生命中的四个爱人(The lives of four wives)

威廉·莎士比亚 人物简介莎士比亚（W. William Shakespeare ；1564～1616）英国文艺复兴时期伟大的剧作家、诗人，欧洲文艺复兴时期人文主义文学的集大成者。

中文名： 威廉·莎士比亚 外文名： W. William Shakespeare 国籍： 英国出生地： 英格兰沃里克郡斯特拉福镇 出生日期：1564年4月23日 逝世日期： 1616年5月3日 职业： 剧作家，诗人，演员代表作品： 四大悲剧《哈姆雷特》《奥赛罗》《李尔王》《麦克白》William Shakespeare(1564-1616) is one of the most remarkableplaywrights and poets the world has ever known. With his 38 plays,154 sonnets and 2 long poems, he has established his giant position in world literature. He has also been given the highest praises by various scholars and critics the world over. In the past four hundred years or so, books and essays on Shakespeare and his works have kept coming out in large quantities.Shakekspeare went to London which afforded a wonderful enviroment for the development of drama. Shakespeare worked both as actor and playwright. He acted and wrote for the Lord Chamberlain's Men, which was later renamed the King's Men. Shakespeare established himself so well as a playwright that Robert Greene, one of the “University Wits”, resentfully declared him to be 'an upstart crow'.From about 1591 to about 1611, Shakespeare was in the prime of his dramatic career and his plays came out one after another. Shakespeare did not confine his genius merely to the theater. In 1593 and 1594, he published two narative poems, Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece , both of which were dedicated to the Earl of Southampton. He also wrote sonnets, which were published in 1609. By 1597, Shakespeare was so prosperous that he bought the largest house in Stratford, known as New Place. About 1610 Shakespeare left London and retired to Stratford, though he continued to write for some time. He died on April 23,1616.As the precise dates of many of Shakespeare's plays are still in doubt, critics hold different views to the division of his dramatic career. But generally his dramatic career is divided into four periods.The first period of shakespeare's dramatic career was one of apprenticeship. He wrote five history plays:Henry VI ,Parts I,II,and III,Richard III , and Titus Andronicus ; and four comedies: The Comedy of Errors , The Two Gentlemen of Verona , The Taming of the Shrew , and Love's Labour's Lost .In the second period, Shakespeare's style and approach became highly individualized. By constructing a complex pattern between diferent characters and between appearance and reality, Shakespeare made subtle comments on a variety of human foibles. In this Period he wrote five histories:Richard II, KingJohn, Henry IV, Parts I and II, and Henry V, six comedies: A MidsummerNight's Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, As You Like It, Twelfth Night, and The Merry Wives of Windsor; and Two tragedies:Romeo and Juliet and Julius Caesar.Shakespeare's third period includes his greatest tragedies and his so-called dark comedies.The tragedies of this period are Hamlet,Othello,KingLear,Macbeth,Antony and Cleopatra,Troilus and Cressida,and Coriolanus.The two comedies are All's Well That Ends Well and Measure for Measure.The last period of shakespeare's work includes his principle romantic tragicomedies:Pericles,Cymbeline,The Winter's Tale and The Tempest;and his two final plays:Henry VIII and The Two Noble Kinsmen.Shakespeare's greatest tragedies are :Hamlet,Othello,King Lear,and Macbeth.（This text is only used for non-commercial purpose.You have to have special permission to reprint this article,reproduction of material without witten permission is strictly prohibited.Contact me for permission to copy this article.This article or section may be inaccurate ,hope more experts can make comments on it.William Shakespeare was a writer of plays and poems. Some of his most famous plays are Hamlet and Romeo and Juliet. He was born in 1564 in England.At school he liked watching plays. He decided to be an actor when he finished school at the age of fourteen. He married in 1582 and had three children.At the age of twenty-eight he moved to London and joined a theater company. He became a successful actor and started writing plays. Queen Elizabeth I(伊丽莎白) enjoyed Shakespeare's play.In 1599 the company opened the Globe Theatre on the River Thames(泰晤士河) in London. You can go to the River Thames and Globe Theater in London today.William Shakespeare died at the age of fifty-two. He was rich and successful. You can still see his plays in English and many other languages.He is one of the most famous writers in the world.莎士比亚的代表作有四大悲剧：《哈姆雷特》(英：Hamlet)、《奥赛罗》（英：Othello)、《李尔王》（英：King Lear）、《麦克白》（英：Macbeth）。

(一)Can You Tell Me?(你能告诉吗)A father asks him son “How many letters are there in the Alphabet (字母表)?”“I don't know,”says his son. His father says, “You don't know? You are in school for many years and you don't know how many letters are there in theAlph abet?”He is very angry(生气).His son says, “No. But let me ask you a question(问题), Dad. You often go to the post office(邮局), please tell me how many letters are there in the post office?”( )1.From the story, we know the son is good at(擅长) English.( )2.The son studies at school over (超过) one year.( )3.The father gets angry because his son is not polite (有礼貌) to him.( )4.The father knows how many letters there are in the post office.( )5.There are twenty-six letters in the Alphabet.一、请写出下列名词的复数形式city zoo country tooth mouse boy broom _____ car _____ tree _____ horse______ bus_______ fox ______ branch _____ baby _______ family _____ country.________ radio _______ photo______ piano______ knife ______leaf_____ life_____ thief_______man____ woman_______ child_______ foot________ woman teacher _____ I _________him _________this _______she_____watch_______child_______photo________diary day________ foot________ book_______ dress________ tooth_______ sheep ______ box_______ strawberry _____ thief _______ yo-yo ______ peach______ sandwich _____ paper_______ juice_______ water________ milk________ rice__________ tea__________ people CD 二、单项选择 1. The __ in our yard are very beautiful. A. cloth B. water C. flowers 2. Tom is one of the Chinese _____ in our school. A. boy B. boys C. boies 3. A cat has four ____ , doesn't it? A. foots B. feet C. feets 4. There are three ____ and five _____ in the room. A. American, Japanese B Americans, Japanese C. American, Janpaneses 5. Can you see nine ____ in the picture? A. fish B. book C. horse 6. The _____ has two______. A. boy; watch B. boy; watches C. boys; watch 7. The _____ are flying back to their country. A. Germany B. Germanys C. Germans 8. The girl brushes her _____ every day before he goes to bed. A. tooths B. teeth C. teeths 1）选择填空1. They come from different ______ A. country B. countries C. a country D. countrys 2. How many ______ do you see in the picture? A. tomatos B. tomatoes C. tomato D. the tomato 3. They are______. A . woman teachers B. women teachers C. women teacher D. woman teacher名词变复数复习题一、写出下列名词的复数形式1、orange 2、class 3、monkey 4、piano 5、child 6、shelf 7、bed 8、country 9、family 10、toy 11、foot 12、radio 13、photo 14、tomato 15、woman 16、knife 17、sheep 18、ship 19、dish 20、mouse 21、tooth 22、leaf______ 二、选择填空( )1．I can see three ________ in the zoo. A monkeys B monkeyes C monkey ( )2.The pig has four ______. A. foot B. feet C. foots ( )3.My two brothers are both ______. A. policeman B. policemans C.policemen ( )4.I can see ten _____ in the picture. A. sheep B. dog C. pig ( )5.The _____ has three______. A. boys, watches B. boy, watch C. boy, watches ( )6.Can you see _______on the plate? A. bread B. breads C. breades ( )7.The girl often brushes her_____ before she goes to bed. A. tooth B. tooths C. teeth ( )8.Mr Black often drink some _________.A. milk B. milks kes ( )9.There are some _____on the floor. A. child B. water C. books ( )10..Lucy will show us some new ____ of hers. A. photo B. photos C. photoes ( )11. I drank two ______. A. bottles of water B. bottle of water C. bottles of waters ( )12.The cat eats two _____last night. A. mouses B. mice C. mouse ( )13.I need a pen and some _____. A. books B. desk C. chair ( )14、There on the wall .They are very beautiful.新目标七年级名词变复数练习题一、写出下列名词的复数形式1、orange2、class3、text4、monkey5、piano6、child7、shelf 8、bed 9、country10、family 11、toy 12、foot13、Japanese 14、radio 15、photo16、army 17、tomato 18、fox19、woman 20、knife 22、sheep二、选择填空1、There on the wall .They are very beautiful.A. are photoesB. are photosC. is a photoD. is photos2. This kind of car made in .A. is B .are C .were D .has3. There are four and two in the group.A. Japanese, Germen B Japaneses, GermenC. Japanese,German C.Japanese, Germans4. That’a art book.A. anB. aC. the D are5. The boys have got already.A. two breadB. two breadsC. two pieces of breadD. two piece of bread6. The old man wants .A. six boxes of applesB. six boxes of appleC. six box of applesD. six boxs of apples7. There some in the river.A. is ,fishB. are, fishsC. is, fishsD. are ,fish8. There two in the box.A. is watchB. are watchesC. are watchD. is watches9. We should clean twice a day.A .our tooth B. our tooths C.teeth D.our teeth10.The _____ meeting room is near the reading room.A.teacherB.teacher’sC.teachers’D.teachers11. In _____ are all painted red.A.letter boxesB.letters boxesC.letter boxD.letters box写出下列各词的复数形式am is he she it that this you pen deskkey orange boy friend parent mother fat her sister brotherson daughter cousin case box cardfamily按要求变换句型（把1—10句变为复数句。

艾略特诗集中文名: 艾略特诗集原名: T.S.Eliot Selected poems 发行时间: 2005年地区: 美国简介:托马斯·斯特恩斯·艾略特（Thomas Stearns Eliot，1888年9月26日—1965年1月4日），一位美国/英国诗人、评论家、剧作家，其作品对二十世纪乃至今日的文学史上影响极为深远。

1948年，60岁的艾略特迎来了他一生中最大的荣誉——诺贝尔文学奖。

生平简述艾略特1888年9月26日出生于密苏里州的圣路易斯，他的家境十分优越，父亲是公司总裁，母亲原是教师，后成为一名志愿者积极参与社会工作。

艾略特是家中最小的孩子，母亲与五个姐姐的过分照顾并没有使艾略特的童年拥有双份快乐，实际情况正好相反。

十六岁之前，艾略特在圣路易斯的史密斯学院学习。

1905年的秋天，艾略特进入哈佛大学，他的新生生涯过得非常舒适，所加入的几个社团当中有一个是文学方面的：“书章”（the literary signet）。

受一些教授的影响，艾略特开始关注起白璧德（Irving Babbitt）的醒世格言及桑塔亚纳(George Santayana)的怀疑论，对他影响最深的是塞门兹（Arthur Symons）的书《文学中的象征主义运动》。

由于艾略特起初所择课程过于分散而是自己变得手忙脚乱，但最后凭其毅力终于获得了比较文学的学士学位以及英国文学的硕士学位。

1910年，艾略特离开美国，前往巴黎的索邦大学（la Sorbonne），在那里，各种艺术领域的前卫思想、学术围绕着他，在法兰西学院聆听了伯格森（Henri Bergson）的哲学课后，艾略特一下子就被迷住了，这使得他重归被当时誉为哲学的黄金时代的哈佛修读哲学博士学位。

1914年，艾略特前往欧洲旅行，那个时候，他在哈佛的大部分哲学老师已经将他视作一个未来的同事。

艾略特打算于同年秋进入牛津大学的默顿学院学习，同行的有布拉德利（F.H.Bradley）的同事及后续者约阿欣(Harold Joachim)。

Four Kinds of LoveThe four Greek words for love: affection, friendship, romantic, and cha rityStorge(Pronounced store-gay) refers to familial love. It is evident, for ex ample, in the warm affection that parents have toward their children, that caus es them to love to watch their child sleep, lost in loving that child. Storge love is a deep and unshakeable affection. Storge love is the love and affection tha t naturally occurs between parents and children, can exist between siblings, and exists between husbands and wives in a good marriage.Eros (Pronounced air-ose) is the desire to draw out all that is good, beautifu land true. It is motivated by need. It's often understood to refer primarily to sex, but that's r eally only one part of it. Eros involves the emotional need to receive physical love and aff ection from the one you love. In most contexts, this involves a romantic kind of love. Sadl y, our society has cheapened this type of love - and it seems to be the only kind of love th at's celebrated in our entertainment culture.Phileo (Pronounced fee-lay-oh) is Friendship Love. It is not sexual in n ature, though (in the right circumstance) it can lead to or complement Eros. It' s the kind of love talked about by Jesus, who said: "Greater love has no man t han this, that a man lay down his life for his friends." Phileo is the embodiment of everyth ing a true, meaningful friendship represents. Counselors advise that a couple should purs ue Philia well before they contemplate any other kind of love. The exception to that is.... Agape (Pronounced a-ga-pay) love is selfless love for others. Agape love i s an exercise of the will, a deliberate choice. Agape love is related to obedienc e and commitment, and not necessarily feeling and emotion. “Loving”someone is to seek his or her long-term blessing a nd profit. It is selfless, sacrificial love - in which nothing is asked in return. This is the kind of love that everyone should pursue.Please answer the following questions and turn in on Wednesday.Which of these types of love do you think primarily exists in the following relationships: (You may choose more than just one type of love for each situation)1. Soldiers who fight next to each other:2. A grandmother who raises her grandchild:3. A couple who just got engaged:4. A couple who has been married 50 years:5. Adult women who have been friends since childhood6. The man who patrols the bridge in Nanjing to stop people fromcommitting suicide:7. A family who adopts an orphan:8. A man who risks his own life to save the life of a stranger:9. A bride and groom on their honeymoon:10. A teacher for a special student who they have spent a lot of time withoutside of the classroom:Which kind of love do you think would be the hardest to give, and why?Which kind of love would currently value most, and why?The 4 Kinds of Love RelationshipsAs a psychologist and counselor for more than 20 years, I have been confessed every relationship problem on this planet. I've witnessed entire boxes of tissues being consumed by tearful eyes and heard the bellowing wails belonging to broken hearts. Truly there is nothing that can hurt us quite like love.Being human means being highly susceptible to our feelings. But the unpredictable tides of emotion can interfere with logic. When this happens, we no longer see the reasoning behind certain situations and perceive, instead, through a sentimental veil, we automatically empathize with the one we love, the one with whom we've made a habit of sleeping each night, for whom we worry and fret and supply endless attention.To our disadvantage, overwhelming emotions can make us neglect the reality that not all relationships are intended to last as long as they do and some aren't meant to occur at all. Heartfelt attachment drives us to extend temporary relationships to permanent time frames, and to try to fit compromised love into the place of a soulmate. Our stubborn will to "work things out" can cause pain for us and our beloved. In considering these general truths we must turn inward and weigh the truth of our own love relationship. But how are we to know what kind of lovewe're really fighting for? How can we validate our relationship to understand its greater scope in the framework of our lives?Categorizing our own relationship correctly is a decision each of us must make based on our individual needs and desires. There exist four types of love relationships, each serving a unique and necessary purpose to our improvement and evolution. We may experience only one kind of relationship throughout our lives, or we may move through the full range of four, and this is all dependent on the curious interaction between fate and free will. Reflect on the characteristics of the four types of relationships and gain awareness of your true love standing:1. Transitory:A transitory relationship acts as a bridge between two phases of evolution. It canenact change or ease the burden of major life shifts. For example, a relationship for a girl in high school may mature her to a woman by allowing her to learn her first lessons in love. Or a transient relationship after a long marriage has ended may help a person cope with their divorce until they heal. Transitory relationships are almost always temporary, but serve a great purpose in gently pushing a person from one level of self-transformation to the next.2. Karmic:Perhaps the mightiest law of the universe, karma is not some malicious force that boomerangs our wrong-doings back to us. It is the energetic accumulation of every one of our actions, both good and bad. And karma has a reputation for repeating itself. A karmic relationship always entails some form of "action" that must play out within the couple, i.e., the breaking of some pattern or cycle of recurring situations.After the karma is resolved, however, the relationship may come to an end, as its purpose has been met. Such was the case in my daughter's relationship: after several years of dating the same person, she simply "woke up" one day and knew it was time to cut the ties. Karmic relationships can sometimes be soulful relationships, too, as I personally shared with my late husband. I knew he was my soulmate from the moment I met him. But I also knew we had a specific karma to reenact. Karmic relationships are enriching experiences that can be progressive, elevating and fulfilling, whether temporary or for the long term.3. Compromise:Most common of the four, a compromise relationship occurs when two people come together based on an arrangement of comfort, such as financial or emotional stability. Many relationships that are meant to end continue on because both partners have become very used to each other and find it difficult to part ways.In short, they "settle" for one other. They may have children, which causes them further to feel that they're supposed to stay together, though neither may be fully content or in love. Relationships based on a compromise keep us stuck in a "comfort zone". But it's important to evaluate whether we're truly happy with our partner, or merely comfortable. In my practice I often hear my clients declare that their spouse is a great parent to their children, but that they know deep down their relationship is a compromise.Many people can feel this in their hearts but shun the inkling aside. In terms of a relationship that is a compromise, it is entirely the free will of both partners whether they wish to remain together or separate. I've seen compromise relationships that have lasted a lifetime because neither partner wanted to let go of the other. Though the problem in compromise relationships is that one or both partners may not be completely satisfied, the decision to stay or to go is one's own.4. Soulful:A soulful relationship denotes a soulmate bond reaching far deeper than the physical or emotional level. Soulmate relationships are far and few but when they do occur, they often last the test of time. This kind of relationship is marked by an intense connection between two people, one that may even be difficult to convey into words. Two people just "get each other" -- they may finish each other's sentences, are best friends, and have adopted the us against the world mentality, among other things.When soulmates have found each other the feeling is likened to two pieces of a puzzle fitting perfectly together. This is not to say that soulmates won't experience problems along the course of their relationship. But, they will be able to resolve their issues more easily than couples who aren't bound by soulful ties.Love relationships play critical roles in our lives. But perhaps our most difficult task lies in disentangling the emotional knot to reveal the core function of our relationship. Detaching ourselves from our feelings just enough to assess the authenticity of our relationship can make a world of a difference in the quality of love we give and gain.Agape、Phileo、Eros和Astorgos很多时候，人们听到基督徒谈论爱就会误解，因为我们常说：“我爱主”、“神爱我们”；不信者也会说“我爱骑马”、“我太爱足球了”等话语；在感情上大家都会对自己爱的人说“我爱你”，“我会爱你一辈子的”。

