英国文学史上-The 18th Century：Enlightenment

The neoclassicists have their artistic ideas: order, logic, symmetry, restraint, good taste, good sense, decorum and so on. In drama, they follow the three unities closely.
Prose should be precise, direct and flexible.
The 18th century is an age of Reason, an age of elegance and an age of classicism.
The
enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality & science. They called for a reference to order, reason & rules & advocated universal education. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander Pope & so on.
The English Enlighteners

The English enlighteners of the 18th century strove to bring it to an end by clearing away the feudal ideas with the bourgeois ideology.

Topic questions：1.Why is the 18th century called the Age of Enlightenment？The 18th century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason.（1) The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France and swept through the whole Western Europe。

The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance in the 15th ＆ 16th centuries。

(2） Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modem philosophical and artistic ideas。

（3）English enlighteners believed in the power of reason. They considered that social problems could be solved by human intelligence.（4) The Enlighteners criticized different aspects of contemporary England， discussed social life according to a more reasonable principle。

(5）T he Enlightener celebrated reason or ration, equality, science and human beings’ ability to perfect themselves and their society. They called for a reference to order, reason and advocated universal education.（6) Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden，Alexander pope and so on.ment on Alexander Pope and his contributions to English poetry。

新古典主义时期—18世纪的英国文学(1660-1798)(In 1798 Wordsworth and Coleridge published Lyrical ballads and Romanticism began.)✓The Age of Enlightenment/Reason理性/启蒙时期–the movement was afurtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centuries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason (rationality), equality & science (the 18th century) It is a revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感) & accuracy✓Modern English novel–newly rising literary form现实主义小说诞生(themid-18th c.)✓Gothic novel (哥特式小说) - mystery, horror & castles (from middle part to theend of 18th c.)✓PoetsEnglish criticism英国文学批评之父An Essay of Dramatic Poesy (《论戏剧诗》) (1668)him the supreme value was order. An Essay on Criticism《论批评》(1711)He was a master in the art of poetry, a good craftsman, in using heroic couplets in particular.last neoclassicist enlightener. A Dictionary of the English Language《英语大词典》✓NovelistsRobinson Crusoe was one of the forerunners of the English realistic novel. It creates the image of an enterprising Englishman, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned (放逐) on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24 years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England. It praises the human labor and the Puritan fortitude (清教徒坚韧).Gulliver’s Travels《格列佛游记》It offers people an opportunity for self-scrutiny. In his opinion, human nature is seriously and permanently flawed. The book is one of the most effective and devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in the then English and European life.Lilliput(小人国),Brobdingnag(大人国), Flying Island(飞岛)& Houyhnhnm(智马国)(1707-1754)- Father of English novelH e was the first to write a “Comic epic in prose” (散文体的滑稽史诗), the firstto give the modern novel its structure and style. He adopted “the third-person narration”.He, a combination of novelist, playwright, and satirist, political pamphleteer, sees the novel as a vehicle for moral inculcation, a mirror and an imitation of nature and life.The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling《弃儿汤姆·琼斯》is a masterpiece on the subject of human nature, which brings the author the name of the “Prose Homer”✓Prose writersand write character sketches and use conversational styles, correspondences in essays. English familiar essay featured with humor, intimacy and elegance was shown first in The Tatler and The Spectator.SentimentalismDiscontented with reason, sentimentalists resort to emotion, to “the human heart”. Sentiment serves as a means of achieving happiness and social justice.(1700-1748) The Seasons in blank verse (1740)Night Thoughts in blank verseThe Task in blank verseTo Simplicity, The Passion, To Eveningleader of sentimental poetry, “The Graveyard School”(墓园诗人)Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard 《墓畔哀歌》reflects on death,the sorrows of life, and the mysteries of human life with a touch of his personal melancholy. He sympathized for the poor and the unknown, but mocks the great ones who despise the poor and bring havoc (破坏) on them.Pre-Romanticism雕刻家)Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》:a happy and innocent world from a child’s point of viewSongs of Experience《经验之歌》: a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy (忧郁的) tone from an adult’s point of view.(1759-1796)He is a master of the old Scottish tradition. He used Scottish dialect, English and a medley of the two to write poems. He is the poet of the people.A Red Red Rose expresses the noblest and sweetest human sentiment.Auld Lang Syne eulogizes friendship。

