bickering and the sheer complexity of our problems.适合这点好知道给带来我们状况.两几十年的低生产力和停滞工资; 持续不断失业和就业不足;多年的巨大政府赤字和拒绝在我们未来上的投资;推翻保健成本和缺少覆盖范围;众多的可怜孩子;有教育意义和让对一高工资需求不够条件,高机会生长工作成长经济.太长时间我们没有一目的,责任或者社区的强烈感觉漂移,和太常常特殊利益个人多组我们问题,支持党派利益争吵和完全是复杂使我们政治上系统麻痹.I know we can do better, because ours remains thegreatest nation on earth, the world's strongesteconomy, and the world's only military superpower. Ifwe have the vision, the will and the heart to make the changes we must, we will enter the 21st century with possibilities our parents could not even have imagined, having secured the American dream for ourselves andfuture generations.我知道因为我们的依然是世界上最伟大民族,世界的最坚强经济和世界的仅仅军事极巨大的力量,我们能更好些做.如果我们有视力,意愿和心脏要有改变,我们必须第21世纪,我们将随着可能性进入,我们父母不能甚至已设想已经使自己美国梦和将来代牢固的.I well remember, twelve years ago Ronald Reagan stoodat this podium and told the American people that if our debt were stacked in dollar bills, the stack wouldreach sixty-seven miles into space. Today, that stack would reach two hundred and sixty-seven miles.我进入空间好记得十二年以前罗纳德里根在这个墩座旁站立和告诉美国人们如果我们债务在美元单子中被堆积,堆将六十七英里达到. 今天,那堆将267英里达到.I tell you this not to assign blame for this problem. There is plenty of blame to go around ? in bothbranches of the government and both parties. The timefor blame has come to an end. I came here to accept responsibility; I want you to accept responsibility for the future of this country, and if we do it right, Idon't care who gets the credit for it.我告诉你这个不要分配这问题的责任.有责备大量,在在两方面同样地政府的分枝和双方中到处走动.为责备时间已结束.我这里来承认责任;我想要你为这国家的未来负责任,和如果我们正确做它,我不在乎谁因它而得到好评.Economic Plan经济上的计划Our plan has four fundamental components: First, it reverses our economic decline, by jump-starting theeconomy in the short term and investing in our people, their jobs and their incomes in the long term.我们计划有四个基本成分:首先,它通过跳使短期节约开始从长远的观点看和投资到我们人们,他们的工作和他们的收入改变我们经济上的倾斜.Second, it changes the rhetoric of the past into the actions of the present, by honoring work and familiesin every part of our lives.第二,它通过兑现在每一个部分我们生活中工作和家庭使过去的华丽的辞藻变为现在的行动.Third, it substantially reduces the federal deficit, honestly and credibly.第三它本质上诚实和可信地减少联合的落后.Finally, it earns the trust of the American people by paying for these plans first with cuts in governmentwaste and inefficiency -- cuts, not gimmicks, in government spending ? and by fairness, for a change, in the way the burden is borne.最后,它通过首先为这些计划付出代价随着政府废物和无效率--切口,不秘密装置上的伤口在政府开销中和经过公正以重担是承受方式换换花样获得美国人们的信任.Tonight, I want to talk about what government can do, because I believe our government must do more for thehard-working people who pay its way. But let me sayfirst: government cannot do this alone. The privatesector is the engine of economic growth in America. And every one of us can be an engine of change in our own lives. We've got to give people more opportunity, butwe must also demand more responsibility in return.今晚,我想要谈因为我相信我们政府必须做为不用举债的勤劳的人们更多,政府罐所做的.但是让我说第一:政府不能做单独这个.私营部分是在美洲中经济上的成长的引擎.和我们的每个能是一我们自己生活的改变的引擎.我们必须给人们更多机会,但是我们必须也要求作为回报更多责任.Creating Jobs建立工作Our immediate priority is to create jobs, now. Some say we're in a recovery. Well, we all hope so. But we're simply not creating jobs. And there is no recoveryworth its salt that does not begin with new jobs.我们立即优先权是要现在建立工作.某些说我们是在一恢复中.好,我们完全希望那样.但是我们简单是不要建立工作.和事实上没有不以新职业开始的称职的恢复.To create jobs and guarantee a strong recovery, I callon Congress to enact an immediate jobs package of over30 billion dollars. We will put people to work rightnow and create half a million jobs: jobs that willrebuild our highways and airports, renovate housing,bring new life to our rural towns, and spread hope and opportunity among our nation's youth with almost700,000 jobs for them this summer alone. And I invite America's business leaders to join us in this effort,so that together we can create a million summer jobs in cities and poor rural areas for our young people.建立工作和保证一强烈恢复,我呼吁国会制定一立即工作包超过30十亿美元.