《四种爱》读后感《四种爱》读后感作者：【英】C.S.刘易斯克利夫史戴普刘易斯（Clive Staples Lewis，1898年11月29日—1963年11月22日），是爱尔兰裔英国知名作家及神学家，出生于北爱尔兰首府贝尔法斯特，但长年居住于英国。

他以儿童文学作品《纳尼亚传奇》而闻名于世，此外还有神学论文、中世纪文学研究等诸多著作。

四种爱分别是：亲爱Affection,友爱Friendship,爱情Eros, 仁爱Charity.爱的三种起源：需求之爱：我不能没有你给予之爱：一切只为要你幸福欣赏之爱：就这样看着你也很好爱是伟大的，但是每种爱都会非常危险。

在爱之前——喜欢“既然喜欢意味某种乐趣，我们就从乐趣说起。

一种先有渴望，没有渴望就无乐趣可言；另一种自身便是乐趣，不需要渴望作铺垫。

前者似饮水，而后者可以以不期而遇的香水为例。

我们可以分别称之为需求之乐和欣赏之乐。

”莎士比亚在描述一阵专横的情欲得到满足时：疯狂地追求，一旦满足，又疯狂地仇恨。

1亲爱Affection（翻译者译为情爱，但这更像是一种亲情）涉及面最广的爱。

类似于亲情，又类似于好感。

它可能不需要对方的任何可取之处，连结各方可能有惊人的差异，任何人都会拥有的。

但尽管如此，情爱也有自己的标准，即，其对象必须是自己所熟悉的。

“老的”，“亲的”，“童年的”，“家乡的”，“似曾相识的”。

无论是友爱还是爱情，当欣赏之爱歇息，可以说蜷身而睡时，唯有亲爱的自在和平凡可以环绕着我们。

2 友爱Friendship这种爱中，在古人心目中，是最令人愉悦最灵性的，是培养美德的学校。

而现代，友情甚至不被当成一种“爱”。

事实上，友爱是赤裸的人格的碰撞，正如爱情是赤裸的身体的融合。

这种感情是神圣的。

“你爱我么？”的意思就是“你和我看到同样的真相了么？”只有当两类人发现了彼此，分享彼此的洞见时，友爱才会产生。

心灵一无所有的人不会有朋友的，如果你的真实回答是“我什么也没看到，也不在意这个真相，我想要朋友”，友爱就不会产生（亲情倒是有可能）。

小学五年级英语必须掌握的一些英语语法知识一、时态1、一般现在时：概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况.时间状语：often 〔经常〕,usually 〔通常〕,always 〔总是〕, sometimes 〔有时〕,every week 〔day, year, month...〕, on Sundays,…根本结构：①be动词；②行为动词否认形式：① am ／is ／are ＋not；②此时态的谓语动词假设为行为动词,那么在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数,那么用doesn't,同时复原行为动词.一般疑问句：①把be动词放于句首；②用助动词do提问,如主语为第三人称单数,那么用does,同时,复原行为动词.2、现在进行时：概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为.时间状语：now, look, listen,…根本结构：am／is／are ＋doing否认形式：am／is／are ＋not＋doing一般疑问句：把be 动词放在句首第三人称单数一般现在时的肯定句中,主语为第三人称单数的动词变化主要表达在词尾的变化上,其规律大体有三点：1 . 一般情况下,直接在动词词尾+s ,例如：get-gets;take ftakes2 .以s, sh, ch, x, o结尾的动词,在词尾+ es,例如：teach - teaches; wash fwashes; go fgoes3 .以辅音字母+ y结尾的动词,变y为i,再+ es,如：study - studies; try -tries除上述规律外,还应注意下面三点：1. 动词have , 遇到主语是第三人称单数时, 要用has；动词be 的第三人称单数形式是is.2. 含有动词第三人称单数形式的句子变否认句时,要用doesn't + 动词原形,如：He goes to school at six in the morning.〔变否认句〕fHe doesn't go to school at six in the morning.3. 对含有动词第三人称单数形式的句子提问时, 要用助动词does,如：She goes home at five every day.〔对戈1J线局部提问〕-When / What time does she go home every day?三、名词复数1 、构成方法及读音规那么1)——般情况力口-s: map-maps boy-boys girl-girls pen-pensbag-bags car-cars清辅音后读/s/ 浊辅音和元音后读/z/2)以s, sh, ch, x 等结尾加"es,读/iz/bus-buses watch-watches box-boxes brush-brushes3)以辅音字母+y结尾,变y为i再加es,读/z/baby---babies city-cities country-countries但以y 结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s 变复数.例如：two Marys the Henrys monkey---monkeysholiday---holidays4) 以o 结尾的名词,变复数时：a.无生命的名词,力口s,如：photo---photospiano---pianos radio---radios zoo---zoos；b.有生命的生物的名词, 力口es,如：potato-potatoes tomato--tomatoesc. 上述a 和b 两种方法均可,如zero---zeros / zeroes.5) 以f 或fe 结尾的名词变复数时：a.力口s,如：belief-beliefs roof---roofssafe---safes gulf---gulfs ；b. 去f,fe 力口ves, 如：half-halves knife——knivesleaf---leaves wolf---wolveswife---wives life---lives thief---thieves ；c. 上述a 和b 两种方法均可,如handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves.6)名词复数的不规那么变化(1 ) child---children foot---feet tooth---teethmouse---mice man---men woman---women注意：由一个词加man 或woman 构成的合成词, 其复数形式也是-men 和-women,如an Englishman, two Englishmen. 但German 不是合成词, 故复数形式为Germans；Bowman 是姓,其复数是the Bowmans.(2) 单复同形, 如deer, sheep, fish , Chinese,Japanese ,li , jin , yuan, two li , three mu, four jin 等.但除人民币的元、角、分外, 美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式. 如： a dollar,two dollars; a meter, two meters .(3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数.例如：people police cattle 等本身就是复数,不能说 a people, a police, a cattle, 但可以说a person, a policeman, a headof cattle.(4) 以s 结尾,仍为单数的名词,如：a. maths, politics , physics 等学科名词,一般是不可数名词,为单数.b. news 为不可数名词.c. the United States, the United Nations 应视为单数.The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945 年组建起来的.d. 以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数.例如："The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. ?一千零一夜?是一本非常有趣的故事书.5〕表示由两局部构成的东西,如：glasses 〔眼镜〕trousers, clothes 等,假设表达具体数目,要借助数量词pair 〔对,双〕; suit 〔套〕;a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers 等.6〕另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,如：goods货物,waters水域,fishes 〔各种〕鱼.1.3 不可数名词量的表示1〕物质名词a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时为可数.比拟：Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一种食物. 〔不可数〕These cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃.〔可数〕b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时,可数.例如：This factory produces steel. 〔不可数〕We need various steels. 〔可数〕c. 当物质名词表示份数时,可数.例如：Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名.Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶.2〕抽象名词表示具体的事例时也可数.例如：four freedoms 四大自由the four modernizations 四个现代化物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量,如a glass of water a piece of advicea pile of caol a flash of lightening a burst of laughter1.4 定语名词的复数名词作定语一般用单数,但也有以下例外.1）用复数作定语.例如：sports meeting 运动会students reading-room 学生阅览室talks table 谈判桌the foreign languages department 外语2） man, woman, gentleman 等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定.例如：men workers women teachers gentlemen officials3）有些原有s结尾的名词,作定语时,s保存.例如：goods train 〔货车〕arms produce 武器生产customs papers 海关文件clothes brush 衣刷4〕数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保存单数形式.例如：two-dozen eggs 两打鸡蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan. 一个五年方案1.5 不同国籍人的单复数国籍中国人瑞士人澳大利亚人俄国人总称〔谓语用复数〕the Chinese the Swiss the Australians the Russians单数a Chinese a Swiss an Australian a Russian复数two Chinese two Swiss two Australians two Russians意大利人希腊人法国人日本人美国人the Italians the Greek the French the Japanese the Americansan Italian a Greek a Frenchman a Japanese an Americantwo Italians two Greeks two Frenchmen two Japanese two Americans印度人加拿大人德国人英国人瑞典人the Indians the Canadians the Germans the English the Swedishan Indian a Canadian a Germans an Englishman a Swede two Indians two Canadians two Germans two Englishmen two Swedes名称总称〔谓语用复数〕一个人两个人中国人the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese瑞士人the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss澳大利亚人the an twoAustralians Australian Australians俄国人the Russians a Russian two Russians意大利人the Italians an Italian two Italians希腊人the Greek a Greek two Greeks法国人the French a Frenchman twoFrenchmenthe Japanese a Japanese two Japanese 美国人the Americans an American two Americans印度人the Indians an Indian two Indians加拿大人the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians德国人the Germans a German two Germans英国人the English an Englishman twoEnglishmen瑞典人the Swedish a Swede two Swedes四、名词所有格在英语中,有些名词可以加’S 来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格.例如： a teacher ’ s bo. ok下1 名词所有格的构成法The children ' s house is near Tom些孩子胆家靠近汤姆的家.1名词+ ’sa.单数名词词尾加’,s复数名词词尾如没有s,也要加‘cs the boy ' s bOg该的书包Mike ' s knife迈克的刀子the Children ' s gala年宫men' s room 男厕所b.表示几个人共有一样东西,只需在最后一个人的名字后 加 ’s .如表示各自所有,那么需在各个名字后加 ’s .如： These are Tom ' s and Jason ' SrOomS. 姆和杰森各自 的房间.、,、、'? ?• 4注意 在某些句子里,名词所有格修饰的词,往往可以省略. John s bike is better than Mike约翰的自行车比迈克的好.c.假设名词已有复数词尾-s,只加’、,、、'? ?• 4注意2 .名词 +of +名词名词是有生命的,我们用 ’s 结构来表示所有关系.如果名词 是无生命的, 我们就要用名词 +of +名词的结构来表示所有关 the windows of the house 房间的窗户the title of the song 歌的题目the picture of the family 家庭照片、,、、'? ?• 4注意a 在表示名词所有格时,’转构可以转换成of 结构 the girl ' s name This is Tom and Jason 's 遹om.姆和杰森共有的房间 the workers 'struggle 的斗争the teachersre-arodoinmg 教员阅览室 名词所有格词尾的读音与名词复数词尾 -s 的读音相同.-the name of t鹿宓的名字the friend of my father亲的朋友'my father ’ s friendb.有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词, 也可以加’s 来构成所有格.Beijing ' s stree京的街道today ' s newspaper 天的报纸ten minutes ' wOl价钟的路程The childr en ’ s house is near Tom 这些孩子的家靠近汤姆的’ s.家.五、助动词1)协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词( Auxiliary Verb ) . 被协助的动词称作主要动词 ( MainVerb ) .构成时态,语态是助动词助动词是语法功能词,自身没有词义,不可单独使用,它没有对应的汉译,例如：He doesn't like English. 他不喜欢英语.(doesn't是助动词,无词义；like是主要动词,有词义)2) 助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用,可以用来：a. 表示时态,例如：He is singing. 他在唱歌.He has got married. 他已结婚.b. 表示语态,例如：He was sent to England. 他被派往英国.c. 构成疑问句,例如：Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗？Did you study English before you came here? 你来这儿之前学过英语吗？d. 与否认副词not 合用,构成否认句,例如：I don't like him. 我不喜欢他.e. 增强语气,例如：Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会.He did know that. 他确实知道那件事.3) 最常用的助动词有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would助动词am,is,are 的用法am,is,are +现在分词,构成进行时态,例如：They are having an English class. 他们正在上一堂英语助动词have 的用法主语是单数或第三人称时,谓语动词用has;主语是复数或第一二人称时用have助动词do 的用法1) 构成一般疑问句,例如：Do you want to pass the CET? 你想通过大学英语测试吗？Did you study English? 你们学过德语吗？2) do + not 构成否认句,例如：I do not want to be late. 我不想迟到.He doesn't like to study. 他不想学习.3) 构成否认祈使句,例如：Don't open the door. 不要开门.Don't be late again. 不要再迟到了.4) 用作代动词,例如：--- Do you like Beijing? --你喜欢北京吗？--- Yes, I do. --是的, 喜欢. ( do 用作代动词, 代替like Beijing. )He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he?他知道如何开车,对吧？助动词shall 和will 的用法shall 和will 作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时,例如：I shall study harder at English. 我将更加努力地学习英语.He will go to Shanghai. 他要去上海.说明：在过去的语法中,语法学家说shall 用于第一人称, will 只用于第二、第三人称.现在,尤其是在口语中, will 常用于第一人称, 但shall 只用于第一人称, 如用于第二、第三人称,就失去助动词的意义,已变为情态动词,试比拟: He shall come. 他必须来.〔shall 有命令的意味.〕He will come. 他要来. 〔will 只与动词原形构成一般将来时.〕助动词should,would 的用法1）s hould 无词义,只是shall 的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,只用于第一人称,例如：I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week.我昨天给他打 ,问他我下周干什么.比拟：What shall I do next week?" I asked."我下周干什么？"我问道.〔可以说,shall变成间接引语时,变成了should.〕2）would也无词义,是will的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,用于第二、第三人称,例如：He said he would come. 他说他要来.比拟："I will go," he said.他说："我要去那儿."变成间接引语,就成了：He said he would come.原来的will变成would , go变成了come..六、人称代词表格主格宾格形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词弟人称F数I我me我my 我的mine 我的,数we 我们us 我们our 我们的ours 我们的第二人称you 你you 你your 你的yours 你的,数you你们you你们you你们的yours 你们的第三 k 称k he 他 him 他 his 他的 his 他的 she 她 her 她 her 她的 hers 她的 it 它 it 它 its 它的 its 它的 kthey 他们、 她们、它们them 他 们、 她们、它们their〔他、她、 它〕们的theirs〔他、她、它〕 们的七、形容词和副词 〔一〕、形容词及其用法形容词修饰名词,说明事物或人的性质或特征.通常,可 将形容词分成性质形容词和表达形容词两类,其位置不一定 都放在名词前面. 1〕直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词,它有级的变化,可以用程度副词修饰,在句中可作定语、表语和 补语.例如：hot 热的.2〕表达形容词只能作表语, 所以又称为表语形容词. 这类形 容词没有级的变化,也不可用程度副词修饰.大多数以 a 开头的形容词都属于这一类.例如： afraid 害怕的. 〔错〕 He is an 川 man.〔对〕 The man is ill.〔错〕 She is an afraid girl. 〔对〕 The girl is afraid.这类词还有：well , unwell , ill , faint, afraid, alike, alive, alone, asleep, awake 等.3〕形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边.但是如果形容词修饰以-thing 为字尾的词语时, 要放在这些词之后, 例如：something nice4.2 以-ly 结尾的形容词1）大局部形容词加-ly 可构成副词.但friendly , deadly, lovely , lonely , likely , lively , ugly, brotherly ,仍为形容词.改错：〔错〕S he sang lovely.〔错〕He spoke to me very friendly.〔对〕Her singing was lovely.〔对〕He spoke to me in a very friendly way.2〕有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词,也为副词.daily, weekly , monthly , yearly, earlyThe Times is a daily paper.The Times is published daily.4.3 用形容词表示类别和整体1）某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接. 如：the dead, the living , the rich, the poor, the blind ,the hungryThe poor are losing hope.2）有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体,与动词的复数连用.the British , the English , the French, the Chinese.The English have wonderful sense of humor.多个形容词修饰名词时,其顺序为：限定词--数词--描绘词--〔大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色〕 --出处--材料性质,类别--名词a small round tablea tall gray buildinga dirty old brown shirta famous German medical schoolan expensive Japanese sports car一般与被修饰形容词关系密切的形容词靠近名词；如果几个形容词的重要性差不多,音节少的形容词在前,音节多的方在后,在不能确定时,可参照下表：限定词+数量词〔序数词在前,基数词在后〕+性状形容词+大小、长短、上下等形体+those + three + beautiful + large + square新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+名词old + brown + wood + table4.5 副词及其根本用法副词主要用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或其他结构.一、副词的位置：1) 在动词之前.2) 在be 动词、助动词之后.3) 多个助动词时,副词一般放在第一个助动词后.、/、、1 ? >• a注意：a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾,但宾语过长,副词可以提前,以使句子平衡.We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.b. 方式副词well , badly 糟、坏, hard 等只放在句尾.He speaks English well.二、副词的排列顺序：1) 时间,地点副词,小单位的在前,大单位在后.2) 方式副词,短的在前,长的在后,并用and 或but 等连词连接.Please write slowly and carefully.3) 多个不同副词排列：程度+地点+方式+时间副词.注意：副词very 可以修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词.改错：(错) I very like English.(对) I like English very much.注意：副词enough 要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough 放在名词前后都可.I don't know him well enough.There is enough food for everyone to eat.There is food enough for everyone to eat.4.6 兼有两种形式的副词1) close 与closelyclose 意思是"近"；c losely 意思是"仔细地"He is sitting close to me.Watch him closely.2) late 与latelylate 意思是"晚"；lately 意思是"最近"You have come too late.What have you been doing lately?3) deep 与deeplydeep意思是"深",表示空间深度；deeply时常表示感情上的深度, "深深地"He pushed the stick deep into the mud.Even father was deeply moved by the film.4) high 与highlyhigh 表示空间高度；highly 表示程度,相当于muchThe plane was flying high.I think highly of your opinion.5) wide 与widelywide 表示空间宽度；widely 意思是"广泛地", "在许多地方" He opened the door wide.English is widely used in the world.6) free 与freelyfree 的意思是"免费"；freely 的意思是"无限制地"You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.You may speak freely; say what you like.。