The Neoclassical Period （18th century）Definitions of literary terms英语081班汪志超51011080951) The Enlightenment MovementThe 18th-century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason.The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France & swept through the whole Western Europe at the time. The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th & 16th centuries. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modem philosophical & artistic ideas. The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality & science. They called for a reference to order, reason & rules & advocated universal education. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander pope & so on.2) NeoclassicismIn England, neoclassicism is initiated by John Dryden, culminated in Alexander Pope and continued by Samuel Johnson. It was a reaction against the fire of passions that blazed in the later Renaissance. It found its literary artistic model in the classical literature of ancient Greek and Latin authors, such as Homer, Virgil, Horace. The neoclassicists have their artistic ideas: order, logic, symmetry, restraint, accuracy, good taste, good sense, decorum and so on. In drama, they follow the Three Unities closely.1Richard Steele(1672-1729) and Joseph Addison(1672-1719)The Tatler ; The Spectator (the earliest periodicals)2Samuel Johnson（1709-1784）Samuel Johnson, commonly called Dr. Johnson, was one of the greatest figures of 18th-century English literature. He was the last great neoclassicist enlightener in the late 18th century. He had a hand in all the different branches of literary activities. He was a poet, dramatist, prose romancer, biographer, essayist, critic, lexicographer & publicist.His major works :poems: "London", & "The vanity of Human Wishes"a romance: The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia ;a tragedy: Irenehundreds of essays in the two periodicals :The Rambler & The Idler;English dictionary :A Dictionary of the English Language传记文学双星：Life of Johnson by James Boswell,The Life of Charlotte Bronte by Elizabeth Cleghon Gaskell3Alexander pope（1688-1744）poetPope is one of the fore-most satirists in world literature as well as a great poet. Pope's mock-heroic poem The Rape of the Lock is one of the finest examples of English comic verse. As a representative of the Enlightenment, Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England. He was the greatest poet of his time.His major works1). The Rape of the LockA delightful burlesque of epic poetry, it ridicules the manners of the English nobility. The poem isbased on an actual incident in which a young nobleman stole a lock of a lady's hair.2) An Essay on CriticismHis first important work, An Essay on Criticism was a long didactic poem in heroic couplets. In this work, he reflected the neo-classical spirit of the times by advocating good taste, common sense & the adherence to classical rules in writing & criticism. The whole poem is written in a plain style, hardly containing any imagery or eloquence &therefore makes easy reading.3）The DunciadGenerally considered Pope's best satiric work, The Dunciad goes deep in meaning & works at many levels. Its satire is directed at Dullness in general, & in the course of it all the literary men of the age. Poets mainly who had made Pope's enemies, are held up to ridicule. But the poem is not confined to personal attack. Dullness as reflected in the corruptness of government, social morals, education & even religion, is expertly exposed & satirized.The Realistic Novel:The mid-century was, however, predominated by a newly rising literary form, the modern English novel, which, contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people. This-the most significant phenomenon in the history of the development of English literature in the eighteenth century - is a natural product of the Industrial Revolution & a symbol of the growing importance & strength of the English of the growing importance & strength of the English middle class, Among the pioneers were Daniel Defoe ,Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne, Tobias George Smollett, & Oliver Goldsmith.1Daniel Defoe(1660-1731)He acquired a pure naked English—smooth, easy, almost colloquial. Yet never coarse. He loved short, crisp, plain sentences. There is nothing artificial in his language; it is really common English.作品：1）Pamphlet: The Trueborn Englishman—A Satire.(It contained a caustic exposure of the aristocracy and the tyranny of the church.)2)Novels:Robinson Crusoe(The character of Robinson Crusoe is representative of the English bourgeoisie atthe earlier stage of its development.); Captain Singleton; Moll Flanders; Colonel Jacque2Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)He is an Irish. Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose. His language is simple, clear and vigorous. He said, “Proper words in proper places, makes the true definition of a style.” Swift is a master of satirist, and his irony is deadly. But his satire is masked by an outward gravity, and an apparent calmness conceals his bitter irony. This makes his satire all the more powerful, as shown in his Modest Proposal.作品：1）Two stories: A Tale of a Tub; The Battle of the Books(The two stories made him well-known as a satirist.)2) Novel:Gulliver’s Travels3) Pamphlets :The Drapier’s Letters; A Modest Proposal(Swift’s pamphlets in Ireland form avery important part of his works.)3Samuel Richardson(1689-1761)His main achievement as a novelist lies in his technique to show characters as personalities. Psychological analysis.作品：Pamela (The story is a told in a series of letters from the heroine, Pamela Andrews.书信体小说);Clarissa; Sir Charles Grandison.Pamela was a new thing in three ways:Firstly, it discarded the “improbable and marvellous”accomplishment of the former heroic romances, and pictured the life and love of ordinary people.Secondly, its intension was to afford not merely entertainment but also moral instruction. Thirdly, it described not only the sayings and doings of the characters but also their secret thoughts and feelings. It was, in fact, the first English psycho-analytical novel.4Henry Fielding(1707-1754)1)简介：As a novelist, Fielding is very great. He is the founder of the English realistic novel and sets up the theory of realism in literary.“Nature herself,” i.e., the exact observation and study of real life, was the basis of Fielding’s work. Byron, in a famous phrase, called Fielding “the prose Homer of Human Nature”. Fielding established once for all the form of the modern novel. His importance in the history of the novel is unique. He has been rightly call the “father of the English novel”.2）作品：Novels:①Joseph Andrews ②Jonathan Wild ③Tom Jones(流浪汉小说) ④AmeliaPicaresque Novel(流浪汉小说)is a popular sub-genre of prose fiction, which is usually satirical and depict in realistic and humorous details the adventures of a roguish hero of low social class, who lives by his or her wits in a corrupt society. The characteristic of it is loosely linked episodes, intrigue fights and adventures. The style of this novel originated in Spain and flourished in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, and continued to influence modern literature. In England, Tobias Smollett’s works, Daniel Defoe’s “Moll Flanders”, Fielding’s “Tom Jones”, and Charles Dickens’“Pickwick Papers” are considered to be picaresque novels. In modern America, Sawl Bellow’s “Adventure of Augie March”, Jack Kerouac’s “Dharma Bums” can be called picaresque novels. The Chinese “Journey to the Wrest” is considered to has considerable elements of picaresque.3）Some Features of Fielding’s Novels①Fielding’s method of Relating a Story: told directly by the author.②Satire in Fielding’s Novels. Satire sounds everywhere in Fielding’s works.③Fielding believed in the educational function of the novel.④Style. Fielding is a master of style. His style is easy, unlaboured and familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous.5Tobias Smollett(1721-1771)He is a Scottish. He belonged to the realistic school.作品：Roderick Random, Peregrine Pickle, Humphry Clinker, History of England.6Laurence Sterne(1713-1768)He is a novelist of the sentimentalist school. He was born in Ireland.A Sentimental Journey.The drama of the 18th century was extensive, but very little of it has permanent or acting value. Only two men, Goldsmith and Sheridan, produced works which are of high literary quality and which are still remain their interest upon the stage.1Oliver Goldsmith(1730-1774)Goldsmith was a poet, novelist, dramatist and essayist, all combined in one person. He was born in Ireland.Comedies: The Good-Natured Man, She Stoops to Conquer2、Richard Brinsley Sheridan(1751-1816)was, like Goldsmith, an Irishman. His literary fame rests almost exclusively uponhis dramas. His dramas are sufficient to maintain his reputation as one of the most brilliant of English writers of Comedy.戏剧作品：①The Rivals, ②The School for Scandal（It gives a brilliant portrayal and a biting satire ofIn the first half of the 18 century, Pope was the leader of English poetry and the heroic couplet the fashion of poetry. But the middle of the century, however, sentimentalism gradually made its appearance.The appearance and development of sentimentalist poetry marks the midway in the transition from classicism to its opposite, Romanticism, in English poetry.Sentimentalism : It is a literary current started in the middle of 18th century. It is a part of the Pre-Romantic trend as reaction against the cold, logic rationalism that dominated people’s life and writing since the last decade of the 17th century. It appeared to sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice. They believed that the effective emotions were the evidence of kindness and goodness. A ready sympathy and an inward pain for the misery of others became part of accepted social morality and ethics. Their words reveal a purely emotional approach to life on the part of the narrator. They formed the contrast of rationally composed novel. The most outstanding figure of this school was Laurence Stern who composed “Tristram Shandy”and “Sentimental Journey through France to Italy”. Samuel Richardson’s work also belong to this school because he used a lot of psychological analysis. Oliver Goldsmith’s work, especially “The Vicar of Wakefield”is of this time. Thomas Gray, a member of Graveyard school is a member of sentimental school, because Graveyard School is part of Sentimental School.1Laurence Sterne(1713-1768)He is a novelist of the sentimentalist school. He was born in Ireland.作品：Tristram Shandy, A Sentimental Journey.2Thomas Gray(1716-1771):作品：Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard. （This is a poem full of the gentle melancholy which marks all early romantic poetry.）Graveyard School: is a term applied to the 18th century poets who wrote melancholy, reflective works, often set in graveyard, on the theme of human morality. The dominant imageries are graveyard, death and darkness. They are part of Sentimental School in the 18th century literature. Thomas Gray’s “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” was the best known example for the time.Elegy: It is an ancient form of writing. Its tradition can be traced back to Greek. It is a kind of war song, the song that eulogizes the warring spirit, especially to celebrate the victory of the war and to lament upon the dead. Later, thiswriting is used for lamentation over one’s loss, one’s complaint, one’s unhappiness or things like that. In France, people sometimes use elegy for love lyric.3Oliver Goldsmith(1730-1774)Goldsmith was a poet, novelist, dramatist and essayist, all combined in one person. He was born in Ireland.作品：⑴Poems:①The Traveller is based on Goldsmith’s personal observation during his European wanderings. He came to the conclusion that human happiness depends less on political institution than onour own minds.②The Deserted Village is Goldsmith’s best poem. It contains some charmingdescriptions of village life. He marks the depopulation in the countryside owing to the inroads ofmonopolizing riches.⑵Novel: The Vicar of Wakefield. His novel appeals to human sentiment as a means of achieving happinessand social justice. That is why he is acknowledged to be one of the representatives of English sentimentalism.⑶Comedies: The Good-Natured Man, She Stoops to Conquer⑷Essays: The Citizen of the World.Goldsmith’s place as one of the greatest English essayists is mainlyIn the latter half of the 18century, a new literary monument arose in Europe, called the Romantic Revival. In England, this movement showed itself in the trend of Pre-Romanticism in poetry, which was ushered by Percy, Macpherson and Chatterton, and represented by Blake and Burns,the two greatest romantic poets of the 18th century.Pre-Romanticism:It rose as a reaction against enlightenment and neoclassicism, especially against reasons advocated by them. It originated by conservative groups men of letters and rose in the latter half of 18th century. The representatives are Thomas Gray, William Blake and Robert Burns.1William Blake(1757-1827)①The earliest of the major English Romantic poets.②Like Shelley, Blake strongly criticized the capitalists' cruel exploitation, saying that the "dark satanic mills left menunemployed, killed children & forced prostitution."③From childhood, Blake had a strongly visual mind; whatever he imagined, he also saw. As an imaginative poet, hepresents his view in visual images instead of abstract terms. " I know that This world is a world of IMAGINATION & Vision," & that "The Nature of my work is visionary or imaginative."④Blake writes his poems in plain & direct language.works：①The Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy & innocent world,though not without its evils & sufferings.②The Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war &repression with a melancholy tone.③Marriage of Heaven & Hell marks his entry into maturity.④The Book of Urizen, The Book of Los，The Four Zoas，Milton2、Robert Burns(1759-1796)He is the greatest of Scottish poets. He devoted all his free time to collecting, editing, restoring and imitating traditional Scottish songs, or writing verses of his own to traditional tunes.works：①Burns is remembered mainly for his songs written in the Scottish dialect on a variety of subjects.②Numerous are Burns’ songs of love and friendship. A Red, Red Rose③Bruce at Bannockburn is a typical song of patriotism.⑤The Tree of Liberty and A Revolutionary Lyric are the poems on the theme of revolution.⑥The Toadeater is a piece of bitter satire.⑦The Jolly Beggars is characterized by humour and lightheartedness.。

