Database Security Issues for Real-Time Electronic Commerce Systems

外文文献原稿和译文原稿DATABASEA database may be defined as a collection interrelated data store together with as little redundancy as possible to serve one or more applications in an optimal fashion .the data are stored so that they are independent of programs which use the data .A common and controlled approach is used in adding new data and in modifying and retrieving existing data within the data base .One system is said to contain a collection of database if they are entirely separate in structure .A database may be designed for batch processing , real-time processing ,or in-line processing .A data base system involves application program, DBMS, and database.THE INTRODUCTION TO DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMSThe term database is often to describe a collection of related files that is organized into an integrated structure that provides different people varied access to the same data. In many cases this resource is located in different files in different departments throughout the organization, often known only to the individuals who work with their specific portion of the total information. In these cases, the potential value of the information goes unrealized because a person in other departments who may need it does not know it or it cannot be accessed efficiently. In an attempt to organize their information resources and provide for timely and efficient access, many companies have implemented databases.A database is a collection of related data. By data, we mean known facts that can be recorded and that have implicit meaning. For example, the names, telephone numbers, and addresses of all the people you know. You may have recorded this data in an indexed address book, or you may have stored it on a diskette using a personalcomputer and software such as DBASE Ⅲor Lotus 1-2-3. This is a collection of related data with an implicit meaning and hence is a database.The above definition of database is quite general. For example, we may consider the collection of words that made up this page of text to be usually more restricted. A database has the following implicit properties:● A database is a logically coherent collection of data with some inherent meaning. A random assortment of data cannot be referred to as a database.● A database is designed, built, and populated with data for a specific purpose. It has an intended group of user and some preconceived applications in which these users are interested.● A database represents some aspect of the real world, sometimes called the miniworld. Changes to the miniworld are reflected in the database.In other words, a database has some source from which data are derived, some degree of interaction with events in the real world, and an audience that is actively interested in the contents of the database.A database management system (DBMS) is composed of three major parts: (1) a storage subsystem that stores and retrieves data in files; (2)a modeling and manipulation subsystem that provides the means with which to organize the data and to add, delete, maintain, and update the data; and (3) an interface between the DBMS and its users. Several major trends are emerging that enhance the value and usefulness of database management systems.●Managers who require more up-to-date information to make effective decisions.●Customers who demand increasingly sophisticated information services and more current information about the status of their orders, invoices, and accounts.●Users who find that they can develop custom applications with database systems in a fraction of the time it takes to use traditional programming languages.●Organizations that discover information has a strategic value; they utilize their database systems to gain an edge over their competitors.A DBMS can organize, process, and present selected data elements from the database. This capability enables decision makers to search, probe, and query database contents in order to extract answers to nonrecurring and unplanned questions that aren’t available in regular reports. These questions might initially be vague and/or p oorly defined, but people can “browse” through the database until they have the needed information. In short, the DBMS will “mange” the stored data items and assemble the needed items from the common database in response to the queries of those who aren’t programmers. In a file-oriented system, user needing special information may communicate their needs to a programmer, who, when time permits, will write one or more programs to extract the data and prepare the information. The availability of a DBMS, however, offers users a much faster alternative communications path.DATABASE QUERYIf the DBMS provides a way to interactively enter and update the database ,as well as interrogate it ,this capability allows for managing personal database. However, it does not automatically leave an audit trail of actions and does not provide the kinds of controls necessary in a multi-user organization .There controls are only available when a set of application programs is customized for each data entry and updating function.Software for personal computers that perform some of the DBMS functions has been very popular .Individuals for personal information storage and processing intended personal computers for us .Small enterprises, professionals like doctors, architects, engineers, lawyers and so on have also used these machines extensively. By the nature of intended usage ,database system on there machines are except from several of the requirements of full-fledged database systems. Since data sharing is not intended, concurrent operations even less so ,the software can be less complex .Security and integrity maintenance are de-emphasized or absent .as data volumes will be small, performance efficiency is also less important .In fact, the only aspect of a database system that is important is data independence. Data independence ,as stated earlier ,means that application programs and user queries need not recognize physical organization of data on secondary storage. The importance of this aspect , particularly for the personal computer user ,is that this greatly simplifies database usage . The user can store ,access and manipulate data at ahigh level (close to the application)and be totally shielded from the low level (close to the machine )details of data organization.DBMS STRUCTURING TECHNIQUESSpatial data management has been an active area of research in the database field for two decades ,with much of the research being focused on developing data structures for storing and indexing spatial data .however, no commercial database system provides facilities for directly de fining and storing spatial data ,and formulating queries