高中英语真题:高考英语语法填空、阅读类训练（9）语法填空。

阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(不多于3个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。

【全国新课标卷题型】Once upon a time there was a rich merchant__1__had four wive s. He loved the 4th wife the most. He took great care of her an d gave her nothing__2__the best. He also loved the 3rd wife ver y much. He was very__3__(pride) of her and always wanted to s how off her to his friends. He also loved his 2nd wife. She is__4 __very considerate person, always patient and in fact is the mer chant's close friend.__5__the merchant faced some problems, h e always turned to his 2nd wife and__6__would always help hi m out and tide(帮助渡过) him__7__difficult times. Now, the merchant's 1st wife is a ve ry loyal partner and has made great__8__(contribute) in maintai ning his wealth and business as well as__9__(take) care of the household.__10__， the merchant did not love the first wife and although she loved him deeply, he hardly took notice of her. 1．______ 2.______ 3.______ 4.______ 5.______6．______ 7.______ 8.______ 9.______ 10.______答案：1.who 2.but 3.proud 4.a 5.When/Whenever6.she7.through/over8.contributions9.taking 10.However完形填空。

外国语学院课程论文Main characters in Little WomenAs a saying goes that ―There are no two leaves are exactlythe same.‖ Everyone has his/her own unique personality. The four main characters in little women makes a lasting impression me. Meg is not enticed by the money;Josephine is free andeasy;Beth doing anything without any complain;Amy hasstrong desire……Outline1、introduction2、the life experience of the characters in the book and their personalities2.1 Josephinesephine "Josephine" March2.2 Margaret "Meg" March2.3 Elizabeth "Beth" March2.4 Amy Curtis March3、conclusion1、IntroductionLittle Women (or Meg, Josephine, Beth and Amy) is a novel by American author Louisa May Alcott (1832–1888). The book was written and set in the Alcott family home, Orchard House, in Concord, Massachusetts. It was published in two volumes in 1868 and 1869. The novel follows the lives of four sisters—Meg, Josephine, Beth, and AmyMarch—and is loosely based on the author's childhood experiences with her three sisters. The first volume was an immediate commercial and critical success, prompting the composition of the book's second volume titled Good Wives, which was successful as well. The publication of the book in the form of a single volume first occurred in 1880. Alcott - 1 -外国语学院课程论文followed Little Women with two sequels, also featuring the March sisters, Little Men (1871) and Josephine's Boys (1886). Little Women has been adapted as a play, a musical, an opera, a film, and animation. 2、the life experience of the characters in the book and theirpersonalities2.1 Josephinesephine "Josephine" MarchAs a protagonist of the novel, Josephine is supposed to be autobiographical depiction of Louisa May Alcott herself. She is outspoken and has a passion for writing. Her nature often gets her into trouble, but her heart often pushes her into acts of kindness. She is free and easy, and she has steadfast determination which she struggles for dream. She earns living expenses with aunt March and writes articles for the newspaper to gain the payment to increase the daily necessities to the family. She is close to her younger sister, Beth. When Beth comes down with scarlet fever, Josephine cuts off her long, chestnut brown hair—"herone beauty", as Amy calls it — and sells it to a wig shop to earn travelmoney for her mother to visit their father, a Civil War chaplain who is dangerously ill. Josephine receives a marriage proposal from her girlhood friend and neighbor Laurie, but she refuses him. Later, Josephine moves to New York, where she meets Professor Friedrich "Fritz" Bhaer, whom she later marries. Regarding Josephine's marriage, Alcott later wrote, "Josephine should have remained a literary spinster, but so many enthusiastic young ladies wrote to me clamorously demanding that she should marry Laurie, or somebody, that I didn't dare refuse and out of perversity went and made a funny match for her".2.2 Margaret "Meg" MarchMeg is beautiful and well-mannered, not enticed by the money. She runs the household when her mother is absent. Meg also guards Amy from Josephine when the two quarrels, just as Josephine protects Beth. Meg is employed as a governess for the Kings, a wealthy local family. Because of the genteel social standing of her family, Meg is allowed into - 2 -外国语学院课程论文society. However, after a few disappointing experiences, Meg learns that true worth does not lie with money. She falls in love with Mr. Josephinehn Brooke, Laurie's tutor, whom she marries. Meg bears twins-- Margaret "Daisy" and Josephinehn Laurence "Demi" (short for Demi-Josephinehn).2.3 Elizabeth "Beth" MarchBeth is a quiet, kind, considerate and shy young woman, she does anything without complain. She also helps her mother with the housework. She enJosephineys her dolls and cats. She prefers to be homeschooled and avoids most public situations. At the beginning of the book, Alcott describes her as a sweet girl with a round young face and brown hair. She has a close relationship with Josephine, despite their different personalities. Beth enJosephineys charity work, and helps her mother nurture poor families at the beginning of the novel. Later, when her mother is in Washington caring for their father, Beth comes down with scarlet fever, caught while looking after a family with sick children. Before Mrs. March arrives, Beth's fever breaks. Beth recovers but she is left permanently weakened by the illness. In the second part of the book, when Beth contracts tuberculosis, the family nurses her. In her final illness, she overcomes her quietness when she discusses the spiritual significance of her death to Josephine. Some critics have suggested that Beth's death signals Alcott's denial of the ability of the traditional, sentimental heroine to survive in an increasingly industrial world. 2.4 Amy Curtis MarchThe youngest sister—Amy, she is interested in arts. She is alsovery kind and she regards supporting the poor people as her own faith. She is described by the author as a 'regular snow-maiden' with curly golden hair and blue eyes, 'pale and slender' and 'always carryingherself' like a very proper young lady. She is dissatisfied with theshape of her nose and she insisted that it is Josephine’s fault for Josephine once ―dropped her intothe coal hod.‖ When Beth is ill with scarlet fever, Amy is sent to stay with- 3 -外国语学院课程论文Aunt March as a safety precaution. Aunt March grows fond of her, as Amy's natural grace and docility are more to her taste. Amy is invited to accompany Uncle and Aunt Carrol and cousin Flo's as a companion on a European trip. Although she enJosephineys travelling, after seeing the works of artists such as Michelangelo and Raphael, Amy gives up her art, because she believes herself to be lacking in talent. In Europe, Amy meets up with Laurie, and shortly after Beth dies, they marry. Later, Amy gives birth to daughter Elizabeth.3、ConclusionIn little women, the author describe the life of the March family, they live harmonious with each other and help each other. Every character in the book is vivid when reading the book, they have their own personalities. Each one is unique but can be found among us.- 4 -外国语学院课程论文Maggie’s compositionLittle Women is a novel published in 1868 and written by American author Louisa May Alcott. The story concerns the lives and loves of foursisters growing up during the American Civil War. It was based onAlcott's own experiences as a child in Concord, Massachusetts with her three sisters, Anna, May, and Elizabeth. As a saying goes that “There are no two leaves areexactly the same.” Character Josephine makes a lasting impression me.As a protagonist of the novel, Josephine is supposed to beautobiographical depiction of Louisa herself. She is outspoken and has a passion for writing. Her nature often gets her into trouble, but her heart often pushes her into acts of kindness. She is free and easy, and she has steadfast determination which she struggles for dream. She earns living expenses with aunt March and writes articles for the newspaper to gain the payment to increase the daily necessities to the family. She is close to her younger sister, Beth. When Beth comes down with scarlet fever, Josephine cuts off her long, chestnut brown hair—"her one beauty", as Amy calls it — and sells it to a wig shop to earn travel money for her mother to visit their father, a Civil War chaplain who is dangerously ill. Josephine receives a marriage proposal but she refuses him. Later, Josephine moves to New York, where she meets Professor Friedrich, whom she later marries. Regarding Josephine's marriage, Alcott later wrote, "She should have remained a literary spinster, but so many enthusiastic young ladies wrote to me clamorously demanding that she should marry Laurie, or somebody, that Ididn't dare refuse and out of perversity went and made a funny match for her".- 5 -。

绝望主妇英语解析Desperate Housewives is an American television comedy-drama series that aired on ABC from 2004 to 2012. The series follows the lives of a group of women living on Wisteria Lane in the fictional town of Fairview. The show explores the secrets and scandals of suburban life through the lens of these women and their families.The series primarily focuses on four main characters - Susan Mayer, Lynette Scavo, Bree Van de Kamp, and Gabrielle Solis. Each of these women faces unique challenges and struggles in their personal and family lives, which are often complicated by the intricate web of relationships and dynamics within the neighborhood.Susan Mayer is a recently divorced single mother who is trying to rebuild her life and find love again. She is often clumsy and accident-prone, which leads to some comedic situations. However, Susan is also deeply caring and devoted to her daughter, Julie. Throughout the series, Susan navigates the ups and downs of dating, including a tumultuous relationship with her neighbor, Mike Delfino.Lynette Scavo is a former career woman who has given up her job to become a stay-at-home mother to her four children. She is often overwhelmed by the demands of parenting and struggles to maintain a sense of identity outside of her role as a mother. Lynette's relationship with her husband, Tom, is also tested as they navigate the challenges of balancing work and family life.Bree Van de Kamp is the epitome of the perfect suburban housewife. She is meticulous, organized, and an excellent cook and homemaker. However, Bree's seemingly perfect life is often marred by secrets and scandals, including her husband's infidelity and her own struggles with alcoholism. Bree's quest for perfection often puts her at odds with her family and friends.Gabrielle Solis is a former model who is married to a wealthy businessman, Carlos Solis. Gabrielle is accustomed to a lavish lifestyle and often finds herself bored and dissatisfied with her role as a housewife. She engages in an affair with her teenage gardener, which leads to a series of complications and scandals.Throughout the series, the lives of these four women intersect and overlap, creating a tapestry of complex relationships, secrets, and scandals. The show explores themes of friendship, family, love, and the challenges of navigating the ups and downs of suburban life.One of the key themes of Desperate Housewives is the idea of the "desperate housewife." The series challenges the traditional portrayal of the suburban housewife as a content, fulfilled individual. Instead, it presents a more nuanced and complex picture of the struggles and dissatisfactions that many women face in their roles as homemakers and caregivers.The show also explores the ways in which the societal expectations and pressures placed on women can lead to feelings of isolation, frustration, and a sense of lost identity. The characters in Desperate Housewives often find themselves torn between their roles as wives and mothers and their desires for personal fulfillment and independence.Another important theme in the series is the concept of secrets and lies. Each of the main characters harbors secrets and struggles to maintain a facade of normalcy and perfection. These secrets often come back to haunt them, leading to a series of scandals and crises that threaten to unravel the delicate fabric of their lives.The show also delves into the complexities of relationships, both romantic and familial. The characters navigate the challenges of maintaining healthy relationships in the face of infidelity, betrayal, and the pressures of everyday life. The series explores the ways in which these relationships can both sustain and undermine thecharacters' sense of self and well-being.Desperate Housewives has been praised for its sharp writing, compelling characters, and its ability to blend comedy and drama in a way that resonates with audiences. The series has also been criticized by some for its portrayal of women and its reliance on stereotypes and tropes. However, many viewers and critics have argued that the show ultimately subverts these stereotypes and presents a more nuanced and complex representation of the lives of modern women.Overall, Desperate Housewives is a compelling and engaging television series that explores the complexities of suburban life and the challenges faced by women in their roles as wives, mothers, and individuals. The show's enduring popularity and cultural impact are a testament to its ability to capture the universal experiences and struggles of women in a way that is both entertaining and thought-provoking.。