我们将放现在工作人们和建立五十万工作:今年夏天单独将重建我们公路和机场的工作为他们修缮住房,使新生活进入我们农村城镇,随着几乎700,000工作和传布在我们国家的青春中间希望和机会.和我邀请美洲的生意领袖和我们一起这努力,因此一起我们能为我们年轻人建立在城市和可怜农村地区中一百万夏天工作.Second, our plan looks beyond today's business cycle, because our aspirations extend into the next century.The heart of our plan deals with the long term. It hasan investment program designed to increase public and private investment in areas critical to our economic future. And it has a deficit reduction program thatwill increase savings available for private sector investment, lower interest rates, decrease thepercentage of the federal budget claimed by interest payments, and decrease the risk of financial market disruptions that could adversely affect the economy.第二,因为持续到下一世纪我们愿望延伸,我们计划超出今天的经济增长和衰退的循环注意.我们计划的中心处理长任期.它有一投资程序被设计增加公共和私有在区域上的投资对我们经济上的未来不可缺少.和它让一将增加存款的赤字减少程序私营部分投资可用,低利率减少经过利率付款要求联合的预算的百分比和减少能不友好地假装经济的财政市场破裂的风险.Over the long run, all this should result in a higherrate of economic growth, improved productivity, higher wages, more high- quality jobs and an improved economic competitive position in the global economy.关于一段较长时间,这一切应该结果是一更高在全球性经济中经济上的成长,改进生产力,更高工资,更多高质量的工作和一改进经济上的竞争性位置率.In order to accomplish public investment and deficit reduction, government spending is being cut and taxesare being increased. Our spending cuts were carefully thought through to try to minimize any economic impact,to capture the peace dividend for investment purposes,and to switch the balance in the budget fromconsumption to investment. The tax increases andspending cuts were both designed to assure that thecost of this historic program to face and deal with our problems is borne by those who could most readilyafford that cost.为了完成公共投资和赤字减少,政府开销被削减和增税.我们开销切口仔细被想清楚设法把任何经济上的冲击减到最低限度,为了投资目的捕获和平股息和从消耗到投资使在预算中平衡转换到.税增加和开销切口在两方面同样地的目的是保证能最立即出得起那成本的那些负担这朝和处理我们问题历史性程序的费用.Our plan is designed to improve the health of American business through lower interest rates, improved infrastructure, better trained workers, and a stronger middle class. Because small businesses generate most ofour nation's jobs, our plan includes the boldesttargeted incentives for small business in history. We propose a permanent investment tax credit for small business, and new rewards for entrepreneurs who takerisks. We will give small business access to thebrilliant technologies of our time and to the creditthey need to prosper and flourish.我们计划的目的是通过低利率,改进基础,好trained工人和一更强烈中产阶级改进美国生意的健康.因为小企业产生我们国家的工作的绝大部分,我们计划为小企业在历史中包含最勇敢目标是刺激.我们为小企业和新对冒着危险的企业家的酬谢建议一永久投资课税扣除. 我们将给出和向他们需要信誉繁荣兴旺和健康成长的小企业到我们时间的才华出众技术的通路.With a new network of community development banks, andone billion dollars to make the dream of enterprisezones real, we will begin to bring new hope and newjobs to storefronts and factories from South Boston to South Texas to south-central Los Angeles.随着一企业振兴区的作幻想社区发展银行和十亿美元的新网络真正, 我们将开始向从南波士顿storefronts和工厂去在南方的洛杉矶中部使新希望和新职业进入南得克萨斯州.Our plan invests in our roads, bridges, transitfacilities; in high- speed railways and high-tech information systems; and in the most ambitious environmental clean-up of our time.我们计划投资到我们道路,桥,转运设施;在高度速度轻轨铁路和高技术信息系统中;和在我们时间中最最有抱负环境整洁中.On the edge of the new century, economic growth dependsas never before on opening up new markets overseas. Andso we will insist on fair trade rules in internationalmarkets.在新世纪的边缘,经济上的成长从来没有象这样取决于在海外提供新市场和那样我们将坚持在国际市场中互惠贸易规定.NAFTANAFTAA part of our national economic strategy must be to expand trade on fair terms, including successful completion of the latest round of world trade talks. A North American Free Trade Agreement with appropriate safeguards for workers and the environment. At the same time, we need an aggressive attempt to create thehi-tech jobs of the future; special attention totroubled industries like aerospace and airlines, and special assistance to displaced workers like those inour defense industry.