based on research conditions on spatial data.There are two components to data management: history data management and version management .Both have been the subjects of research for over a decade. The troublesome aspect of temporal data management is that the boundary between applications and database systems has not been clearly drawn. Specifically, it is not clear how much of the typical semantics and facilities of temporal data management can and should be directly incorporated in a database system, and how much should be left to applications and users. In this section, we will provide a list of short-term research issues that should be examined to shed light on this fundamental question.The focus of research into history data management has been on defining the semantics of time and time interval, and issues related to understanding the semantics of queries and updates against history data stored in an attribute of a record. Typically, in the context of relational databases ,a temporal attribute is defined to hold a sequence of history data for the attribute. A history data consists of a data item and a time interval for which the data item is valid. A query may then be issued to retrieve history data for a specified time interval for the temporal attribute. The mechanism for supporting temporal attributes is to that for supporting set-valued attributes in a database system, such as UniSQL.In the absence of a support for temporal attributes, application developers who need to model and history data have simply simulated temporal attributes by creating attribute for the time interval ,along with the “temporal” attribute. This of course may result in duplication of records in a table, and more complicated search predicates in queries. The one necessary topic of research in history data management is to quantitatively establish the performance (and even productivity) differences betweenusing a database system that directly supports attributes and using a conventional database system that does not support either the set-valued attributes or temporal attributes.Data security, integrity, and independenceData security prevents unauthorized users from viewing or updating the database. Using passwords, users are allowed access to the entire database of the database, called subschemas. For example, an employee database can contain all the data about an individual employee, but one group of users may be authorized to view only payroll data, while others are allowed access to only work history and medical data.Data integrity refers to the accuracy, correctness, or validity of the data in the database. In a database system, data integrity means safeguarding the data against invalid alteration or destruction. In large on-line database system, data integrity becomes a more severe problem and two additional complications arise. The first has to do with many users accessing the database concurrently. For example, if thousands of travel agents book the same seat on the same flight, the first agent’s booking will be lost. In such cases the technique of locking the record or field provides the means for preventing one user from accessing a record while another user is updating the same record.The second complication relates to hardware, software or human error during the course of processing and involves database transaction which is a group of database modifications treated as a single unit. For example, an agent booking an airline reservation involves several database updates (i.e., adding the passenger’s name and address and updating the seats-available field), which comprise a single transaction. The database transaction is not considered to be completed until all updates have been completed; otherwise, none of the updates will be allowed to take place.An important point about database systems is that the database should exist independently of any of the specific applications. Traditional data processing applications are data dependent.When a DMBS is used, the detailed knowledge of the physical organization of the data does not have to be built into every application program. The application program asks the DBMS for data by field name, for example, a coded representationof “give me customer name and balance due” would be sent to the DBMS. Without a DBMS the programmer must reserve space for the full structure of the record in the program. Any change in data structure requires changes in all the applications programs.Data Base Management System (DBMS)The system software package that handles the difficult tasks associated with creating ,accessing and maintaining data base records is called a data base management system (DBMS). A DBMS will usually be handing multiple data calls concurrently.It must organize its system buffers so that different data operations can be in process together .It provides a data definition language to specify the conceptual schema and most likely ,some of the details regarding the implementation of the conceptual schema by the physical schema.The data definition language is a high-level language, enabling one to describe the conceptual schema in terms of a “data model “.At the present time ,there are four underling structures for database management systems. They are :List structures.Relational structures.Hierarchical (tree) structures.Network structures.Management Information System(MIS)An MIS can be defined as a network of computer-based data processing procedures developed in an organization and integrated as necessary with manual and other procedures for the purpose of providing timely and effective information to support decision making and other necessary management functions.One of the most difficult tasks of the MIS designer is to develop the information flow needed to support decision making .Generally speaking ,much of the information needed by managers who occupy different levels and who have different levels and have different responsibilities is obtained from a collection of exiting information system (or subsystems)Structure Query Language (SQL)SQL is a data base processing language endorsed by the American NationalStandards Institute. It is rapidly becoming the standard query language for accessing data on relational databases .With its simple ,powerful syntax ,SQL represents a great progress in database access for all levels of management and computing professionals.SQL falls into two forms : interactive SQL and embedded SQL. Embedded SQL usage is near to traditional programming in third generation languages .It is the interactive use of SQL that makes it most applicable for the rapid answering of ad hoc queries .With an interactive SQL query you just type in a few lines of SQL and you get the database response immediately on the screen.译文数据库数据库可以被定义为一个相互联系的数据库存储的集合。