英国文学作家作品British Writers and WorksI. The Late Medieval AgesGeoffery Chaucer 杰弗里•乔叟1340(?)~1400① The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集Troilus and Criseyde特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德② The House of Fame声誉之宫The Books of the Duchess悼公爵夫人II The Renaissance1. Edmund Spenser埃德蒙•斯宾塞1552~1599①The Faerie Queene仙后The Shepherds Calendar牧人日历② Amoretti爱情小唱Epithalamion婚后曲Colin Clouts Come Home Againe柯林•克劳特回来了Foure Hymnes四首赞美歌2. Thomas More托马斯•莫尔1478~1535Utopia乌托邦3. Francis Bacon弗兰西斯•培根1561~1626Advancement of Learning学术的推进Novum Organum新工具Essays随笔4. ben jonsonVolpone, or the fox5.Christopher Marlowe柯里斯托弗•马洛1564~1595The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus浮士德博士的悲剧Tamburlaine帖木耳大帝The Jew of Malta马耳他的犹太人6. William Shakespeare威廉•莎士比亚1564~1616⑴ the first periodHenry IVRichard IIIThe Comedy Of ErrorsTitus AndronicusThe Taming Of The ShrewThe Two Gentlemen Of The VeronaLove’S Labour’S LostRomeo And Juliet罗密欧与朱利叶⑵ the second periodRichard IIA Midsummer Night’S DreamKing JohnMerchant Of Venice威尼斯商人Henry IV亨利四世Much Ado About NothingJulius Caesar尤利乌斯•凯撒As You Like It皆大欢喜Twelfth Night⑶ The Third PeriodHamlet哈姆莱特Othello奥赛罗King Lear李尔王Macbeth麦克白Antony And Cleopatra安东尼与克里奥佩特拉Troilus And CressidaTimon Of Athens⑷ The Fourth PeriodPericlesCymbelineThe Winter’S TaleThe TempestHenry Viii⑸ Poetry:Venus And Adonis;The Rape Of Lucrece (Venus And Lucrece);The Passionate Pilgrim,The SonnetsIII The 17th Century1. John Milton约翰•弥尔顿1608~1674① Paradise Lost失乐园Paradise Regained复乐园Samson Agonistes力士参孙② Areopagitica论出版自由The Defence of the English People为英国人民声辩2. John Bunyan约翰•班扬1628~1688The Pilgrim’s Progress 天路历程The Life and Death of Mr Badman败德先生传3. John Dryden约翰•德莱顿1631~1700An Essay of Dramatic Poesy 论戏剧诗All for Love一切为了爱情Absalom and Achitophel押沙龙与阿齐托菲尔4. John Donne① Meditations 沉思录The Flea 虱子② Songs And SonnetsDevotions Upon Emergent OccasionsHoly SonnetsIV The 18th Century1. Alexander Pope亚历山大•蒲柏1688~1744①Essay on Criticism批评论The Rape of the Lock卷发遇劫记②Moral Essays道德论Essay on Man人论The Dunciad愚人记2. Samuel Johnson塞缪尔•约翰逊1709~1784①Dictionary =The Dictionary of English Language英语辞典The Lives of Great Poets诗人传② The Vanity of Human Wishes人类欲望之虚幻London伦敦A Letter To His Patron3. James BoswellLife Of Johnson4.Jonathan Swift乔纳森•斯威夫特1667~1745Gulliver’s Travels格列佛游记A Modest Proposal一个小小的建议The Battle of Books书战A Tale of a Tub木桶的故事The Drapper’s Letters一个麻布商的书信5. Daniel Defoe丹尼尔•笛福1660~1731Robinson Crusoe鲁宾逊漂流记Moll FlandersColonel JacqueCaptain singleton6. Samuel Richardson塞缪尔•理查逊1689~1761Pamela (Virtue Rewarded) 帕米拉Clarissa Harhowe7. Henry Fielding亨利•菲尔丁1707~1754① novelsThe History of Tom Jones, a Foundling汤姆•琼斯The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews约瑟夫•安德鲁The Life of Mr Jonathan Wild, the Great大诗人江奈生•威尔德Amelia爱米利亚② playsThe Historical Register for 1736一七三六年历史记事Don Quixote in England堂吉柯德在英国8. Oliver Goldsmith奥利弗•格尔德斯密斯1730~1774① poemsThe Traveller旅游人The Deserted Village荒村② novelThe Vicar of Wakefield威克菲尔德牧师传③ playsThe Good Natured Man好心人She Stoops to Conquer屈身求爱④ essaysThe Citizens of the World世界公民9. Richard Brinsley Sheridan理查德•布林斯利•施莱登1751~1816The Rivals情敌The School for Scandal造谣学校1o. William Blake威廉•布莱克1757~1827①Songs of Innocence天真之歌Songs of Experience经验之歌The Marriage of Heaven and Hell天堂与地狱的婚姻②The Chimney SweeperLondonThe Tyger11. Robert Burns罗伯特•彭斯1759~1796Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect主要用苏格兰方言写的诗John Anderson, My Jo约翰•安德生，我的爱人A Red, Red Rose一朵红红的玫瑰Auld Long Syne往昔时光A Man’s a Man for A’That不管那一套My Heart’s in the Highlands我的心在那高原上Bruce At BannockburnThe Tree Of LibertyV The Romantic Age1. William Wordsworth威廉•华兹华斯1770~1850Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集I Wondered Lonely As A CloudLines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern AbbeyWe Are Seven我们是七个The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女The Prelude2. Samuel Taylor Coleridge塞缪尔•泰勒•科尔律治1772~1834The Rime of the Ancient Mariner古舟子颂Christabel柯里斯塔贝尔Kubla Khan忽必烈汗Frost at Night半夜冰霜Dejection, an Ode忧郁颂3. George Gordon Byron乔治•戈登•拜伦1788~1824①Don Juan唐•璜Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage恰尔德•哈罗德尔游记Cain该隐②When We Two Parted当初我们俩分别She Walks In Beauty4. Persy Bysshe Shelley波西•比希•雪莱1792~1822①Prometheus Unbound解放了的普罗米修斯Queen Mab麦步女王Revolt of Islam伊斯兰的反叛The Cenci钦契一家The Masque of Anarchy,专制者的假面游行②Ode to the West Wind西风颂To a Skylark致云雀5. John Keats约翰•济慈1795~1821Ode on a Grecian Urn希腊古瓮颂Ode to a Nightingale夜莺颂Ode to Autumn秋颂Ode On Melancholy6. Charles Lamb查尔斯•兰姆1775~1834The essays of eliot 伊利亚文集Old familiar faces 老面孔Dream children; a reverie 梦中儿女A dissertation upon toast pig 烤乳猪论7. Walter Scott沃尔特•斯科特1771~1832Rob Roy 罗伯•罗伊Ivanhoe 艾凡赫The Lady of the Lake 湖上夫人Waverley 威弗利Guy Mannering 盖曼纳令VI The Victorian Age1. Charles Dickens查尔斯•狄更斯1812~1870Sketches by Boz波兹特写The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club匹克威克外传Oliver Twist奥利弗•特维斯特（雾都孤儿）The Old Curiosity Shop老古玩店Barnaby Rudge巴纳比•拉奇American Notes美国杂记Martin Chuzzlewit马丁•朱淑尔维特A Christmas Carol圣诞颂歌The Chimes教堂钟声The Cricket on the Hearth灶上蟋蟀Dombey and Son董贝父子David Copperfield大卫•科波菲尔Bleak House荒凉山庄Hard Times艰难时世Little Dorrit小杜丽A Tale of Two Cities双城记Great Expectations远大前程Our Mutual Friend我们共同的朋友Edwin Drood艾德温•朱特2. William Makepeace Thackeray威廉•麦克匹斯•萨克雷1811~1863Vanity Fair名利场The History Of Pendennis潘登尼斯The Book Of SnobsThe History of Henry Esmond亨利•埃斯蒙德3. Jane Austen简•奥斯丁1775~1817Sense and Sensibility理智与情感Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见Emma爱玛Persuasion劝导4. Charlotte Bronte夏洛蒂•勃朗特1816~1855Jane Eyre简•爱Shirley雪莉Professor教师5. Emily Bronte艾米莉•勃朗特1818~1854Wuthering Heights呼啸山庄Old Stoic6. Mrs. GaskellMary Barton7. George Eliot乔治•艾略特1819~1880The Mill on the Floss弗洛斯河上的磨坊Adam Bede亚当•比德Silas Marner织工马南Middlemarch米德尔马契8. Alfred Tennyson阿尔弗莱德•丁尼生1809~1892In Memoriam悼念Break, Break, Break冲击、冲击、冲击Idylls of the King国王叙事诗9. Robert Browning罗伯特•白朗宁1812~1889The Ring and the Book环与书Men and Women男男女女Dramatic Lyrics戏剧抒情诗Dramatic Romances and Lyrics戏剧故事及抒情诗Dramatic Personae登场人物My Last Dutchess 我已故的公爵夫人Pippa Passes 皮帕走过去Home Thoughts From Abroad10. Elizabeth Barrett Browning伊丽莎白•芭蕾特•白朗宁1806~1861Sonnets from the Portuguese葡萄牙十四行诗The Cry of the Children孩子们的哭声11. John Ruskin约翰•罗斯金1819~1900Modern Painters现代画家The Seven Lamps of Architecture建筑的七盏明灯12. William morrisNews From NowhereA Dream Of John Ball13. Robert Louis StevensonTreasure IslandKidnapped14. Oscar Wilde奥斯卡•王尔德1856~1900① 4 ComediesThe Importance Of Being Earnest认真的重要Lady Windermere’s Fan温德米尔夫人的扇子A Woman Of No Importance一个无足轻重的女人An Ideal Husband理想的丈夫② 1 TragedySolome 莎乐美③ NovelThe Picture Of Dorian Gray多利安•格雷的画像④ PoemsThe Grave Of KeatsDe Profundis 惨痛的呼声The Ballad Of Reading Gaol 累丁狱中歌⑤ Fairy StoriesThe Happy Prince And Other Tales快乐王子故事集VII 1900~1950 The 20th CenturyPart 1 all the writers1.Novelists (Realists)① Samuel Butler② George Meredith③ Herbert George Wells④ Rudyard Kipling⑤ Arnold Benett⑥ Joseph Concrad⑦ William Somerset Maugham⑧ Edward Morgan Foster (E.M.Foster)⑨ Thomas Hardy⑩ John Gasworthy2.Playwrights① John Millington Synge (J.M.Synge )②Sean O’Casey③ George Bernard Shaw④ Oscar Wilde3.Modernists⑴ 3 Novelists① James Joyce② David Herbert Lawrence③ Virgirnia Woolf⑵ 2 Poets① W. B. Yeats (William Butler Yeats )② T.S. Eliot ( Thomas Sterns Eliot )Part 2 Minor Novelists And Minor Dramatists1.Minor Novelists① Samuel ButlerThe Way Of All Flesh （众生之路）Erewhon （艾瑞洪）② George MeredithThe Egoist （利己主义者）③ Herbert George WellsThe Time Machine 时间机器④ Rudyard KiplingKim 基姆The Jungle Book 莽林丛书The Lost Legion 失去的军团⑤ Arnold BenettThe O ld Wives’ Tale 老妇谈The “Five Towns” Stories 五镇小说⑥ Joseph ConcradLord Jim 吉姆爷Heart Of Darkness 黑暗的心An Outpost Progress 文明的前哨Youth 青年人⑦ William Somerset MaughamOf Human Bondage 人性的枷锁⑧ Edward Morgan Foster (E.M.Foster)A Passage To India 印度之行Hawards End 霍华兹别墅2.Minor Dramatists① John Millington Synge (J.M.Synge )The Playboy Of The Western World 西方世界的花花公子Riders To The Sea 奔向大海的骑手②Sean O’CaseyThe Shadow Of A Gunman 枪手的影子Juno And Paycock 朱诺与孔雀I Knock At The Door 我敲门The Plough And Star 犁与星Part 31. Thomas Hardy托马斯•哈代1840~1928⑴ NovelsTess Of The D’Urbervilles德伯家的苔丝Jude The Obscure无名的裘德Under The Greenwood Tree绿荫下Far From The Madding Crowd远离尘嚣The Mayor Of Casterbridge卡斯特桥市长A Pair Of Blue Eyes一双蓝眼睛The Trumpet Major号兵长Desperate Remedies非常手段The Hand Of Ethelberta艾塞尔伯塔的婚姻⑵ PoemsWessex Poems And Other VersesPoems Of The Past And PresentThe Dynasts 列国2. John Galsworthy约翰•高尔斯华绥1867~1933⑴ Novels① Two TrilogiesThe Man Of Property 有产者Three Novels In Chancery 进退维谷To Let 出租A The Forsyte Saga.The Indian Summer Of A ForsyteTwo InterludesAwakeningA Silent WooingTwo InterludesPassers- ByB. A Modern ComedyThe White Monkey 白猿Three Novels The Silver Spoon 银匙Swan Song 天鹅之歌②The End Of The Chapter一章的结束⑵ PlaysThe Silver Box 银盒子Strife 战争3. David Herbert Lawrence戴维•赫伯特•劳伦斯1885~1930Sons And Lovers儿子与情人The Rainbow虹Women In Love恋爱中的女人Lady Chatterley’s Lover查特莱夫人的情人The White Peacock 白孔雀Kangaroo 袋鼠The Plumed Serpent 羽蛇The Rocking- Horse Winner 木马赢家Aron’S Rod 亚伦之杖4 . James Joyce詹姆斯•乔伊斯1882~1941Ulysses尤利西斯A Portrait Of The Artist As A Young Man一个青年艺术家的肖像Finnegans Wake芬尼根的苏醒Dubliners都柏林人5. Virginia Woolf弗吉尼娅•沃尔芙1882~1941⑴ NovelsMrs Dalloway达洛维夫人The WindowTo The Lighthouse到灯塔去Time PassesThe Waves浪 The LighthouseThe Voyage Out 出航Night And Day 夜与日Jacob’s Room 雅各布的房间Orlando 奥兰朵The Years 岁月Between The Acts 幕间⑵ Critical EssaysModern Fiction 现代小说The Common Reader 普通读者Three Guineas 三个齑尼⑶ Short StoryThe New Dress6. William Butler Yeats威廉•勃特勒•叶茨1865~1939⑴ collections①The Wandering Of Oisin And Other Poems 漫游的奥辛及其他The Wind Among The Reeds 苇风Responsibilities 责任②The Wild Swans At Coole 库尔的野天鹅Michael Robartes And The Dancer 迈克尔.罗巴兹和舞者The Tower 塔The Winding Stair 旋转的楼梯⑵ PoemsEaster 1916The Second Coming 第二次来临/再世A Deep-Sworn VowSailing To Byzantium 到拜占庭航行Leda And The Swan 丽达与天鹅Crazy Jane 疯简⑶ PlaysThe Land Of Heart’S Desire 理想的国土The Hour Glass 时漏Dedidre 黛德尔⑷ BookA Vision 幻象7. Thomas Sterns Eliot⑴ Poems① The Waste Landa.The Burial Of The Dead 死者的葬仪b. A Game Of Chess 对翌c.The Fire Sermon 火诫d.Death By Water 水里的死亡e.What The Thunder Said 雷霆的话② Four Quartetsa.Burnt Nortonb.East Cokerc.The Dry Salvagesd.Little Gidding③ The Love Song Of J. Alfred PrufrockHollow Man 空心人Ash Wednesday 圣灰星期三Prelude 序曲⑵ PlaysMurder In The Cathedral 大教堂谋杀案The Family Reunion 家庭团聚The Cocktail Party 鸡尾酒会The Confidential Clerk 机要秘书The Rock 岩石Sweeny Agonistes 力士斯威尼⑶ Critical EssaysThe Sacred Wood 圣林Tradition And The Individual Talent 传统与个人天才The Use Of Poetry And The Use Of Criticism 诗歌的用途与评论的用途The Function Of Criticism 批评的功能8．George Bernard Shaw乔治•伯纳•萧1856~1950⑴ Plays① Plays UnpleasantMrs Warren’S Profession华伦夫人的职业Widowers’ Houses 鳏夫的房产② Plays PleasantCandidaArms And Man 武器与人The Man Of Destiny 左右命运的人③ Three Plays For PuritansThe Devil’S Disciple 魔鬼的门徒Caesar And Cleopatra④ Other PlaysMan And Superman 人与超人Major Barbara 巴巴拉少校Pygmalion 匹格玛利翁Heartbreak House 伤心之家The Apple Cart 苹果车Saint Joan 圣女贞德Too True To Be Good 真相毕露John Bull’S Other Island 英国佬的另一个岛Androcles And The Lion 安克斯和狮You Never Can Tell 你决不能讲⑵ NovelAn Unsocial Socialist⑶ EssaysThe Dictatorship Of The ProletariatThe Quintessence Of Ibsenism美国文学作家作品American Writers and WorksI. Puritanism ( 1 )Benjamin FranklinAutobiographyPoor Richard’s AlmanacII. Romanticism ( 9 )Washington IrvingThe Sketch BookA Rip Van WinkleThe Legend Of Sleepy HollowA History Of New YorkJames Fenimore CooperLeatherstocking TalesThe PioneersThe Last Of The MohicansThe PrairieThe PathfinderThe DeerslayerThe SpyRalph Waldo Emerson ( Transcendentalism )NatureThe PoetThe American ScholarHenry David Thoreau ( Transcendentalism )WaldenA Plea For John BrownNathaniel HawthorneThe Scarlet LetterThe House Of The Seven GablesMosses From An Old ManseThe Marble FaunTwice-Told TalesHerman MelvilleMoby DickOmooTypeeRedburnWhite JacketMardiPierreBilly BuddWalt WhitmanLeaves Of GrassSong Of MyselfOut Of The Cradle Endlessly RockingWhen Lilacs Last In The Dooryard Bloom’DDrum TapsI Sit And Look OutThere Was A Child Went ForthCrossing Brooklyn FerryDemocratic VistasPassage To IndiaProud Music Of The StormTo A Locomotive In WinterYears Of The ModernPioneers, O PioneersI Hear America SingingEmily DickinsonDeathMy Life Closed Twice Before Its CloseBecause I Could Not Stop For DeathDeath Is A Dialogue BetweenI Died For Beauty ---But Was ScarceI Heard A Fly Buzz---When I DiedLoveWild Nights! Wild Night!Mine – By The Right Of The White ElectionIf I May Have It When It’S DeadNatureA Bird Came Down The WalkA Narrow Fellow In The GrassI Taste A Liquor Never BrewedApparently With No SurpriseTell All The Truth But Tell It SlantSympathy With The PoorThe Beggar Lad Dies EarlyIf I Can Stop One Heart From BreakingWhen I Was Small A Woman DiedEdgar Allan Poe1.StoriesMs Found In A BottleThe Murders In The Rue MorgueThe Purloined LetterThe Gold BugTales Of The Grotesque And The ArabesqueThe Fall Of The House Of UsherThe Masque Of The Red DeathThe Cask Of AmontilladoLigeia2. PoemsThe RavenTo HelenSonnet –To ScienceAnnabel LeeThe City In The SeaThe BellsIII. Realism ( 3 )William Dean HowellsCriticism And FictionThe Rise Of Silas LaphamA Modern InstanceHenry JamesThe AmericanDaisy MillerThe Portrait Of A LadyThe Turn Of The ScrewThe AmbassadorsThe Wings Of The DoveThe Golden BowlThe Art Of FictionMark Twain ( Local Colorism )The Adventures Of Tom SawyerThe Adventures Of Huckleberry FinnLife On The MississippiThe Celebrated Jumping Frog Of Calaveras CountyThe Gilded AgeThe Man That Corrupted HadleyburgThe Mysterious StrangerInnocents AbroadRoughing ItPuddn’ Head WilsonThe Prince And The PauperTo The Person Sitting In The DarknessIV. Naturalism ( 5 )Stephen CraneNovelsMaggie: A Girl Of The StreetsThe Red Badge Of CourageThe Open BoatThe Blue HotelThe Bride Comes To The Yellow SkyPoemsWar Is KindThe Black Riders And Other LinesTheodore DreiserAn American TragedySister CarrieJennie GerhardtTrilogy Of DesireThe FinancierThe TitanThe StoicMinor NovelistsFrank NorrisMc TeagueThe OctopusThe PitJack LondonThe Call Of The WildMartin EdenWhite FangThe Sea WolfUpton SinclairThe JungleV. The 1920s1.Poets (4 )Ezra Pound ( Imagist )CantosIn A Station Of The MetroA PactWilliam Carlos Williams ( Imagist )PatersonThe Red WheelbarrowRobert FrostNorth Of BostonA Boy’S WillMountain IntervalNew HampshireWest-Running BrookA Further RangeA Witness TreeSteeplebushIn The ClearingA Masque Of ReasonA Masque Of MercyStopping By Woods On A Snowy EveningAfer Apple-PickingMending WallThe Road Not TakenDesignNothing Gold Can StayDepartmentalThe Most Of ItHome BurialThe FearA Servant To ServantsThe Black CottageThe Generation Of MenBirchesThe Wood PileFire And IceThe Death Of The Hired Man Carl SandburgChicago PoemsCornhuskersSmoke And SteelGood Morning, AmericaChicagoFogLostThe HarbourCool TombsA Am The People, The MobThe People, Yes2.NovelistsF. Scott FitzgeraldThe Great GatsbyTender Is The NightThe Beautiful And DamnedFlappers And PhilosophersThis Side Of ParadiseAll The Sad Young MenThe Last TycoonThe Crack-UpTales Of The Jazz AgeTaps At ReveilleThe Diamond As Big As The RitzThe Rich BoyErnest HemingwayThe Sun Also RisesA Farewell To ArmsFor Whom The Bell TollsThe Old Man And The SeaIn Our TimeTo Have And Have NotThe Fifth ColumnA Clean Well-Lighted PlaceThe UndefeatedIndian CampThe KillersBig Two-Hearted RiverThe Torrents Of SpringMen Without WomenWinner Take NothingDeath In The AfternoonGreen Hills Of AfricaAcross The River And Into The TreesA Movable FeastThree Stories And Ten PoemsIslands In The StreamWilliam FaulknerThe Sound And The FuryAbsalom, Absalom!Light In AugustGo Down, MosesAs I Lay DyingSartorisSanctuaryThe Marble FaunSoldier’s PayMosquitoesThese ThirteenRequiem For A NunIntruder In The DustThe Snopes TrilogyThe HamletThe TownThe MansionThe BearA Rose For EmilyBarn BurningA FableSherwood AndersonWinesburg, OhioThe Triumph Of The EggDeath In The WoodsHandsI Want To Know WhyPaper PillsMotherSinclair LewisMain StreetBabbittArrowsmithWilla CatherMy AntoniaO PioneersThomas WolfeLook Homeward, Angel3.DramatistsEugene O’NeillLong Day’S Journey Into NightThe Iceman ComethThe Hairy ApeEmperor JonesDesire Under The ElmsBeyond The HorizonAnna ChristieAll God’S Chillen Got WingsStrange InterludeMourning Becomes ElectraBound East For CardiffThe Great God BrownLazarus LaughedMarco MillionsAh, WildernessElmer RiceThe Adding MachineOn TrialStreet SceneDream GirlVI. The 1930s1.Novelists ( 2 )John Dos PassosU.S.A.The 42nd Parallel1919The Big MoneyDistrict Of ColumbiaThe Adventures Of A Young ManNumber OneThe Grand DesignThree SoldiersManhattan TransferThe Best TimesThe Head And The Heart Of Thomas JeffersonJohn SteinbeckThe Grapes Of The WrathOf Mice And MenIn Dubious BattleTortilla FlatThe Red PonyThe PearlThe Long ValleyTravels With CharleyCup Of GoldThe Pastures Of HeavenTo A God UnknownThe Moon Is DownThe Winter Of Our Discontent2.DramatistClifford OdetsWaiting For LeftyParadise LostAwake And SingTill The Day I DieGolden BoyThe Big KnifeVII. Black Writers (4 )Richard WrightNative SonUncle Tom’S Children: Four NovellasBlack BoyRalph EllisonInvisible ManJames BaldwinGo Tell It On The MountainAnother CountryTell Me How Long The Train Been GoneNotes Of A Native SonNobody Knows My NameThe Fire Next TimeToni MorrisonTar BabyBelovedThe Blue EyeSong Of SolomonOthersMargaret MitchellGone With The WindHarriet Beecher StoweUncle Tom’s CabinJean ToomerCaneFrederick DouglassMy Bondage And My FreedomAlex HaleyRootsLangston HughesSimple’S Uncle SamSimple Speaks Of His MindThe Negro Speaks Of RiversVIII. Modern WritersDramatists1.Eugene O’Neill2.Elmer Rice3.Clifford Odets4.Arthur MillerDeath Of A SalesmanAll My SonsThe CrucibleA View From The Bridge5.Tennessee WilliamsA Streetcar Named DesireThe Glass MenagerieCat On Hot Tin RoofSummer And SmokeNight Of IguanaThe Rose TattooThe Milk Train Doesn’T Stop Here Any More 6.Edward AlbeeWho’s Afraid Of Virginia WoolfThe American DreamThe Zoo StoryThe SandboxThe Death Of Bessie SmithA Delicate BalanceSeascapeTiny AliceBox-Mao-BoxNovelists1.Saul BellowDangling ManThe Adventures Of Augie MarchHenderson The Rain KingHerzogHumboldt’s Gift2.Norman MailerThe Executioner’S SongAn American DreamThe Naked And The Dead3.J.D. SalingerThe Catcher In The Rye4.Joseph HellerCatch-225.Allen Ginsburg (Poet )Howl。