一部分我们国家经济战略一定是扩大有公平,包含世界贸易谈话中最新回合的成功的完成关系贸易.一个适合防护地为工人和环境北美洲的自由贸易协定.同时,我们需要一个侵略性尝试创造嘿未来的技术的工作;特殊对像航空与航天空间和航线烦恼的工业的殷勤和对像那些取代工人在我们防御工业中特殊帮助.I pledge that business, government and labor will work together in a partnership to strengthen America for a change.我保证生意,政府和劳动将一起用一伙伴关系工作换换花样加强美洲.Health Care Reform保健改革But all of our efforts to strengthen the economy willfail unless we take bold steps to reform our healthcare system. America's businesses will never be strong; America's families will never be secure; and America's government will never be solvent until we tackle our health care crisis.但是除非我们采取勇敢步骤改革我们保健制度,全部的我们为加强经济所作的努力将失败.美洲的生意将不是强烈;美洲的家庭将不有把握;和直到我们处理我们保健危机,美洲的政府将不是有支付力.The rising costs and the lack of care are endangeringboth our economy and our lives. Reducing health carecosts will liberate hundreds of billions of dollars for investment and growth and new jobs. Over the long run, reforming health care is essential to reducing ourdeficit and expanding investment.升起成本和缺少照料危害我们经济和我们生活.降低保健成本将以投资和成长和新职业的代价释放美元的几千亿.关于一段较长时间,改革保健是对减少我们落后和膨胀投资极为重要.Later this spring, I will deliver to Congress a comprehensive plan for health care reform that willfinally get costs under control. We will providesecurity to all our families, so that no one will be denied the coverage they need. We will root out fraudand outrageous charges, and make sure that paperwork no longer chokes you or your doctor. And we will maintain American standards ? the highest quality medical carein the world and the choices we demand and deserve. The American people expect us to deal with health care. And we must deal with it now.这个春天的晚些时候,我将把一全面将最后控制住成本的保健改革的计划送给国会.我们将向完全我们家庭提供安全,因此没有人将被拒绝给予他们需要覆盖范围的.我们将连根铲除诈骗和粗暴费用和确保文书工作不再使你或者你的医生窒息.和我们将保持美国标准-在世界上高质量的医疗和我们要求和应受报答的选择美国人们预期我们处理保健.和现在我们必须处理它.Perhaps the most fundamental change our new direction offers is its focus on the future and the investmentswe seek in our children.也许我们新指挥给予的最基本改变是它的有关我们在我们孩子身上寻找未来和投资的焦点.Each day we delay carries a dear cost. Half ourtwo-year-olds don't receive immunizations againstdeadly diseases. Our plan will provide them for every eligible child. And we'll save ten dollars for everyone we'll spend by eliminating preventable childhood diseases.每一天我们推迟射程的一可爱的人估计成本.我们二岁不做的半个受到对着致命疾病使免除.我们计划将向每一个有资格当选的孩子提供他们.和我们将为储存将通过消灭可防止的童年疾病在每个上花费我们十美元的.The Women, Infants, and Children nutrition program willbe expanded so that every expectant mother who needsour help receives it.妇女,幼儿和孩子营养程序将被膨胀,因此每一个需要我们帮助的孕妇收到它.Education教育Head Start ? a program that prepares children forschool ? is a success story. It saves money, but todayit reaches only one-third of all eligible children.Under our plan, we will cover every eligible child. Investing in Head Start and WIC is not only the right thing, it's the smart thing. For every dollar we invest today, we save three tomorrow.先起动-一为孩子做学校的准备的程序是一发迹的故事.它省钱,但是今天它达到所有有资格当选的孩子的仅三分之一.在我们计划下,我们将掩护每一个有资格当选的孩子.投资到先起动和WIC不仅是正确东西,它是聪明的东西.明天我们为每一个今天,我们投的美元保留三.America must ask more of our students, our teachers,and our schools. And we must give them the resourcesthey need to meet high standards.美洲必须问我们学生,我们老师和我们学校的更多.和我们必须给他们他们需要资源遭遇高标准的.We will bring together business and schools toestablish new apprenticeships, and give young peoplethe skills they need today to find productive jobs tomorrow.我们将调和生意和学校建立新学徒身份和给年轻人今天他们需要技术明天找出多产工作的.Lifelong learning will benefit workers throughout their careers. We must create a new unified worker training system, so that workers receive training regardless of why they lost their jobs.毕生学习将有利于在整个他们的职业工人.我们必须建立一新使统一工人训练系统,因此工人不管为什么他们失去工作如何接受训练.Our national service program will make college loans available to all Americans, and challenge them to give something back to their country ? as teachers, police officers, community service workers. This will be an historic change on a scale with the creation of theLand Grant Colleges and the G.I. Bill. A hundred years from now, historians who owe their education to ourplan for national service will salute your vision.