UNDERSTANDING CANADIAN BUSINESSCHAPTER # 1 noteschater1MANAGING WITHIN THE DYNAMIC BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT动态商业环境下的管理Business and Entrepreneurship: Revenues, Profits, and Losses 事业和企业家能力:收益，利益和损失Business: Any activity that seeks to provide goods and services to others while operating at a profit.事业：寻求当在一笔利润操作时向其他人提供货物和服务的任何活动。

Profit: The amount a business earns beyond what it spends for salaries and other expenses.利益:一种商业在它为了薪金和其他话费所话费的以外赚的量Entrepreneur: A person who risks time and money to start and manage a business.企业家能力:冒险用时间和金钱开始和管理一种商业的一个人Revenue: The total amount of money a business takes in during a given period by selling goods and services. 收益:一种商业在一段特定的时间期间通过出售商品和服务获得的金钱Loss: When a business’s expenses are more then its revenue.失去：当一种商业的花费超过其收益时Risk: The chance an entrepreneur takes of losing time and money on a business that may not prove profitable.风险：一个企业家浪费了时间和金钱在事业上,却无利可图的机会Responding to the Various Business Stakeholders对各种各样的傻瓜也既得利益者作出反应Stakeholder:All the people who stand to gain or lose by the policies andactivities of a business.财产保管人：他通过政策和一种商业活动赢得或者失去的所有人- Investors; invest in the business投资者：在商业中的投资- Financial Institutions; lend money to the business 金融的社会公共机构:借钱给企业- Supplier; sell to the business供应商：向企业卖物品- Customers; buy goods and services from the business 消费者：从企业中购买商品和服务- Government; gets taxes from the business 政府：从企业中收税- Employees; get jobs from the business受雇者：从企业中得到工作- Dealers; buy and sell for the business经销商：为企业进行交易买卖- Environmentalists; protest the businesses pollution habits环境保护主义者：抗议商业污染习惯- Surrounding Community; get many positives and negatives from the business 周围的社区：从商业之中得到很多积极的和消极的影响Outsourcing: Assigning various functions, such as accounting, production, security, maintenance, and legal work, to outside organizations.外包:委托给外部单位的业务有很多,像审计,产品,安全,维护保养和政法工作.There is a major trend toward outsourcing in North Americanbusiness in an effort to cut costs and become more competitive. Much production has moved off shore, and many management functions are now sub contracted to external sources such as consulting firms.在北美的外包业务有一个大致的发展趋势:就是努力缩减成本提高竞争力.很多的产品现在已经转移到了沿海地区,许多管理职能现在订约与外部资源像咨询公司.Using Business Principles in Non-profit Organization非营利组织的商业原则的应用Non- profit Organization: An organization whose goals do not include making a personal profit for its owners or organization. 无利益组织：其目标不包括为其所有者或者组织赚取一笔个人的利润的一个组织。