English1.An Introduction to Old and Medieval English Literature 上古及中世纪英国文学简介The period of Old English :450~1066Genesis A创世纪甲本,Genesis B 创世纪乙本and Exodus出埃及记based on the Old Testament 旧约全书The Dream of the Rood 十字架之梦comes from the New Testament新约全书Beowulf 贝奥武甫the national epic poemThe Wanderer, Deor流浪者，狄奥尔；The Seafarer航海者, The Wife’s Complaint 妻子的抱怨Medieval period 中世纪from 1066 up to the mid-14th centurySir Gawain and the Green Kinght 高文爵士与他的绿衣骑士John Gower 约翰·高厄Piers Plowman 农夫皮尔斯William Langland 威廉·兰格伦The Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷故事集Geoffrey Chaucer吉奥弗雷·乔叟The Romaunt of the Rose 玫瑰传奇；The Legend of Good Women好女人的故事John Dryden 约翰·德莱顿called Chaucer the father of English poetry2.The Renaissance Period 文艺复兴时期Ⅰ.Edmund Spenser埃德蒙·斯宾塞（1552-1599）The Shepheardes Calender 牧人日记Epithalamion 新婚喜歌The Faerie Queene 仙后The five main qualities of Spenser’s poetry are 1)a perfert melody;2)a rare sense of beauty;3) a splendid imagination;4)a lofty moral purity and seriousness; and 5) a dedicated idealism, he also uses strange forms of speech and obsolete words in order to increases the rustic effectⅡ.Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593) 克里斯托夫·马洛Tamburlaine (1587-1588)帖木儿Dr. Faustus (1589)浮士德博士的悲剧The Jew of Malta(1590) 马耳他岛的犹太人Edward II(1592-1593)爱德华二世Hero and Leander 海洛与勒安得耳The Passionate Shepherd to His Love激情的牧人致心爱的姑娘Translation : Amores 爱的艺术---Ovid奥维德Ⅲ. William Shakespeare (1564-1616) 威廉·莎士比亚Frist period – five history plays:Henry VI,Parts I,II,and III 亨利六世（上，中，下）；Richard III 理查三世；Titus Andronicus 泰托斯·安东尼；four comedies:The Comedy of Errors 错误的喜剧；The Two Gentlemen of V erona维洛那二绅士；The Taming of the Shrew 驯悍记；Love’s Labour’s Lost 爱的徒劳；Second period – five histories: Richard II 理查二世；King John 约翰王；Henry IV, Parts I and II 亨利四世（上，下）；Henry V 亨利五世；six c omedies:A Midsummer Night’s Dream 仲夏夜之梦；The Merchant of V enice 威尼斯商人；Much Ado About Nothing 无事生非；As Y ou Like It 皆大欢喜；Twelfth Night 第十二夜；The Merry Wives of Windsor 温莎的风流娘儿们；two tragedies:Romeo and Juliet 罗密欧与朱丽叶；Julius Caesar 裘利斯·凯撒Third period – his greatest tragedies:Hamlet 哈姆莱特；Othello奥赛罗；King Lear 李尔王；Macbeth 麦克白；Antony and Cleopatra 安东尼与克利奥佩特拉；Troilus and Cressida 特洛伊勒斯与克利西达；Coriolanus 科里奥拉那斯and his so-called dark comedies：All’s well That Ends Well 终成眷属；Measure for Measure 一报还一报The last period – principal romantic tragicomedies: Pericles 伯里克利；Cymbeline 辛白林；The Winter’s Tale 冬天的故事；The Tempest 暴风雨；two final plays: Henry VIII 亨利八世；The Two Noble Kinsmen 两位贵族亲戚Two long narrative poem: V enus and Adonis 维纳斯与安东尼斯(1593)；The Rape of Lucrece 鲁克里丝受辱记（1594）Sonnet 18 第18号十四行诗one of the most beautiful sonnetsⅣ.Francis Bacon (1561-1626) 弗兰西斯·培根philosopher scientist and essayist The Advancement of Learning (1605) 学术的进展Novum Organum(1620)新工具an enlarged Latin version of The Advancement of Learning Essays 散文集of Studies 论读书the most popular of Bacon’s 58 essaysApophthagmes New and Old (1625) 新旧格言集The History of the Reign of Henry VII(1622)亨利七世的统治The New Atlantis新大西岛；unfinishedMaxims of Law 法律原理The Learned Reading upon the Statue of Uses(1642) 法令使用读本Ⅴ. John Donne（1572-1631）约翰·邓恩metaphysical poetry 玄学派诗歌The Elegies and Satires 挽歌与讽刺；The Songs and Sonnets 歌与短歌Farewell to Love 告别爱情Holy Sonnets圣歌集；A Hymn to God the Father 圣父赞美诗The Sun Rising 升引的太阳Death, Be Not Proud 死神，休得狂妄written in the strict Petrarchan pattern 彼特拉克Ⅵ.John Milton约翰·弥尔顿（1608-1674）Paradis Lost (1665)失乐园the only generally acknowledge epic in English literature since BeowulfParadise Regained (1671)复乐园Samson Agonistes (1671)力士参孙the most perfect example of the verse drama after the Greek style in EnglishLycidas (1637)利西达斯composed for a collection of elegies dedicated to Edward King Areopagitica (1644) 论出版自由his most memorable prose3.The Neoclassical Period★Literature of Neoclassicism is different from that of Romanticism in that the former celebrates reason, rationality, order and instruction while the latter sees literature as an expression of an individual’s feeling and experiences.Ⅰ.John Bunyan约翰·班杨（1628-1688）The Pilgrim’s Progress 天路历程The V anity Fair 名利场Ⅱ. Alexander Pope 亚历山大·蒲柏（1688-1744）The Dunciad 群愚史诗An Essay on Criticism(1711) 论批评The Rape of the Lock (first version 1712) 夺法记An Essay on Man(1733-1734) 论人类Eloisa to Abelard(1717) 埃洛伊斯致亚伯拉德Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot (1735)Translate: Homer’s Iliad(1720)荷马伊利亚特Odysey(1726) 奥德赛；some Shakespeare’s plays(1713-1726)Ⅲ.Daniel Defoe（1660-1731）丹尼尔·笛福The Shortest Way with the Dissenters（1702）成为异教徒的捷径The True-born Englishman（1701）地地道道的英国人Robinson Crusoe 鲁滨逊漂流记Captain Singleton (1720) 辛利顿船长Moll Flanders(1722)莫尔·弗朗德斯Colonel Jack(1722) 杰克上校Roxana(1724)罗克萨那A Journal of the Plague Y ear (1722) 灾疫之前的日记Great Plague in 1664-1665 1664年到1665年大瘟疫Ⅳ.Jonathan Swift(1667-1745) 乔森特·斯威夫特A Tale of a Tub (1704)桶的故事The Battle of the Books(1704)书籍的战斗Gulliver’s Travels（1726）格列佛游记The Drapier’s Let ters(1724-1725) 德莱皮尔的信A Modest Proposal（1729）一个温和的建议Ⅴ.Henry Fielding (1707-1754) 亨利·菲尔丁Coffee-House Politician (1730)咖啡屋的政治家The Tragedy of Tragedies (1730)悲剧中的悲剧Pasquin (1736)巴斯昆The Historical Register for the Y ear 1736(1737) 1736年历史年鉴The Historical of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews and of his friend Mr. Abraham Adams (1742) 约瑟夫·安德鲁与亚伯拉罕·亚当斯历险记written in imitation of the manner of CervantesThe History of Jonathan Wild the Great （1743）伟大的乔纳森·怀尔德传记The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (1749)汤姆·琼斯，一个弃儿的故事The History of Amelia(1751)阿米莉亚传记Ⅵ.Samuel Johnson 塞缪尔·约翰逊（1709-1784）London（1738）伦敦The V anity of Human Wishes (1749)人类欲望的虚幻The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia (1759) 拉塞拉斯的历史，阿比西尼亚王子Irene (1749)艾琳The Rambler and The Idler随笔闲谈Lives of the Poets(1779-1781) 诗人传A Dictionary of the English Language (1755)英文大词典the author of the first English dictionary by an EnglishmanTo the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield 致切斯特菲尔德勋爵的信Ⅶ.Richard Brinsley Sheridan(1751-1816)理查德·比·谢拉丹The Rivals （1775）情敌The School for Scandal（1777）造谣学校St.Patrick’s Day = the Scheming Lieutenant (1775)圣帕特里克日The Duenna (1775)杜安纳The Critic (1779)批评家Pizarro(1799)皮扎罗Ⅷ.Thomas Gray （1716-1771）托马斯·格雷Horace Walpole 沃尔波The Old Castle of Otranto奥特兰多古堡Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard (1751)写在教堂墓地的挽歌the Graveyard School 墓地诗歌Ode on the Spring (1742)春之颂Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College(1747)伊顿公学展望Ode on the Death of a Favourite Cat (1748) 爱猫之死Hymn to Adversity(1742)逆境的赞歌Translation : The Descent of Odin (1761)；奥丁的血统The Fatal Sisters (1761)命运姐妹4.The Romantic Period浪漫主义时期Ⅰ.William Blake（1757-1827）威廉·布莱克Poetical Sketches(1783) 诗草The songs of Innocence(1809)天真之歌“The Chimney Sweeper ”扫烟囱小男孩His Songs of Experience (1794) 经验之歌“The Chimney Sweeper ”扫烟囱小男孩Marriage of Heaven and Hell (1790) 天堂与地狱的结合The Book of Urizen(1794) 尤莱森之书The Book of Los(1795) 洛斯之书The Four Zoas(1796-1807) 四个挪亚Milton(1804-1820) 弥尔顿The Tyger 虎Ⅱ. William Wordsworth (1770-1850) 威廉·华兹华斯Lake Poets 湖畔诗人Robert Southey ，Samuel Taylor Coleridge；Lyrical Ballads (1798)抒情歌谣集Samuel Taylor Coleridge 塞缪尔·泰勒·科勒津治and WordsworthA Phantom of Delight （1802）快乐的化身Descritptive Sketches, an Evening Walk(1793) 描绘速写，黄昏漫步The Prelude(1790-1805)序曲Poems in Two V olumes （1807）双卷诗Ode: Intimations of Immortality 颂歌：永存的暗示；Resolution and Independence 决心与独立autobiographical narrativeThe Excursion (1814)远足Poems: The Sparrow’s Nest麻雀巢;To a Skylark 致云雀; To the Cuckoo 致杜鹃; To a Butterfly 致蝴蝶; I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud 我如行云独自游；An Evening Walk傍晚漫步; My Heart Leaps up我心飞动；Tintern Abbey厅特恩教堂；The Thorn荆棘; The Sailor’s Mother水手的母亲; Michael 麦克尔;The Affliction of Margaret 玛格丽特所受的折磨;The Old Cumberland Beggar老坎伯兰的乞丐The Idiot Boy 白痴男孩;The Solitary Reaper孤独的收割者;To a Highland Girl致高地的姑娘；The Ruined Cottage 被摧毁的茅屋Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3,1802 威斯敏斯特桥即景1802年9月3日Lucy pomes 露西：She Dwelt Among the Untrodden ways 独自幽居Ⅲ. Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834)塞·特·科勒津治Lyrical Ballads (1798)抒情歌谣集The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 古航海家之歌Kubla Khan忽必烈汉Christabel克丽斯塔贝尔Frost at Midnight子夜寒霜The Nightingale 夜莺Dejection, an Ode沮丧，一段颂歌Remorse 忏悔（1813）tragic dramaBiographia Literaria （1817）文学传记proseⅣ. George Gordon Byron (1788-1824)乔治·戈登·拜伦Edinburgh Review爱丁堡评论周刊Hours of Idleness 闲散的时光（1807）English Bards and Scotch Reviewers（1809）英格兰诗人与苏格兰诗评家Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage （1812）恰尔德·哈洛尔德游记Oriented Tales 东方故事集Childe Harold 哈洛尔德游记The Prisoner of Chillon（1816）齐伦的囚犯Manfred(1817)曼弗雷德Don Juan（1818-1823）唐·璜The Isles of Greece 哀希腊Cain (1821) 该隐verse dramaThe Island （1821）岛narrative poemThe V ision of Judgment （1822）审判的幻景attack on Southey ，political satireSong for the Luddites 路德党人之歌Ⅴ.Percy Bysshe Shelley(1792-1822) 珀·比·雪莱The Necessity of Atheism（1811）无神论的必然性The Spirit of Solitude(1816) 孤独之精神Hymn to Intellectual Beauty(1816) 内秀之咏Mont Blanc(1816) 蒙特·布兰卡Julian and Maddalo (1818)朱利安与麦达罗The Revolt of Islam(1818) 伊斯兰的起义The Cenci (1819)钦契一家Prometheus Unbound（1819）解放的普罗米修斯Adonais (1821)阿多那伊斯Hellas(1822)赫拉斯A Defence of Poetry （1822）诗辩Love for freedom and hatred toward tyanny: Ode to Liberty 自由颂; Ode to Naples 那不勒斯颂Sonnet: England in 1819十四行诗：英格兰1819；Men of England致英格兰人民--- greatest political lyricsThe Cloud (1820)云之歌To a Skylark（1820）致云雀Ode to the West Wind (1819)西风颂Ⅵ. John Keats（1795-1821）约翰·济慈O n First Looking into Chapman’s Homer(1816)读恰普曼译荷马published in ExaminerSleep and Poetry(1817)睡与诗Endymion（1818）安狄弥翁Lamia, Isabella, The Eve of St. Agnes and Other Poems（1820）拉米亚·伊莎贝拉，圣阿格尼斯节前夕及其他诗歌：Ode on Melancholy; 忧郁颂Ode on a Grecian Urn希腊古瓮颂; Ode to a Nightingale 夜莺颂Ode to Psyche普赛克颂;To Autumn秋日颂；Hyperion 希波里恩(unfinished)Ⅶ.Jane Austen（1775-1817）简·奥斯汀Sense and Sensibility(1811) 理智与情感first novelPride and Prejudice （1813）傲慢与偏见=First ImpressionsMansfield Park（1814）曼斯菲尔德花园Emma （1815）埃玛Persuasion(1818)劝告Northanger Abbey(1818)诺桑觉寺Incomplete works: The Watsons (1923)沃特森一家Fragment of a Novel (1925)小说的未完稿Plan of a Novel（1926）小说的构思5.The Victorian Period 维多利亚时期Ⅰ.Charles Dickens(1812-1870)查尔斯·狄更斯Sketches by Boz(1836) 勃兹的速写The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club 皮克威克外传（1836-1837）Oliver Twist(1837-1838)雾都孤儿Nicholas Nickleby(1838-1839)尼古拉斯·尼克尔比The Pickwick Paper 皮克威克外传David Copperfield（1849-1850）大卫·科波菲尔Martin Chuzzlewit(1843-1845)马丁·瞿述伟Dombey and Son（1846-1848）董贝父子A Tale of Two Cities(1859)双城记Bleak House(1852-1853)荒凉山庄Little Dorrit(1855-1857)小多利特Hard Time(1854)艰难时刻Great Expectations(1860-1861)远大前程Our Mutual Friend(1864-1865)我们共同的朋友Ⅱ.The Bronte Sisters 勃朗蒂姐妹Charlotte Bronte（1816-1855）夏洛特·勃朗蒂Emily Bronte （1818-1848）艾米丽·勃朗蒂Ann Bronte(1820-1849) 安妮·勃朗蒂The Professor 教授(1847)；Charlotte；rejected by the publisher；1857 published posthumously Jane Eyre(1847)简·爱CharlotteAngrian 安格里昂Charlotte and their brother BranwellGondal 刚朵儿Emily and AnnePoems by Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell 科勒尔·艾丽斯·贝尔特诗集（1845）Charlotte Emily Anne Wuthering Heights (1847)呼啸山庄EmilyAgnes Grey(1847)阿格尼斯·格雷AnneThe Tenant of Wildfell Hall(1848) 维尔德费尔·霍的佃户Shirley 雪莉（1849）CharlotteVillette 维莱特（1853）CharlotteⅢ.Alfred Tennyson（1809-1892）阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生Poet Laureate桂冠诗人（1850）Chiefly Lyrical (1830) 抒情诗集Poems （1832）诗集Poems （1842）诗集Ulysses 尤利西斯dramatic monologue; Morte d’ Arthur 摩尔特·亚瑟epic narrative；Dora朵拉exquisite idylls; The Gardener’s Daughter 园丁的女儿The Princess （1847）公主blank verse 无韵体；Tears, Idle Tears 泪水，无聊的泪水；Come down, O Maid来吧，美人；The Splendor Falls壮美的瀑布；Sweet and Low 甜蜜与低缓In Memoriam(1850)悼念Maud 摩德抒情短歌集monodramaRizpah 里兹帕Enoch Arden 伊诺克·阿顿Merlin and the Gleam 魔法师与灵光Crossing the Bar跨越沙洲the fearlessness towards deathIdylls of the King 国王诗歌集（1842-1885）Break, Break, Break 浪花啪、啪、啪in memory of Tennyson’s best friend Arthur HallamⅣ. Robert Browning (1812-1889) 罗伯特·布朗宁Pauline(1833)保林Sordello(1840) 索德罗Dramatic Lyrics(1842)戏剧抒情诗Dramatic Romances and Lyrics(1845)戏剧浪漫诗与抒情诗Bells and Pomegranates (1846)铃铛与石榴树Men and Women (1855)男人与女人Dramatic Personae(1864)戏剧人物The Ring and the Book(1868-1869)指环与书Dramatic Idylls(1880) 戏剧田园诗Sonnets from the Portuguese 葡萄牙十四行诗Mrs.BrowningDramatic monologue 戏剧独白: Pippa Passes 匹帕·帕索斯;My Last Duchess我前一位公爵夫人; Fra Lippo Lippi芙拉·丽波·丽匹; The Bishop Orders His Tomb主教下令修陵; Porphyria’s Lover波菲莉娅的情人; A Grammarian’s Funeral语法学家的葬礼; The Ring and the Book 指环与书；Meeting at Night夜晚幽会Parting at Morning清晨告别Ⅴ.George Eliot（1819-1880）乔治·艾略特translation ：Leben Jesu(life of Jesus) 耶稣的一生；Ethics 伦理学Spinoza; Das Wesen des Christentums(The Essence of Christianity)基督教的精髓Scenes of Clerical Life 牧师生活一瞥Adam Bede(1859)亚当·贝德The Mill on the Floss(1860)弗洛斯河上的磨房Silas Marner(1861)织工拉斯·马奈尔Romola （1863）罗摩拉Felix Holt, the Radical 菲利克斯·霍特，一个激进派only novel on English politicsMiddle march (1872) 米德尔马契Daniel Deronda（1876）丹尼尔?