中国文化概论名词解释（Interpretation of Chinese culture）An explanation of the introduction to Chinese culture in 20112011-5-19 17:42 Sina Education [big and small] [I want error correction]1, broad sense culture: culture is the sum of material and spiritual existence that human beings created and lived together in the long historical development. Generalized culture is associated with human and human creation, is based on the concept of human centered; generalized culture is a historical concept, it covers the whole process of human history, is a comprehensive concept of inheritance and development; the extension of generalized culture covers material creation and creative spirit of all.2, the narrow sense of culture: the narrow sense of culture also called human culture, is a social collective (national or class) in the long history of the development of the accumulation of condensed natural heritage shared the humanistic spirit and the material manifestation of the overall system. The narrow sense of culture not only with the artificial center, but also to people's spiritual activities as the center, even if the world is to observe the materialization, the humanistic spirit as the core; is not the special cultural spiritual activities concerned, but by the accumulation of condensed historical heritage shared, system of humanistic spirit; special cultural concern not only is common to all mankind, but also pay more attention to the characteristics of different ethnic groups, and humanistic spirit.3, cultural products: broad sense of cultural products refers to all created by mankind, visible products to the society, including both material products and spiritual products. Refers to spiritual products of cultural products in the narrow sense, it is a product of the classics written or oral tradition became the language form of pure ideas.4, cultural connotation: we put some not belong to the narrow sense of culture in the human nature of things, called the cultural connotation of things.5, cultural phenomenon: refers to the development of human culture in the process of showing some kind of external state and connection.6, cultural phenomenon: when a phenomenon in the same form appears repeatedly, which has regularity, become a historical period, a national (regional or national) with typical signs and culture in the development of things, the phenomenon known as a cultural phenomenon. Cultural events are often the synthesis of ideas, ideas and their materialized forms. They have not only external features but also conceptual features. Cultural phenomena are the product of people's perception of phenomena and their rise to rational generalizations.7, the concept of culture: a period of a class or an industry group held on cultural issues in attitudes and perceptions, or performance in a cultural phenomenon in ideology, such as values, aesthetic values and so on, known as the cultural concept.8, culture: a cultural concept and related culture, at a certain time in a certain context, the widespread impact on society, for the majority of people agree with and has become a trend, called cultural trend.9, cultural policy: refers to certain times, certain social conditions, administrative institutions of cultural issues promulgated by the relevant provisions and Countermeasures principle.10, ethnic culture: different ethnic groups have their own culture is different from other ethnic groups, cultural differences and characteristics is one of the symbols of ethnic division. Because of the characteristics of historical conditions and cultural development of its structure, function and other aspects of the different cultures in the development, in this historical period or that, relatively speaking, more prosperous and developed, popular; there are prosperous and developed, the degree of popularity slightly less. However, each nation's culture will not lose its distinctive national characteristics. Regional features. As each ethnic culture is unique, as a value, they are all equal.11, country culture: country culture is the social basis of the country's division of culture, and the culture of multi-ethnic countries is the culture of the national community in a unified country. Country culture is based on a particular country's history and national conditions. China culture also known as Chinese culture, Chinese culture, Chinese culture, it belongs to the national culture.12, Chinese traditional culture: refers to the Chinese culture as the source, China's ethnic groups to create a common, long-term historical development of the accumulation of culture.13, the traditional culture: every nation, every national culture, is different according to different conditions, and the stability of the cultural tradition and continuity throughout the nation and the state of each historical stage of culture core spirit.14, the concept of the world: split and unity is the two major phenomenon in Chinese history, unity is always dominated by the pursuit of tendencies. From the Shang Dynasty in the beginning, has been in the distance, take a different political strategy on the people of the world; the Western Zhou Dynasty, "the world" concept has been very clear. After the dynasties of the wasteland, all the four ethnic groups in the remote "to" honor.An important function of the concept of "world" is to seek unity, and to pursue unity is always the keynote of political ideas, and also the basic tendency of history. We are the world's universal consciousness, is the concept of lasting power Chinese, expansion of the development of the Chinese nation, has played an important role.15, the Neolithic Age: about 10 thousand years ago, the human race into the Neolithic age. The most important features of the Neolithic age are the emergence of