firebase realtime database安全规则Firebase是一个广泛使用的后端服务和开发平台，它提供了多种云服务，其中包括实时数据库。

Firebase实时数据库是一种云托管的NoSQL数据库，可以进行实时同步和持久化数据存储。

在使用Firebase实时数据库时，保护和控制数据库中的数据成为一个非常重要的问题。

为了解决这个问题，Firebase提供了一种叫做"实时数据库安全规则"的功能。

本文将深入探讨实时数据库安全规则的特点、用法和一些最佳实践。

实时数据库安全规则是用于保护Firebase实时数据库中数据访问的策略。

通过这些规则，可以定义谁可以读取和写入数据库中的数据，以及如何限制和控制对数据的访问。

通过在Firebase控制台上设置这些规则，可以确保只有经过授权的用户才能访问和修改数据，从而保护数据的安全性和完整性。

在开始之前，我们需要了解一些基本概念。

Firebase实时数据库中的数据以"JSON树"的形式组织。

每个节点都有一个唯一的URL，可以通过该URL 来访问和操作节点的数据。

此外，实时数据库支持四种基本的数据操作：读取、写入、更新和删除。

实时数据库安全规则是一个由JSON对象构成的规则集合。

这些规则定义了在进行数据读取和写入时所需满足的条件。

默认情况下，如果没有为数据库设置安全规则，任何人都可以读取和写入数据。

因此，设置适当的安全规则是非常重要的，以保护敏感数据免受未经授权的访问。

那么，如何设置实时数据库的安全规则呢？下面是一步一步的指南：第一步：理解实时数据库安全规则的结构实时数据库安全规则由三个部分构成：规则集合、规则和权限控制。

规则集合是实时数据库中所有规则的组合。

您可以为不同的节点设置不同的规则集合。

规则是特定节点上的规则配置。

每个规则包括路径、条件和允许的操作。

权限控制定义了谁可以访问数据库中的数据。

您可以细粒度地控制用户的访问权限。

Cyber risk is the thing that exists forever, with the rapid development of computer technology, computer processing services, document processing, office automation and we are using the Internet, intranet or any other based on information technology and network, the risk will comes every day to cost the damage for service, hardware, network and software to us.Therefore the security concern is necessary to be established to protect us from hacker’s attack and abuse cases which can affect our system. So for cyber security issues, should be like every household fire alarm problems, take preventive measures.For network operator and manager, access to the local network, information reading and writing operations are protected and controlled, to avoid a "trap door", viruses, unauthorized access, denial of service and network resource control illegal occupation and illegal threats, stop and defence network hackers.Typically, system security, performance and functionality is a contradiction relationship. If a system does not provide any services to the outside, there is impossible to encounter a security threat. However, companies have to access to international network, to provide online stores and e-commerce services etc. to customers, therefore convert an internal closed network to an open network environment, that would be a variety of security issues, including systemic issues also will occurring.Security objectives through the system and network security configuration, application firewalls and intrusion detection, security scanning, network anti-virus technology, import and export information strict control; detect the devices on the network, analyze and evaluate, find and reporting system memory weaknesses and vulnerabilities, assess security risks and recommending remedial measures, and effectively prevent the spread of the virus and hacking, monitoring the status of the entire network.Security for enterprise system should involve:Attack Monitoring: Through specific network segment, the monitoring system, most of hacker’s attacks can be detected in real time, and take defence action (such as disconnected from the network, recording the attack process, track the attack source, etc.).Encrypt the communication: active encrypted communications, therefore attacker cannot understand, modify sensitive information.Authentication: A good authentication system can prevent an attacker to spoof a legitimate user.Backup and restore: a good backup and recovery mechanisms can cause losses in the attack, as soon as possible to restore data and provide system services.Multiple layers of defense, the attacker first line of defense after the break, delay or block its reach targets.Hidden inside information, so an attacker cannot understand the basic situation within the system.Security monitoring centre should be set up to provide a safety information management systems, monitoring, and emergency care services.Due to the addition of the application system, the growing variety of databases, here are four solutions to ensure that data is not lost in case of failure or catastrophic situation: The 1st solution is to use data backup hard disk or any other devices which able to do same functions. This way costs lowest price, but strongest preservation, deficiency is in time backup. The 2nd solution is to use a local disk arrays were every server's local disk data redundancy. 3rd option is to use fault tolerance mode, the two machines mutual backup systems, this way is used to solve the single failure and downtime, in case to prevent a single hard drive data loss caused by the fault, but the larger upfront investment. The 4th approach is using centralized SAN or NAS storage area of each server, a high-level data backup disk hardware failure, but the cost is high, generally cannot prevent failure of the system layer, such as a virus or system crashes.The non-authenticated user on the network may attempt to bypass the system conditions, such as physically remove data in database, wiretapping on some important communication line interception. For such threats, the most effective solution is to encrypt the data that is store and transmit in an encrypted format including sensitive data. The sender use an encryption key, encryption algorithm or device to encrypt data and then send to the recipient. Recipient receiving the cipher text and using the decryption key to decrypt cipher text to plaintext. If someone steals data under the transmission, he can only get unintelligible cipher text, and thus confidential information play the role.On the other hand, if the data is or will be stored in the cloud, then the overall security architecture should be a major concern in a compatible cloud platform security tool. For example, many NGFW support virtual