Brief Comment
Selections
Notes
For Study and Discussion
Chapter 21 John Dryden
Life and Works John Dryden (163l–1700)
was born into an extended family of rising Puritan gentry in Northamptonshire He received education at Westminster School, under the renowned Dr Richard Busby, and later went to Trinity College, Cambridge University, where he took his BA in 1654. His early work was more striking for its political selfcontradiction than for its literary quality: within two years he wrote “Heroic Stanzas” (1659) praising Oliver Cromwell and “Astraea Redux” (1660) celebrating the Restoration of Charles II.
Chapter 21 John Dryden
Life and Works
His greatest work of literary criticism is An Essay of Dramatic Poesy (1668), which is a general defence of drama as a legitimate art form, as well as Dryden’s own defence of his literary practices.

• The rising urban middle class or bourgeoisie brought the rapid development of social life
• Industrial Revolution: the beginning of larger-scale manufacturing. Britain continued to expand its colonies abroad in Asia, Africa and North America.
• The 18th-century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason.
• The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France & swept through the whole Western Europe at the time. • The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th & 16th centuries. • Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modem philosophical & artistic ideas.
启蒙运动
• 启蒙运动（ The Enlightenment）是18世纪欧洲思想的 主潮，欧洲资产阶级学者往往把这个思潮称为“光明观念” 运动。启蒙运动是西方资产阶级继文艺复兴之后进行的第 二次反对教会神权和封建专制的文化运动，它是文艺复兴 的继承和发展。 “启蒙”一词，原意为“照明”和 “照耀”（enlighten）。启蒙思想家主张以理性的启迪 和科学的光明去战胜经院哲学的无知和封建势力的黑暗， 照亮人们的头脑，建立“理性王国”，故有“启蒙”之称， 也即“光明观念”的含义。 启蒙运动追求政治和学术 思想上的自由，它有两大特点，一是反对宗教蒙昧主义， 宣扬理性与科学；二是反对封建专制制度，宣扬民主与法 制。

Enlightenment
The 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe, known as the Enlightenment, which was, on the whole, an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual needs and requirements of people.
rapid growth of industry and commerce “cottage industry”– “factory manufacturing” the complement of the Enclosure Movement; proletariat came into being
6) Fighting the survivals of feudalism, the enlighteners, at the same time, were prone to accept bourgeois relationships as rightful and reasonable.
7) The problem of man comes to the fore in literature, they believe that man is born kind and honest, he becomes depraved only due to the influence of corrupted social environment.

(4) Defoe, Richardson, Fielding, Sterne, Goldsmith & Smollet were among the major novelists of the time. By combining the allegorical tradition of the moral fables with the picaresque tradition of the lower-class stories, they achieved in their works both realism & moral teaching.
2. Neoclassicism
(1) The term mainly applies to the classical tendency which dominated the literature of the early period. It was, at least in part the result of a reaction against the fires of passion which have blazed in the late Renaissance, esp. in the metaphysical poetry.
(2) It found its artistic models in the classical literature of the ancient Greek & Roman writers like Homer, Virgil, Horace, Ovid, etc., and in the contemporary French writers such as Voltaire & Diderot.

1. Hnt → major figures
Some of the major figures of the Enlightenment were David Hume（休姆）, Immanuel Kant（康 （休姆） （ 德）, John Locke（洛克）, the Baron de （洛克） Montesquieu（孟德斯鸠）, Jean-Jacques （孟德斯鸠） Rousseau（卢梭）, and Voltaire（伏尔泰）. The （卢梭） （伏尔泰） Encyclopédie（百科全书）of Denis Diderot（狄德 （百科全书） （ 集中体现;成为...缩影) ...缩影 罗） epitomized (集中体现;成为...缩影) the spirit of the age.
1. Historical background --- a world power
An Act of Union in 1707 joined Scotland to England and Wales. Britain became a world power, an empire on which the sun never set. But it also changed internally. The world seemed different in 1785. A sense of new, expanding possibilities — as well as modern problems — transformed the daily life of the British people, and offered them fresh ways of thinking about their relations to nature and to each other. Hence literature had to adapt to circumstances for which there was no precedent.

