爱伦坡文学风格

论爱伦·坡的哥特小说（上）内容摘要：埃德加·爱伦·坡是十九世纪美国著名的诗人、小说家和文学评论家。

他被誉为心理小说、侦探小说、科幻小说的鼻祖；唯美主义的先锋；“美国文学批评的开创者之一”，从而在文学史上占据着不朽的地位。

在爱伦·坡的文学作品中，语言和形式最为有特点，特别是在他那些具有哥特风格的小说中，诡魅幽婉的文风，以及对血腥和死亡的迷恋都不仅吸引了文学批评家们的注意，读者们更是为之侧目、流连忘返。

爱伦·坡是哥特小说作为半正统文学样式开始复兴时的哥特小说家，他善于对人物心理加以描写并突出道德探索和人性冲突的主题，可谓在凄美的惊悚中写尽人类灵魂深处的善恶纠葛以及对死亡和惩罚的惧怕。

本文将从爱伦·坡本人的身平着手，对其哥特小说创作的原因进行分析，并对其哥特式风格的特点进行剖析，浅析其对文学文本接受和解读的影响以及此风格的美学意义。

关键词：爱伦·坡；哥特小说；恐怖；荒诞；死亡The Gothic Style in Allan Poe’s NovelsAbstract: Allan Poe is an exceptional nineteenth century American poet,novelist and literature critic.He is regarded as the founder of psychology novels,detective novels and science fiction;the pioneer of aestheticism and one of the initiators of literature critics.So he has become an immortal figure in the history of literature. Allan Poe is recognized for his language and form of writing.Especially the dark and mysterious style of writing and the fascination for blood and death he exhibited in his gothic novels.Those drew the attention of many a literature critic,it also deeply impressed ordinary readers. Allan Poe is a gotjic novelist,when gothic novels began to revive as a half orthodox style.He is good at depicting people’s inner thoughts,and highlights the theme of moral exploration and humanity controversy.It describes the str uggle of good and evil in everybody’s soul and the fear of punishment and death.This thesis will start with Allan Poe’sbackground information to discover the reasons for Allan Poe to creat gothic novels.Then it goes on to analyze the charactistics of gothic novels.Finally,the thesis will try to analyze how to evaluate gothic novels in general and how to appreciate their aesthetic value.Key words: Allan Poe; gothic novels;fearful;fantastic;death埃德加·爱伦·坡是十九世纪美国著名的诗人、小说家和文学评论家，在世时长期担任报刊编辑工作。

埃德加·爱伦·坡写作风格是怎样的？有着怎样的创作特点本文导读：爱伦·坡的恐怖小说带有浪漫主义的特色。

纵观爱伦·坡的恐怖小说创作，其故事主题大都“揭示了人类意识及潜意识中的阴暗面”，这一点显然迥异于同时代的其他浪漫主义作家。

爱伦·坡以恐怖小说这样一种特殊的文学形式深入刻画与呈现了非现实状态下人的精神状态和心理特征，试图“以非现实、非理性的表达方式来揭示现代人的精神因顿”。

他借助想象奇特、恐怖怪异的故事情节，通过夸张、隐喻和象征等修辞手段表现人性的危机，激起读者浓厚阅读兴趣的同时，震撼心灵，发人深省。

爱伦·坡的创作原则是其“效果说”理论，他选择“死亡”作为其文学创作的主题是由他的这个创作原则决定的。

坡认为，无论是创作诗歌还是小说，作家必须讲究效果的统一，必须时刻想到预定的结局，要使每一个情节变得必不可少。

他在《评霍桑的“故事重述”》中曾经这样阐述自己的创作原则：“聪明的艺术家不是将自己的思想纳入他的情节，而是事先精心策划，想出某种独特的、与众不同的效果，然后再杜撰出这样一些情节——他把这些情节联结起来，而他所做的一切都将最大限度地有利于实现在预先构思的效果”。

使“每一事件，每一描写细节，甚至一字一句都收到一定的统一效果，一个预想的效果，印象主义的效果”。

他强调作品对读者所能唤起的情绪和产生的效果。

在“创作的哲学”中，他认为，故事的首要目的是要在情感上扣住读者的心弦，产生最激动人心的效果。

死亡主题是通过谨严紧凑的结构和作品的简洁而表现的。

爱伦坡的作品形式精美，技巧圆熟。

爱伦坡在《评霍桑的“故事重述”》里，强调了作品的简洁和统一效果。

在写作中，他还平萍理留情节和结构的高度简洁，小说中通常只有两个，最多三个人物，也没有离题的枝节和无关的装饰品。

在他看来，一位技巧高明的文学家在写作之前，必须成竹在胸，深思熟虑，为实现预期效果而选择和组织情节，并且不应该有一个词的意向直接或间接与预先的构思无关。

一、爱伦坡所持的哥特式文学理论爱伦坡对美好事物的凋零有着强烈的迷恋。

追根究底，这还源于他儿时的丧亲之痛，与中年的丧妻之痛。

而已逝女子的影子常在他脑海里盘旋，引领他在诗歌王国里翱翔。

哥特式风格又恰如其分地被其用于诠释他心底深处的恐惧与压抑。

众多作家在描写恐怖情节时，常对外部环境进行大力渲染，而他则更注重对人内心世界的雕琢。

他深信“诗歌的最好主题是死亡，尤其是美丽尤物的死亡，将毫无疑问是世界上最具诗意的主题（Poe：133-140）”。

他用诗歌践行了自己的写作原则，并将一生都奉献给了这种哀伤的美丽。

为更清晰地展现爱伦坡的哥特式写作风格，本文将以《乌鸦》为例并诠释其中所蕴含的死亡之美与哥特式元素。

二、意象塑造1、人与物的塑造《乌鸦》塑造了两个重要形象：年轻男子与乌鸦。

悲伤的男子刚失去他最爱的女子，他企图沉浸于书以忘却伤痛，但一切都是徒劳，他越看书，越被寂寞与悲痛侵蚀；而象征死亡与不祥的乌鸦却在午夜，飞入这间男子曾常与故去情人蕾诺相会的小屋。