firewall to the cloud platform compatible. Similarly, the network security measures should also focus on the use of secure Web gateway (SWG) and malware sandboxing to prevent loss of data between networks. In addition, these tools can limit potential breeding malware data between the enterprise network, various cloud service providers and Internet transmission. Many SWG andmalware sandbox provides cloud services, so they are more suitable for those companies to store data in the cloud.Management level is the important part of Network security concern. Unclear responsibilities and Competences, which is a sign of not good safety management system, there is lack of manoeuvrability so may cause risks of management security. When the network is under attack list or some other common network security threats like: (illegal operations such as internal people, etc.), those things cannot be real-time detected, therefore monitoring of system, reporting of error and early warning to the user will be delayed. Meanwhile, when the accidental action occurred, it cannot helps to keep the evident which means hard to provide clues so that could be able to track hacker attacks and helps to solve these case on the basis of behaviour, namely the lack of network controllability or auditability. These alarmed us to record visiting activities for the sites to detect all illegal intrusion.In many respects, the identification of cyber risks is a relatively straightforward task. Almost all Internet risks spring from one or more of three sources:•Variable reliability and application of technology;•Uncertainty surrounding legal and regulatory compliance issues; •Problematic behaviour of personnel in employing and operating Internet technologies.These types of concern tend not to arise so critically in traditional business and professional environments where procedures are well established, codes and protocols govern business and professional conduct, and models and channels for providing goods and services are conventional.Internet technologies are disruptive. They introduce new models for the provision of goods and services based on a global platform and in an environment where communications are instantaneous, paper records are subsumed in digital content, and speed, efficiency and cost-effectiveness are paramount.In such a challenging environment, risks abound and are not always easy to identify. In fact, the risks are so numerous, it is virtually impossible to assemble a comprehensive catalogue of Internet risks, not least because they differ from organisation to organisation – and what may be a risk for one concern may present no problem to another.For effectively managing the cyber risks required basic understanding of assessment the impacts of risks. A strategy for management of risks should be corresponded with nature and degree of the risk to be addressed. Risk assessment tries to identify and anticipate possible events. To be an effective risk assessment could offer an organisation that the opportunities to take better control of both its internal and external environment. Instead of just reacting to events, while organisation could come with an effective risk assessment system and a good management strategy, these things can helps to plan its every actions with better confidence that it will not be undermined by unforeseen events.Risk assessment involves certain processes. The first is to identify the risks associated with a particular activity or strategy. Technological, legal compliance and operational risks were identified in earlier chapters. The next process is to assess and evaluate the potential impact of a particular risk on the organisation. The third process involves implementing appropriate steps to either eliminate the risk or reduce it to an acceptable level, namely risk managementRisk management principlesIn order to approach a good risk management system five keys should be take care of:First requirement is a decision making by getting a disciplined approach. Which must be able to have comprehensive understands the scopes, functions and limitation that strategy to be pursued.Secondly, there is also necessary to have awareness as culture that risk is existed and cannot be ignored. Senior management has created an organisation’s culture for that, therefore, an awareness culture such as responsibility for the development and management in an enterprise in needed.Thirdly, that is important to develop the skills in weighing risk and potential opportunity. Encryption technology may involve considerable resources in terms of staff training and the cost of technology. However, if properly managed, the strategy will more than pay for itself if corporate clients are attracted through a perception that the organisation is sensitive to consumer concerns over security and adopts a modern approach to its use of information technology.Fourth, that is needed for an understanding of the wider implications and managing the strategy – an appreciation of the risk that may be spread out, or a mix of approaches that implementation might involve. This is particularly appropriate for Internet risks, where the risks arise from a variety of areas and where management solutions may be needed for these different risk areas simultaneously.Fifth, that is important to appreciate the changing environment, so that the organisation should be handled changes when they are occurring. New technology solutions emerge with great frequency. Each solution may have management implications in terms of new functions required of personnel and possibly the emergence of new legal compliance risks.。