启蒙运动的基本特征

“理性”：启蒙运动形成 的资产阶级思想体系的核 心
“启蒙”：从封建的、宗
教的意识中解脱出来
五、影响
在文学领域，启蒙主义运动使人们重新对 古典时代的著作产生兴趣。这股思潮便是 新古典主义。
end
英国新古典主义时期
是指介于1660年英国斯图亚特王朝
复辟与以华滋华斯和科勒律治1798 年合作出版的《抒情歌谣集》为创 始标志的浪漫主义时期之间的英国 文学时代。
我坚决反对你的观点，但是我誓死捍卫你 说话的权利。 ----伏尔泰
思想主张
作 品
《哲学通信》
《路易十四时代》
①猛烈抨击天主教会 ②反对君主专制，倡导君主立宪制； 观 ③提倡“天赋人权”人生来自由平等 点 ④法律应以人性为出发点，法律面前人 人平等。
评 价
伏尔泰的思想对18世纪的欧洲产生巨 大影响
2、孟德斯鸠
一、新古典主义文学产生原因：
1、政治原因：君主专制政体的形成与强化——国家至上
1）人们依靠国家摆脱教会束缚，行使和加强世俗政权， 使人们获得更多思想自由和经济独立。 2）国家是资产阶级和封建贵族之间冲突的调节人。 3）国家能够维护祖国统一，唤起人们的民族意识。 路易十四、路易十五 “朕即国家”
2、哲学原因：理性主义哲学出现——笛卡 尔——“我思故我在”，即人的本质不在感性， 而是理性。作为一个人不能追求情欲的满足， 要尽责任和义务。 3、法国作为罗马文化的中心，受其古典文化 的影响，创作上的代表人物是维吉尔，理论 上的代表作品是贺拉斯的《诗艺》。法国布 瓦洛的《诗的艺术》。 4、当权者的提倡。奖励、设置法兰西学士院。 5、对文艺复兴崇尚感性、崇尚情欲的反拨。
观 ① “天赋人权”和“人民主权” 点 ②人类不平等的根源是财产私有。 评 卢梭是最激进的民主主义者。 价 卢梭代表中小资产阶级的利益。