此外，诗人还塑造了两个对诗的主旨起重要作用的意象。

其一为黑色，“纯色调可使人产生快乐或抑郁之感”（朱立元：489-490）。

诗中所连续采用的黑色背景，可使读者感到压抑，从而感受男子心底的恐惧与悲痛。

诗中反复出现的“永远不再”亦可看作一种特殊形象。

除该词的原意外，它还具有象征意义。

在乌鸦出场时，悲伤的男子问它叫什么名字，乌鸦的回答就是“永远不再”，但当主人翁向乌鸦询问是否有良药以消除他心中对蕾诺的思念时，当他想知道是否能与蕾诺在遥远的天堂再次相会时，以及最后要求乌鸦离开小屋时，乌鸦都是通过“永远不再”作答，也正是这个词，使得男子陷入永恒的悲痛深渊。

2、场景设置读者可在开篇看到一幅夜半三更的凄厉画卷：阴森的气氛，令人毛骨悚然的场景，神秘而忧郁的男子,不祥的乌鸦……在阴郁而寒冷的午夜，除寒风的呼啸声与男子翻动书页的声音，周围的一切均可谓万籁俱寂，屋外的世界在夜的面纱笼罩之下，而屋内的狭小空间在昏暗的光线下显得忽明忽暗，突然一阵短暂的敲门声在他房门上叩响，但当他打开房门查看时，却不见敲门人，只有无情的黑夜与肆虐的狂风。

浅析爱伦坡在《黑猫》中哥特式的写作手法1. 引言1.1 爱伦坡简介埃德加·爱伦·坡（Edgar Allan Poe，1809-1849），美国著名诗人、小说家、文学评论家。

他的作品以神秘、恐怖、悲伤为特点，被誉为“哥特小说大师”。

爱伦坡擅长运用心理描写和象征手法，通过讲述诡异的故事来探讨人性的阴暗面。

他的创作对美国乃至世界文学产生了深远的影响。

1.2 《黑猫》背景介绍《黑猫》（The Black Cat）是爱伦坡创作于1843年的一部短篇小说。

这部作品讲述了一个名叫普尔的酒鬼，因妻子阻止他虐待一只黑猫而将该猫杀害，随后又误杀了妻子并砌墙藏尸。

最终，黑猫的尸体被发现，使普尔罪行败露的故事。

1.3 研究目的与意义通过对爱伦坡在《黑猫》中的哥特式写作手法进行分析，旨在揭示其独特的艺术魅力，进一步探讨哥特式文学在恐怖氛围营造、人物心理描写等方面的特点，以及对后世文学创作的影响。

此外，本研究还旨在为我国哥特式文学创作提供借鉴和启示。

2. 爱伦坡哥特式写作手法概述2.1 哥特式文学特点哥特式文学源于18世纪末的英国，以恐怖、神秘、超自然和古堡等元素为特点，强调氛围的营造和人物的心理刻画。

哥特式文学作品通常充满紧张、压抑的氛围，以及对人性阴暗面的深入探讨。

2.2 爱伦坡哥特式写作手法爱伦坡是美国哥特式文学的代表性作家，其作品以恐怖、死亡、超自然等主题为核心，运用独特的哥特式写作手法，展现了一种令人毛骨悚然的艺术魅力。

他的哥特式写作手法主要包括以下几个方面：1.独特的叙述视角：爱伦坡善于运用第一人称叙述，使读者更容易进入故事情境，感受到主人公的内心世界。

2.恐怖氛围的营造：通过细腻的描绘和象征手法，爱伦坡将恐怖氛围渲染得淋漓尽致。

3.情节设置与悬念：爱伦坡擅长运用出人意料的情节转折和紧张的悬念，增强故事的吸引力。

4.人物形象与心理描写：通过对人物内心世界的深入剖析，展现人性的复杂和阴暗面。

2.3 爱伦坡在《黑猫》中的哥特式表现《黑猫》是爱伦坡哥特式写作手法的典型代表。

诗人爱伦坡的简介埃德加;爱伦;坡，被尊崇是美国浪漫主义运动要角之一。

爱伦;坡是美国的短篇小说家先锋之一，并被公认是推理小说的创造者，甚至被视为科幻小说的共同催生者之一。

下面是搜集整理的诗人爱伦坡的简介，希望对你有帮助。

埃德加;爱伦;坡(Edgar Allan Poe)(1809～1849)，美国作家、诗人、编者与文学评论家，是第一位众所周知、仅以创作一职糊口的美国作家，并因此长期陷于经济困难与不顺遂之中。