我们国家发球程序将使大学借贷变得所有的美国人可用,作为老师, 警察,社区发球工人和向他们挑战要求对他们的国家把某样东西归还.这个将创造土地使用合同Colleges和G.I.比尔地是一有关一刻度历史性改变.从现在一百年,欠向我们国家发球的计划他们的教育的历史学家将向你的视力致意.We believe in jobs, we believe in learning, and webelieve in rewarding work. We believe in restoring the values that make America special.我们信仰工作,我们主张学习,和我们信仰有价值的工作.我们主张交还作美洲特刊的价值观.There is dignity in all work, and there must be dignityfor all workers. To those who heal our sick, care forour children, and do our most tiring and difficultjobs, our new direction makes this solemn commitment:在所有的工作中有尊严,和一定是为所有的工人尊严.向痊愈的那些我们生病,照料我们孩子,和做我们最累人的最和困难工作,我们新指挥作这神圣承诺:By expanding the Earned Income Tax Credit, we will make history: We will help reward work for millions ofworking poor Americans. Our new direction aims torealize a principle as powerful as it is simple: If you work full time, you should not be poor.通过膨胀获得所得税信誉,我们将作历史:我们将帮助酬谢为大量的加工可怜美国人工作.我们新指挥打算意识到一像它是简单一样强大原理:如果你工作全时,你不应该是可怜.Welfare福利Later this year, we will offer a plan to end welfare as we know it. No one wants to change the welfare systemas much as those who are trapped by the welfare system.今年晚些时候,我们将提供一当我们知道它时,结束接受福利救济的计划.没有人想要几乎等于改变接受福利救济的系统是的那些按照接受福利救济的系统设陷阱捕捉We will offer people on welfare the education,training, child care and health care they need to getback on their feet. Then, after two years, they mustget back to work ? in private business if possible; in public service, if necessary. It's time to end welfareas a way of life.我们建议将靠社会救济居住在教育,训练,孩子照料和保健他们需要痊愈在两年然后之后,如果可能的话,他们必须重新上台用私有生意工作;在如果必然公用事业中.现在是最后成为一生活方式接受福利救济的的时候了.Strengthening Families加强的家庭Our next great goal is to strengthen American families.我们下一个伟大目标是要加强美国家庭.We'll ask fathers and mothers to take moreresponsibility for their children. And we'll crack downon deadbeat parents who won't pay their child support.我们将请求父亲和母亲采取更多对他们的孩子的责任.和我们将镇压将不付他们的孩子支持的筋疲力尽的父母.Crime罪We want to protect our families against violent crime which terrorizes our people and tears apart our communities. We must pass a tough crime bill. We needto put 100,000 more police on the street, provide boot camps for first-time non-violent offenders, and put hardened criminals behind bars. We have a duty to keep guns out of the hands of criminals. If you pass theBrady Bill, I'll sign it.我们想要保护我们恐吓我们人民和责骂我们社区的暴力犯罪家庭免受的伤害.我们必须通过坚硬罪议案.我们需要使更额外的100000警察处于街道,向第一次非暴力的触犯法纪者提供新兵训练营,和把变硬的罪犯关进监牢.我们有一让枪不惹人手罪犯的责任要.如果你和Brady比尔打个照面,我将签署它.Reform改革To make government work for middle-class taxpayers andnot the special interests, we must reform our political system.使政府为中产阶级的纳税人和不特殊利益个人工作,我们必须改革我们政治上制度.I'm asking Congress to enact real campaign finance reform. Let's reduce the power of special interests and increase the participation of the people. We should end the tax deduction for special interest lobbying and use the money to help clean up the political system. And we should quickly enact legislation to force lobbyists to disclose their activities.我请求国会制定真正运动财政改革.让我们减少使人特殊利益个人感兴趣动力和增加人民的参与.我们应该为特殊利益个人游说活动结束课税减免和使用财产帮助打扫政治上系统.和我们应该迅速制定强迫游说团体成员展开他们的活动的立法.But to revolutionize government we have to insure thatit lives within its means. And that starts at the top ? with the White House. In the last few weeks, I have cut the White House staff by twenty-five percent, savingten million dollars. I ordered administrative cuts inthe budgets of agencies and departments, I cut thefederal bureaucracy by 100,000 positions, for combined savings of nine billion dollars. It's time forgovernment to be as frugal as any household in America. That's why I congratulate the Congress for takingsimilar steps to cut its costs today. Together, we can show the American people that we have heard their callfor change.