The 18th centu‎ry1．Enlig‎h tenm‎e nt Intel‎lectu‎a l movem‎e ntan expre‎s sion‎of strug‎g le of the bourg‎e oisi‎e again‎s t feuda‎l ism.again‎s t class‎inequ‎a lity‎, stagn‎a tion‎, preju‎d ices‎and other‎survi‎v als of feuda‎l ism.They attem‎p ted to place‎all branc‎h es of scien‎c e at the servi‎c e of manki‎n d by conne‎c ting‎them with the actua‎l needs‎and requi‎r emen‎t s of peopl‎e.2. Class‎i cism‎balan‎ce, propo‎rtion‎, decor‎u m and restr‎a i nt attri‎b u ted‎to the major‎ works‎of ancie‎n t Greek‎and Roman‎liter‎a ture‎3．Diffe‎r ence‎17th and 18th Class‎i cism‎17 pleas‎e the decli‎n ing arist‎o crac‎y18 for the risin‎g bourg‎e oisi‎e to tidy up the capit‎a list‎socia‎l order‎.4．Josep‎h Addis‎o n and Richa‎r d Steel‎e essay‎i stsRicha‎rd Steel‎e and The Tatle‎r"The Tatle‎r", to enlig‎h ten, as well as to enter‎t ain, his fello‎w coffe‎e hous‎e-goers‎. conta‎i ned sever‎a l essay‎s. in a conve‎r sati‎o nal style‎Josep‎h Addis‎o n and “The Spect‎a tor“"The Spect‎a tor", a daily‎paper‎, was a colla‎b orat‎i ve proje‎c t by Addis‎o n and Steel‎e toget‎h er.it conta‎i ned a galle‎r y of vivid‎portr‎a its of the membe‎r s of the so-calle‎d "Spect‎a tor Club".suppo‎s ed to be edite‎d by a small‎club heade‎d by Mr. Spect‎a torThe most strik‎i ng featu‎res of the paper‎ are the chara‎cter sketc‎hes of Mr. Spect‎a tor and the membe‎rs of his club，and these‎sketc‎h es becom‎e the forer‎u nner‎ of the moder‎n Engli‎s h novel‎.They attem‎p ted to impro‎v e manne‎r s and moral‎contr‎i buti‎o n1. new code of socia‎l moral‎i ty for the bourg‎e oisi‎e.2. pictu‎r e of the socia‎l life3. the Engli‎s h essay‎had compl‎e tely‎estab‎l ishe‎d itsel‎f as a liter‎a ry genre‎.Using‎it as a form of chara‎c ter sketc‎h ing and story‎-telli‎n g, they usher‎e d in the dawn of moder‎n Engli‎s h novel‎.5.Alexa‎n der Popemost impor‎t ant Engli‎s h poet,repre‎senta‎ti ve of the Enlig‎h tenm‎e nt,one of the first‎ to intro‎d uce ratio‎nalis‎m to Engla‎n d,maste‎r in satir‎i c and didac‎t ic verse‎An Essay‎on Criti‎ci s mheroi‎c coupl‎e t, aesth‎e ti c theor‎i es. a compr‎e hens‎i ve study‎of theor‎i es of liter‎a ry criti‎ci sm. . Essay‎on Manheroi‎c coupl‎e t, indic‎a tes polit‎i cal and philo‎s ophi‎c al viewp‎o intThe Rape of the Lockmock-heroi‎c poem, in which‎he satir‎i zed the trivi‎a lity‎and silli‎n e ss of the high socie‎t y with a delic‎a te wit.The Dunci‎a d the Iliad‎of Dunce‎sPope was also an edito‎r of Shake‎s pear‎e's plays‎.the poet laure‎a te桂冠‎诗人an outst‎a ndin‎g enlig‎h tene‎r and the great‎e st Engli‎s h poet of the class‎i cal schoo‎l6、Jonat‎h an Swift‎maste‎r satir‎i s tThe Battl‎e of the Books‎satir‎i c al dialo‎g ue on the compa‎rativ‎e merit‎s of ancie‎n t and moder‎nwrite‎rs. Thoug‎h t ancie‎n t write‎rs were bette‎r t han the moder‎n ones.A Tale of a Tub（木桶的故事‎）a prose‎satir‎e and a sharp‎attac‎k on the dispu‎t es among‎the diffe‎r ent sects‎of the Chris‎t ian relig‎i on.Gulli‎v er's Trave‎l s (ficti‎o n work) Lilli‎p u,Brobd‎i ngna‎g,Flyin‎g Islan‎d,Houyh‎n hnmparti‎c ular‎voyag‎e of the hero and his extra‎o rdin‎a ry adven‎t ures‎on some remot‎e islan‎dfloat‎i ng islan‎d of Laput‎a . absen‎t-minde‎d philo‎sophe‎rs and astro‎n omer‎s.satir‎i zes the scien‎t ists‎who keep thems‎e lves‎aloof‎from pract‎i cal life.islan‎d of Sorce‎rers. satir‎e again‎st all kinds‎of Engli‎s h socia‎l insti‎t utio‎n s.Pamph‎l ets on Irela‎n d:denou‎n ced the cruel‎ and unjus‎t treat‎m ent of Irela‎n d by the Engli‎s h gover‎nment‎.The Drapi‎e r’s Lette‎r s A Modes‎t Propo‎sal7.Defoe‎ forer‎u nner‎of the Engli‎s h reali‎s tic novel‎.all take the form of memoi‎r s or prete‎n ded histo‎r ical‎narra‎t ives‎,every‎t hing‎in them gives‎the impre‎s sion‎of reali‎t y.jack-of-all-trade‎s great‎in journ‎a lism‎and autho‎r ship‎Moll Fland‎e rsRobin‎s on Cruso‎e based‎on a real factPlot:It prais‎e the forti‎t ude of the human‎l abor‎ and the Purit‎a n. Robin‎son grew from a naive‎and artle‎ss youth‎i nto a shrew‎d and harde‎n ed man,tempe‎red by numer‎o u s trial‎s i n his event‎ful life. It is an adven‎t ure story‎, Robin‎son, narra‎tes how he goes to sea, gets shipw‎recke‎d and maroo‎ned on a lonel‎y i slan‎d, strug‎gl es to live for 24-years‎there‎and final‎l y gets relie‎v ed and retur‎n s to Engla‎n d. Meani‎n g:reali‎s tic accou‎n t of the succe‎s sful‎strug‎g le of Robin‎s on alone‎again‎s t the pitil‎e ss force‎s of natur‎e on the islan‎d,repre‎s enta‎t ive of the Engli‎s h bourg‎e oisi‎e at the earli‎e r stage‎s of its devel‎o pmen‎t. best quali‎t ies: his marve‎l lous‎capac‎i ty for work, his bound‎l ess energ‎y and persi‎s tenc‎e in overc‎o ming‎obsta‎c les. He strug‎g les hard again‎s t natur‎e and makes‎her bend befor‎e his will. Defoe‎glori‎f ies human‎labou‎r and the hero of bourg‎e oisi‎e and defen‎d s the polic‎y of colon‎i alis‎m of Briti‎s h gover‎n ment‎.8.Samue‎l Richa‎r dson‎Pamel‎a the first‎moder‎n novel‎noted‎as a story‎t elle‎r, lette‎r-write‎r and moral‎i zer.Pamel‎a a serie‎s of lette‎r s from the heroi‎n e to her paren‎t sgirl of virtu‎e, bear the burde‎n of a profl‎i gate‎放荡的husba‎n d and how she does all her best to refor‎m hi m.意义a.pictu‎r ed the life and love of ordin‎a ry peopl‎e. b. moral‎instr‎u ctio‎n.c. secre‎t thoug‎h ts and feeli‎n gs. the first‎Engli‎s h psych‎o-analy‎t ical‎novel‎.9.Henry‎Field‎i ng fathe‎r of the Engli‎s h novel‎, comic‎epic in prose‎,first‎ to give the moder‎n novel‎its struc‎t ure and style‎novel‎i st, drama‎t ist, essay‎i st, pamph‎l etee‎r, indee‎d a versa‎t ile man.began‎by attac‎k i ng Richa‎rdson‎’s Pamel‎a .criti‎ci zed‎for its exces‎si ve senti‎m enta‎l i ty and its utili‎t aria‎n moral‎i tyher secre‎t pleas‎u re in the tempt‎a tion‎s and her dexte‎rous熟‎练的manoe‎u vrin‎g to secur‎e the rewar‎ds of virtu‎e（把贞操当作‎商品待价而‎沽）ridic‎uling‎ Pamel‎a’s broth‎e r, Josep‎h Andre‎w s, under‎ the same tempt‎a tion‎sthis novel‎ calle‎d“a.”散文滑稽史‎诗Other‎ works‎:Josep‎h Andre‎ws.The Life of Mr. Jonat‎h an Wild the Great‎.The Histo‎ry of Tom Jones‎,a Found‎l ingfrom the "great‎" thief‎Jonat‎h an Wild to the "great‎" minis‎t er Rober‎t Walpo‎l e to all the "great‎" men of the rulin‎g class‎e s.Tom Jones‎is Field‎i ng's maste‎rpiec‎e, a pano’ramic‎全景的pictu‎re of Engla‎n d10.Tobia‎s Smoll‎e tt "Roder‎i ck Rando‎m"Laure‎n ce Stern‎e The Life and Opini‎o ns of Trist‎ram Shand‎y11. Engli‎s h Drama‎not reach‎the same high level‎as novel‎Richa‎rd Brins‎l ey Sheri‎d anThe Rival‎sThe Schoo‎l for Scand‎a l best Engli‎s h comed‎y since‎shake‎spear‎e12.Samue‎l Johns‎o n lexic‎o grap‎h er, criti‎c and poetA Dicti‎o nary‎of the Engli‎s h Langu‎a geBoswe‎l l's "Life of Johns‎o n" becom‎e a class‎i c of Engli‎s h biogr‎a phy.13.Edwar‎d Gibbo‎n吉朋The Decli‎n e and Fall of the Roman‎Empir‎ehis class‎i c al and eleva‎t ed style‎ a model‎ for succe‎e ding‎histo‎ri ans‎and prose‎-write‎rs.14.Senti‎m enta‎l i sm prize‎d feeli‎n g over think‎i ng, passi‎o n over reaso‎nsince‎r e sympa‎t hy for the pover‎t y-stric‎k en, expro‎p riat‎e d peasa‎n tscriti‎c ized‎the cruel‎t y of the capit‎a list‎relat‎i ons and the socia‎l injus‎t ices‎broug‎h t about‎by the bourg‎e ois revol‎u tion‎s.15.Olive‎r Golds‎m i th poet, novel‎i st, drama‎t ist and essay‎i stPoems‎:“The Trave‎l ler”“The Deser‎t ed V illa‎g e”(best) in the heroi‎c coupl‎e t.Novel‎The V icar‎o f Wakef‎i eld16.Thoma‎s Gray“Elegy‎W ritt‎e n in a Count‎ry Churc‎h yard‎”which‎i s a model‎ of senti‎m enta‎l i st poetr‎y.17.Pre-roman‎t icis‎mstron‎g prote‎st again‎st the bonda‎g e of Class‎i cism‎, by a recog‎ni tio‎n of the claim‎s of passi‎o n and emoti‎o n, and by a renew‎e d inter‎e st in medie‎val liter‎a ture‎.18.Rober‎t Burns‎ poor Scotc‎h peasa‎n t famil‎y passi‎o n for Scott‎i sh folk songs‎Poems‎Chief‎l y in the Scott‎i s h Diale‎ctPoetr‎y sever‎a l group‎s to the subje‎c t matte‎rA. love and frien‎d ship‎. "A Red, Red Rose"and "Auld Long Syne".B. hate for the oppre‎ssi on‎of the rulin‎g class‎and his love for freed‎o m "A Man's A Man for A'That"C. patri‎o tic poems‎"My Heart‎'s in the Highl‎a nds".D. verse‎-tales‎which‎he based‎on old Scott‎i sh legen‎d s.19.Willi‎a m Blake‎Songs‎of Innoc‎e nce A happy‎and innoc‎e nt world‎from child‎ren’s eye.Songs‎of Exper‎i ence‎A word of miser‎y, pover‎t y, disea‎se, war and repre‎s sion‎ with a melan‎chol y‎tone from men eyes.Inclu‎d e: The Chimn‎e y Sweep‎e r、Londo‎n、The Tiger‎Lamb is a symbo‎l of peace‎and purit‎y Tiger‎i s a symbo‎l of dread‎and oiole‎n ceThe Marri‎a ge of Heave‎n and Hell。