他的短篇小说大致分为三类：恐怖故事、谋杀疑案和科学难解之谜。

他开创了侦探小说的先河，被称为“侦探小说之父”。

1849年10月7日，爱伦;坡逝于巴尔的摩，得年四十岁，死因不明，各类说法甚多。

他的著作亦时常现身于文学、音乐、电影与电视等流行文化中。

爱伦;坡生前的各处居所则多被保留为博物馆至今。

诗人爱伦坡的文学风格爱伦;坡的恐怖小说带有浪漫主义的特色。

纵观爱伦;坡的恐怖小说创作，其故事主题大都“揭示了人类意识及潜意识中的阴暗面”，这;点显然迥异于同时代的其他浪漫主义作家。

爱伦;坡以恐怖小说这样一种特殊的文学形式深入刻画与呈现了非现实状态下人的精神状态和心理特征，试图“以非现实、非理性的表达方式来揭示现代人的精神因顿”。

他借助想象奇特、恐怖怪异的故事情节，通过夸张、隐喻和象征等修辞手段表现人性的危机，激起读者浓厚阅读兴趣的同时，震撼心灵，发人深省。

爱伦;坡恐怖小说的浪漫主义特色还体现在他独特的创作风格上。

与爱默生、惠特曼等主流作家乐观自信、热情洋溢的格调不同，爱伦;坡通过展示死亡与丑恶来表现自己独特的浪漫主义灵感，以象征、隐喻的方式表达自己对世界、对人性的理解。

他的恐饰小说常常置景于深渊、城堡、暗室、暴风雨或月光之下，人物备受孤独、死亡意识与精神反常的折磨，读起来令人毛骨悚然、不寒而栗，宛如噩梦一般。

爱伦;坡文笔考究，运词精当，通过构思设计惊险奇绝的情节，在恐怖小说中向读者极力描绘了一个个常人难以想象的怪诞事件和恐怖场景，制造意境，渲染气氛，准确达到作品预期的艺术效果。

爱伦坡诗歌的艺术特征1 爱伦坡诗歌的背景与写作风格爱伦坡（Edgar Allan Poe）是一位19世纪美国的作家、诗人，他的作品对于后来的现代文学发展起到了极其重要的作用，被誉为“恐怖小说之父”。