但是使政府发生革命性的变化我们必须给它在它的手段以内居住保险.和那个在顶部以白宫开始.在最近很少一点星期,我通过二十五百分之,储存一千万美元已切断白宫工作人员.我命令行政减少代理机构和部门的预算,我把联合的官僚削减以九十亿美元的合并存款的代价100000阵地.现在是政府是和任何在美洲中家庭一样节省的时候了.那个是为什么我因为采取相似步骤今天降低它的费用向国会表示祝贺.一起,我们能向美国人们展示我们已听他们的召唤改变.But we can go further. Tonight, I call for anacross-the-board freeze in federal government salariesfor one year. Thereafter, federal salaries will rise ata rate lower than the rate of inflation.但是我们能有出息.今晚,在一年中我要求一在联邦政府薪水中普遍冻结.在那以后,联合的薪水将在一与通货膨胀的速度相比低速度方面高涨.We must reinvent government to make it work again.We'll push innovative education reform to improve learning, not just spend more money. We'll use the Superfund to clean up pollution, not just increaselawyers' incomes. We'll use federal banking regulators, not just to protect the security and safety of our financial institutions, but to break the credit crunch. And we'll change the whole focus of our povertyprograms from entitlement to empowerment.我们必须重复发明政府使它再次工作.我们将推行革新的教育改革改进学习,不仅仅花费更多钱.我们将使用Superfund打扫污染,不仅仅增加律师收入.我们将使用联合的银行业务调节器不仅仅保卫我们金融机构的安全和安全但是打破信誉嘎吱作声的咀嚼.和我们将从应得的权利到授权改变我们贫乏程序的整个焦点.Deficit Reduction赤字减少For years, there has been a lot of talk about thedeficit, but very few credible efforts to deal with it. This plan does. Our plan tackles the budget deficit ? seriously and over the long term. We will put in placeone of the biggest deficit reductions and the biggest change of federal priorities in our history at the same time.好几年,已有许多关于赤字的报告但是非常很少一点可信为处理它所作的努力.这计划做.我们计划严肃和在长任期的时间中处理预算赤字.同时我们将加进位置最大赤字我们历史的减少和联合的优先权中最大的改变之一.We are not cutting the deficit because the experts tellus to do so. We are cutting the deficit so that yourfamily can afford a college education for yourchildren. We are cutting the deficit so that yourchildren will someday be able to buy a home of their own. We are cutting the deficit so that your companycan invest in retraining its workers and retooling its factories. We are cutting the deficit so thatgovernment can make the investments that help us become stronger and smarter and safer.因为专家告诉我们做那样,我们是不要切断赤字.我们切断赤字,因此你的家庭能为你的孩子承受一大学教育的支出.我们切断赤字,因此你的孩子将有一天能买一个自己家.我们切断赤字,因此你的公司能把它的工人和用新机械设备装备它的工厂投资到retraining.我们切断赤字,因此政府能作投资,那个帮助人们变得更坚强更和更聪明的更和更安全的.If we do not act now, we will not recognize thiscountry ten years from now. Ten years from now, thedeficit will have grown to 635 billion dollars a year;the national debt will be almost 80 percent of ourgross domestic product. Paying the interest on thatdebt will be the costliest government program of all,and we will continue to be the world's largest debtor, depending on foreign funds for a large part of ournation's investments.如果现在,我们不行动,从现在十年我们将不承认这国家.从现在十年,一年赤字将向6350亿美元已发展;国债将是我们国内生产总值的百分之几乎80.付对那债务的兴趣将是所有的最代价大政府程序,和我们将继续是世界的最大债务人取决于外国一大部分我们国家的投资的基金.Budget预算Our budget will, by 1997, cut 140 billion dollars fromthe deficit ? one of the greatest real spending cuts byan American president. We are making more than 150 difficult, painful reductions which will cut federal spending by 246 billion dollars. We are eliminating programs that are no longer needed, such as nuclearpower research and development. We are slashingsubsidies and canceling wasteful projects. Many ofthese programs were justified in their time. But ifwe're going to start new plans, we must eliminate old ones. Government has been good at building programs,now we must show that we can limit them.我们预算意愿从赤字把一千四百亿美元削减1997-一个最伟大真正开。

两分钟做个小测试，看看你的英语水平/test/kuaisu.aspx?tid=16-73675-0A growing number of people think their job is useless. Time to rethink the meaning of work越来越多的人认为自己的工作毫无用途，是时候重新思考工作的意义了A great deal has been written in recent years about the perils of automation. With predicted mass unemployment, declining wages, and increasing inequality, clearly we should all be afraid.近年来，自动化所带来的风险不断被提及。

显然，我们应该为此感到恐惧，因为人们预言，自动化会造成大规模失业，减少工资，以及加剧不平等现象。

