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英国国家概况及英国文化、教育简介国名：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国 ( The United Kingdo m of GreatB ritai n and Northe rn Irelan d)国旗：呈横长方形，长与宽之比为２∶１。
为“米”字旗，由深蓝底色和红、白色“米”字组成。
旗中带白边的红色正十字代表英格兰守护神圣乔治，白色交叉十字代表苏格兰守护神圣安德鲁，红色交叉十字代表爱尔兰守护神圣帕特里克。
此旗产生于１８０１年，是由原英格兰的白地红色正十旗、苏格兰的蓝地白色交叉十字旗和爱尔兰的白地红色交叉十字旗重叠而成。
国徽：即英王徽。
中心图案为一枚盾徽，盾面上左上角和右下角为红地上三只金狮，象征英格兰；右上角为金地上半站立的红狮，象征苏格兰；左下角为蓝地上金黄色竖琴，象征爱尔兰。
盾徽两侧各由一只头戴王冠、代表英格兰的狮子和一只代表苏格兰的独角兽支扶着。
盾徽周围用法文写着一句格言，意为“恶有恶报”；下端悬挂着嘉德勋章，饰带上写着“天有上帝，我有权利”。
盾徽上端为镶有珠宝的金银色头盔、帝国王冠和头戴王冠的狮子。
国歌：《上帝保佑女王》 "god save the queen"（如在位的是男性君主，国歌改为"god save the king"）国花：玫瑰花国鸟：红胸鸽国石：钻石科学节：１８３１年开始，一年举办一次科学周：１９９４年开始，在每年的３月举办自然地理：２４．４１万平方公里（包括内陆水域），英格兰地区１３.０４万平方公里，苏格兰７. ８８万平方公里，威尔士２. ０８万平方公里，北爱尔兰１. ４１万平方公里。
位于欧洲西部的岛国。
由大不列颠岛（包括英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士）、爱尔兰岛东北部和周围一些小岛组成。
英国概况【城市】伦敦首都。
是英国的政治、经济、文化和交通中心，最大海港和首要工业城市。
它位于英格兰东南部，跨泰晤士河下游两岸，距河口88公里。
世界十大都市之一。
伦敦市城外的12个市区，称内伦敦，以外的20个市区，称外伦敦。
伦敦城加上内外伦敦，合称大伦敦市。
伦敦城面积1.6平方公里，大伦敦面积则达1580平方公里。
伦敦的交通很发达，是英国的铁路中心，十几条铁路干线从这里伸向大不列颠岛上各主要城镇。
伦敦也是全国公路网的中心。
伦敦还是世界上最大的国际港口和航运市场，世界上所有的主要航运、造船和租船公司，都在这里设有代表机构。
伦敦的西郊有一座欧洲客运量最大的国际机场——希恩罗机场。
伦敦是座多古迹名胜的城市，这里有白金汉宫、唐宁街10号(首相府)、议会大厦、大本钟、“伦敦城”、大英博物馆、蜡人馆、圣保罗教堂、威斯敏特教堂、格林威治、“东伦敦”、“西伦敦”、“中国城”。
海德公园和马克思城。
朴次茅斯英国南部中段沿海重要商港和最老的海军基地之一，扼英吉利海峡的朴次茅斯湾湾口。
朴次茅斯建于12世纪，19世纪中叶成为重要海军基地，而且是军港、渔港、商港三者兼而有之。
伯明翰是仅次于伦敦的英国第二大城市。
17世纪后，逐渐发展起来的一个工业城市，并享有“世界车间”之美称。
伯明翰分为新城和老城。
新城的火车站附近是英国工业展览会的所在地。
老城车站是伯明翰市的中心。
这里商店集中，道路狭窄，人流不息，因而禁止车辆通行。
伯明翰市区只有少数的高楼大厦，大部建筑都是二层楼房，显得古朴无华。
伯明翰的四周，有无数大工厂。
它的工业产值占全国工业产值的1/5。
曼彻斯特曼彻斯特在英格兰西北部兰开夏郡内，是英国中部地区工商业、金融和文化中心。
曼彻斯特是英国工业革命的故乡。
从20世纪初，曼彻斯特的工业结构发生了变化，纺织工业衰退了，机械、电子、化学、炼油、食品加工、玻璃塑料等工业发展起来。
曼彻斯特市中心的商业区相当繁华，阿登商业中心是最大商店。
从曼彻斯特商业中心往西南步行30多分钟就到了曼彻斯特的贫民区，这里是欧洲最大的贫民窟。
英国概况英国概况I. 地理概况英国是远离欧洲⼤陆的岛国，⼜称为不列颠群岛【British Isles】⼀、地理特征⾯积：243000 sq km 南北长度：600 miles本⼟南⾯英吉利海峡【the English Channel】，北靠北海【the North Sea】。
英国与欧洲⼤陆依靠英法海底隧道【the Chunnel】连接，隧道于1994年5⽉建成通车。
英法之间的是英吉利海峡，海峡最窄处叫做多佛海峡【the Strait of Dover】英国在政治区划上可分为四个独⽴的部分1．英格兰【England】⾸府：伦敦【London】英格兰位于⼤不列颠南部，西靠威尔⼠，北邻苏格兰。
英格兰是地理⾯积最⼤的区域，占据全岛⾯积的将近60%英格兰主要⼭脉是奔宁⼭脉【The Pennies】2. 苏格兰【Scotland】⾸府：爱丁堡【Edinburgh】位于不列颠北部，整个区域可分为四个⾃然区域a. 北部丘陵【the Highlands】区域内有不列颠最⾼的（1343m）本尼维斯⼭【Ben Nevis】,b. 中部低地【the Lowlands】苏格兰⼯业和⼈⼝的主要所在地c. 南部⾼地【the Uplands】苏格兰以英语为主要语⾔，在丘陵地区以及岛屿西部兼有盖尔语【Gaelic】3.威尔⼠【Wales】⾸府：加迪夫【Cardiff】处于不列颠西部，是多⼭的地区，⾸府加迪夫是其最⼤城市，位于威尔⼠南部的布⾥斯托尔海峡【Bristol Channel】4. 北爱尔兰【Northern Ireland】⾸府：贝尔法斯特【Belfast】⼆、河流和湖泊塞⽂河【the Severn River】英国最长的河流泰晤⼠河【the Thames River】英国最重要的河流，英国第⼆长的河流，重要的熟路运输要道，⽜津【Oxford】坐落于河岸克莱德【River Clyde】苏格兰最重要的河流湖区【The Lake District】位于英格兰西北部，最流⾏的旅游景区，湖畔诗⼈华兹华斯【William Wordsworth】的故乡。
Chapt e r 1 The Land and Histo r y英国全称大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国，由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士及北爱尔兰构成，位于大西洋东部的不列颠群岛，是个岛屿国家，由大不列颠岛，爱尔兰岛北部和众多小岛组成。
面积约24.40万平方公里，人口超过6400万(2013年)。
英国属于温带海洋气候，常年温和多雨，气候多变。
受高纬度因素的影响，有类似极昼极夜的现象，冬季日短夜长，夏季日长夜短。
公元前3000年左右，伊比亚人最先到达大不列颠岛。
随后，比克利人、凯尔特人相继来到不列颠。
公元前1世纪到公元5世纪，罗马入侵。
罗马人撤离后，欧洲北部的盎格鲁撒克逊人和以丹麦人为主体的斯堪的纳维亚先后入侵。
到了1066年，诺曼底公爵威廉征服了英格兰，英国的封建制度正式形成。
1215年，国王约翰被迫签订了大宪章。
不久，议会制度形成，从此英国的王权被不断削弱和限制。
1688年，―光荣革命‖爆发，确立了君主立宪制。
18世纪后期到19世纪前期，英国成为世界上第一个开始并完成工业革命的国家。
19世纪是英国发展的鼎盛时期，分别建立了第一大英帝国和第二大英帝国。
到二战前夕，英国统治了世界约1/4的土地。
第一次世界大战以及第二次世界大战的爆发，导致英国的政治、经济势力大为削弱，失去了霸权地位。
随着其殖民地的相继独立，20世纪60年代，大英帝国彻底瓦解。