爱伦坡的诗歌作品，同样也具有很强的艺术性和表现力。

爱伦坡的诗歌作品通常都是以恐怖、神秘和荒诞为主题，充满了诡异的想象力和神秘主义的情趣。

他的诗歌语言精炼，表现手法诡异奇特，用极其生动的符号和比喻表达出深刻的哲理和极端的情感。

2 爱伦坡诗歌的艺术特征之精炼的语言爱伦坡的诗歌语言是他作品的一大亮点。

他的诗歌中常常使用富有表现力的语言来塑造独特的视觉效果，诗歌的形象鲜明，意境清晰。

例如，在他的诗歌《黑猫》中，他用“幽深黑暗中的的一只鬼影”来描绘那只黑猫闪现的形象，营造出一种阴森恐怖的气氛。

3 爱伦坡诗歌的艺术特征之神秘主义的情趣爱伦坡的诗歌中透露出一种深邃神秘的情趣。

他的诗歌以诡异、幽暗、神秘为特色，充满了吸引人的魅力。

例如，在他的诗歌《瓶中信》中，他精心营造了一种神秘的情感氛围，在瓶中储存的信息成为读者心中的谜团，让人充满了无限的幻想。

4 爱伦坡诗歌的艺术特征之哲思意蕴爱伦坡的诗歌还展现出丰富的哲学思想和内涵，深刻、悲剧、宿命的题材常常是他作品的重要主题。

例如，《伊甸园》中描述的是人类贪图欲望的内心动机和结果的悲惨故事，以及《乌鸦》中展现的哲学思想，引导读者在被现实打崩溃后，去发现人性的深层次。

5 爱伦坡诗歌的艺术特征之神秘的仪式感爱伦坡的诗歌具有一种神秘的仪式感，这是他作品的又一大特征。

他的诗歌像一场神秘的仪式，营造出一种幽暗的气息和神秘的诱惑，使读者充分感受到诗歌中神秘力量的存在。

例如，在《乌鸦》中，he'd better say: “《乌鸦》中充满了一种神秘的氛围，其典型的抒情式感来自诗歌中充满意境的描写和音调。

”6 爱伦坡诗歌的艺术特征之深刻的寓意爱伦坡的诗歌中还蕴含着深刻的寓意和象征，这是他作品的重要特征之一。

浅谈爱伦·坡作品中哥特式创作手法体现爱伦·坡是19世纪初期哥特式文学的代表人物之一，他的作品不仅具有浓厚的恐怖氛围，而且还融入了哥特式的创作手法。

哥特式文学是一种具有强烈感性色彩的文学，依靠恐怖、神秘和惊悚等元素来创造紧张的氛围，给读者带来强烈的情感震撼。

本文旨在分析爱伦·坡作品中哥特式创作手法的体现。

一、独特的叙事方式爱伦·坡的小说通常采用第一人称叙事，通过主人公的口述来刻画人物的性格、经历和情感。

这种叙事方式可以让读者更加深入地了解主人公的内心世界，同时也增加了故事的真实感和可信度。

此外，爱伦·坡的小说中还常常采用回顾的叙事方式，通过主人公的回忆或思考来交代故事的前因后果，使整个故事更加紧凑和连贯。

二、虚构的故事背景哥特式文学中的故事背景往往是虚构的、神秘的和恐怖的。

爱伦·坡的小说同样采用了这种手法，他创造了许多惊悚的场景，如布满蜘蛛网的城堡、黑暗的地下室和神秘的森林等。

这些场景不仅增加了故事的神秘感和紧张感，而且还提醒读者小说中的故事是虚构的，不是真实的世界，从而使读者更加深入地体验小说带来的刺激和快感。

三、恐怖的元素哥特式文学中最为显著的特征就是恐怖的元素。

爱伦·坡在其小说中也注重恐怖元素的运用，包括死亡、暴力、怪物、鬼魂等等。

例如《黑猫》中的主人公就通过杀害自己的宠物猫展现出了他内心深处的恶毒和邪恶。

这种恐怖元素的运用不仅增加了读者的紧张感和惊悚感，而且还可以让读者更加深入地了解主人公的性格和内心世界。

四、诗一般的语言哥特式文学的语言具有特殊的艺术美感，通常采用华丽繁复、诗一般的语言来展现故事情节。

爱伦·坡的小说同样采用了这种华丽的语言风格，通过音韵、节奏和韵律等手法来创造小说中特有的艺术感。

此外，爱伦·坡的小说中还经常采用视觉形象进行描写，让读者更加深刻地感受到小说中的恐怖和神秘感。

以上四点就是爱伦·坡作品中哥特式创作手法的体现。

爱伦坡的文学功力和影响力爱伦坡（Edgar Allan Poe）是美国19世纪初期最富有争议性的作家之一。

他生活在一个古怪、孤傲而寂寞的世界里，写出了许多令人印象深刻、耐人寻味的短篇小说和诗歌。

他的作品被称为恐怖文学的奠基之作，而恐怖文学也成为了一个独立的文学领域，并对之后的文学作品产生了巨大影响。

一、爱伦坡的文学功力1. 独特的写作风格爱伦坡的作品最大的特点之一，就是他独特的写作风格。

他善于运用有力的形象和引人入胜的情节，配以精致的修辞和大量的象征主义，使得他的作品在读者心中留下了深刻的印象。

如《红死病的七个房间》中的七个不同色彩的房间，象征着人生七个不同的时期，透露出爱伦坡对时间和生命的看法。

2. 精湛的叙事技巧爱伦坡的叙事技巧也是许多人称道的地方。

他擅长通过非线性叙事、动态多元视角、炫目的想象力和奇妙的气氛营造等手法，把读者带入一个扭曲而又具有诗意的故事世界。

如他的名作《起死回生》中，通过众多的暗示和符号，最终揭示了主人公实际上已经死亡的事实，而这也是爱伦坡最著名的故事之一。

3. 深邃的思想内涵爱伦坡的作品不止是恐怖小说或奇幻故事，更是蕴含着深邃的思想内涵。

他对人类本性的探索、对神秘力量的追求、对生命和死亡的思考，都贯穿于他的作品中，使得读者不仅可以在惊悚的氛围中得到乐趣，也可以在思考中获得启示。

二、爱伦坡的影响力1. 对文学的影响爱伦坡在19世纪初期的文学发展中起了巨大的作用。

他的作品在当时并不受欢迎，但在后来受到了广泛的赞誉和追捧。

他创造了新的文学形式和风格，使得短篇小说和恐怖文学成为主流。

他也是最早的推理小说家之一，“福尔摩斯”作者柯南道尔就曾称他为“推理小说之父”。

2. 对流行文化的影响爱伦坡的作品不仅仅是文学，更是成为了流行文化的重要元素。

他的作品被改编成电影、电视剧、动画和游戏等多个领域，成为了越来越多年轻人的文化消费品。

3. 对心理学的影响爱伦坡所写的许多作品都探索了人类心理的黑暗面，进而影响了心理学的发展。

山西师范大学现代文理学院本科毕业论文爱伦﹒坡恐怖小说的写作艺术特色姓名：王丽霞系别：外语专业：英语班级：1103学号：1190030315指导老师：***答辩日期：成绩：内容摘要：爱伦坡的恐怖小说因深刻的颓废之美，怪异，忧郁而闻名。