By now it’s no longer just the Silicon Valley trend watchers and technoprophets who are apprehensive. In a study that has already racked up several hundred citations, scholars at Oxford University have estimated that no less than 47% of all American jobs and 54% of those in Europe are at a high risk of being usurped by machines.如今，观察员和科技预言家们已经不再只忧心于硅谷的趋势了。

一项研究已经取得了上百个例证，牛津的学者们估计至少有47%的美国岗位和54%的欧洲岗位会被机器取代。

Chapter 1二、短语翻译。

英翻汉Sluggish economy 萧条的经济Full employment 充分就业Trade deficit 贸易赤字in-depth analysis 深入的分析Industrialized countries 工业化free-trade agreement 自由贸易协定international specialization国际专业化product differentiation 产品差别trade surplus 贸易盈余determinative factor 决定性因素三、汉翻英经济双赢economic win-win 关税壁垒tariff barrier收入不平等wage inequality 劳动生产率labor productivity解雇工人lay off works 生产要素factor of production双边协议bilateral deal 回归分析regression analysis市场准入market access 世界经济复world economic recovery四. Translation1. The monitoring system will finally substitute the US Government’s cap on cigar imports from Cuba.2. The quarrel between Mexico and the US will be no avail and it may disrupt the lifting of the agricultural tariffs under the North American Free Trade Agreement.3. An economic cooperation business forum, which will discusshow to minimize the negative impact of global economic imbalance adjustment on China, will take place shortly before the ministerial conference.4. Few Americans attribute this to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or business cycle.5. Recent research has shed light on the fact that there are heavy financial and political costs associated with the measures necessary to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases.6. There are rumors that the government struck a private deal with the corporation’s chairman last month.7. The opposition is exerting pressure on the US government to change the policy towards textile imports.8. Since the establishment of the bilateral free-trade agreement, the emerging economy has always been at the forefront of science and technology.9. In general, floating exchange rates are supposed to insulate countries from persistent differences in inflation with their trading partners.10. According to conservative estimates, by 2010, China’s import and export volume with North America and the EU would surpass $400 billion respectively, with ten ASEAN countries exceeding $200 billion.五、完形填空1.manufacturingpetitive3.deficit4.budget5.expanding6.recovery7.revival8.emerging9.innovation 10.propertyChapter2二、consumer-goods 消费品discount retailers折扣零售商brand equity 品牌资产价值advertising budget 广告预算real-time sales data 实时销售数据sales promotion促销profit margin 盈利scanner data扫描数据三、汉翻英价格溢价price premium 基线销售base-line sales减价price reductions 广告支出advertising spending营销组合marketing mix 销量溢价quantity premium产品数量（种类）product-line variety 美元分配allocation of dollars四. 翻译1. The government has allocated $ 0.1billion to the development and utilization of renewable energy in the rural areas.2. We should not develop the Western region at the expense of environment. Therefore the government has been following a sustainable development road attaching equal importance toeconomic development and environment protection.3. As a big responsible nation, China will strictly be abide by the WTO rules and honor its commitments.4. The rapid growth in China’s grain production can be ascribed to the fact that the Chinese government has implemented a series of reform policy and measures in the rural areas, such as raising the prices of grain purchased by the state.5. In the globalization era, not all countries play on the level playground. Some developing countries have to adhere to some marketing principles, or even accede to the requests of some governments.6. Over the past year, the global investment demand was on the wane; the major world currencies suffered swift turbulence and some emerging markets underwent severe