Dynamic Allocation of Resources to Improve Scientific Return with Onboard Automated Plannin

汉译英 知识和技术创新是⼈类经济、社会发展的重要动⼒源泉。

中国将致⼒于建设国家创新体系，通过营造良好的环境，推进知识创新、技术创新和体制创新，这是中国实现跨世纪发展的必由之路。

中国政府⽀持科学家在国家需求和科学前沿的结合上开展基础研究，尊重科学家独特的敏感和创造精神，⿎励他们进⾏“好奇⼼驱动的研究”。

在未来50年甚⾄更长的时期⾥，中国的发展将在很⼤程度上依赖于今天基础研究和⾼技术研究的创新成就，依赖于这些研究所必然孕育的优秀⼈才。

【参考译⽂】 Knowledge and technological innovation is an important driving force behind the economic and social development of mankind. China will be dedicated to establishing a national innovation system to promote knowledge, technological and institutional innovation through the creation of a favorable environment. It is the only road for China to achieve its trans-century development. The Chinese government supports scientists in conducting their research in basic science, respects their unique sensitivity and creativity, and encourages them to conduct “research driven by curiosity” to meet national demand and to maintain in the scientific forefront. China’s development will largely rely on innovation achievements in today’s research in basic science and high technology, and also on the outstanding talents bound to be nurtured in the course of these researches.。

翻译句子（原文部分）A business must anticipate when it will need cash and make sure it has access to cash at critical times. 74A trademark is a distinctive mark, motto, device, or emblem that its creator stamps, prints, or otherwise affixes to the goods it produces so that they may be identified on the market and their origin vouched for. 26According to the marketing company era view of business, the entire organization is structured to discover and respond to what customers want in the products and services the company creates and offers for sale. 67Advertising differs from personal selling in that the seller cannot gauge the reaction of the buyer to the advertising message. 72After the screening process is done and hiring decisions are made, it is necessary to place the employees. 53An a ppreciation of the organization’s strategy helps all of its members relate their work assignments more closely to the direction of the organization and influence that direction in a positive manner. 31But the logistics of delivering those appliances, maintaining the fleet of vehicles to make the deliveries (either as part of the company’s support staff or outsourced to third-party vendors), and tracking inventories to manage supply and demand are also part of the “place” decisions that fall under the 4Ps of marketing. 69By knowing what is supposed to be done within a particular job, an organization is able to better look for employees who possess the necessary knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics required for a job that it is seeking to fill. 48By the 1930s enough manufacturers had successfully increased production to the point that most industries in Western countries had greater capacity to produce than was supported by demand among their potential customers. 58By way of example, the government has declared that employment discrimination based on race, sex and national origins is illegal under the Civil Rights Act of 1964, subjecting companies to damage claims and other penalties for discriminatory employment conditions they aloe to exist.23Care must be taken to use all of these sources of funding carefully so that future opportunities are not overly compromised by poor decisions made in the past. 14Commoditization refer to the increasing difficulty firms have distinguishing their products and services from those of their rivals. 44Contract law seeks to assure that promises under private agreements are enforceable and that parties under a contract honor their respective obligations. 27Debates over the nature of the organization’s competitive advantage, its mission, and whether or not a strategic plan is really needed can be widespread. 32During the sales era, most companies taught sales people aggressive selling techniques that focused on overcoming potential resistance on the part of buyers. 59Each of the stakeholders have slightly different value interests in the business, but only when all of the stakeholders are satisfied is the business likely to be successful. 10Each of the sub-systems (sub-processes) can impact each other and the overall system at one and the same time. 5Firms can become proactive by choosing to operate in environments where opportunities and threats match the firms’ strengths and weaknesses. 40Following a discussion of this evolution, it will be possible to offer a modern definition of marketing as it is operationalized in American business practice. 57For example, an employee in a company’s research and development department may attend a trade show where a new product or production process idea that seems relevant to the company is discussed. 42For example, many companies have switched from product containers that are not biodegradable to ones that are made from recyclable paper that are biodegradable. 73For example, the success of Japanese car manufacturers, particularly Toyota and Honda, in capturing large shares of the US automobile market is due in large part to the constant effort of these companies to build cars with the features American consumers want. 62For instance asking a potential employee if they enjoy working with others might be a useful question to ask someone seeking a job as a customer service representative but not as useful for a programmer who might be expected to work for hours at a time with little human interaction-it might actually be a negative indicator for the computer programmer. 54For instance, if a party to enter in to the contract, that would form the basis of undue influence and would make the contract voidable at the option of the threatened part. 29Future cash inflows are discounted at an appropriate rate which for an average risk project is the firm’s cost of capit al. 79Hindu law is prominent primarily in India where it exists alongside secular law derived from the British Common Law. 22However, the comprehensive, systematic model proposed herein is presented as a starting point for understanding the strategic management process. 36However, the type of formal, systematic strategic planning proposed in this text is not without its critics. 35Human resource planning is where the human resource management strategy and the organization mission come together in determining the numbers and skill sets needed for employees based upon the future plans of the organization. 51If one firm deviates from the industry norm and implemented a new, successful strategy, other firms would rapidly mimic the higher-performing firm by purchasing the resources, competencies, or management talent that have made the leading firm so profitable. 39If the value of assets exceeds the value of liabilities and equity, the firm requires external financing to that extent. 75In fact, increasing the retention ratio from 50% to 80% eliminates the need for external funds ad AFN equals 0. 76In the marketing company era, overall business strategy is developed with extensive participation by the marketing department and the use of marketing research to help the company decide how to better serve customers. 