本文通过分析埃德加·爱伦·坡最具代表性的恐怖小说,可以探知作者的心灵式恐怖。

埃德加·爱伦·坡的小说明显继承了传统哥特文学。

随着对哥特式文学独创性的继承，创作出属于他的独一无二的恐怖小说。

同时，在他恐怖小说中呈现出的写作特色包括象征手法，渲染手法，第一人称叙事角度。

运用心理分析法分析神秘，隐晦的象征手法，理解其具体意义和它是如何激发读者的想象力，使读者在想象中体验恐惧的魅力。

对色彩，环境的渲染使得恐怖故事具有阴暗，恐怖的画面感。

第一人称的叙事角度，使得故事变得更加逼真，贴近读者，让读者直面血淋淋的场景。

这些手法的应用，顺利解决了恐怖小说创作中推进情节和制造恐怖感的难题。

对爱伦·坡恐怖小说写作特色的分析会帮助读者更好地理解他的书和思想。

关键词：爱伦坡恐怖小说写作艺术特色AbstractEdgar Allan Poe’s horrible fictions are well-known for a profound beauty of decadence, grotesque and gloom. In this paper, through analyzing the most representative American writer Edgar Allan Poe’s horror fictions, we can touch the writer’s uncanny world. Edgar Allan P oe’s fiction s obviously inherit from the traditional Gothic literature. Poe, with his ingenious inheritance from Gothicism, created a unique style for his horrible tales. At the same time, his writing characteristics including symbolism, rendering technique and the first person visual angel are presented in most of his horrible stories. Using the psychological analysis to analyze the mysterious and obscure symbolism, to understand its specific meaning, and how to arouse the readers' imagination, which makes readers experience the glamour of the fear. Rendering of the colors, environment makes the horror stories with dark, terror sense of pictures. First-person narrative point of view makes the story become more realistic and close to the reader confronted the bloody scene. Application of these techniques successfully solved the problem of advancing the plot and producing terror feelings in the creation of horror fiction. Analyzing Poe ’ s writing artistic features will certainly help people to understand his book and thoughts.Key words :Edgar Allan Poe horror fictions writing artistic characteristicsContentI. Introduction (1)II. Gothic Features (2)A. The Definition of the Term “Gothic” (2)a. The character’s horror actions……………………………………….3.b. The scene settings (3)c. The theme of death (3)B. The Creation of the Gothic Literature……………………………….5. III. SymbolismA. The Definition of Symbolism (5)a. Scene images (6)b. Color images (6)c. Animals images (7)B. Analysis Symbol From Psychology (7)a. From Sigmund Freud’s Theory………………………………………....7.b. From Aristotle’s Theory (9)IV. Rendering TechniqueA. The Specific Application of Rendering Technique (9)Ｖ．Writing From First PersonＡ.The specific Application of First Person (10)VI. Conclusion (11)Work citedThe Writing Artistic Characteristics In Edgar Allan Poe’s Horror FictionsI. Introduction.Not a passion is more direct touch the soul of human than fear. We can deeply realize the frightened soul, and totally immerse in terror tales which created by Poe. Dangerous actually does not exist, but Edgar Allan Poe used his gifted imagination and narrative skills to show them with specific subtle details. With the degree of terror upgrading, the panics make readers immersive.Edgar Allan Poe(1809-1849) is one of the most outstanding writers in American three prominent terror novelists. He is the American 19th century author of fiction, poet, literary critic, journalist, editor. His poetry and fictions have been attracted extensive attention from all over the world, especially his horror fictions, with its mystery, terror attracts more and more researchers’ interest. In his tales, he created an integrated mysterious and terrible atmosphere, and achieved thrilling effect. He is good at using fantasy to express his awake and wise, and a meditation of life. As the notable English writer George Bernard Shaw once said, the United States has two great writers, Edgar Allan Poe and Mark Twain. "Poe's greatness lies in his was the first one to start digging human consciousness is the deepest darkness in the field of people." (常耀信Chang Yaoxin)Once there are many conventional people feel hard to accept this kind of weird protagonists for they are used to reading that encouraging stories that full of love and hope. He was misunderstood by his contemporaries and their followers for a long time. Mark Twain thought Poe’s prose hard to be readable. However, now his works both attract readers, and let the reader feel the narrator’s sometimes lucid, sometimes maniacal abnormal mind. He believed “art for art’s sake”. His theory of effects and unity and the techniques he used in his tales have influenced most writer after him, especially the detective writers. The authors explored two extremes, the people’s good or evil, reason or mania, and strove to depict the intermediate zone between the two extremes. In his works, Poe confused boundaries between reason and mania, the difference between waking anddream. Beauty and terror, fear and pleasure that are accompanied with each other.II. Gothic Features.A. The Definition of the Term “Gothic”.Gothic literature is a collection of terror and romantic literature. Edgar Allan Poe 's horror fiction not only inherited the traditional Gothic novel writing pattern, but also develop a unique Gothic novel writing style. The origin of the "Gothic" can be traced back to the word "Goths" , which initially described the Germanic tribes of the most deadly, savage branch. And the "Gothic style" is used to describe French church architectures of the 11th century, and its characteristics are high taper steeples, high arch windows, colored glasses and internal gloomy environments. The Gothic novel originated in Britain in the late 18th century. The Castle of Otranto(1764) written by Horace Walpole established the model of the early classical Gothic novel. Since then, this writing style attracted many people to imitate, and extended to the whole Europe and the United States. Edgar Allan Poe are the most significant among the representative personages in the early Gothic novel.The Gothic novel has strong appeals to readers, for its profound psychological and the aesthetic sources. The psychology of the Gothic novel is based on a sense of fear and curiosity by nature. When readers are reading Gothic stories, they usually have a strong experience of fear, of being personally on the scene and do not worry their own safety at the same time. Readers have a experience of imagination themselves or replace the characters, or as a participant, or as a spectator, and with the development of events in the works, readers complete adventures travel of mind. There is no any cost of adventure. Modern people and ancestors are both keen to ancient monsters, popular legends and appalling and scary ghost stories. Although people will be afraid of them, but they still want to find stimulation. Human curiosity, the demand of fear and safety, and the demand of courageous hero are all meet in the Gothic novels. When society people are feeling depressed, this kind of work is popular in the market.The Gothic novel, fundamentally speaking, is the past and present negative reaction of comfortable, safe political stability and the commercial prosperity.The most important thing is that it resists rational control. Therefore, the hero is usually violent and cruel in theGothic novel, which plots are bloody and violent, and often happened in the past, especially in the middle ages, and used castles, ruins or wilderness as the background. The plot is weird and horrific, and often with a mysterious supernatural, giving people the most strong fears of the soul and visual stimulation.a.the character’s terror actionThe Gothic novels ’characters was oppressed by social and secular vision for a long-time, so they usually became insane and crazy. Such as Heathcliff in the Wuthering heights. And in Edgar Allan Poe ’ s novels, hero usually became vicious brutality in that inexplicable fear in his inner world.In a Bucket of White Wine, he deceived Fortunato to his home cellar and killed him, who once insulted him.In the Black Cat, the author describes the actions of killing the black cat and his wife.