英美文学史及作品选读(207023261) > 课程作业> 复查测验：英国文学史及作品选读练习题（THE 18TH CENTURY)复查测验：英国文学史及作品选读练习题（The 18th Century)名称英国文学史及作品选读练习题（The 18th Century)状态已完成分数得120 分，满分120 分说明问题 1得 2 分，满分 2 分In the last twenty years of the 18th century, England produced two well-known romantic poets. They are William Blakeand .所选答案：Burns正确答案：Robert BurnsBurns问题 2得 2 分，满分 2 分Jonathan Swift’s famous prose work ________ is a satirical dialogue between the Ancients and the Moderns in thecharacter of the Bee and the Spider.所选答案： C. The Battle of the Books正确答案： C. The Battle of the Books反馈：The Battle of the Books问题 3得 2 分，满分 2 分The 18th century witnessed that in England there appeared twopolitical parties, _____.所选答案： A. the Whigs and the Tories正确答案： A. the Whigs and the Tories反馈：the Whigs and the Tories问题 4得 2 分，满分 2 分Blake’s Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a world of .所选答案： D. happiness and innocence正确答案： D. happiness and innocence反馈：happiness and innocence问题 5得 2 分，满分 2 分Jonathan Swift held the opinion that human nature , thus human nature and human institutions both neededconstant reform and improvement.所选答案： C. was a mixture of the angelic and the satanic正确答案： C. was a mixture of the angelic and the satanic反馈：was a mixture of the angelic and the satanic问题 6得 2 分，满分 2 分According to the neoclassicists, which of the following istrue?所选答案： D. All the above.正确答案： D. All the above.反馈：All the above.问题 7得 2 分，满分 2 分The social significance of Gulliver’s Travels lies in _____.所选答案：A. the devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in the then English and European life正确答案：A. the devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in the then English and European life反馈：the devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in the then English and European life问题 8得 2 分，满分 2 分Which of the following cannot correctly describe Enlightenment Movement?所选答案： C. It advocated individual education.正确答案： C. It advocated individual education.反馈：It advocated individual education.问题 9得 2 分，满分 2 分In , Jonathan Swift suggests that children of the poor Irish people be sold at one year old as food for the Englishnobles. It shows his indignation toward the terribleoppression and exploitation of the Irish people by theEnglish ruling class.所选答案： A Modest Proposal正确答案： A Modest Proposal反馈： A Modest Proposal问题 10得 2 分，满分 2 分Sir Walter Scott called the father of Englishfiction.所选答案：Fielding正确答案：Henry FieldingFielding反馈：Henry Fielding; Fielding问题 11得 2 分，满分 2 分In his novel, Robinson Crusoe, Defoe eulogizes the hero of the .所选答案： B. rising bourgeoisie正确答案： B. rising bourgeoisie反馈：rising bourgeoisie问题 12得 2 分，满分 2 分The literary form of neoclassicism is of the strict symmetry.The prevailing genre of neo-classical literature is thewhich consists of two riming lines of iambic pentameter, andthe second line completes the thoughts expressed by thecouplet.所选答案：heroic couplet正确答案：heroic couplet反馈：heroic couplet问题 13得 2 分，满分 2 分In the first part of Robinson Crusoe, the hero saved a savage and named him .所选答案：Friday正确答案：Friday反馈：Friday问题 14得 2 分，满分 2 分Thomas Gray has been regarded as the leader of the of the day.所选答案： D.sentimental poetry正确答案： D.sentimental poetry反馈：sentimental poetry问题 15得 2 分，满分 2 分Which of the following is NOT a character in the novel TheHistory of Tom Jones, a Foundling?所选答案： d.Amelia正确答案： d.Amelia反馈：Amelia问题 16得 2 分，满分 2 分is a typical feature of Swift’s writings.所选答案：Bitter Satire正确答案：Bitter Satire反馈：Bitter Satire问题 17得 2 分，满分 2 分Daniel Defoe describes as a typical Englishmiddle-class man of the 18th century, the very prototype of theempire builder or the pioneer colonist.所选答案：Robinson Crusoe正确答案：Robinson CrusoeCrusoe反馈：Robinson Crusoe; Crusoe问题 18得 2 分，满分 2 分In the Houyhnhnm land, Gulliver found that ______ were hairy, wild, low and despicable brutes while ______ are endowedwith reason and all good and admirable qualities.所选答案： B. the Yahoos ... the horses正确答案： B. the Yahoos ... the horses反馈：the Yahoos ... the horses问题 19得 2 分，满分 2 分In the middle decades of the 18th century became the leader of the classic school in English poetry and prose.所选答案：Samuel Johnson正确答案：Samuel JohnsonJohnson反馈：Samuel Johnson; Johnson问题 20得 2 分，满分 2 分ranks among the greatest satirist of England, and of the world. “A Modest Proposal” is one of his satiricalworks.所选答案：Jonathan Swift正确答案：Jonathan SwiftSwift反馈：Jonathan Swift; Swift问题 21得 2 分，满分 2 分_________came into being as a result of a bitter discontent on the part of certain enlighteners in society reality.所选答案： D. Sentimentalism正确答案： D. Sentimentalism反馈：Sentimentalism问题 22得 2 分，满分 2 分The following on Daniel Defoe are true except .所选答案： B. He was a member of the upper class正确答案： B. He was a member of the upper class反馈：He was a member of the upper class问题 23得 2 分，满分 2 分Which of the following place does Gulliver visit first inGulliver’s Travels?所选答案： D. Lilliput正确答案： D. Lilliput反馈：Lilliput问题 24得 2 分，满分 2 分The only novel of Oliver Goldsmith is _________, which givesa detailed account of the numerous misfortunes befalling thecentral character and his family.所选答案： C. The Vicar of Wakefield正确答案： C. The Vicar of Wakefield反馈：The Vicar of Wakefield问题 25得 2 分，满分 2 分In the following writings by Henry Fielding, which brings him the name of the “Prose Homer”?所选答案： D.The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling正确答案： D.The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling反馈：The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling问题 26得 2 分，满分 2 分Of all the 18the century novelists, _________ was the first to set out in theory and practice, to write specially a“comic epic in prose”, and the first to give the modernnovel its structure and style.所选答案： A.HenryFielding正确答案： A.HenryFielding反馈：HenryFielding问题 27得 2 分，满分 2 分The Rivals written by is a clever satire on the sentimental and pseudo-romantic fancies of many young womenof the upper classes of the 18th century.所选答案：Sheridan正确答案：Richard Brinsley SheridanBrinsley SheridanSheridan反馈：Richard Brinsley Sheridan; Brinsley Sheridan; Sheridan问题 28得 2 分，满分 2 分Literature of Neoclassicism is different from that ofRomanticism in that ________.所选答案： C.the former celebrates reason, rationality, order andinstruction while the latter sees literature as an expression on an individual’s feelings and experiences正确答案： C.the former celebrates reason, rationality, order andinstruction while the latter sees literature as an expression on an individual’s feelings and experiences反馈：the former celebrates reason, rationality, order and instruction while the latter sees literature as an expression on an individual’s feelings and experiences问题 29得 2 分，满分 2 分In Gulliver’s Travels, Yahoos are the creatures living on ________.