61IO assumes that an organization’s performance and ultimate survival depend on its ability to adapt to industry forces over which it has little or no control. 38It emphasizes the principle of stare decisis, that is, the authority of prior decisions in resolving current cases. 19It is in the context of this more complicated view of how businesses operate in an increasinglycompetitive and global environment, that we can now offer a definition of marketing. 68It is rather that profit is defined differently and the resources to produce that profit are acquired somewhat differently. 16It occurs, for example, when Amazon. Com suggests top-selling books for customers at its web site based on previous product searches or purchases. 45It often requires modification as environmental or organizational conditions change, or as top management’s ability to interpret these changes improves. 34Many businesses find that the detail of the pro forma statements is worth the time it takes to construct them. 77Modern human resources management practice has a dual heritage developing out of Scientific Management and the notion of personnel work as improving the welfare of employees. 47Most companies have them all at some time in the company life cycle. 8Most of accounting is done by accountants who are employees of the business. 13Not all companies have every one of these stakeholders at any given time. 7NPV is simply the present value of expected future cash inflows minus the initial investment. 78 Objective evidence must be shown to demonstrate the existence of a contract in order for an aggrieved party to succeed in a claim for breach of contract. 28Of the types of organizational capital upon which an organization depends its focus is on the human capital as opposed to the financial capital or the physical capital. 46Only the major stakeholders will be introduced but not covered in detail. 9Punishment for violations is fast and sometimes harsh by western standards. 21Resource-based theory is applied directly to the internal analysis phase and the effort to identify an organization’s resources that could lead to sustained competitive advantage. 41Selling activities expanded to include more impersonal forms of communication and organization created marketing departments to coordinate all the selling activities of the firm.60Some organizations only consider external applicants (people not yet employees of the organization) for entry-level positions so in such a situation if seeking more senior employees in such a case the organization need only advertise internally (for individuals already employed by the organization who may be seeking career advancement). 52Staff functions in contrast are not traditionally directly involved in the production of products or services. 65Strategic management is a broader term that includes top management’s analysis of the environment in which the organization operates prior to formulating a strategy, as well as the plan for implementation and control of the strategy. 33Substantive law is concerned with the laws that define, describe, regulate and create the rights and responsibilities of the parties to a lawsuit. 24That is the very nature of business for that is the only way to sustain a livelihood. 3The business signs an indemnity contract with an insurance company agreeing to make regular cash payments called premiums in exchange for a promise by the insurer to reimburse the company if the property is damaged or destroyed by perils such as fire or flood. 80The central tenet of industrial organization theory is the nation that a firm must adapt to influences in its industry to survive and prosper, and thus its financial performance is primarily determined by the success of the industry in which it competes. 37The first may be thought of as research, the second may be thought of as teaching and the third asservice.56The lack of consumer knowledge, as well as the lack of time and expertise required to pursue it, results in higher selling prices for many of the retailers. 43The line functions are activities which create the product or service that the company sells at a profit. 64The means of transforming input into outputs is by means of business processes. 6The predominant characteristic of Common Law is its dependence on judicial decisions, developed over a period of time. 18The role of court decisions, is minimized, although this is changing as these systems are influenced by court decisions in Common Law countries. 20The sanctions against a defendant in civil cast are generally monetary whereas in criminal court the penalties include not only fines but imprisonment or even execution (in the case of a capital offense). 25The strategic challenges it faces are usually ambiguous and unstructured, requiring its managers to understand the relationships among the organization’s parts and chart a course for moving it forward. 30There are a number of definitions of English word business. 1These tools are referred to as a mix because how they are combined, in what order, proportion, and relative importance is usually customized by the seller with the intention of optimizing the overall effectiveness of the selling/marketing activity. 71They also must then go through refresher courses at predetermined intervals in order to ensure that they remain combat ready and that they do not forget what they were trained to do and how they are supposed to do what they are trained to do, 55They are circular in nature as opposed to the linear type of relationship that is assumed in the process concept. 4This process is further complicated by the need to accomplish this while enabling the business to meet its profit. 11Thus price-related decisions are concerned with not only supply and demand issues but also with how perceptions of price relate to how customers may distinguish a product from its competition.70To a large extent, this view of marketing as a staff function holds true in the marketing company era. 66Traditionally, businesses have considered line functions as those activities that directly relate to the production of the goods or services that are sold by the firm. 63We will attempt to identify and define the components of this definition. 2While each system provides unique information for the business, they are generally integrated to provide management with the information necessary to make reasoned decisions. 15While there is some overlap-both require that one be able to manage time effectively-typing is likely a more highly valued skill for the administrative assistant while lecturing/teaching/speaking in front of audiences would likely be more important for the professor. 50While these categories are, of course, an oversimplification, with much overlapping, a company doing business in a legal system different from its own must learn the perimeters of the foreign law. 17Without the systematic study of what SHOULD be done within a job, employees involved in thehiring process are more likely to introduce personal bias, prejudices, and other non-job relevant information possibly leading to a less than optimal hiring decision. 49Without t hese reports, it would not be possible to accurately inform the stakeholders on the overall health of the business. 12翻译句子（翻译部分）1.英语单词business有许多定义。