德隆达 a preachment against anti-SemitismⅥ.Thomas Hardy (1840-1928) 托马斯·哈代Desperate Remedies（1871）计出无奈Under the Greenwood Tree（1872）格林伍德的绿林荫下Far from the Madding Crowd（1874）远离尘嚣Tess of the D’Urbervilles(1891)德伯家的苔丝Jude the Obscure(1896)无名的裘德The Dynasts 列王a long epic-drama about the Napoleonic WarsThe Return of the Native(1878)还乡The Trumpet Major(1880)号兵长The Mayor of Casterbridge(1886)卡斯特桥市长The Woodlanders(1887)林地居民6.The Modern Period 现代时期Ⅰ.George Bernard Shaw 乔治·萧伯纳（1856-1950）Cashel Byron’s Profession(1886) 卡歇尔·拜伦的职业Our Theaters in the Nineties (1931) 九十年代的英国戏剧Widower’s Houses(1892) 鳏夫的房产Mrs . Warren’s Profession(1893~1898)沃伦夫人的职业Candida(1895)堪迪达Caesar and Cleopatra(1898) 凯撒与克利奥佩特拉St . Joan (1923) 圣女贞德Man and Superman(1904) 人与超人Back to Methuselah(1921) 回归玛士撒拉The Apple Cart(1929) 苹果车about politicsJohn Bull’s Other Island(1904) 约翰·布尔的另外岛屿about racial problemPygmalion(1912) 皮格马利翁about culture and artabout the problem of family and marriage：Getting Married (1908) 结婚；Misalliance(1910) 不合适的婚姻；Fanny’s First Play (1911) 法妮的第一场戏The Doctor’s Dilemma (1906) 医生的进退两难about the ignorance，incompetence, arrogance and bigotry of the medical professionToo True to Be Good(1932) 难以置信How He Lied to Her Husband 他是怎样欺骗她的丈夫的Ⅱ.John Galsworthy（1867-1933）约翰·高尔斯华绥From the Four Winds (1897)来自四位吹奏者a volume of short storiesThe man of Property(1906)财主The Silver Box (1906)银盒The Forsyte SagaⅠ弗尔塞特世家三部曲Ⅰ: The Man of Property财主；In Chancery(1920) 骑虎难下；To Let (1921)出租；The Forsyte SagaⅡ: A Modern Comedy(1929)现代戏剧The Forsyte Saga Ⅲ: End of the Chapter （posthumously 1934）篇章末尾Ⅲ. William Butler Yeats(1865-1939) 威廉·巴特勒·叶芝The Lake Isle of Innisfree 茵尼斯弗莉的湖中沙洲The Man Who Dreamed of Faeryland 梦想仙境的人No Second Troy 没有第二个特洛伊September 1913 1913年9月Sailing to Byzantium 驶向拜占庭Leda and the Swan 丽达与天鹅The countess Cathleen(1892) 凯瑟琳伯爵夫人Cathleen ni Houlihan(1902) 凯瑟琳·尼·霍利翰The Land of Heart’s Desire(1894) 心欲的土地The Shadowy Waters(1900)布满荫影的水域Purgatory（1935）炼狱Down by the Salley Gardens 来到柳园= An Old Song Resung老歌新唱Ⅳ. T.S.Eliot （1888-1965）T·S·艾略特The Criterion（1922）标准the editor; Nobel Prize; the Order of MeritThe Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock (1915) J·A·布鲁富劳克的情歌The Egoist（1917-1919）自我主义者The Waste Land(1922)荒原Poems 1909-25(1925)1909至1925年诗歌总集Prufrock and Other Observation(1917) 布鲁富劳克与其它情况Prufrock 布鲁富劳克a poem of dramatic monologueGerontion 衰老The Hollow Men 空洞的人Ash Wednesday(1930)星期三的烟灰Four Quartets(1944)四个四重奏Murder in the Cathedral(1935)教堂里的谋杀The Family Reunion(1939)家人团圆The Cocktail Party(1950)鸡尾酒会The Confidential Clerk(1954)机要人员The Elder Statesman(1959)年长的政客Tradition and Individual Talent传统与个人天才essayⅤ.D.H. Lawrence （1885-1930）戴维·赫伯特·劳伦斯Sons and Lovers(1913)儿子与情人autobiographical novelThe White Peacock(1911)白孔雀The Trespasser(1912)过客The Rainbow(1915)虹Women in Love(1920)恋爱中的女人Aaron’s Rod(1922) 亚伦神杖Kangaroo(1923)袋鼠The Plumed Serpent(1926) 羽蛇Lady Chatterley’s Lover(1928)查泰莱夫人的情人Short stories:St. Mawr 圣摩尔;The Daughter of the V icar 主教的女儿;The Horse Dealer’s Daughter贩马人的女儿;The Captain’s Doll 船长的娃娃;The Prussian Officer 普鲁士军官;The Virgin and the Gypsy贞女和吉卜赛人The Lawrence trilogy: A Collier’s Friday Night(1909)矿工的周五夜晚;The Daughter-in-Law(1912)儿媳;The Widowing of Mrs.Holroyed(1914)守寡的霍尔罗伊德夫人Ⅵ.James Joyce 詹姆斯·乔伊斯（1882-1941）Dubliners(1914)都柏林人Araby阿拉比A Portrait of the Artist as a Y oung Man（1916）艺术家年轻时代的肖像Ulysses(1922)尤利西斯Finnegans Wake(1939)菲尼根斯·韦克American1.The Romantic Period 浪漫主义时期Ⅰ. Washington Irving 华盛顿·欧文（1783-1859）early Romantic writer in the American literary history and Father of the American short storiesThe Letters of Jonathan Oldstyle, Gent.（1802-1803）江奈生·欧德斯黛尔先生书信集A History of New Y ork from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty (1809)自古至荷兰人占领为止的纽约史The Sketch Book(1819-1820)见闻札记―Rip V an Winkle‖瑞普·凡·温克尔‖The Legend of Sleepy Hollow‖睡谷的传说Bracebridge Hall(1822)布雷斯桥之厅堂Tales of a Traveler (1824)一个旅行者的故事The Alhambra(1832)艾尔哈布拉Spanish Sketch bookⅡ.Ralph Waldo Emerson(1803-1882)拉尔夫·华尔多·爱默生a transparent eyeball 透明眼球Nature(1836)论自然first little bookThe Dial日晷edit for a time the Transcendental journalEssays(1841)散文集‖The American Scholar‖（1837）论美国学者;‖Self-Reliance‖论自助;‖The Over-Soul‖论超灵Second Series(1844) 散文续集‖The Poet‖论诗人；‖Experience‖论经验Thoreau (1817-1862) embraced Emerson’s idea Walden（1854）沃尔登Ⅲ.Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳撒尼尔·霍桑（1804-1864）interior of the heart ;most ambivalent writerTwice-Told Tales(1837)尽人皆知的故事a collection of short storiesMosses from an Old Manse(1846)古屋青苔The Scarlet Letter(1850)红字The Custom-House 海关----an introductory note to The Scarlet LetterThe Snow-Image and Other Twice-Told Tales(1851)雪的形象及其他尽人皆知的故事The House of the Seven Gables(1851)有七个尖角阁的房子The Blithedale Romance(1852)福谷传奇The Marble Faun(1860)玉石雕像Y oung Goodman Brown 小伙子布朗The Minister’s Black V eil 牧师的黑面纱The Birthmark胎记Rappaccini’s Daughter拉帕西尼的女儿Ⅳ.Walt Whitman 沃尔特·惠特曼(1819-1892) both the Revolutionary War in the United States and the Civil WarLeaves of Grass 草叶集Drum Taps(1865)鼓点When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d小院子丁香花开时There was a Child Went Forth 有个孩子在长大Cavalry Crossing a Ford骑兵过河the Drum-Taps sectionSong of Myself 自我之歌Ⅴ.Herman Melville 赫尔曼·麦尔维尔（1819-1891）Moby-Dick(1851)白鲸Chapter 135 . The Chase – Third Day第135章：追鲸----第三天Billy Budd 比利·伯德（1924）Typee(1846)泰比Omoo(1847)奥穆Mardi(1849)玛地Redburn(1849)雷得本semi-authobiographicalWhite Jacket(1850)白外衣Pierre(1852)皮埃尔Bartley, the Scrivener 文书巴特勒比Short storyBenito Cereno 本尼托·切利诺novellaThe Confidence-Man自信人（1857）2.The Realistic Period现实主义时期Local colors: Mark Twain; Sarah Orne Jewett沙拉·奥恩·朱威特; Joseph Kirkland约瑟夫·克科兰德; Hamlin Garland汉姆林·加兰德;Ⅰ. Mark Twain 马克·吐温（1835~1910）H.L. Mencken consider “the true father of our national literature”The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras Country （1865）加拉维县有名的跳蛙frontier tale Innocents Abroad (1869) 傻瓜出国记Roughing It (1872) 含辛茹苦The Gilded Age (1873) 镀金时代The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) 汤姆·索亚历险记Life on the Mississippi(1883)密西西比河上的生活Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884)哈克贝利·芬历险记A Connection Y ankee in King Arthur’s Court (1889) 亚瑟王宫廷中的美国佬The Tragedy of Pudd’nhead Wilson (1894) 布丁·海德威尔逊的悲剧The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg (1900) 败坏哈德莱堡的人The Mysterious Stranger (1916) 神秘的陌生人Ⅱ.Henry James 亨利·詹姆斯(1843~1916) the first American writer to conceive his career in international termsThe American(1877) 美国人Daisy Miller (1878) 黛西·米勒In The Europeans(1878) 欧洲人The Portrait of A Lady (1881) 贵妇人的画像The Bostonians (1886) 波士顿人The Princess Casamassima (1886) 卡撒玛西玛公主Short fiction:The Private Life(1893) 私生活；The Death of a Lion (1894) 狮之死；The Middle Y ears (posthumously 1917)中年Another Short fiction:Turn of the Screw(1898) 螺丝在拧紧；The Beast in the Jungle (1903)丛林猛兽What Maisie Knows(1897)梅西所知道的The Wings of the Dove(1902)鸽翼The Ambassadors (1903)专使The Golden Bowl (1904)金碗Essay: The Art of Fiction 小说的艺术Ⅲ.Emily Dickinson （1830-1886）艾米莉·狄金森1775 poems ,only sevenappeared during her lifetime; letter to the worldThis is My Letter to the World 这是我给世人的书信I heard a Fly buzz---when I died---我死时----听见一只苍蝇嗡鸣I like to see it lap the Miles---我喜欢看它舔食着一路向前Because I could not stop for Death—因为我不能为死神停下Ⅳ.Theodore Dreiser 西奥多·德莱赛(1871-1945) one of American’s literary naturalistShort fictions: Nigger Jeff 黑人杰夫;Old Rogaum and His Theresa 老罗高姆和他的特丽萨; Sister Carrie(1900)嘉莉妹妹The Way of the Beaten:A Harp in the Wind失败者之路：寒风中的竖琴Jennie Gerhardt (1911)詹妮·杰哈特TRILOGY of Desire: 欲望三部曲The Financier(1912) 金融家；The Titan (1914) 巨头；The Stoic (posthumously 1947) 斯多葛The Genius（1915）天才An American Tragedy (1925)美国悲剧Dreiser Looks at Russia （1928）德莱塞眼中的俄国3. The Modern Period 现代时期Ⅰ. Ezra Pound 埃兹拉?庞德（1885-1972）Imagist Movement 意像主义运动The translations of Ezra Pound (1953) 埃兹拉?庞德译诗集Confucius （1969）孔子Shih-Ching (1954) 诗经The Cantos （1917-1959）诗章Collect of Early Poems of Ezra Pound (1982) 埃兹拉?庞德早期诗集Personae (1909) 人物Hugh Selwyn Mauberley (1920) 休.赛尔温.莫伯利In a Station of the Metro地铁站一瞥The River-Merchant’s Wife: A Letter 河商的妻子A Pact 盟约Critical essays ：Make It New (1934) 推陈出新；Literary Essays (1954) 论文散文集；The ABC of Reading (1934) 阅读入门；Polite Essays(1937) 论礼教文集Ⅱ.Robert Lee Frost罗伯特?李?弗洛斯特(1874~1963) Pulitzer Prize winner on four occasionsThe Road Not TakenA Boy’s Will (1913) 一个男孩的愿望North of Boston （1914）波斯顿以北Mending the Wall 补墙Home Burial 家葬Mountain Interval （1916）山间低地“The Road Not Taken”没有走的路“Birches”白桦；New Hampshire（1923）新罕布什尔―Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening‖雪野林边停First Pulitzer PrizesWest-Running Brook (1928)西流之溪Collected Poems (1930) 诗集Second Pulitzer PrizesA Further Range (1935)更远的境界Third Pulitzer PrizesA Witness Tree （1942）证人树“The Gift Outright”直率的礼物Fourth Pulitzer PrizesA Masque of Reason (1945)理性假面剧A Masque of Mercy (1947)怜悯假面剧After Apple-Picking 摘苹果后The Road Not Taken未选择的路Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening雪夜林边停Ⅲ. Eugene O’Neill尤金?奥尼尔(1888~1953)the only dramatist ever to win a Nobel PrizeBound East for Cardiff (1916) 驶向东边的卡尔笛福Beyond the Horizon （1920）天外边First Pulitzer Prize 普利策文学奖The Straw (1921) 草Anna Christie （1921）安娜?克里斯蒂1920-1924 symbolic expressionism 象征表现主义：The Emperor Jones(1920) 琼斯皇帝；The Hairy Ape(1922) 毛猿；All God’s Chillun Got Wings (1924) 所有上帝烟斗都有翅膀；Desire Under the Elms (1924) 榆树下的欲望Non-realistic forms非现实主义：The Great God Brown (1926) 伟大的布朗；Lazarus Laughed (1927) 拉扎拉斯笑了Strange Interlude（1928）奇怪的幕间戏Third Pulitzer PrizeThe Iceman Cometh （1946）冰人来了L ong Day’s Journey Into Night (1956) 直到夜晚的漫长的一天Ⅳ.F .Scott Fitzgerald F.司格特.菲茨杰拉德(1896~1940)Literary spokesman of the Jazz AgeThis Side of Paradise(1920)人间天堂The Beautiful and Damned(1922) 美丽而遭骂的人The Great Gatsby（1925）了不起的盖茨比Tender Is the Night（1934）夜色温柔The Last Tycoon （1940）最后的巨头unfinishedShort-story: Flappers and Philosophers (1921)吹捧者与哲学家;Tales of the Jazz Age (1922)爵士时代的故事; All the Sad Y oung Men (1926)所有悲惨的小伙子; Taps and Reveille (1935)里维尔的鼓点; Babylon Revisited重访巴比伦Ⅴ.Ernest Hemingway欧内斯特.海明威(1899~1961)In Our Time (1925) 在我们的时代里The Sun Also Rises(1926)太阳照样升起first true novelA Farewell to Arms(1929)永别了，武器For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940)The Old Man and the Sea (1952)老人与海Men Without Women (1927)没有女人的男人，collection of short stories, ―The Undefeated‖战不败的人；‖The Killers‖杀手；‖Fifty Grand‖五十个大人物；In Death in the Afternoon (1932)死在下午The Green Hills of Africa(1935)美国的绿山The Snow of Kilimanjaro (1936)乞力马扎罗之雪Have and Have Not (1937) 有钱人和没钱人Indian Camp印第安人营地one of fourteen short stories collected under the title of In Our Time.Ⅵ.William Faulkner 威廉.福克纳(1897~1962)The Marble Faun(1924) 玉石雕像Soldiers’ Pay （1926）士兵的薪水Sartoris (1929) 萨托黑斯The Sound and the Fury（1929）喧哗与骚动As I Lay Dying (1930) 我弥留之际Light in August(1932)八月之光Absalom, Absalom!(1936) 押沙龙，押沙龙！Wild Palms(1939)疯狂的手掌The Hamlet (1940)小屋Two novels consisting of stories which are thematically interwoven: The Unvanquished （1938）未被征服者；Go Down, Moses(1942)摩西，走下去Intruder in The Dust (1948)红尘入侵者；anti-racist；Nobel PrizeRequiem for a Nun(1951) 修公安魂曲The Fable (1954)寓言The Town (1957)城镇The Mansion(1959)豪宅A Rose for Emily 给爱米莉的玫瑰。