所选答案：Houyhnhnms 正确答案：Houyhnhnms 反馈：Houyhnhnms问题 30得 2 分，满分 2 分The greatest novelist of the 18th century, and also one of the greatest that England ever produced is , who isconsidered as the founder of the English realistic novel.所选答案：Henry Fielding正确答案：Henry FieldingFielding问题 31得 2 分，满分 2 分1. The principal elements of the ________Novel are mystery,horror and suspense.所选答案：Gothic正确答案：Gothic反馈：Gothic问题 32得 2 分，满分 2 分 Friday is a character in the novel__________.所选答案：Robinson Crusoe正确答案：The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson CrusoeRobinson Crusoe反馈：The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of RobinsonCrusoe; Robinson Crusoe问题 33得 2 分，满分 2 分_________is William Blake’s most important prose work, which is the manifesto of his spiritual independence.所选答案： A. The Marriage of Heaven and Hell正确答案： A. The Marriage of Heaven and Hell反馈：The Marriage of Heaven and Hell问题 34得 2 分，满分 2 分“Till a’ the seas gang dry, my dear,And the rocks melt wi’ the sun:I will luve thee still, my dear,While the sands o’ life shall run.”The above verse lines are taken from the famous poem“________”.所选答案： A Red, Red Rose正确答案： A Red, Red Rose反馈： A Red, Red Rose问题 35得 2 分，满分 2 分Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels is the greatest work in English literature.所选答案： A. satiric正确答案： A. satiric反馈：satiric问题 36得 2 分，满分 2 分The best part of Robinson Crusoe is the realistic account of his against the hostile nature.所选答案：struggle正确答案：strugglefight反馈：struggle; fight问题 37得 2 分，满分 2 分Which of the following is not true about Robinson Crusoe?所选答案： D. It is a record of Defoe’s own expe rience.正确答案： D. It is a record of Defoe’s own experience.反馈：It is a record of Defoe’s own experience.问题 38得 2 分，满分 2 分The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling has been praised for its excellent plot construction. The three big divisions of theadventures of the hero and the heroine are marked by thechange of scenes: in the country, on the road and in__________.所选答案：London正确答案：London反馈：London问题 39得 2 分，满分 2 分’s poem “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” is taken as a model of sentimentalist poetry,esp. the Graveyard school.所选答案：Gray正确答案：Thomas GrayGray反馈：Thomas Gray; Gray问题 40得 2 分，满分 2 分Which of the following is not true about Samuel Richardson?所选答案： D. He is the first novelist of realist tradition.正确答案： D. He is the first novelist of realist tradition.反馈：He is the first novelist of realist tradition.问题 41得 2 分，满分 2 分_______is of the author of the first dictionary by anEnglishman—Dictionary of the English Language, which hasbecome the foundation of all subsequent Englishdictionaries.所选答案： A. Samuel Johnson正确答案： A. Samuel Johnson反馈：Samuel Johnson问题 42得 2 分，满分 2 分Sheridan’s _____is the best English comedy sin ce the days of Shakespeare.所选答案： C. The School for Scandal正确答案： C. The School for Scandal反馈：The School for Scandal问题 43得 2 分，满分 2 分The 18th century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of ________.所选答案：Reason正确答案：Reason反馈：Reason问题 44得 2 分，满分 2 分Joseph Andrew is Fielding’s first novel. He wrote the novel with the intention of ridiculing Richard’snovel .所选答案：Pamela正确答案：Pamela反馈：Pamela问题 45得 2 分，满分 2 分In Robinson Crusoe, the writer glorifies .所选答案： A. human labor and the Puritan fortitude正确答案： A. human labor and the Puritan fortitude反馈：human labor and the Puritan fortitude问题 46得 2 分，满分 2 分Many of Burns’ songs deal with friendship, ______has long become a universal parting-song of all the English-speakingcountries.所选答案： D. Auld Lang Syne正确答案： D. Auld Lang Syne反馈：Auld Lang Syne问题 47得 2 分，满分 2 分In the William Blake’s poetry, the father (and any other in whom he saw the image of the father such as God, Priest andKing) was usually a figure of_______.所选答案：tyranny正确答案：tyranny反馈：tyranny问题 48得 2 分，满分 2 分Gothic novels are mostly stories of ____, which take place in some haunted or dilapidated Middle Age castles.所选答案： D. mystery and horror正确答案： D. mystery and horror反馈：mystery and horror问题 49得 2 分，满分 2 分The only important English dramatist produced in the 18thcentury is ________.所选答案：Sheridan正确答案：Richard Brinsley SheridanBrinsley SheridanSheridan反馈：Richard Brinsley Sheridan; Brinsley Sheridan; Sheridan问题 50得 2 分，满分 2 分Of the eighteenth-century novelists Henry Fielding was the first to _____.所选答案： D. give the modern novel its structure and style正确答案： D. give the modern novel its structure and style反馈：give the modern novel its structure and style问题 51得 2 分，满分 2 分Blake’s Songs of Experience paints a world of _____ with a melancholy tone.所选答案： A. misery, poverty, disease, war and repression正确答案： A. misery, poverty, disease, war and repression反馈：misery, poverty, disease, war and repression问题 52得 2 分，满分 2 分In the 18th century, _______found its expression chiefly in poetry, especially that of William Blake and Robert burns.所选答案： D. pre-romanticism正确答案： D. pre-romanticism反馈：pre-romanticism问题 53得 2 分，满分 2 分_______was a progressive intellectual movement going on throughout Europe in the 18th century.所选答案： C. The Enlightenment正确答案： C. The Enlightenment反馈：The Enlightenment问题 54得 2 分，满分 2 分The main literary stream of the 18th century was .What the writers described were mainly social realities.所选答案：Realism正确答案：realism反馈： realism问题 55得 2 分，满分 2 分The rise and growth of __________is the most prominentachievement of the 18th century English literature, which hasgiven the world such writers as Daniel Defoe, Jonathan swiftand Henry fielding.所选答案： B.realisticnovel正确答案： B.realisticnovel反馈：realisticnovel问题 56得 2 分，满分 2 分is undoubtedly the greatest poet Scotland has ever produced. His “Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect” isof great importance.所选答案：Robert Burns正确答案：Robert BurnsBurns反馈：Robert Burns; Burns问题 57得 2 分，满分 2 分Among the representatives of the Enlightenment, _______ was the first to introduce rationalism to England.所选答案：pope正确答案：Alexander PopePope反馈：Alexander Pope; Pope问题 58得 2 分，满分 2 分Modern English novel arose in the ________century.所选答案： C. 18th正确答案： C. 18th反馈：18th问题 59得 2 分，满分 2 分Pamela is written in the form of a ______novel.所选答案：epistolary正确答案：epistolary反馈：epistolary问题 60得 2 分，满分 2 分Which of the following novels by Henry Fielding satirizes thepolitical system of England and the then PrimeMinister Sir Robert Walpole?所选答案： C.Jonathan Wild theGreat正确答案： C.Jonathan Wild theGreat反馈：Jonathan Wild theGreat（注：可编辑下载，若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!）。