动态能力和战略管理DAVID J.TEECE1*,GARY PISANO2 and AMY SHUEN3动态能力结构分析了技术快速变革环境中由个体经营的个体企业公司所获取的可以赢利的资源和方法。

人们认为，公司的竞争优势是在特定过程（协同和合并）基础上建立的，并由公司特有的资产定位（例如公司中相对不易交换的知识资本及其他互补资产的结构）和已采纳或继承的发展方式中形成的。

路径依赖的重要性在于详述持续赢利能力条件的存在方式。

一个企业的竞争优势能否以及何种程度上被削弱取决于市场需求的稳定性以及其自身在内部被传播和被竞争中模仿的难易程度。

若假设成立，这个结构认为在技术快速变革体质下一个个体的赢利能力很大程度上取决于公司内部技术发展、组织和管理的过程。

简言之，识别新机会、有效组织以及两者的高效结合在通常情况下比战略更加重要。

战略意味着开发新的商业产品服务以打破竞争对手的平衡、提高竞争对手的成本、驱逐新进入者。

1997by John Wiley ＆Sosns.ltd.引言在战略管理领域中，最基本的问题是企业如何获得并保持竞争优势。

我们在此用动态能力（既企业得以赢利的资源）观点来探讨这个问题。

对这个结构的发展源于作者的一个发现，即战略原理在分析公司层次上分析如何保持和防护现存竞争优势上非常圆满，但在对帮助理解一个公司为何以及怎样在快速变化的体制中建立竞争优势上稍显逊色。