常见不规则名词复数形式表单数 音标 复数 音标 释义 备注 C hin ese [ˌtʃai'ni ׃z] C hin ese [ˌtʃai'ni ׃z] n.[c]中国人；[u]汉语 这些名词的单数和复数完全相同，在实际学习应用中要特别留意，加以区分，弄清楚在该处是单数还是复数J apan ese [ˌdʒæp ə'ni ׃z ]J apan ese [ˌdʒæp ə'ni ׃z ]n.[c]日本人；[u]日语 d eer [di ə] d eer [di ə] n.[c]鹿 f ish [fi ʃ]f ish[fi ʃ]n.[c]鱼，鱼类；[u]鱼肉 m eans [mi ׃nz] m eans [mi ׃nz] n.[pl.]金钱，财富 s heep [ʃi ׃p] s heep [ʃi ׃p] n.[c]绵羊 c hild [t ʃaild] c hild ren ['t ʃildr ən] n.[c]儿童，小孩 f oo t [fut] f ee t [fi ׃t] n.[c]脚，足；英尺 这些单词的复数形式是将名词原形中的字母“oo ”改为字母“ee ”而来t oo th [tu θ] t ee th [ti ׃θ] n.[c]牙齿，齿 g oo se [gu ׃s] g ee se [gi ׃s] n.[c]鹅，母鹅 o x [ɔks] o x en ['ɔks ən] n.[c]牛，（去势的）公牛m a n [mæn] m e n [men] n.[c]人，男人；[u]人类 这些单词的单数、复数的变化主要是man 的变化，将名词man 中的字母“a ”改为字母“e ”而来 chair m a n['t ʃe əmæn] chair m e n ['t ʃe əm ən] n.[c]主席，（会议）主席 French m a n ['frent ʃmæn ]French m e n ['frent ʃm ən] n.[c]法国人 gentle m a n ['d ʒentlmæn] gentle m e n ['d ʒentlm ən ] n.[c]有教养的人；先生 police m a n[p ə'li ׃smæn] police m e n [p ə'li ׃sm ən] n.[c]警察，男警察 wo m a n ['wum ən] wo m e n ['wimin] n.[c]妇女，女性，女人 m ouse[maus] m ice [mais] n.[c]鼠，鼠标，胆小的人c al f[k ɑ׃f] c al v es [k ɑ׃vz] n.[c]小牛，犊子，小鲸 这些单词的复数形h al f [h ɑ׃f]h al v es [h ɑ׃vz] n.[c]半，一半 式都是将名词原形中的字母“f ”或“fe ”改为“v ”再加“es ”而来l ea f [li ׃f] l ea v es [li ׃vz] n.[c]叶，叶子，金属片 l oa f[l əuf]l oa v es[l əuvz]n.[c]大面包，（面包的条、只） k ni fe [naif]k ni v es [naivz] n.[c]小刀 l i fe [laif] l i v es [laivz] n.[c]生命，终身，寿命 s el f [self] s el v es [selvz] n.[c]本身，自己 s hea f [ʃi ׃f] s hea v es [ʃi ׃vz] n.[c]捆，束，扎 s hel f [ʃelf] s he v es [ʃelvz] n.[c]架子 t hie f [θi ׃f] t hi v es [θi ׃vz] n.[c]贼 w i fe [waif] w i v es [waivz] n.[c]妻子 w ol f [wulf] w o v es [wulvz] n.[c]狼 p ass er-by [ˌpɑ׃s ə'bai] p ass er s -b y [ˌpɑ׃s əz'bai] n.[c]过路人 p enny['peni]p ence penn i es [pens] ['penis]n.[c]便士名词的复数形式1. 通常在单数名词后加s ，例如：dog ，dog s （狗）；day ，day s （天，白天）；house ，house s （房屋）；2. 以字母o 或s 、sh 、ch 、x 结尾的名词，在其后加es ，例如：tomato ，tomato es （西红柿）；kiss ，kiss es （吻）；brush ，brush es （刷子）；watch ，watch es （手表）；box ，box es （箱子，盒子）；但是，o 结尾的外来词或缩写词的复数形式，只加s ，例如：piano ，piano s （钢琴）；dynamo ，dynamo s （发电机）；photo ，photo s （照片）；kimono ，kimono s （和服）；biro ，biro s （可以吸墨水的圆珠笔）；3. 以辅音y 结尾的名词，在构成复数时，将y 改为i 再加es ，例如：baby ，bab i es （婴孩）；lady ，lad i es （女士）；country ，countr i es （国家）；fly ，fl i es （苍蝇）；但是，以y 结尾但y 前为元音的名词，在构成复数时，直接加s ，例如：donkey ，donkey s （驴子）；boy ，boy s （男孩）；day ，day s （天）；4. 有12个名词以f 或fe 结尾，在构成复数时，改f 或fe 为v 再加es ，它们是：wife （妻子）；life （生命）；knife （小刀）；wolf （狼）；self （自身）；calf （小牛）；shelf （架子）；leaf （叶）；loaf （面包的条、只）；thief （贼）；sheaf （捆）；half （半）；而名词scarf （围巾）；wharf （码头）；hoof （蹄）的复数形式，可加s 或改f 为v 再加es ；其他的以f 或fe 结尾的名词，在构成复数形式时直接加s ；5.有些名词用变化元音的方法来构成复数形式，例如：man，m e n（男人）；woman，wom e n（女人）；foot，f ee t（脚，英尺）；mouse，mice（老鼠）；louse，lice（虱子）；goose，g ee se（鹅）；tooth，t ee th（牙齿）；ox，ox en（牛）；child，child ren（孩子）；6.以ics结尾的词，例如：mathemat ics（数学）；phys ics（物理学）；polit ics（政治学）等，它们具有复数形式，因此谓语通常用复数动词，但如果是说明它们是某类学科，则认为是单数，谓语动词可用单数形式；7.复合词的复数形式：一般情况下，将最后一个词变成复数即可，例如：armchair，armchair s（扶手椅子）；bookcase，bookcase s （书橱，书箱）；但是，当man和woman前置时，两部分都要变成复数形式，例如：m e n student s（男学生）；wom e n student s（女学生）；与介词或副词构成的合成名词构成复数时，只需要把第一个词变为复数：sister-in-law，sister s-in-law（嫂、弟媳）；looker-on，looker s-on（旁观者）；另外，如果合成名词以形容词结尾，通常是把第一个词变成复数：court martial，court s martial（军事法庭），有时也可是court martial s。