I. Gener a l Intro d ucti o n1. Locat i on and the Four Natio n s The full name of the UK is the Unite d Kingd o m of Great Brita i n and North e rn Irela n d. It is made up of four natio n s: Engla n d, Scotl a nd, North e rn Irela n d, and Wales . It is locat e d to the north w est of conti n enta l Europ e , separ a ted by the Engli s h Chann e l. Geogr a phic a lly, it is an islan d count r y, cover i ng an area of about 244,019 km 2, and consi s ts of Great Brita i n and north e aste r n part of Irela n d, toget h er with many small islan d s of Briti s h Isles . Great Brita i n accou n ts for over 90% of the count r y’stotal landm a ss. It is the large s t islan d off the north w este r n coast of mainl a nd Europ e with Engla n d, Scotl a nd and Wales on it. Irela n d is the secon d large s t islan d of Briti s h Isles locat e d to the north w est of Great Brita i n. It is divid e d into two parts : North e rn Irela n d and the Repub l ic of Irela n d (an indep e nden t count r y).Engla n d is the large s t part of the UK and occup i es most of the south e rn two third s of Great Brita i n. The total area of Engla n d is 130,410 km 2 with a popul a tion of aroun d 53.9 milli o n (Mid-2013 estim a ted), which cover s morethan 84% of the total UK popul a tion . It is the most popul o us and highl y urban i zed part of the UK . Londo n , the capit a l of the UK and Engla n d, as well as the seat of gover n ment , is locat e d in its south e aste rn part.Map of Briti s h Isles Scotla nd is the second larges t and most mounta inous part of the UK in the northof GreatBritai n. Compar ed with that of Englan d, the popula tiondensit y is quitelow. Thereare only 5.3 millio n people with an area of 78,789 km2. Edinbu rgh, its larges t city, is the capita l of Scotla nd. Scotla nd is famous for its beauti ful natura l scener y, such as Scotti s h Highla nds1and Loch Ness2, as well as many histor icalplaces, like the Edinbu rgh Castle s.Walesis on the wester n side of centra l southe rn GreatBritai n. The totalarea of Walesis 20,779 km2, whichaccoun ts for 1/4 partsof the UK. It is also a mounta inous part of GreatBritai n, partic ularl y in the northand centra l region s. The southe ast region is the most builtup region of Wales, and the majori ty of its popula tionlive thereand a largepropor tionof its indust ry is basedthere. Its capita l city, Cardif f, is also in this region.Northe rn Irelan d lies in the northe ast of the island of Irelan d, coveri ng14,139 km2, whichconsti tutes 1/6 of the island. It is the smalle st part amongthe four nation s of the UK, as well as the second sparse ly popula ted part afterScotla nd. The capita l is Belfas t, the larges t city in Northe rn Irelan d both in popula tionand in area. It is the center for govern ment,econom ic, arts, higher educat ion, busine ss, law of Northe rn Irelan d. Additi onall y, it is the birthp laceof Titani c, and votedone of the world’stopdestin ation s.2. Climat eThe overal l climat e in the UK is temper ate mariti me, whichmeansthat it is mild with temper ature s neithe r much lowerthan 0℃ in winter nor much higher 32℃ in summer. Genera lly, the UK has warm summer s and cool winter s, with July and August as the warmes t month, and Januar y and Februa ry as the coldes t. Howeve r, due to the influe nce of Gulf Stream3, the summer s are cooler than thosein contin ent whilethe winter s are milder. Normal ly, the temper ature in summer is around20℃，with the high rarely goingabove30℃. The averag e temper ature in winter is around 0℃ and seldom go below-10℃ even in the most northe rn part of the countr y.Meanwh ile, sinceBritai n is an island countr y and surrou ndedby the sea, the climat e is consid erabl y change ablecompar ed with othercountr ies. Sincethe variab le climat e changi ng day to day, it is hard for people to predic t what the weathe r will be