我们的方法是与基于创新的竞争、价格质量对抗、持续盈利、“富有创造性摧毁”现存竞争的社会中紧密相关的。

这个观点试图解释在公司层次上的失败。

我们对为公司表现建立一个更好的理论以及告知经理实践两者都有兴趣。

为使我们的分析在一定程度上和现存方法展现出异同点，我们从简短回顾以往的战略管理中所采取的结构开始。

我们试图挖掘出其中暗含的假设，并且识别现在的竞争状况（作为对竞争战略即是一种有用描述工具优势标准理论的每个典范观点都会展现出一些比较优势）。

在1980年主流的观点是由波特(1980)发展的竞争力量模型。

化工进展Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress2023 年第 42 卷第 4 期高温热泵蒸汽系统的动态响应及扰动优化刘广平1，2，陆振能2，龚宇烈1，2（1 中国科学技术大学能源科学与技术学院，广东 广州 510640；2 中国科学院广州能源研究所，广东 广州 510640）摘要：为提升以R1233zd(E)为工质的高温热泵蒸汽系统在非设计工况下系统运行的稳定性，基于Modelica 语言建立了系统的仿真模型，考察了是否带有回热器及热源温度、质量流量、工质质量流量这些内外扰动对系统性能的影响。

结果表明，在添加回热器后系统的性能系数提升了16.1%，沿着工质的流动方向，越远离波动源工质性能参数越趋于稳定，且状态参数的灵敏性排序为：工质质量流量扰动>热源温度扰动>热源质量流量扰动。

另外，为提高系统抗干扰性，通过PI 控制器对节流阀开度进行调节，优化后内外部扰动下所有性能参数的稳定性都得以提升，尤其是工质质量流量扰动下从无法稳定输出蒸汽到以较稳定方式输出140℃蒸汽，且三扰动因素下其产汽量分别提升了20.8%、3.0%和1.9%。

关键词：高温热泵；闪蒸；动态仿真；内外部扰动；优化；Modelica 语言中图分类号：TK123 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1000-6613（2023）04-1719-09Dynamic response and disturbance optimization of high temperatureheat pump steam systemsLIU Guangping 1，2，LU Zhenneng 2，GONG Yulie 1，2(1 School of Energy Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China,Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China; 2 Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, ChineseAcademy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China)Abstract: In order to improve the stability of the system operation of the high temperature heat pumpsteam system with R1233zd(E) as the refrigerant under off-design conditions, a simulation model of the system was established based on Modelica to investigate the effect of the factors, such as with or without internal heat-exchanger (IHX), and heat source temperature, mass flow rate, and refrigerant mass flow rate on the system performance. The results showed that the coefficient of performance (COP) of the system improved by 16.1% after adding the IHX, the performance parameters tended to be more stable along the flow direction of the refrigerant, the farther away from the fluctuating source, and the sensitivityof the state parameters was ranked as: refrigerant flow perturbation>heat source temperature perturbation>heat source mass flow perturbation. In addition, the stability of all performance parameters under disturbances was improved by adjusting the throttle valve opening through a PI controller to improve thesystem’s immunity to disturbances, especially the steam output under the refrigerant mass flow disturbance研究开发DOI ：10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2022-1167收稿日期：2022-06-22；修改稿日期：2022-08-29。

中科院物理所自动流程控制英语英文回答：Automatic Process Control at the Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences.The Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IOPCAS) is a leading research institution in the field of physics. The institute has a long history of excellence in basic research, and its scientists have made significant contributions to our understanding of the fundamental laws of nature. In recent years, IOPCAS has also become a leader in the development of new technologies, including those for automatic process control.Automatic process control is a key technology for many industries, including manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, and energy. It allows engineers to automate the control of complex processes, which can improve efficiency, safety, and productivity. IOPCAS has developed a number ofinnovative automatic process control technologies, which are used in a variety of applications.One of IOPCAS's most successful automatic process control technologies is its intelligent control system for high-power lasers. This system uses a variety of sensors and actuators to monitor and control the laser's operation. The system can automatically adjust the laser's power, wavelength, and pulse duration to meet the desired specifications. This system has been used in a variety of applications, including laser cutting, welding, and materials processing.IOPCAS has also developed a number of other automatic process control technologies, including:A self-tuning controller for temperature control.A model-based predictive controller for chemical processes.A fuzzy logic controller for robotic systems.These technologies have been used in a variety of applications, including:Semiconductor manufacturing.Pharmaceutical production.Energy generation and distribution.Robotics.IOPCAS is committed to the development of new and innovative automatic process control technologies. The institute's scientists are working on a number of new projects, including:The development of a new generation of intelligent control systems.The application of artificial intelligence to automatic process control.The development of new sensors and actuators for automatic process control.IOPCAS is confident that its automatic process control technologies will continue to play a major role in the development of new industries and technologies.中文回答：中国科学院物理研究所自动流程控制。