第四次工业革命的优缺点英文作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Fourth Industrial Revolution: Advantages and DisadvantagesThe Fourth Industrial Revolution, characterized by the fusion of technologies bridging the physical, digital, and biological worlds, has brought about unprecedented changes in society, economy, and culture. As with any major shift, there are both advantages and disadvantages associated with this revolution.Advantages:1. Increased Efficiency: The adoption of automation, artificial intelligence, and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies has significantly improved efficiency in various industries. This has led to faster production processes, reduced costs, and increased productivity.2. Improved Connectivity: The Fourth Industrial Revolution has interconnected people, devices, and systems like never before. This has facilitated communication, collaboration, andinformation sharing on a global scale, leading to increased innovation and creativity.3. Enhanced Customer Experience: With the rise of data analytics and personalized marketing, businesses can now better understand and cater to the needs of their customers. This has led to improved customer satisfaction and loyalty.4. Job Creation: While automation has led to the displacement of some jobs, it has also created new opportunities in emerging industries such as artificial intelligence, robotics, and biotechnology. The Fourth Industrial Revolution has the potential to create millions of new jobs in the coming years.5. Sustainable Development: The integration of green technologies and sustainable practices in industries has the potential to address pressing environmental issues such as climate change and resource depletion. This can lead to a more sustainable and eco-friendly future.Disadvantages:1. Job Displacement: Automation and artificial intelligence have led to the displacement of millions of jobs in traditional industries such as manufacturing and retail. This has resulted inunemployment, underemployment, and income inequality in many countries.2. Data Privacy Concerns: The Fourth Industrial Revolution has brought about an explosion of data collection and analysis. This has raised concerns about data privacy, security, and surveillance, as well as the potential misuse of personal information by corporations and governments.3. Digital Divide: The increasing reliance on digital technologies in the Fourth Industrial Revolution has widened the gap between those who have access to these technologies and those who do not. This digital divide can further marginalize disadvantaged communities and exacerbate existing inequalities.4. Technological Dependence: As society becomes more reliant on digital technologies, there is a risk of overdependence and vulnerability to technological failures, cyber attacks, and other disruptions. This can pose significant risks to critical systems and infrastructure.5. Ethical Dilemmas: The use of advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, genetic engineering, and biotechnology raises ethical concerns about issues such as data privacy, autonomous weapons, human enhancement, and the impact onsociety and culture. These ethical dilemmas need to be addressed to ensure responsible and ethical use of technology.In conclusion, the Fourth Industrial Revolution presents both opportunities and challenges for society. It is essential to harness the benefits of this revolution while mitigating its negative impacts. By addressing the disadvantages and promoting responsible innovation, we can create a more inclusive, sustainable, and prosperous future for all.篇2The Fourth Industrial Revolution, also known as Industry 4.0, is characterized by the fusion of technologies that blur the lines between the physical, digital, and biological spheres. This revolution is changing the way we live, work, and interact with the world around us. As with any major shift in society, there are both advantages and disadvantages to the Fourth Industrial Revolution.One of the biggest advantages of the Fourth Industrial Revolution is the increased efficiency and productivity it brings to various industries. Automation, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things are revolutionizing the way businesses operate, leading to faster production times, higher qualityproducts, and lower costs. This has the potential to improve global economic growth and create new job opportunities in high-tech fields.Another advantage of Industry 4.0 is the potential to address pressing global challenges such as climate change, resource scarcity, and healthcare. Smart technologies can help us monitor and reduce energy consumption, improve resource efficiency, and provide personalized healthcare solutions. By harnessing the power of data and technology, we can create a more sustainable and inclusive future for all.However, the Fourth Industrial Revolution also comes with its fair share of challenges. One of the main concerns is the impact of automation on the job market. As machines become more intelligent and capable of performing tasks traditionally done by humans, there is a risk of widespread unemployment and income inequality. It is crucial for policymakers and companies to invest in reskilling and upskilling programs to ensure that workers are prepared for the jobs of the future.Additionally, there are ethical considerations that come with the rise of Industry 4.0. As artificial intelligence becomes more sophisticated, there are concerns about data privacy, surveillance, and the potential for bias in decision-making processes. It isimportant for companies to prioritize ethical principles and ensure that technology is used for the greater good of society.In conclusion, the Fourth Industrial Revolution has the potential to bring about transformative changes to society, but it is important to address the challenges and risks that come with it. By investing in education, training, and ethical frameworks, we can harness the power of technology to create a more sustainable and inclusive future for all.篇3The Fourth Industrial Revolution, often referred to as Industry 4.0, is the current wave of technological advancements that are changing the way we live, work, and interact with each other. This revolution is characterized by the integration of digital technologies, artificial intelligence, automation, and the Internet of Things into traditional industries, leading to increased efficiency, productivity, and connectivity.Advantages of the Fourth Industrial Revolution:1. Increased Efficiency: One of the key advantages of the Fourth Industrial Revolution is the increased efficiency it brings to industries. Automation and artificial intelligence technologiescan streamline processes, reduce human error, and make operations more cost-effective.2. Improved Productivity: With the use of advanced technologies such as robotics and machine learning, companies can increase their output and productivity levels. This leads to faster production cycles and higher profitability.3. Enhanced Connectivity: The Fourth Industrial Revolution has made it easier for businesses to connect with customers, suppliers, and partners around the world. The Internet of Things allows for real-time data exchange, leading to betterdecision-making and collaboration.4. Innovation and Creativity: Industry 4.0 encourages innovation and creativity, as companies strive to stay ahead of the competition by adopting new technologies and business models. This can lead to the development of new products and services that meet the evolving needs of consumers.5. Job Creation: While there are concerns about job losses due to automation, the Fourth Industrial Revolution also has the potential to create new roles and opportunities for skilled workers. As industries evolve, there will be a growing demand for professionals with expertise in digital technologies, data analytics, and cybersecurity.Disadvantages of the Fourth Industrial Revolution:1. Job Displacement: One of the biggest concerns surrounding Industry 4.0 is the potential for job displacement. As more tasks become automated, there is a risk that many workers will be replaced by machines, leading to unemployment and economic instability.2. Skills Gap: The rapid pace of technological change in the Fourth Industrial Revolution means that many workers may not have the skills or training needed to adapt to new roles. This can result in a widening skills gap, with a lack of qualified workers in key industries.3. Data Security and Privacy Concerns: The use of digital technologies in Industry4.0 raises concerns about data security and privacy. With increased connectivity and data exchange, there is a risk of cyberattacks, data breaches, and unauthorized access to sensitive information.4. Environmental Impact: While Industry 4.0 can lead to increased efficiency and productivity, it also has the potential to have a negative impact on the environment. The manufacturing and operation of digital technologies can contribute to pollution, resource depletion, and carbon emissions.5. Social Inequality: The benefits of the Fourth Industrial Revolution are not distributed equally, leading to increased social inequality. Those with access to advanced technologies and digital skills are more likely to succeed, while others may be left behind, exacerbating existing disparities.In conclusion, the Fourth Industrial Revolution has the potential to bring significant benefits to industries and societies, but it also poses challenges that need to be addressed. It is important for policymakers, businesses, and individuals to work together to ensure that the advantages of Industry 4.0 are maximized, while mitigating its negative impacts. By investing in education and training, adopting ethical standards for data use, and promoting sustainable practices, we can harness the power of technology for the greater good.。