“Slowly I took a knife from my pocket, opened it, and then carefully cut out one of Pluto’s eyes from its socket.”and when the hero killed his wife, he thought that he could cut the body up into very small pieces and then burn them in a fire, and that he could put the body in a box and then ask someone to carry the box away.Moreover, in the Tell-Tale Heart, Poe depicted this cruel pictures: “ First , I cut it into pieces. I cut off the head and the arms and the legs. I then took up there boards from the wooden floor, and hid the body underneath.”b. the scene settingsUnder the traditional Gothic novel, the choice of the scene is very common. They were likely to select a bleak and isolated places, such as castles, cellars, cemetery, as the scene of the story. And Edgar Allan Poe also had an obsession with the theme of death. Poe was good at using his unique imagination, with the help of a grim scenario, to strengthen the result of the terror. Poe insisted that this closed, dark environment can expose human nature and desire and show human irrational world.c. the theme of deathBecause the Gothic novels itself is from the eerie, dark and mysterious architectural style, its contents are generally violence, murder, fornication, etc. The death of death isthe eternal theme in the Gothic novels, of course, which is Edgar Allan Poe's most beloved. When the terrible incidents happened, there are often accompanied with some characters ’s death. Before Poe, the author Lewis created a novel Monastery whose plots contained killing one with maltreatment, which is the landmark work in the Gothic novels. Therefore Poe inherited these kinds of plot from the former writer. Edgar Allan Poe’s life is suffered form a series of blows and grief, so he can more deeply understand the theme of death.For Poe, death is not a natural fact, but an accident which people could not control when it happens. Death means a new lease of life and a transcending. It has a super organic meaning.(Poe’s Aesthetic Perspectives of Beauty in Art , Life and Death. 潘蕾2006，April，26页)A bucket of white wine is the most representative and typical revenge of the theme of death. Avengers Monterroso knew a lot about his enemy Fortunato as his profound hatred in his heart. He held on to others fatal weakness, which is human common weakness, vanity, and he knew that Fortunato ‘s biggest weakness is that he considered himself as a reviewer of good wines. Monterroso pretended a worship, friendly, warm and affectionate heart in surface, but actually hidden dangers and set a trap.In the Masque of the Red Death, death seems to be doomed and invincible. In the shadow of death, people are panic, hysterical, and despair hidden under the carnival. As "the Red Death" spread in the whole city, half the people of this country had already died from it. In order to avoid the plague, the fearless prince Prospero invite a thousand of his brave and strong friends to stay with him in a castle, far out in the countryside. The castle had a strong high walls and great gates of heavy metal. They all thought that they fled to a safety place far away from the Red Death. That forms an obvious contrast: outside wall is red death world, life itself yet was inside the castle. The contrast of death and life, and the close distance of them let a person have no way to retreat and make people crazy. Party held in seven rooms, but the seventh room was the most frightening for its walls were black, carpet was also black, but its windows were a deep blood-red. No one can enter into this black room that represented the domain of the death and meant people’s deep fear. Every time as the clock slowly rang the twelve long chimes of midnight, it remindedrevelers of the coming of death and let their hearts experience death's powerful and oppression at every moment.B. The Creation of the Gothic Literature.Edgar Allan Poe made a bold innovation of the Gothic literature, turned the horrors of the Gothic novel into mental horror,and revealed the human inner fear.Poe once wrote his mental terror in the preface of Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque. If the theme in many of his story has always been a terror, he insisted that the terror is not German type, but a type of mind. He deduced such terror just from reasonable source, and simply made the tendency of reasonable results.In the Gothic novels, Poe made innovations in the structure of the form. The characteristics of the progressive type structure is obvious, clear, and easy to narrate. Along with the advancement of the story, the narrative rhythm speeding up, the plot is becoming more and more exciting to achieve climax under the atmosphere of terror. In Poe 's horror fictions, he further developed the progressive structure. Using the first person in order to recall the past things according to chronological order. Narration stratification makes the development of tales particular attracted, and mysterious. In the novel of William Wilson, using the structure of the progressive type tells the story of “I” in chronological order. “I”go to school met a student whose name and birthday is the same as me. And he was always opposing me. So "I" became more and more wild. After fighting again and again, “I” killed “another I”.He revealed the evil in human nature. In the second half of the 19th century America, the beautiful art still occupied the dominant position. Until the last century, the principle of beauty and ugliness was introduced to the modernism art. A large number of literature and art creators tried to reveal the contradictions of society and life from the opposite side. Edgar Allan Poe 's works existed a lot of ugliness, and also broke through the traditional aesthetics. Poe’s aesthetic innovation exceeded other contemporary writers.III. Symbolism.A. The Definition of SymbolismThe symbolism is an artistic technique that expresses similar emotions and thoughtswith the specific image that easily associated. So-called objective image is