financial crisis.7. Networks fundamentally alter the nature of competition and level the playing field, especially for smaller business regardless of the barriers like time and distance.8. Through micro credit projects, with the credit available on demand, farmers are able to pay back both the principle and interest in time.9. China’s vigorous economic development is indicative of the fact that China has become one of the countries that enjoy the highesteconomic growth speed in the world.10. With the reform of the wholly state-owned commercial banks, when some qualified commercial banks seek listing in the stock market, others certainly will follow suit.五、完形填空1.blame2.damaged3.short-term4.building5.profiability6.arm7.boosts8.orientation9.moreover 10.loweringChapter3二. Privileged minority 享有特权的少数人Gas station加油站Marketing research 市场调查Professional competence 专业技能A sales point 卖点Product design 产品设计Potential consumer潜在顾客Business disaster 商业灾难三、汉翻英日常生活daily life 广告活动advertising campaigns物理特征physical characteristic 视觉想象visual imagination国媒体national media 销售增长sales increase销售渠道distribution system产品到导向型的广告product-orientated advertising四. 翻译1. Experts have attributed the main cause of the company’s poor performance to its poor HR functions, especially the appointmentof the senior management.2. British Airways intends to create a more flexible and modern corporate culture through the relocation3. Rumors about redundancy make the company at its worst in terms of morale ever since its foundation.4. After financial scandals, many companies can only resort to charity activities to improve their corporate image.5. Politicians should not engage in business affairs that might affect their political judgment.6. As a sleeping partner of the enterprise, he is entitled to share the profits, but is deprived of participating in its management.7. After watching this interview, she realizes how difficult it is to be a venture capitalist. For one thing, you need to have the money; for another, you need to have the insight to pick the right(promising) start-ups.8. T o enter a specific market, in addition to acquiring sufficient knowledge about our target customers, we also need to know about the local policies and abide by them.9. With the efforts of these university students, it was brought to light that this world-famous multinational had established some sweat factories in China.10. In a time when customers change constantly and rapidly intheir needs, only companies who are quick to respond can survive and succeed in the end.五、完形填空1.sincere2.privileged3.led4.constitutes5.intellectual6.resort7.instead8.reduce9.clients 10.divertChapter4三. Phrase Translation1. 人口流动2. 供应商网络3.标准零配件4. 特殊制造技术3.互补经济体 6.反日情绪7. 外方合作人, 外国附属公司8.上市企业并购mergers and acquisition海外扩overseas expansion全球化战略globalization strategy保护主义措施protectionist measures市场准入access to market知识产权intellectual property right贸易伙伴trading partners资本投入capital investment四. 翻译1. Vendors now offer systems that work only with their hardware, but they are trying to make their equipment integrate with other’s hardware.2. Agricultural exports, by contrast, respond immediately, growing at an annual rate of 17.7 percent in 1980 and 1981.3. This book takes a strategic view of business and develops the ability to take a multidisciplinary approach to managing a business and resolving problems and issues.4. Thanks to the recession and 9/11, Mayor Michael Bloomberg must contend with a whopping budget deficit projected to 60 billion.5. Dispose of batteries properly. Do not throw them into fire or expose to high temperature.6. In the future, in addition to syndicating our groups’ efforts, we will ally with foreign companies to leverage advantages and enhance global competitiveness.7. We are certain that in due course of time, the economic reforms will have brought about results and benefits that will go beyond China’s boundaries.8. One of the major banks has lowered its interest rate and the other bank is expected to follow suit.9. During these quarterly meetings, it’s the boss’s responsibility to respond to each manager’s plan.10. We will put in place a new order of the socialist market economy through completing the market system and rectifying and regulating the market behavior.