英文科技论文写作_北京理工大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年1.If a real physical system shows a variation of both material properties acrossthe graded layer, the assumed linear variation may not give the bestapproximation.答案:may2.The idea of 'community' in terms of GRT lives is very strong and could beseen to correspond to some of the nostalgic constructs that non-GRT groups place on 'community'.答案:could be seen3.Is the research topic “How safe is nuclear power” effective?答案:正确4.Decide whether the following statement is true or false.c.Introductionincludes more detailed information than abstract.答案:正确5.Tertiary education may be ________ asthe period of study which is spent atuniversity.答案:defined6.Unbalanced Force ________ tothe sum total or net force exerted on an object.答案:refers7.This scatter can be attributed to the difficulties in measuring the dent depthdue to specimen processing.答案:can be attributed8.Choose a proper word from the choices to complete the following sentence.Arocket traveling away from Earth ____________ a speed greater than 11.186kilometers per second (6.95 miles per second) or 40,270 kilometers per hour (25,023 mph) will eventually escape Earth’s gravity.答案:at9.Choose a proper word from the choices to complete the following sentence.Inmechanical systems, power, the rate of doing work, can be computed____________ the product of force × velocity.答案:as10.Choose a proper word from the choices to complete the followingsentence.N ewton’s first law, the law of inertia, __________ that it takes a force to change the motion of an object.答案:states11.Choose a proper word from the choices to complete the followingsentence.Newton’s second law relates force, acceleration, and mass and it is often ___________ as the equation:f = ma答案:written12.Choose a proper word from the choices to complete the followingsentence.Because all types of energy can be expressed ___________ the sameunits, joules, this conversion can be expressed quantitatively in simplemodels.答案:in13.Choose a proper word from the choices to complete the followingsentence.So a key difference between a rocket and a jet plane is ____________ a rocket’s engine lifts it directly upward into the sky, whereas a jet’s engin es simply speed the plane forward so its wings can generate lift.答案:that14.Which of the following are the guidelines for writing formulas and equations?答案:Numbering all equations in sequence if referred to later._Centeringequations on their own separate lines._Using equations as grammatical units in sentences._Defining the symbols that are used.15.Acceleration relates to motion. It ________ a change in motion.答案:means16.Assertiveness is ________ asa skill of being able to stand up for your own orother people's rights in a calm and positive way, without being eitheraggressive, or passively accepting 'wrong'.答案:viewed17.The force that pushes a rocket upward is ________ thrust.答案:called18.Water ________ a liquid made up of molecules of hydrogen and oxygen in theratio of 2 to 1.答案:is19.The number of private cars increased ______60% from 2015 to 2016.答案:by20.Which can be the situations for writing a researchproposal?答案:Applying for an opportunity for a project_Applying for a bachelor’s, or master’s or doctor’s degree_Applying for some research funds or grants21.Who are usually the readers of the research proposals?答案:Specialists_Professors_Supervisors for the students_Professionals22.What are the elements to make the research proposal persuasive?答案:Reasonable budget_Clear Schedule_A Capable research team_Theimportance and necessity of the research question23.What are the language features of the research proposal?答案:Future tense_First person24.The purpose of writing a proposal is to ________________ the readers that theresearch plan is feasible and we are capable to do it.答案:persuade25.What types of information are generally supposed to be included in theintroduction section in the report?答案:Background_Summary of the results and conclusion_The purpose of the research26.Please decide whether the following statement is T(true) orF(false)according to the video.Discussion section analyzesand evaluates the research methods.答案:错误27.Please decide whether the following statement is T(true) orF(false)according to the video.Conclusion and recommendation sectionstates the significance of the findings and usually includes possible directions for further research.答案:正确28.These causes affected different regions differently in the 1990s, ______ Europehaving as much as 9.8% of degradation due to deforestation.答案:with29.Coal is predicted to increase steadily to 31q in 2030, whereas gas will remainstable ______ 25q.答案:at30.Manufacturing value added amounted ______12.3% of total U.S. grossdomestic product (GDP) in 2012, according to United Nations calculations.答案:to31.Chinese manufacturing value added accounted ______ 30.6% of its economy’stotal output in 2012, according to the UN.答案:for32.Japan ranked third ______ manufacturing value added at $1.1 trillion (seeFigure 1).答案:in33.About 4.2% of the 1,120 respondents were younger than 20 years, and 26.7%were ______ 21 and 30 years old.答案:between34.______ all the respondents, 67.1% were married and 32.9% were single.答案:of35.Decide whether the following statement is true or false.b.Both introductionand abstract include research findings.答案:错误36.Decide whether the following statement is true or false.a.It is possible to findtables or diagrams in introduction.答案:正确37.What are the possible contents of an introduction?答案:Reviewing the existing literature relevant to the presentstudy_Announcing the purpose/focus of the study_Identifying a gap in the existing literature_Explaining the significance or necessity of the research38.Choose the proper answers for the following questions.Ways to organize thereferences include:答案:a. Chronological order of publications_b. Researchmethods_c. Research theories_d. Research modes39.This indicates that there is a possibility of obtaining fluid density from soundspeed measurements and suggests that it is possible to measure soundabsorption with an ultrasonic cell to determine oil viscosity.In this sentence, the writer presents答案:Implication40.The measurements were shown to lead to an accurate determination of thebubble point of the oil.In this sentence, the writer presents答案:Results and achievement41.An ultrasonic cell was constructed to measure the speed of sound and testedin a crude oil sample. The speed of sound was measured at temperaturesbetween 260 and 411 K at pressures up to 75 MPs.In this sentence, thewriter presents答案:Methodology42.The aim of this study was to investigate the use of an ultrasonic cell todetermine crude oil properties, in particular oil density.In this sentence, the writer presents答案:Research aim43. A citation gives the s____ where the information or idea is from.答案:source44.An in-text citation usually includes information about the author and thep____ year.答案:publishing##%_YZPRLFH_%##publication45.To avoid plagiarism, using citations is the best way to give c____ to theoriginal author.答案:credit46.The publication details of the references listed at the end of the paper usuallyare put in a____ order.答案:alphabetical##%_YZPRLFH_%##alphabetic##%_YZPRLFH_%##alphab et47.The speed of sound in a fluid is determined by, and therefore an indicator of,the thermodynamic properties of that fluid.In this sentence, the writerpresents答案:Background factual information48.Citations are not necessary if the source is not clear.答案:错误49.Unintentional plagiarism can be excused.答案:错误50.Citing will make our writing less original.答案:错误51.Citing can effectively stress the originality of someone’s work.答案:正确52.As for the purposes of a literature review, which one is not included?答案:predicting the trend in relation to a central research question orhypothesis53. A literature review could be possibly presented as a/an ______.答案:all of the above54.The heading “Brief review of literature: drawing a timeline from 2005 to2017” shows the literature review is arranged in ______ order.答案:chronological55.About writing a literature review, which of the following statements is notcorrect?答案:To show respect to others’ work, our own interpretations should not be included.56.In terms of the writing feature, a research paper resembles a/an______.答案:argumentation57.Each citation can only have one particular citing purpose.答案:错误pared with in-text citations, the end-of-text references are more detailed.答案:正确59.In-text citations provide the abbreviation of an author’s given/first namerather than family/last name.答案:错误60.When the Chinese writers’ ideas are cited, the first names in Pinyin will begiven in in-text citations.答案:错误61.When a process is described, _____________ are usually used to show the orderof the stages or steps.答案:sequencers62.To help the reader better understand a complicated process, _____________ is(are) very often used.答案:visual aids63.What information is usually included when defining a process?