through different emotional activities to create a kind of artistic image. In other words, it is an objective image that used to express objective emotions. Poe was influenced by British romanticism and German idealism aesthetic. So Poe is keen on singular weird things that in his view are not terrible, but a beauty of the bizarre. Poe fully utilized his genius, to create one by one significant and profound images. He used some animals or things to represent the abstract concept, which can be divided into the following category.a. Scene images.The ancient castle in the Masque of the Red Death, the dark damp underground wine cellar in a Bucket of White Wine, the bleak old house in the Fall of the House of Usher are scene images. Airtight, isolated and bleak scene image produces a depressive environment, and impacts the protagonist's psychological feelings and spirit.After reading the Fall of the House of Usher I was scared for a long time. At first sight, it seems to be an abnormal emotional story, but the image setting not stayed on the surface meaning, but gave it more complex and deeper meaning. The house of usher symbolic meaning is that it gave birth to the old family, but at the same time closed itself, also closed its owner. And the House of Usher is on behalf of both the collapsed building and the family. In the end, the house and its owner both ruined. The characteristics of the house are similar to the temperament of the hero. To achieve the effect of the unified theory, Edgar Allan Poe integrated the scene image with hero’s temperament. The melancholy House of Usher shows the protagonist's mental state with great pain.b. Color imageIt is badly common to use color as the image in Poe ’s horror novels. Red and black were also his favorite color images. He chose them for red is the color of blood and black is a symbol of death. In the Masque of the Red Death, the seventh room was black and its walls were black, its thick, heavy carpet was also black. But its windows were a deep blood-red. For each fire was opposite a window, so in the black room the firelight that shone through the blood-red window changed the room into something too horrible to describe. And as the fires burned brighter, the colors and shapes in this room became morehorrible than ever.In the fall of the house of Usher, the black tapestry, the dark silent lake, in the tell-tale heart, the dark lantern, the old man had a pale, blue eyes that all brought people greatly unease and panic. Whether black cat or the dark House of Usher are both filled with so much color images that produced more horrific feelings.c. Animal imageIn the book of the Black Cat , this title laid an ominous tone for the full story. The black cat is not a simple "object", but a prominent horror, which makes the hero in fear all the time, also gives the readers a kind of fear of excitement and pleasure. In the West, the ominous black cat is the embodiment of the witch and a symbol of evil. The name of the black cat, Pluto, was originally the name of the hell and the ruler of the underworld in the ancient Greek mythology. Pluto often made a sinister sound. Edgar Allan Poe designed the Black Cat as title and Pluto as the name of the cat, which the aim is to create an terrible atmosphere. As shown in the ending, the black cat led to a end, “ On top of her head, with a red, open mouth and one burning eye, sat the black cat - the animal which has had made me a murderer, and which would now send me to death.”When the first cat hanged in a few days later, there appeared another black cat that like Pluto, but a white mark on its chest. The white mark of the chest showed the shape of the gallows, which made the hero frighten. The white mark reminded his crimes, aroused his guilt, and became the symbol of his crimes.In short, Poe not only simple inherited the death and gloomy aesthetic orientation, violent plots in the Gothic literature but also innovated the Gothic writing techniques, and more strove to explore people’s inner world.B. Analysis Symbol From Psychologya. From Sigmund Freud’s Theory.Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic personality theory focuses on the study of human unconscious mental activity. Freudian theory of human psyche is a kind of "understanding people's motivation, personality, mental activity of science." It has a huge influences on many areas in modern western society. Among them, the three-level personality structurepoints out that the imbalance of ego, id or the self, superego will lead to mental illness and personality disorder."The self", or the subconscious mind, is the most basic part of the personality structure and lies in the deepest heart, representing the most primitive, instinctive impulse and desire. Id follows the principles of happiness that do not have any moral, ethical and value factors. It is easily impulsive, but can be controlled and regulated. "The ego" is from “the id”and is the executor of the personality. It is the medium that contact with the outside world according to actual condition to adjust the id and the superego and it does things according to the moral principles. "The superego" is a manager in the personality structure, and is on behalf of the social moral standards. Since there always exists the opposite between the superego and the id, ego needs to coordinate the contradictions between the id and the superego.Only the id, ego and superego arrive balance, can a person's spiritual world be normal. If they don't balance, they can cause abnormal mentality and personality distortion.Poe probed the most secret unconscious and subconscious mental activities that showed a person’s mentality from abnormal to breakdown.Poe's psychological description is vivid, natural and frank. Through psychological activities, we can see the ugliness and evil of human nature, and have a profound introspection and the purification of the soul.In the book of the Black Cat,when the hero’s superego is unable to suppress and prevent id’s violent impulse, violent nature that hidden in the depths of the protagonist subconscious began to do evil things. So one day the hero committed unforgivable crimes under the uncontrolled evil thoughts. Later, protagonist and his superego was tormented by criminal facts. Every time he remember that day he killed the cat, he still feel sadness and pain. As a result of the need to self hurt self, people often know that we should not do but still done something stupid or evil. In this novel, Poe went into the most deep place of the human consciousness that showed the evil instinct in a person's unconscious.Usher lived in the house of usher where full of despair for a long time, and only had a sister. The intolerable darkness, and desolate, terrible, bleak atmosphere gradually eroded and distorted Usher’s spirit. And because id overindulgence made he fornicate with his sister, he felt deeply regret, fear, anxiety and guilt. Because of id indulgence, superego will severely punish id.It is difficult to achieve balance for these three parts which are always contradictory and not harmonious in the personality structure, so everyone more or less have somemental illness that symptoms severity or lighter. The objective environment make the readers realize the psychological development of health and personality molding auxiliary need good environment, including family environments, school environments, social environments, etc. Ego should coordinate the relationship between the id and the superego, and should emphasize the guidance and warning role of superego and should make decisions according to the social ethics and common sense.b. From the theory of effects and unifyIn "the review of H awthorne’s twice told tales" (the review of Hawthorne 's twice told tales. 