五、完形填空1. ambivalent,2.integration3. hindered4. from5. by.6. shortage,7. options8. acquisitions9. strategy 10. allianceChapte r 5三、汉翻英上市公司对…随时留意, 小心提防会计师事务所国外子公司经济规划的持观望态度(财务)调帐报告业绩评定指标/方法Generally accepted accounting principles revenue recognitionIncome statement earnings per share Managing director credit-rating agenciesFinance chiefs/executives institutionalinvestors四. 翻译1. Escal ating costs have almost wiped out the company’s profits from last year.2. This area is studded with bars all vying for customer attention. But it’s not easy to pin down what exactly it is that pleases customers the most.3. The project team decided to adhere to its original plan despite the appalling weather.4. At the press conference, the PR manager reiterated that the company’s operation has returned to normal. However, many private shareholders remain skeptical about such claims.5. The new labor law, which took effect last year, is likely to raise the labor cost of a considered number of enterprises6. The less senior employees are reluctant to express their views or make any suggestions because they don’t think their ideas will really be put into practice.7. Local relief organizations have also embarked on fund-raising campaigns so as to provide more financial support for the earthquake victims.8. Up to 30 companies submitted their request for price rises, but most of them didn’t stand a chance of getting approval from theregulatory agency.9. The decision-makers seem to have already given up on the reform program though its initiators are still trying hard to elicit support from other stakeholders.10. The new model, which has just been released onto the market recently, is being touted as the most energy-efficient and environmentally-friendly product of its kind.五、完形填空1. toll2.leveraged3. grips4. shaping5.counterpart6. joint7.potential8. with9.light 10. transparent 11. responses 12. onChapter 8三、汉翻英公司未来愿景消减成本利用资源投资组合untapped niches 尚未被竞争者发现的市场机会convenience stores 便利店market segments 市场细分premium brand 高端品牌实施战略execute strategy竞争优势competitive advantage实证研究empirical studies核心品牌core brand分销系统distribution system控股公司 a holding company文化冲突culture clashes股东财富shareholders wealth四. 翻译1. The management believes that its existing manufacturing and marketing expertise can be leveraged with the new business.2. Jack Welch, General Electric chairman, was universally acclaimed as one of the most successful manager in the 20th century.3. The Japanese company is unanimous in its support of divestiture since the acquired business unit is destroying the corporate value.4. This study reveals several fault lines that companies frequently encounter as they execute their corporate strategy.5. Problems arose at the very outset when Anheuser Busch acquired Eagle Snacks.6. AT&T put up with losses in NCR almost from the start, butcontinued to subsidize it.7. Mattel expected to derive above-average profitability from the acquisition of The Learning Company.8. We must bear in mind that a corporate strategy must be constantly evaluated and divestiture decisions made before it is too late.9. AT&T realized that telecom equipment is not identical to computer technologies.10. We can’t view the fai lure of the acquisition strategy in isolation. It’s the result of a combination of several factors, rather than unidimensional.五、完形填空1.acquisitions .2.executing3.divestiture4.at5. on6.plunged7.that8.synergies9.core 10.premium。