IV The 18th Century：Enlightenment同时为美国独立战争与法国大革命提供了框架，并且导致了资本主义和社会主义的兴起，与音乐史上的巴洛克时期以及艺术史上的新古典主义时期是同一时期。

A revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感) and accuracyThe Age of Enlightenment/Reason: the movement was a furtherance促进，助成，助长of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centuries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason(rationality), equality&science(the 18th century)小说崛起：In the mid-century, the newly literary form, modern English novel rose (realistic novel现实主义小说)Gothic novel(哥特式小说)：mystery, horror, castles(from middle part to the end of century)1. Alexander Pope亚历山大•蒲柏1688~1744（18世纪英国最伟大的诗人，其诗多用“英雄双韵体”/ “ heroic couplets”。

词句工整、精练、富有哲理性。

）As a representative of the Enlightenment，Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism理性主义to England....Eg. Among the representatives of the Enlightenment, who was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England? ( C )A. John BunyanB. Daniel DefoeC. Alexander PopeD. Jonathan Swift①<An Essay on Criticism>批评论Artistic features:ing “heroic couplets”②<The Rape of the Lock>卷发遇劫记his famous mock epic戏仿史诗③<Moral Essays>道德论<Essay on Man>人论< Dunciad>愚人记2. Samuel Johnson塞缪尔•约翰逊1709~1784①Dictionary =<A Dictionary of English Language>英语大词典3. Jonathan Swift乔纳森•斯威夫特1667~1745（the most outstanding prose writer and satirist the age of classicism十八世纪杰出的政论家和讽刺小说家a master satirist。

名词解释 ENGLISH LITERATURE--DEFINITION OF TERMS1singing the goods of Robin Hood. Coleridge’s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is a2Critical Realism of the 19th centuryof fifties.2)The realists first and foremost set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated the crying contradictions of bourgeois reality. But they did not find a way to eradicate social evils.3) Charles Dickens is the most important3With the advent of the 18th century, in England, as in otherthere sprang into life a public movement known as the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment on the whole, was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeois against feudalism. The social inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual deeds and requirements of the people.启蒙主义：启蒙主义是在18世纪在英国发生的。

英国文学史（启蒙运动时期）这个部分讲启蒙运动（The Enlightenment Movement）时期的文学，还是照常，先提历史和文学背景，看看英国什么情况。

一、历史背景18世纪的英国，刚刚经历过资产阶级革命，也就是光荣革命（1688），光荣革命制宪，英国政体由君主专制转化为君主立宪，大权从国王手中落到了议会手上，资本主义发展迅速，资产阶级地位很高，而且18世纪英国开始了工业革命，在思想上面强调理性，这也是启蒙的主旨，那么文学上也会发生相应的改变，上个时期主要是德莱顿的古典主义文学时期，启蒙运动一开，文学基本就变为宣扬思想的武器，随着启蒙的深入，作家们也开始逐渐抛弃这种文学风格。

当然，18世纪初期古典主义还是在的，但是受启蒙思想的影响，古典主义变成了新古典主义（Neo-classicism），代表人物就是亚历山大·蒲伯（Alexander Pope），这货受德莱顿影响很大，后面具体说。

同时，这一时期有另一种文学体裁出现了，就是随着17世纪的报刊文学（大多都是写实小说）的发展，到了18世纪，逐渐演变成了小说，可以说是原来散文的一种变体。

这个时期的小说一般是现实主义小说，这些玩意都具有启蒙性质，初期的现实注意小说流浪汉题材（Picaresque Novel）很流行90，诗歌方面就是依旧是英雄双行体（heroic couplet）这种诗歌形式，始于乔叟，中间又经马洛、斯宾塞发展，最后到蒲伯手里有个完善。

戏剧上面那，过去都是以无韵诗为体的戏剧，18世纪改用偶句诗，时间地点格式上得到了统一。

总的来说18世纪的文学可以分为三个阶段：第一阶段主要新古典主义文学+报刊文学（就是写在报纸上的那种散文性质的文章）+现实主义小说，第二阶段：现实主义小说得到巨大发展，第三阶段，由于启蒙运动搞革命没有出现启蒙思想家想象中的理想社会，整个英国陷入一种充满悲观情绪的状态，这个时候感伤主义文学（Sentimentalism）和前浪漫主义时期（Pre-Romanticism）到来。

Enlightenment 启蒙运动With the advent of the 18th century, in England, as in other European countries, there sprang into life a public movement known as the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment on the whole, was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeois against feudalism. The egogo inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. The attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual deeds and requirements of the people.Byronic hero 拜伦式英雄The creation of the Byronic hero is G.G.Byron’s chief contribution to English poetry. Such a hero is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. Passionate and powerful, he is to right all the wrongs in a corrupt society, religious and moral. Thus this figure is a rebellious individual against outworn social system and conventions. Because Byron’s poetry is one of experiences on the whole, such a hero is more or less a surrogate of himself. He appears first in “Childe Harold’s Pilgrimmage”, and then further developed in later works such as the “Oriented Tales,” and “Don Huan”.Heroic Couplets 英雄双韵体It is a pair of rhymed lines of iambic pentameter. The form was introduced into English by Chaucer and widely used subsequently. This form was employed in the “heroic” poem and plays of the seventeenth century, and in translations of the heroic poems of antiquity, such as “Odyssey by Gorge Chapman. Hence it is widely known as the heroic couplet.Allegory 寓言A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. An allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.Neoclassicism 新古典主义The tendency the Enlightenment Movement brought about in reviving the interest in old classical works, is known as neoclassicism. On the one hand, neoclassicists took classical works as their models; on the other, they kept to order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy. They also had specific rules for almost every genre of literature. For example, in drama, they held that plays should be written in the Heroic Couplets, and that , as far as their content is concerned, they should stick to the unities of time, space and action.。

Drama
comedies; satirize the upper middle class; the best playwrights Sheridan
Neoclassicism
Last decades of the 17th to the early of the 18th Modelled Greek and Latin authors Stress on order, logic, proportion, restrained emotion, accuracy, good taste major exponents of the neoclassical school: John Dryden and Alexander Pope.
Literature
Neoclassicist poetry
. Led by Alexander Pope and Samuel Johnson Mock epics, literary criticism, satires
Prose
Satire : Jonathan Swift’s “Proposal” Journalism/Periodicals : Steels and Addison’s literary journals
Economically
Industrial Revolution, the 1st powerful industrial country continued to expand its colonies
Ideologically: Under the influence of scientific discoveries ( Galileo,Newton) and flourishing of philosophies, French enlightenment started.