1840) he explained his creation principles. He thought a clever writer not put his own thoughts into his plot, but planned in advance and created a unique distinctive effect, and then fabricated some plots and contacted with these plots. All these things are in order to realize the theory of effect and unify. He believed that the work should be a harmonious unity. From beginning to end, every detail, every plot, each place, even every sentence, every word should achieve a unified effect.Based on his famous creation principle of theory of the effect and unify. Through his elaborate conception and clever arrangement, he created the unique aesthetic effects, and aesthetic values.In the novels, name is not random, but carefully chosen for the ultimate horror effects. The pronunciation of Fortunato is similar with fortunate, and Pluto is the name of the hell in ancient Greek mythology.IV. Rendering TechniqueA. The Specific Application of Rendering TechniqueIn Poe 's horror fictions, both the depiction of psychology, environment, and all kinds of horrible death way in the novels, give one impression of terror. In the fall of the house of usher, Poe portrayed“I looked up at the old house with its high stone walls and narrow windows. I looked around at the thin dry grass and the old dying trees, and sick, and could not think of one happy thought to chase away my gloom.” Thus we can see, His works through rendering environment, such as old house, high stone walls, narrow windows, thin dry grass, old dying tree, to emphasize the decline of the surrounding environment, which makes people feel that life is fragile and prepares for the next horrible plot.In the Fall of the House of Usher, about seven or eight days after they had put LadyMadeleine’s coffin in the vault. Outside, there was a storm which was growing wilder. “I”could hear some low sounds from somewhere inside the house. And then Poe described the violent storm as the follow that made people feel much tension.“T he wind from the violent storm outside crashed into the room, nearly knocking us to the floor. It was, indeed, a wild, but strangely beautiful night. The wind seemed to be going in circles around the house, and huge, heavy black clouds chased each other, first this way, then that way. We could see no moon and no stars, but a pale ghostly light lay around the house.”At that moment, “I” read a wild, fantastic story whose plot is Ethelred breaking the old man’s door, the cry of the dragon, and the falling of the gates. This story the hero read enhanced the tense atmosphere. And then the plot arrived the climax. Usher’s body began to shake, and a sickly smile came over his lips. He said that he had put Madeleine alive into a coffin. At the end of this story, Poe depicted this picture “O utside, the storm was still violent and as I ran past the lake, a sudden wild light shone around me......There was a long shouting sound, like the voice of a thousand waters, and the deep dark lake closed over the broken pieces of the House of Usher.”which made everything disappeared and the story full of the breath of despairing.Ｖ．Writing From First PersonＡ．The specific Application of First PersonIt's not hard to find that the first person in narration in Poe 's horror fictions. From the perspective of the reader, applying the first person to give readers a real feeling, to stimulate reading interest, and to build a kind of objective real effect. While from the author himself, using the first person in narrating the experience of gruesome story can objectively present and tell the hero's thoughts and behaviors. This way can let article write fluently and better analyze the narrator own mental condition. Poe seemed to be a prophet of god, and know the development of all things.In the novel William Wilson, a series of events experienced by the author with "I" as the main content, he also let readers feel that has really happened , and leave the deep impression.In the beginning of the Tell-Tale Heart,“I could hear all things, things in this world and things in heaven. I heard many things in hell, too. So how can I be mad?”The "I" repeatedly stressed he is not crazy, normal mental, how people have a normal mental to kill the old man suffered from cataract? When the police asked what has happened, “I” heard the noise of the old man’s noise of beating heart becoming louder and clearer, and then “I”collapsed, told the police that the corpse was under the floor. If “I” didn't hear that beating heart, I can escape from the pain of heart, and legal sanctions, but “I” heard this horrible noise was bigger and bigger, “I” argued, “I” walked up and down the room, “I” felt that “I”must scream or die. Finally, “I” can not stand it and accept the realistic punishment.“We humans seem to like hurting ourselves. Haven’t we all, a hundred times, done something stupid or evil just because we know that we should not do it? ”He borrowed "I" in The Black Cat to briefly analyze people ’ s criminal mentality, and show that the dark inner corner of the man.IV. ConclusionPoe lived in America where the whole country was filled with hope of life in the second half of the 19th century, however, he focused on the death, and the darkness. Edgar Allan Poe 's works not only improved the depth and breadth in literature, and promoted the development of the romanticism, but also studied social concerned psychological problems now. Poe by means of describing the terror to express his view on the good and evil, to expose meditation and inner struggle in the modern western. As a successor and innovator of traditional Gothic literature, he has become a significant writer in American literature. He used techniques such as symbol, rendering, the first person visual single in his tales to create a stunning success. Edgar Allan Poe's strove to explore the secrets of the human mind, and explored the limits of human psychology. He showed that beauty is not a kind of nature, but make the readers feel strong sense of pleasure from horror and let readers enjoy them.。