primitive agriculture, the manufacture and polishing of pottery, the widespread use of stone tools, the emergence of villages, and the formation ofclan systems.16, the three is the "China" is Three Emperors and Five Sovereigns legends of ancient times." San Juan "character extremely uncertain, but in common they are cultural inventor." The figure is "certainty equivalent. According to historical records. Wudi "records, the word line is Huang Di Zhuanxu, Gao Xin, Yao, shun. The study proved by archaeological excavations and human culture, the legend is not entirely after it reflects some kind of a gross fabrication, the truth of history.17, a hundred schools of thought contend: 1. schools of thought contend across the spring and autumn and Warring States period, but there are also changes before and after. Thinkers of the spring and Autumn period were more like scholars and teachers, who thought calmly, or recruited disciples. During the Warring States period and thinkers more like disputer, their ideological foundation in general in the spring and Autumn period by the creation of their predecessors, as is in dispute between school, defend and develop the school claims.Therefore, most of the earlier works are quotations about the ideas of teachers or founders, and later on they are mostly arguments. The selection and the interaction of 2. times and all classes of authors. Various schools are constantly adjusting and deepening their theory, and strive to adapt to the requirements of society. Schools and schools also constantly absorb and influence each other in contending with each other.18, the famous sentence: also known as masters, is the founderof the spring and Autumn period Zheng Guo Deng, representative of the Warring States period, Gongsun Long, Hui Shi, some theory of Mohist school later and Chuang-tzu, and the school also has a close relationship. Deng was designed to help people with non litigation, as is to is wrong, how to Gongsun Long and Hui Shi were to win, is the so-called "off white" and "different contract dispute, relates to the concept of things and the actual (i.e.," name "and" real ") relationship problem there is a strong speculative color. The theory of this school disappeared with the end of the Warring States period. With the input of modern western philosophy, people realized its value again.19, the western regions: narrow sense of western regions refers to the Xinjiang region, the northern and southern Tianshan Mountains, when the size of 36 countries, civilized standards are quite high. The broad western regions also include central Asia, India, Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan.20, the election system is a kind of bottom-up selection of official personnel system. There are many subjects, including literature, scholar, Xiaolian three good and able men promoted by selection is the most significant.21, Yongjia chaos: eight chaos, melee kings to the Wuhuan and Xianbei nobles in the river north and south, then become the Xiongnu Xianbei world. Shinnaga Kaji (308 years), the yuan in Shanxi aristocratic Liu Pingyang emperor, Han dynasty. Yongjia five years (311 years) Luoyang, Liu Yuan's army captured prisoners, the Jin Dynasty emperor, known as the "Yongjia rebellion".22, the six provinces for the Sui Dynasty in the central provinces of the implementation of six part. Three: Zhongshusheng (SUI said the history of the province), subglottic Province, Shangshu province. The Secretariat is responsible for drafting the edict, decision-making mechanism; Province under control for the sealing and refuting review mechanism, Shangshu province; responsible for the implementation of policies, administrative institutions; Shangshu province has six departments, namely the Ministry of personnel, Ministry (the Ministry of rites, Sui Chengmin), Hyobu, Xingbu, industry, the department chief said the book is. The chief executive of the three provinces discussed the State Administration and held the post of prime minister. It is not necessary, but not only necessary, but also very important in the eyes of the Yellow emperor.23, a whip: Wanli of the Ming Dynasty had to Zhang Juzheng presided over the tax reform, increase the national income, reduce the burden on the people, that is "a whip". That is to the two tax, land tax is the content. Labor and other miscellaneous taxes a synthesis of a multitude of names; according to the uniform field collection quantity, but also simplify the collection procedure.24, tandingrumu: a whip in the Qing Dynasty and then into "tandingrumu" - "Ding Ding" refers to silver, or poll tax, tandingrumu in Kangxi's fifty year population amount of silver as the standard, the small silver Tandao family accounted for field to levy taxes, the actual is the abolition of the poll tax. Since Kangxi's population born fifty years later does notpay taxes, to some extent, it also stimulated the growth of the population. The reform of tax system is beneficial to the development of economy. The social development of Ming and Qing Dynasty, especially after the middle of Qing Dynasty, is benefit from the reform of Kangxi and Yong Zheng. But whether it is a whip or tandingrumu, is nothing but the continuation of the two tax law,The purpose is just increase government revenue in the State Revenue increasingly exhausted, yet the connotation of political ideas from the physiocratism category25, the school of Qianjia Dynasty: tell people not just empty talks, also should be learned to use, so the textual criticism gradually flourished, scholars of traditional Confucian literature textual research, collation, compilation, identification and annotation work, organize a large number of literature, this work in Qianlong and Jiaqing special flourishing, so called Qian Jia school.。