like the next day. Additi onall y, the unique geogra phica l positi on is also the reason for the dampne ss of the climat e. The rainfa ll is fairly distri buted throug houtthe year. Althou gh it does not rain everyday, it is always advisa ble for people to bringan umbrel la or waterp roofclothi ng everyday.II. Histor y1. The Foundi ng of the NationThe record ed histor y of the UK begins with the Romaninvasi on in 55BC. In 55 and 54BC, Britai n was twiceinvade d by Julius Caesar and his Romantroops. Howeve r, it was not until43AD that the Romanled by Claudi us I finall y succes sfull y invade d and Britai n became part of the RomanEmpire. The native Celtic were driven to the mounta in region s of Scotla nd and Wales, whichremain ed unconq uered by the Romans.The Romans have greatimpact on many aspect s of the Britis h cultur e. The Romancivili zatio n was introd ucedto the Britai n during this period. For exampl e, Romanstylebathsand temple s were built, cities like London and townswere constr ucted, and the system of govern mentwas also introd uced. With the declin e of the RomanEmpire, when the German ic troops attack ed Rome in 410 A.D., the Romans had to withdr aw in orderto protec t theirown nation, whichled to the end of Romanoccupa tion.Afterthe leaveof the Romans, threegroups of German ic tribes called the Jutes, the Angles and the Saxons came to Britai n from the Europe an contin ent in the mid-4th centur y. They conque red differ ent region s of Britai n:1Scotti sh Highla nds：苏格兰高地，是对苏格兰高地边界断层以西和以北的山地的称，被认为是欧洲风景最优美的地区。
Chapter 3The Shaping of the Nation(1066-1381)Ⅰ.An outline of this period:1.Norman House: WilliamⅠ2.Plantagenet House:HenryⅡa.Parliament;b.100 years war;c.Uprising 1381;d.Roses (House of Lancaster – House of York)3.Tudor House (200):a.Civil war;b.HenryⅧ;c.ElizabethⅠ;d.Renaissance.4.Stuart House:a.JamesⅠ;b.CharlesⅠ;c.Civil war.mon wealth:Cromwell.6.Restoration:1688 Glorious Revolution.7.Rise and fall of the Empire:Commonwealth.Ⅱ.Norman Rule (1066-1381)1.William’s Rule (1066-1087)a.Feudal system in EnglandFeudal system in England was completely established. According to this system, the King owned all the land personally. William gave his barons large estates in England in return for military service and a produce. The barons parceled out land to the lesser nobles, knights and freemen, also in return for goods and services. At the bottom were the villains or serfs, unfree peasants.b.Feature: All landowners took the oath of allegiance for the land they held, not only totheir immediate lord, but also to the king.c.William replaced the Witan with the Grand Council of his new tenants-in-chief.d.Domesday Book (1086):It was the result of a general survey of England made in 1085, and stated the extent, value, the population, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land.①1/2 the cultivated land in the country was in the hands of 170 tenants-in-chief;②1/5 was held personally by the King;③most of the rest by bishops and abbots and other heads of religious houses.e.His policy towards the church was to keep it completely under his control, but at thesame time to uphold its power.①In the reign of the Norman kings the Norman culture flowered on the English soil.2.Success: three sonsa.Robert gain Normandy;b.William Rufus (WilliamⅡ) gain England; (Killed)c.Henry gains a large sum of money. After WilliamⅡ’s death, he gain England’s crown.Henry has no son, so King Stephen took the crown with the compromise of receive Henry, son of Henry’s daughter, as joint ruler. After King Stephen’s death, Henry beca me king HenryⅡ.