答案:Equipment._Product_Material64.Decide whether the following statement is true or false.Researchers arerequired to use past tense when describing a process.答案:错误65.Decide whether the following statement is true or false.A definition of theprocess is very often given first when a process is described.答案:正确66.Escherichia coli, when found in conjunction with urethritis, often indicateinfection higher in the uro-genital tract.答案:正确67.The 'management' of danger is also not the sort of language to appear withinpolicy documents that refer to GRT children, which reflects systematicfailures in schools.错误68.Conceivably, different forms, changing at different rates and showingcontrasting combinations of characteristics, were present in different areas.答案:正确69.Viewing a movie in which alcohol is portrayed appears to lead to higher totalalcohol consumption of young people while watching the movie.答案:正确70.Furthermore, this proves that humans are wired to imitate.答案:错误71.One possibility is that generalized latent inhibition is likely to be weaker thanthat produced by pre-exposure to the CS itself and thus is more likely to be susceptible to the effect of the long interval.答案:正确72.It is unquestionable that our survey proved that the portrayal of alcohol anddrinking characters in movies directly leads to more alcohol consumption in young adult male viewers when alcohol is available within the situation.错误73.Implications of these findings may be that, if moderation of alcoholconsumption in certain groups is strived for, it may be sensible to cut down on the portrayal of alcohol in programmes aimed at these groups and thecommercials shown in between.答案:正确74.This effect might occur regardless of whether it concerns a real-lifeinteraction.答案:正确75.It definitely proves that a movie in which a lot of partying is involved triggersa social process between two participants that affects total drinking amounts.答案:错误76.It is believed that alcohol related health problems are on the rise.答案:believed77.Drinking to excess, or 'binge drinking' is often the cause of inappropriatebehaviour amongst teenagers.often78.It seems as though the experiment conducted simply confirms suspicionsheld by the academic and medical professions.答案:seems79.However, attrition was greatest among the heaviest drinking segment of thesample, suggesting under-estimation in the findings, and although the study provided associational, prospective evidence on alcohol advertising effects on youth drinking, it addressed limitations of other research, particularly the unreliability of exposure measures based on self-reporting (Synder andSlater, 2006).答案:suggesting80.These differences may be due to the fact participants reporting higherconsumption levels were primed to overrate their weekly drinking by the condition they were in.答案:may81.The crack tends to grow into the more brittle material and then stay in there,whether the initial crack tip lies in the graded material or in the more ductile material (and thereafter advances across the graded layer.答案:tends82.Decidewhether hedging language is used in thesentence below.Light smokingseems to have dramatic effects on cardiovascular disease.答案:正确83.Decidewhether hedging language is used in thesentence below.The impact ofthe UK’s ageing population will lead to increased welfare costs. Definitely,this will result in higher taxes and an increased retirement age for younger people.答案:错误84.Decidewhether hedging language is used in thesentence below.Althoughduration of smoking is also important when considering risk, it is highlycorrelated with age, which itself is a risk factor, so separating their effectscan be difficult.答案:正确85.Decidewhether hedging language is used in thesentence below.All these factstaken together point toward the likely presence of calcium carbonate in the soils that Phoenix has analyzed.答案:正确86.Decidewhether hedging language is used in thesentence below.Because thesefeatures are carved into the Tharsis Plateau, they must have an intermediate age.答案:错误87.Decidewhether hedging language is used in thesentence below.They appearto be covered with multiple layers of volcanic flows and sedimentary debris that originated in the south.答案:正确88.Decidewhether hedging language is used in thesentence below.Steven M.Clifford of the Lunar and Planetary Science Institute in Houston, amongothers, has conjectured that melting under a glacier or a thick layer ofpermafrost could also have recharged subterranean water sources.答案:正确89.Decidewhether hedging language is used in thesentence below.Earlier thisyear Philip Christensen of Arizona State University discovered gullies that clearly emerge from underneath a bank of snow and ice.答案:错误90.Put the following expressions in the proper place of the Discussion.A. Thesedata suggestB. In this study, we demonstrate C. it is critical to emphasizeD.additional research will be requiredE. we were unable todetermineDiscussionIndividuals who recover from certain viral infections typically develop virus-specific antibody responses that provide robustprotective immunity against re-exposure, but some viruses do not generate protective natural immunity, such as HIV-1. Human challenge studies for the common cold coronavirus 229E have suggested that there may be partialnatural immunity. However, there is currently no data whether humans who have recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection are protected from re-exposure.This is a critical issue with profound implications for vaccine development, public health strategies, antibody-based therapeutics, and epidemiologicmodeling of herd immunity. _____1_______ that SARS-CoV-2 infection in rhesusmacaques provided protective efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 rechallenge.We developed a rhesus macaque model of SARS-CoV-2 infection thatrecapitulates many aspects of human SARS-CoV-2 infection, including high levels of viral replication in the upper and lower respiratory tract and clear pathologic evidence of viral pneumonia. Histopathology,immunohistochemistry, RNAscope, and CyCIF imaging demonstratedmultifocal clusters of virus infected cells in areas of acute inflammation, with evidence for virus infection of alveolar pneumocytes and ciliated bronchial epithelial cells. ______2_______ the utility of rhesus macaques as a model forSARS-CoV-2 infection for testing vaccines and therapeutics and for studying immunopathogenesis. However, neither nonhuman primate model led torespiratory failure or mortality, and thus further research will be required to develop a nonhuman primate model of severe COVID-19 disease.SARS-CoV-2 infection in rhesus macaques led to humoral and cellular immune responses and provided protection against rechallenge. Residual low levels ofsubgenomic mRNA in nasal swabs in a subset of animals and anamnesticimmune responses in all animals following SARS-CoV-2 rechallenge suggest that protection was mediated by immunologic control and likely was notsterilizing.Given the near-complete protection in all animals following SARS-CoV-2 rechallenge, ______3_______ immune correlates of protection in thisstudy. SARS-CoV-2 infection in rhesus monkeys resulted in the induction of neutralizing antibody titers of approximately 100 by both a pseudovirusneutralization assay and a live virus neutralization assay, but the relativeimportance of neutralizing antibodies, other functional antibodies, cellular immunity, and innate immunity to protective efficacy against SARS-CoV-2remains to be determined. Moreover, ______4_______ to define the durability of natural immunity.In summary, SARS-CoV-2 infection in rhesus macaquesinduced humoral and cellular immune responses and provided protectiveefficacy against SARS-CoV-2 rechallenge. These data raise the possibility that immunologic approaches to the prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2infection may in fact be possible. However,______5_______ that there areimportant differences between SARS-CoV-2 infection in macaques andhumans, with many parameters still yet to be defined in both species, andthus our data should be interpreted cautiously. Rigorous clinical studies will be required to determine whether SARS-CoV-2 infection effectively protects against SARS-CoV-2 re-exposure in humans.答案:BAEDC91.Rearrange the order of the following sentences to make a coherent andmeaningful abstract.1.These antibodies neutralized 10 representative SARS-CoV-2 strains, suggesting a possible broader neutralizing ability against otherstrains. Three immunizations using two different doses, 3 or 6 micrograms per dose, provided partial or complete protection in macaques against SARS-CoV-2 challenge, respectively, without observable antibody-dependentenhancement of infection.2.The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in an unprecedented public health crisis. Because of the novelty of the virus, there are currently no SARS-CoV-2–specifictreatments or vaccines available.3.Therefore, rapid development of effective vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are urgently needed.4.Here, we developed apilot-scale production of PiCoVacc, a purified inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus vaccine candidate, which induced SARS-CoV-2–specific neutralizingantibodies in mice, rats, and nonhuman primates.5.These data support the clinical development and testing of PiCoVacc for use in humans.