经典的英语散文经典的英语散文英语的散文阅读，能帮助我们更好地学习英语语法。

下面就随店铺一起去阅读经典的英语散文，相信能带给大家启发。

经典的英语散文【1】In the eternal universe, every human being has a one-off chance to live --his existence is unique and irretrievable, for the mold with which he was made, as Rousseau said, was broken by God immediately afterwards.在茫茫宇宙间，每个人都只有一次生存的机会，都是一个独一无二、不可重复的存在。

正像卢梭所说的，上帝把您造出来后，就把那个属于您的特定的模子打碎了。

Fame, wealth and knowledge are merely worldly possessions that are within the reach of anybody striving for them. But your experience of and feelings about life are your own and not to be shared. No one can live your life over again after your death. A full awareness of this will point out to you that the most important thing in your existence is your distinctive individuality or something special of yours. What really counts is not your worldly success but your peculiar insight into the meaning of life and your commitment to it, which add luster to your personality.名声、财产、知识等等是身外之物，人人都可求而得之，但没有人能够代替您感受人生。

外国文学经典励志小说推荐外国的很多小说是非常优秀的，很多都成为了经典，是非常值得我们去阅读的。

下面是小编带来的关于外国文学经典励志小说，欢迎大家阅读。

外国文学经典励志小说1.《荆棘鸟(The Thorn Birds )》柯琳麦克著(Colleen McCullough )，1977故事发生在1915年的澳大利亚，记载了在一个美丽又倔强的年轻姑娘和一位牧师之间发生的禁忌之爱的传奇故事。

随着情节推进，你将时而大笑，时而哭泣，并且熬夜读完这个令人难以置信的故事。

2. 《呼啸山庄(Wuthering Heights )》艾米丽·勃朗特著(Emily Bront?)，1847《简·爱(Jane Eyre )》夏洛蒂·勃朗特著(Charlotte Bront? )1847说实在的，你怎么能在两个勃朗特间作取舍呢?谁更浪漫，希斯克利夫(《呼啸山庄男主角)还是罗彻斯特先生(《简爱》男主角》)?哪部的荒野更神秘?哪部的英国乡村更伤感?谁家的庄园更可怖?它们本来就连在一起——永恒的恋情都不容错过。

3. 《英国病人(The English Patient )》迈克尔·翁达杰著(Michael Ondaatje) ，1992感人至深、充满魅力，翁达杰这部屡获殊荣的小说讲述了二战结束后，意大利疗养院里四个被战争所伤的灵魂的故事，而其中精疲力竭的护士哈娜和重度烧伤的无名英国病人发生了一段令人难以忘怀的爱情故事。

独一无二。

4. 《真正的信徒(True Believers )》尼古拉·斯巴克著Nicholas Sparks ，2005这是由制造甜蜜温馨的浪漫故事的大师带来的最新催泪爱情故事。

这次是发生在是纽约炙手可热的记者和南方单纯朴素的图书管理员这两个曾被爱情所伤的主角之间。

在这个完美的非现实的浪漫爱情里，所有差距阻挠不了爱的火花。

5. 《法国中尉的女人(The French Lieutenant's Woman )》约翰·福尔斯著(John Fowles),1969一位维多利亚时代的绅士已经与一名门当户对的富有女人订婚了，但是当他遇到一个神秘而惊艳的、据传是被法国中尉抛弃的女人时，他被完全征服了……这是一部作为消遣的鸿篇巨作。

There was a rich merchant who had 4 wives.从前,一位富有的商人娶了四个老婆.He loved the 4th wife the most and adorned her with rich robes and treated her to delicacies.他最爱他的小老婆,给她最华丽的衣裳和美味佳肴.He took great care of her and gave her nothing but the best.他对她体贴入微、呵护备至,把最好的东西都给了她.He also loved the 3rd wife very much. He's very proud of her and always wanted to show off her to his friends.商人也很爱第三位老婆.他为她感到骄傲,并常把她作为在朋友面前炫耀的资本.However, the merchant is always in great fear that she might run away with some other men.但他同时也十分害怕,怕她与其他男人跑了.He too, loved his 2nd wife. She is a very considerate person, always patient and in fact is the merchant's confidante.当然,商人也爱二老婆,她既善解人意又温柔耐心.事实上,她是商人的红颜知己.Whenever the merchant faced some problems,每每遇到困难,he always turned to his 2nd wife and she would always help him out and tide him through difficult times.他就会找她,而她也总能帮助他走出困境,度过难关.Now, the merchant's 1st wife is a very loyal partner至于大老婆,她是一位忠诚的伴侣,and has made great contributions in maintaining his wealth and business as well as taking care of the household.替他照料生意、打理家务,忙里忙外,可谓劳苦功高.However, the merchant did not love the first wife and although she loved him deeply, he hardly took notice of her.然而,尽管她爱他爱得那么深,商人却偏不钟情于她,甚至没把她放在心上.One day, the merchant fell ill. Before long, he knew that he was going to die soon.一日,商人得了重病,他自知将不久于人世.He thought of his luxurious life and told himself, "Now I have 4 wives with me.当他回顾自己奢华的一生时,不禁心中怅然:"现在我虽然有四个老婆相伴,But when I die, I'll be alone. How lonely I'll be!"但死后却要孤零零一人,多寂寞啊!"Thus, he asked the 4th wife,于是,他问小老婆:"I loved you most, endowed you with the finest clothing and showed great care over you."我最疼你,给你买最漂亮的衣服,还对你呵护备至.Now that I'm dying, will you follow me and keep me company?"现在我就要离开这个世界了,你愿意随我而去,与我相伴吗?""No way!" replied the 4th wife and she walked away without another word."绝不可能!"她丢下一句话,径自走开了.The answer cut like a sharp knife right into the merchant's heart.小老婆的回答如一把尖刀插在商人的心上.The sad merchant then asked the 3rd wife, "I have loved you so much for all my life.伤心的商人继而问三老婆:"我一直对你宠爱有加.Now that I'm dying, will you follow me and keep me company?" "No!" replied the 3rd wife.如今,我将不久于人世,你愿意随我而去,与我相伴吗?""不!"她拒绝道,"Life is so good over here! I'm going to remarry when you die!" The merchant's heart sank and turned cold."人间的生活多么美好啊!你死后我会改嫁他人!"商人的心倏地下沉,渐渐变冷.He then asked the 2nd wife, "I always turned to you for help and you've always helped me out.他再转向二老婆,问道:"我过去常常求助于你,你也总能为我排忧解难.Now I need your help again. When I die, will you follow me and keep me company?"现在我想再请你帮一次忙.我死后,你愿意随我而去,与我相伴吗?""I'm sorry, I can't help you out this time!" replied the 2nd wife."很抱歉,这一次我帮不了你了,"她说,"At the very most, I can only send you to your grave.""我最多只能让你入土为安."The answer came like a bolt of thunder and the merchant was devastated.这句话犹如晴天霹雳,商人彻底绝望了.Then a voice called out: "I'll leave with you. I'll follow you no matter where you go."这时,旁边传来一个声音:"我愿意随你一同离去.无论你到哪里,我都会跟着你."The merchant looked up and there was his first wife. She was so skinny, almost as she suffered from malnutrition.商人抬起头,看到了自己的大老婆.她是那么消瘦,一副营养不良的样子.Greatly grieved, the merchant said, "I should have taken much better care of you while I could have!"商人悲痛万分,他说:"我过去就应该好好地珍惜你啊!"Actually, we all have 4 wives in our lives.其实,我们每个人的一生都有四位爱人相伴.The 4th wife is our body.小老婆代表我们的躯体.No matter how much time and effort we lavish in making it look good, it'll leave us when we die.无论我们花费多少时间和精力想去装扮她,我们死后它终会弃我们而去.Our 3rd wife is our possessions, status and wealth. When we die, they all go to others.第三位老婆代表财产、地位与金钱.一旦我们撒手西去,它终究会转向他人.The 2nd wife is our family and friends.二老婆则代表了我们的家人与朋友.No matter how close they had been there for us when we're alive, the furthest they can stay by us is up to the grave.我们活着的时候,无论他们与我们多么亲近,他们最多也只能到墓前送我们最后一程.The 1st wife is in fact our soul, often neglected in our pursuit of material, wealth and sensual pleasure.至于大老婆,她则是我们的灵魂.当我们沉迷于追求物质、金钱或感官享受的时候,她常常会被遗忘在一旁.Guess what? It is actually the only thing that follows us wherever we go.结果呢?她才是唯一与我们永远相伴的.Perhaps it's a good idea to cultivate and strengthen it now rather than to wait until we're on our deathbed to lament.也许从现在开始,我们就应该悉心照顾好她,而不是等到临终之际才悔恨不已.。

STORIES OF YANTAI烟台故事The Lord of Yang Married to Four Sisters 阳主娶亲四姐妹文/彭守业芝罘岛上的阳主庙非常有名，因为它供奉的是“太阳神”。

传说当初秦始皇封“八主”，“阳主”只能封在东端的芝罘岛。

因为太阳从东方升起，阳气在这里云蒸霞蔚，这里是“阳刚”之源。

可老辈子在这里却是“阴盛阳衰”，天帝要“阳主”在这里执政，少不了也有些爱情故事。

芝罘岛阳主庙的后殿里有一男四女五尊塑像。

中间的男子正是阳主，阳主两旁的四位女子便是他的四位娇妻，她们本是亲姐妹。

相传，古代的芝罘岛上住着不少人家，他们男渔女织，生活十分和谐。

陈姓是村里数得着的大姓，这户陈家有四个闺女，长得一个比一个漂亮，她们小时候都读过私塾，还练得一手好针线活儿。

长大了，她们就帮父母做些家务活，还经常到海边赶海，弄些蟹子、蛤回家，全家美美地吃上一顿。

这年春天，正是桃红柳绿的时候，姐妹四个结伴到芝罘大山后去赶海，在后海边的鹅卵石里发现了一个小石人，芝罘岛上的阳主庙非常有名，因为它供奉的是“太阳神”。

（资料片）The Yangzhu Temple on Zhifu Island is very famous because it worships the "sun god".Copyright©博看网. All Rights Reserved.76走向世界 仙境烟台只见这个小石人眉清目秀，很有灵气。

她们越看越爱看，看得拿不下眼来，不知不觉都对它产生了感情，最后决定抬回家去天天看。

四姐妹抬着小石人向家走，上高山，走陡坡，大汗直淌，喘个不停，虽然很累，但她们都很高兴。

翻过了老爷山后，来到了山前坳地。

这里三面环山，背风向阳，向南一条小沟通海。

她们抬到这里，越抬越沉，最后几乎一步也迈不动了。

姐妹们商量了一下，索性在这里休息休息。

转眼间太阳偏西，天色已经不早了，姐妹们站起来想继续抬着小石人走，可是小石人像扎了根似的，大家费了九牛二虎之力，它还是纹丝不动。

小妇人人物性格介绍英文版1.Literary reviewLittle Women is a novel by American author Louisa May Alcott (1832- 1888).The book was written and set in the Alcott family home, Orchard House,in Concord,Massachusetts. It was published in two volumes in 1 868 and 1869. It is one of the most agreeable juvenile novels in America history and has been popular for over 100 years. There are dozens of versions of this book in different languages all around the world. The novel follows the lives of four sisters and is loosely based on the author's childhood experiences with her three sisters. The first volume was an immediate commercial and critical success, prompting the composition of the book's second volume titled Good Wives, which was successful as well. The publication of the book in the form of a single volume first occurred in 1880. Alcott followed Little Women with two sequels, also featuring the March sisters, Little Men (1871) and Jo's Boys (1886).Little Women has been popular ever since its first publication; after more than 140 years, it still appeals to readers young and old, female and male - although,admittedly, the majority of the novel's lifelong lovers are female.Little Women has been adapted as a play, a musical, an opera, a film, and animation.2. The introduction of the novelThe book mainly talks about lives of four girls in the March familyduring the Civil War. The four girls are: Meg who takes care of her three little sisters maternally and chooses to live a poor life with her beloved one; boyish Jo who is brave and decisive and has her own dream; Beth who is angelic and sweet but unfortunately dies of scarlet fever; Amy who is delicate and tender and later becomes a true lady.Their lives are not so easy as they face crisis and roughness. But they manage to make life meaningful and beautiful. And through all the difficulties they build themselves up as perfect, elegant ladies.1.3The focus of the thesisLittle Women is a novel about March's sisters at the background of American Civil War. It shows us the four girls. During the year, little women learn to give up their bad habits, and they made different friends. In this paper, I will discuss the different characters of four girls' growth during the American Civil War. It was based on Alcott's own experiences as a child in Concord, Massachusetts with her three sisters, Anna, May, and Elizabeth.By describing the four girls' being mature experience and life experience brought different fates, this paper analyzes the different characters of the four March girls and also analyzes the factors that influence their characters. Through the paper, we can see the kindness, loyalty,selflessness, generosity, respect,tolerance, perseverance and courage promoted in the book. They are also the virtues and beliefs that people always respect and pursuit.。