Database Security“Why do I need to secure my database server? No one can access it —it’s in a DMZ protected by the firewall!” This is often the response when it is recommended that such devices are included within a security health check. In fact, database security is paramount in defending an organizations information, as it may be indirectly exposed to a wider audience than realized.This is the first of two articles that will examine database security. In this article we will discuss general database security concepts and common problems. In the next article we will focus on specific Microsoft SQL and Oracle security concerns.Database security has become a hot topic in recent times. With more and more people becoming increasingly concerned with computer security, we are finding that firewalls and Web servers are being secured more than ever(though this does not mean that there are not still a large number of insecure networks out there). As such, the focus is expanding to consider technologies such as databases with a more critical eye.◆Common sense securityBefore we discuss the issues relating to database security it is prudent to high- light the necessity to secure the underlying operating system and supporting technologies. It is not worth spending a lot of effort securing a database if a vanilla operating system is failing to provide a secure basis for the hardening of the data- base. There are a large number of excellent documents in the public domain detailing measures that should be employed when installing various operating systems.One common problem that is often encountered is the existence of a database on the same server as a web server hosting an Internet (or Intranet) facing application. Whilst this may save the cost of purchasing a separate server, it does seriously affect the security of the solution. Where this is identified, it is often the case that the database is openly connected to the Internet. One recent example I can recall is an Apache Web server serving an organizations Internet offering, with an Oracle database available on the Internet on port 1521. When investigating this issue further it was discovered that access to the Oracle server was not protected (including lack of passwords), which allowed the server to be stopped. The database was not required from an Internet facing perspective, but the use of default settings and careless security measures rendered the server vulnerable.The points mentioned above are not strictly database issues, and could be classified as architectural and firewall protection issues also, but ultimately it is the database that is compromised. Security considerations have to be made from all parts of a public facing net- work. You cannot rely on someone or something else within your organization protecting your database fr om exposur e.◆ Attack tools are now available for exploiting weaknesses in SQL and OracleI came across one interesting aspect of database security recently while carrying out a security review for a client. We were performing a test against an intranet application, which used a database back end (SQL) to store client details. The security review was proceeding well, with access controls being based on Windows authentication. Only authenticated Windows users were able to see data belonging to them. The application itself seemed to be handling input requests, rejecting all attempts to access the data- base directly.We then happened to come across a backup of the application in the office in which we were working. This media contained a backup of the SQL database, which we restored onto our laptop. All security controls which were in place originally were not restored with the database and we were able to browse the complete database, with no restrictions in place to protect the sensitive data. This may seem like a contrived way of compromising the security of the system, but does highlight an important point. It is often not the direct approach that is taken to attack a target, and ultimately the endpoint is the same; system compromise. A backup copy of the database may be stored on the server, and thus facilitates access to the data indirectly.There is a simple solution to the problem identified above. SQL 2000 can be configured to use password protection for backups. If the backup is created with password protection, this password must be used when restoring the password. This is an effective and uncomplicated method of stopping simple capture of backup data. It does however mean that the password must be remembered!◆Curr ent tr endsThere are a number of current trends in IT security, with a number of these being linked to database security.The focus on database security is now attracting the attention of the attackers. Attack tools are now available for exploiting weaknesses in SQL and Oracle. The emergence of these tools has raised the stakes and we have seen focused attacks against specific data- base ports on servers exposed to the Internet.One common theme running through the security industry is the focus on application security, and in particular bespoke Web applications. With he functionality of Web applications becoming more and more complex, it brings the potential for more security weaknesses in bespoke application code. In order to fulfill the functionality of applications, the backend data stores are commonly being used to format the content of Web pages. This requires more complex coding at the application end. With developers using different styles in code development, some of which are not as security conscious as other, this can be the source of exploitable errors.SQL injection is one such hot topic within the IT security industry at the moment. Discussions are now commonplace among technical security forums, with more and more ways and means of exploiting databases coming to light all the time. SQL injection is a misleading term, as the concept applies to other databases, including Oracle, DB2 and Sybase.◆ What is SQL Injection?SQL Injection is simply the method of communication with a database using code or commands sent via a method or application not intended by the developer. The most common form of this is found in Web applications. Any user input that is handled by the application is a common source of attack. One simple example of mishandling of user input is highlighted in Figure 1.Many of you will have seen this common error message when accessing web sites, and often indicates that the user input has not been correctly handled. On getting this type of error, an attacker will focus in with more specific input strings.Specific security-related coding techniques should be added to coding standard in use within your organization. The damage done by this type of vulnerability can be far reaching, though this depends on the level of privileges the application has in relation to the database.If the application is accessing data with full administrator type privileges, then maliciously run commands will also pick up this level of access, and system compromise is inevitable. Again this issue is analogous to operating system security principles, where programs should only be run with the minimum of permissions that is required. If normal user access is acceptable, then apply this restriction.Again the problem of SQL security is not totally a database issue. Specific database command or requests should not be allowed to pass through theapplication layer. This can be prevented by employing a “secure coding” approach.Again this is veering off-topic, but it is worth detailing a few basic steps that should be employed.The first step in securing any application should be the validation and control of user input. Strict typing should be used where possible to control specific data (e.g. if numeric data is expected), and where string based data is required, specific non alphanumeric characters should be prohibited where possible. Where this cannot be performed, consideration should be made to try and substitute characters (for example the use of single quotes, which are commonly used in SQL commands).Specific security-related coding techniques should be added to coding standard in use within your organization. If all developers are using the same baseline standards, with specific security measures, this will reduce the risk of SQL injection compromises.Another simple method that can be employed is to remove all procedures within the database that are not required. This restricts the extent that unwanted or superfluous aspects of the database could be maliciously used. This is analogous to removing unwanted services on an operating system, which is common security practice.◆ OverallIn conclusion, most of the points I have made above are common sense security concepts, and are not specific to databases. However all of these points DO apply to databases and if these basic security measures are employed, the security of your database will be greatly improved.The next article on database security will focus on specific SQL and Oracle security problems, with detailed examples and advice for DBAs and developers.There are a lot of similarities between database security and general IT security, with generic simple security steps and measures that can be (and should be) easily implemented to dramatically improve security. While these may seem like common sense, it is surprising how many times we have seen that common security measures are not implemented and so causea security exposure.◆User account and password securityOne of the basic first principals in IT security is “make su re you have a good password”. Within this statement I have assumed that a password is set in the first place, though this is often not the case.I touched on common sense security in my last article, but I think it is important to highlight this again. As with operating systems, the focus of attention within database account security is aimed at administrationaccounts. Within SQL this will be the SA account and within Oracle it may be the SYSDBA or ORACLE account.It is very common for SQL SA accounts to have a password of ‘SA’ or even worse a blank password, which is just as common. This password laziness breaks the most basic security principals, and should be stamped down on. Users would not be allowed to have a blank password on their own domain account, so why should valuable system resources such as databases be allowed to be left unprotected. For instance, a blank ‘SA’password will enable any user with client software (i.e. Microsoft query analyser or enterprise manager to ‘manage’ the SQL server and databases).With databases being used as the back end to Web applications, the lack of password control can result in a total compromise of sensitive information. With system level access to the database it is possible not only to execute queries into the database, create/modify/delete tables etc, but also to execute what are known as Stored Procedures.数据库安全“为什么要确保数据库服务安全呢？任何人都不能访问-这是一个非军事区的保护防火墙”，当我们被建议使用一个带有安全检查机制的装置时，这是通常的反应。