答案:2341592.It seems likely that the details of the predictions depend on the assumedvariations of the toughness parameter and the yield stress.答案:It seems likely that93.The Relationships of Meteorological Factors and Nutrient Levels withPhytoplankton Biomass in a Shallow Eutrophic Lake Dominated byCyanobacteria, Lake Dianchi from 1991 to 2013A. The SHs, WS, and TPconcentrations controlled the bloom dynamics during the dry season, among which the TP concentration was the most important factors, whereas the TN and TP concentrations were the primary factors during the rainy season.B.Interannual analysis revealed that the phytoplankton biomass increased with increases in air temperature and TP concentration, with TP concentration as the main contributing factor.C. The results of our study demonstrated that both meteorological factors and nutrient levels had important roles incontrolling cyanobacterial bloom dynamics.D. All of these results suggest that both climate change regulation and eutrophication management should be considered in strategies aimed at controlling cyanobacterial blooms.E. Insummary, we analyzed the effects of meteorological factors and nutrientlevels on bloom dynamics in Lake Dianchi to represent the phytoplanktonbiomass.F. Further studies should assess the effects of climate change andeutrophication on cyanobacterial bloom dynamics based on data collected over a longer duration and more frequent and complete variables, andappropriate measures should be proposed to control these blooms.G.Decreasing nutrient levels, particularly the TP load should be initiallyconsidered during the entire period and during the dry season, anddecreasing both the TN and TP loads should be considered during the rainy season.H. However, the relative importance of these factors may changeaccording to precipitation patterns.1.2.B3.A4.G5.5. __________答案:F94.The Relationships of Meteorological Factors and Nutrient Levels withPhytoplankton Biomass in a Shallow Eutrophic Lake Dominated byCyanobacteria, Lake Dianchi from 1991 to 2013A. The SHs, WS, and TPconcentrations controlled the bloom dynamics during the dry season, among which the TP concentration was the most important factors, whereas the TN and TP concentrations were the primary factors during the rainy season.B.Interannual analysis revealed that the phytoplankton biomass increased with increases in air temperature and TP concentration, with TP concentration as the main contributing factor.C. The results of our study demonstrated that both meteorological factors and nutrient levels had important roles incontrolling cyanobacterial bloom dynamics.D. All of these results suggest that both climate change regulation and eutrophication management should be considered in strategies aimed at controlling cyanobacterial blooms.E. Insummary, we analyzed the effects of meteorological factors and nutrientlevels on bloom dynamics in Lake Dianchi to represent the phytoplanktonbiomass.F. Further studies should assess the effects of climate change andeutrophication on cyanobacterial bloom dynamics based on data collected over a longer duration and more frequent and complete variables, andappropriate measures should be proposed to control these blooms.G.Decreasing nutrient levels, particularly the TP load should be initiallyconsidered during the entire period and during the dry season, anddecreasing both the TN and TP loads should be considered during the rainy season.H. However, the relative importance of these factors may changeaccording to precipitation patterns.1.2.B3.A4.G5.4. __________答案:D95.The Relationships of Meteorological Factors and Nutrient Levels withPhytoplankton Biomass in a Shallow Eutrophic Lake Dominated byCyanobacteria, Lake Dianchi from 1991 to 2013A. The SHs, WS, and TPconcentrations controlled the bloom dynamics during the dry season, among which the TP concentration was the most important factors, whereas the TN and TP concentrations were the primary factors during the rainy season.B.Interannual analysis revealed that the phytoplankton biomass increased with increases in air temperature and TP concentration, with TP concentration as the main contributing factor.C. The results of our study demonstrated that both meteorological factors and nutrient levels had important roles incontrolling cyanobacterial bloom dynamics.D. All of these results suggest that both climate change regulation and eutrophication management should be considered in strategies aimed at controlling cyanobacterial blooms.E. Insummary, we analyzed the effects of meteorological factors and nutrientlevels on bloom dynamics in Lake Dianchi to represent the phytoplanktonbiomass.F. Further studies should assess the effects of climate change andeutrophication on cyanobacterial bloom dynamics based on data collected over a longer duration and more frequent and complete variables, andappropriate measures should be proposed to control these blooms.G.Decreasing nutrient levels, particularly the TP load should be initiallyconsidered during the entire period and during the dry season, anddecreasing both the TN and TP loads should be considered during the rainy season.H. However, the relative importance of these factors may changeaccording to precipitation patterns.1.2.B3.A4.G5.3. __________答案:H96.The Relationships of Meteorological Factors and Nutrient Levels withPhytoplankton Biomass in a Shallow Eutrophic Lake Dominated byCyanobacteria, Lake Dianchi from 1991 to 2013A. The SHs, WS, and TPconcentrations controlled the bloom dynamics during the dry season, among which the TP concentration was the most important factors, whereas the TN and TP concentrations were the primary factors during the rainy season.B.Interannual analysis revealed that the phytoplankton biomass increased with increases in air temperature and TP concentration, with TP concentration as the main contributing factor.C. The results of our study demonstrated that both meteorological factors and nutrient levels had important roles incontrolling cyanobacterial bloom dynamics.D. All of these results suggest that both climate change regulation and eutrophication management should be considered in strategies aimed at controlling cyanobacterial blooms.E. Insummary, we analyzed the effects of meteorological factors and nutrientlevels on bloom dynamics in Lake Dianchi to represent the phytoplanktonbiomass.F. Further studies should assess the effects of climate change andeutrophication on cyanobacterial bloom dynamics based on data collected over a longer duration and more frequent and complete variables, andappropriate measures should be proposed to control these blooms.G.Decreasing nutrient levels, particularly the TP load should be initiallyconsidered during the entire period and during the dry season, anddecreasing both the TN and TP loads should be considered during the rainy season.H. However, the relative importance of these factors may changeaccording to precipitation patterns.1.2.B3.A4.G5.2. __________答案:C97.The Relationships of Meteorological Factors and Nutrient Levels withPhytoplankton Biomass in a Shallow Eutrophic Lake Dominated byCyanobacteria, Lake Dianchi from 1991 to 2013A. The SHs, WS, and TPconcentrations controlled the bloom dynamics during the dry season, among which the TP concentration was the most important factors, whereas the TN and TP concentrations were the primary factors during the rainy season.B.Interannual analysis revealed that the phytoplankton biomass increased with increases in air temperature and TP concentration, with TP concentration as the main contributing factor.C. The results of our study demonstrated that both meteorological factors and nutrient levels had important roles incontrolling cyanobacterial bloom dynamics.D. All of these results suggest that both climate change regulation and eutrophication management should be considered in strategies aimed at controlling cyanobacterial blooms.E. Insummary, we analyzed the effects of meteorological factors and nutrientlevels on bloom dynamics in Lake Dianchi to represent the phytoplanktonbiomass.F. Further studies should assess the effects of climate change andeutrophication on cyanobacterial bloom dynamics based on data collected over a longer duration and more frequent and complete variables, andappropriate measures should be proposed to control these blooms.G.Decreasing nutrient levels, particularly the TP load should be initiallyconsidered during the entire period and during the dry season, anddecreasing both the TN and TP loads should be considered during the rainy season.H. However, the relative importance of these factors may changeaccording to precipitation patterns.1.2.B3.A4.G5.1. __________答案:E98.It is rare to offer recommendations forfuture researchin Conclusion section.。

• 1. When writing proposals, we should concentrate on the reviewers’ preferences.（1分） B正确错误•多选2. Which are included in the biographical sketches?（1分）ABCKey investigators in the cational background.Academic duties.Currentstatus (literature reviews).•多选3. Which are included in the progress report?（1分）ABCDBackground information: A description of current status: results,methodologies,Conclusions.Achievements so far.•多选4. Which are included in the contents of a proposal?（1分）ABCDProject descriptions.References cited.Biographical sketches .Budget.•单选5. Which are concluded in current achievements related to the proposed project?（1分） DRelated projects completed.Related publications Related duties All the above.• 6. Which is not included in introduction?（1分） CMotivations..Basis for proposing the project Approach.Current status (literaturereviews).•单选7. What are the strategies when we write proposals?（1分） DWe need to present the key ideas clearly and convincingly in first several pages.We have to becreative and try very hard to set up new problems and propose new approaches unlikely to be thoughtabout by others.For different kinds of proposals, we should use different strategies.All theabove.•单选8. Which assumptions should not we accept when writing proposals?（1分）BThe reviewers are statistically unbiased and intelligent.The reviewers know the background ofthe proposal very well.The reviewers are smart but very busy.There are many smartresearchers out there competing on the same subject and proposing similar or better ideas•多选9. Which disciplines are included in “Micro sensor and wireless sensor networks”?（1分）ABCDInformation engineering.Mechanical engineering.Physics & chemistry.Biology.•多选10. Why is the interdisciplinary research important?（1分）ABCDIn modern science and technology, there is a tendency in interdisciplinary research.It ispossible the drive forces of discipline change and development. The concepts and knowledge in onearea may change the course of another area. New area may come out as the interdisciplinaryresearch.•11. Which disciplines contribute to “Quantum Informatics”? （1分） DInformation &Transportation.Information& biology. Information&chemistry.Information& physics• 判断12. If you find out there are several authors no show, you can combine thesession with some others”. （1分） B正确错误•单选13. In some conferences,what do you need to report to the programcommittee. （1分） DHow many papers are presentedAnyone no show How the session goes. All theabove.• 单选14. What are the tasks of a conference session chair ? （1分） DMeeting the authors either in author's breakfast or just before the session.Introducing theauthors.Controlling the presentation time and follow the schedule. All the above.• 判断15. If you find the paper is really interesting, can you say, "I know the paperhave not been published yet, so I can directly use its ideas in my own paper?" （1分） B正确错误•16. To save efforts you can send emails to all the reviewers simultaneously. （1分）B正确错误• 判断17. A paper is usually reviewed by one reviewer. （1分）B正确错误•多选18. What difficulties may you meet as the associate editor or editor? （1分）ABCDYou may have difficulty in finding a proper number of reviewers.You may have difficulty ingetting reviews from a particular reviewer who already agreed to review a paper.You may have toomany papers to handle, and you cannot turn in to handle the paper timely.You may have somepersonal affairs so you don’t have enough time.•多选19. What should you pay attention to when choosing reviewers?（1分）ABCDYou should find a little more than the standard number of candidate reviewers.You shouldalign the interest of the reviewers with ours.You should not ask a person closely related to orfighting hard with the authors to review the paper.You should not ask the advisor to review students'paper.•多选20. Which factors are important to become an AE?（1分）ABCDWilling to serve without pay.Writing a good CV.Finding a good advocate.Being agood reviewer firstly.•21. What information should you give authors if you want them to revise?（1分）DWhich parts to cut.how the paper should be reorganized.How the paper should berevised.All the above.•单选22. How long should you spend on completing the review?（1分）COne week.Two weeks.Four to six weeks.Ten weeks or more.•单选23. As an AE, what information should you get after glancing over the paper?（1分）DWhat the paper about.Its potential contributions.Who are other leading researchers in thearea.All the above.•判断24. Validity or correctness of the method means whether your paper fits this conference or journal.（1分）B正确错误•判断25. Serving as a reviewer can help you develop the capability of critical reading and providing critic reviews.（1分）B正确错误•26. Which statements are correct when you serve as a reviewer?（1分）ABCGive the comments to the authors for improvement and confidential.You are advised to bespecific and constructive to the authors especially the beginning researcher.You should keepconfidentiality, and you should not disclose any information on the review of the paper.You candisclose some information on the review because the system is anonymous.•多选27. Which parts should be included in rating scales?（1分）BCDOriginality or creativity of the concept.Validity or correctness of the method.Clarity of thewriting.Suitability of the readership•单选28. Which part mainly determine the contributions of the paper?（1分）BValidity or correctness of the method.Originality or creativity of the concept.Clarity of thewriting.Suitability of the readership•判断29. When making a poster, printing out your PPT is also a good choice.（1分）A正确错误•判断30. In poster sessions, you can just leave the poster at designated area and hang out.（1分）B正确错误•31. Plenary and keynote speeches are very important because it often discusses the future development and research directions.（1分）A正确错误•多选32. What are the benefits of poster sessions?（1分）ABCDIt can attract the people who are interested in your work.You can network somebodywho is interested in your work.You can get the feedback in real time.It providesa stage for participants to communicate with each other.•多选33. Which statements are correct?（1分） ACDYou can just participate the sessions you are interested in.You must participateall sessions You should ask question appropriately and make comments politely.Youcan choose one or two committee to participate.•多选34. Which activities are included in a conference?（1分）ABCDPaper presentation sessions Poster sessions Committee meetings Social activities•单选35. When should we meet session chair?（1分） AAt author’s breakfast or just before the session.At poster sessions.Duringother’s presentation.Just at any time.• 36. How long should the author be allowed to present the paper? （1分） BAbout 2 or 3 minutes.About 15 to 20 minutes. About an hour. About two hours ormore.• 单选37. What does “no show” mean in the video? （1分） BYou don’t submit the final paper.You submit a paper to the conference and do not show up atit.Don’t show off when you make presentation.You don’t do a good presentation.• 单选38. What should you do when you present a paper? （1分） DPrepare slides strictly according to the time limit.Make presentation and answer questionspolitely.Read program carefully, locate your session and be aware the time slot forpresentation.All the above.• 判断39. To save efforts you can just list the one author and use “et al” for theothers if the reference paper have many authors. （1分） B正确错误•判断40. There is no need to ask anyone’s consensus if I want to reuse the graphand picture from my own paper. （1分） B正确错误•41. Which statements are correct? （1分） ABCYou s hould treat other people’s ideas and intellectual property with respect andcare.You should respect other people’s ideas in academic exchanges.You should askpermission for use of documents and so on.You should publish the achievement first whenyou get an idea from others.•多选42.What should we do when we treat other people’s idea andintellectual property? （1分） ABCDRespect other people’s ideas in academic exchangesAsk permission for use ofdocuments, etc.Pay attention to the copyright for use of graphs.Be aware of thecultural differences.•多选43. Why it is important to share credit? （1分） ABCDBecause it is the basis for free sharing the idea and respect for the intellectual propertyright of scholars.Because there is a harsh punishment for plagiarism.Because itcan help to have a healthy research atmosphere.Because it can protect the right of scholars.•单选44. Which of the following is unacceptable in terms of sharing credit?（1分） DIf I want to reuse the graph and picture of my paper that has been previously published,I still ask for the permission and copyright from the publisher.I have to make sure thatit is really my work before I claim my contribution in the paper.I am generous tocollaborators in some cases that their contributions are not very clear cut.I claim creditin my paper but the main idea is the result of the discussion with my colleagues.•判断45. In order to prepare a good presentation, you can record your talk and then rehearse and practice.（1分）A正确错误•46. What should you do in Q&A?（1分）ACDAnswer audiences’ questions politely.For simple questions, you can say “the question is soeasy and you should ask google”.Deflect the answer to the point you want to emphasize forirrelevant questions.Admit and/or offer the approach to finding the answer, or offer answers later ifno answer•多选47. What should you do when making a presentation?（1分）ABCDDon’t read but present with confidence.Mention main goal early to capture attention Don'tslur your pronunciations and let sentences trail off.Try to emphasis in different ways.•判断48. In order to enhance performance, you should use slides as many as possible.（1分）B正确错误•判断49. Don’t use too many variables and notations, or the audience would forget.（1分）A正确错误•判断50. If you use a circle to represent something, you also could use it to present another thing in the same talk.（1分）B正确错误。

大学英语四级改革适用（段落翻译）模拟试卷86(题后含答案及解析) 题型有： 5. TranslationPart ⅣTranslation1．随着经济全球化的深入发展，产品质量和食品安全日益成为全球性问题。

对于国内外消费者对产品质量和食品安全的反映和诉求，中国政府高度关注。

我们认为，即使存在万分之一的不合格产品，也有可能对消费者构成百分之百的危害。

经过多年坚持不懈的努力，中国的食品质量控制和食品安全监督水平有了很大提高。

正确答案：With economic globalization gaining momentum, product quality and food safety have increasingly become a global issue. The Chinese government shares the concerns of both Chinese and foreign consumers about the product quality and food safety. We are keenly aware that if 10 000 products are sold, just one defective product that finds its way to market will harm the interest of the consumer who buys it definitely. Thanks to the efforts over the years, China has improved a lot in strengthening product quality control and food safety supervision.解析：1．在翻译第一句的时候需要理解“深入发展”的意思，不要直接字对字、词对词进行翻译，“深入发展”指的是“发展加快，势头增加”，所以我们可以翻译成gain momentum，这样更加符合原文的意思。