information services department can do it.1）后备技术Back-up technology由于现代计算机科学技术的快速发展，以往的数据备份已经不能满足用户和管理者对现有系统的要求，现在的技术一般是进行系统数据库的实时备份和备份服务器。

当数据库瘫痪时，通过快速进行系统库的切换，这样可以有效的减少数据的丢失。

当用户量大时，也可以使用备用服务器，两个服务器进行同步数据存储，如果一台服务器出错时，可以转换到另一台进行相同的操作，让用户不需要因瘫痪而面临网页打不开、数据丢失等相关问题。

Due to the rapid development of modern computer science and technology, previous data backup and managers have been unable to meet the user requirements of the existing system, and now the technology is generally carried out in real-time backup system database and backup servers. When the database is paralyzed by rapidly switching system libraries, which can effectively reduce the loss of data. When the user capacity, you can use the backup server, two servers synchronize data storage, if a server error, can be converted to another the same operation, so that the user does not open the page because of paralysis of face , data loss and other related issues.2）降效技术Drop-efficient technology通常情况下系统的管理员都不是专业的计算机人员，对计算机专业的知识了解相对较少。

半导体db工艺英文自我介绍My name is [Your Name], and I am a highly experienced and skilled Database Engineer with a proven track record of success in the semiconductor industry. I have over 10 years of experience in designing, developing, and maintaining complex database systems for various applications,including chip design, manufacturing, and testing.Throughout my career, I have consistently exceeded expectations in delivering high-quality database solutions that meet the demanding requirements of the semiconductor industry. I am proficient in a wide range of database technologies, including Oracle, PostgreSQL, MySQL, and MongoDB. I also have a deep understanding of data modeling, query optimization, and database performance tuning.In my previous role at [Previous Company Name], I was responsible for the design and implementation of a comprehensive database system to support the entire chip design process. I led a team of engineers in developing ascalable and reliable database that could handle massive volumes of data and complex queries. The system we developed significantly improved the efficiency and productivity of the design team, enabling them to reduce design cycles and accelerate product development.I have also played a key role in developing and implementing database solutions for semiconductor manufacturing. At [Previous Company Name], I designed and implemented a real-time database system to monitor and control the manufacturing process. The system providedreal-time visibility into the production line, allowing engineers to quickly identify and resolve any issues that could impact yield or quality. This system significantly improved manufacturing efficiency and reduced production costs.In addition to my technical skills, I am also an effective communicator and team player. I have a proven ability to work closely with stakeholders, including engineers, scientists, and business leaders, to understand their requirements and deliver solutions that meet theirneeds. I am also comfortable presenting technical information to both technical and non-technical audiences.I am eager to join your team and contribute my skills and experience to the success of your company. I am confident that I can make a significant contribution to your organization by delivering high-quality database solutions that meet the demanding requirements of the semiconductor industry.Thank you for your time and consideration. I look forward to the opportunity to discuss my qualifications further and demonstrate how I can be a valuable asset to your team.。

linux rsync校验方法1. rsync命令用于在Linux系统上同步文件和目录。

The rsync command is used to synchronize files and directories on Linux systems.2. rsync可以通过网络连接远程主机来同步文件，也可以在本地计算机之间进行同步。

rsync can synchronize files by connecting to remote hosts over the network, or between local computers.3. rsync能够快速地同步大量数据，只传输发生变化的部分，节省带宽和时间。

rsync can quickly synchronize large amounts of data, only transferring the changed parts, saving bandwidth and time.4.在使用rsync进行文件同步时，可以选择校验文件内容以确保数据的完整性。

When using rsync for file synchronization, you can choose to verify file contents to ensure data integrity.5. rsync提供了多种校验方法，可以根据实际需要选择合适的方式。

rsync offers multiple verification methods, allowing you to choose the appropriate method based on your needs.6.一种常见的校验方法是使用MD5校验和，对文件内容进行哈希计算并进行比对。

One common verification method is to use MD5 checksums, calculating hashes of file contents and comparing them.7.使用MD5校验和可以检测文件内容是否被篡改，确保同步后的文件与源文件一致。