Ⅲ.House of Plantagenet1.HenryⅡ’s reforma.Measures to end the disorders:He forced the Flemish mercenaries to leave England; recalled grants of Royal lands;demolished castles; strengthened the powers of his sheriffs and relied for militia.b.Administrative:①abolished the annual land tax based on hide, and emerged a new tax which assessedat the percentage of a subject’s annual rents and chatells②revival and elaboration of HenryⅠ’s policies.c.Legal reform:HenryⅡgreatly strengthened the ki ng’s Court and extended its judicial work. He divided the country into six circuits and appointed itinerant justices. The common law and jury system came out. He wishing to reform certain abuses in Church government, instead that all clerks charged with cr iminal offences should be tried in the king’s courts.mon law:It is the unwritten law common to the whole people and is “case-made”, i.e., based on precedent judgments, and derived from acknowledged custom.2.Conflict between king and Becket.a.Reason:It was these exceptional privileges and benefit of clergy that brought King Henry into collision with Thomas Becket.b.Process:①In 1154, Thomas Becket was appointed Chancellor of England.②In 1162, Henry made Becket Archbishop of Canterbury.③The different view of a murder charge of a clerk man brought matters to a crisis.④In 1164, the Great Council of HenryⅡdrew up the Constitutions of Clarendon toincrease the jurisdiction of the civil courts at the expense of the church courts.⑤Becket rejected them after a reluctantly signed, which angry HenryⅡ. So he spend 6years on the Continent.⑥In 1170, Becket returned to England. Fresh quarrels broke out.⑦In 1170, four knights of the royal household took literally the King’s wish andmurdered Becket.c.Result:①grave became a place of pilgrimage;②Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales (which describes a group of pilgrims traveling toCanterbury to visit Thomas Becket’s tomb);③T.S. Eliot, Murder in the Cathedral.Ⅳ.Great Charter1.Background:Three crusades and wars against France drain upon financial resources of England, and barons complained that the king had failed to protect the Norman lands from the advances of the French King and he had imposed high taxes.2.Demand contents:Magna Carta (1215); Magna Carta had altogether 63 clauses, of which the most important matters were these: no tax should be made freely; no freeman should be arrested except by the law of the land; the Church should possess all its rights; London and other towns should retain their ancient rights and privileges.3.Result:A committee of 24 barons plus the Mayor of London was chosen to help the kingcarry out the Charter, with the right of declaring war on him should he break its provisions.Magna Carta has long been popularly regarded as the foundation of English liberties, it was a statement of the relationship between the Crown and the barons. The spirit of Magna Carta was the limitation the powers of the king.Ⅴ.Parliament1.HenryⅢ:a.an expensive war with France which ended with the loss of the whole of Poitou;b.demands for money to enable his son to be crowned King of Sicily which brought thematters with parliament to a head.2.Barons, under Simon de Montfort forced the king to swear toaccept the Provisions of Oxford:a.Henry should appoint a new Grand Council of twenty-four members, half of whom wereto be nominated by the barons themselves;b.the King should have a permanent body of fifteen nobles and bishops to advise him,without whose authority the king could not act.3.Civil war between HenryⅢand barons come to the firstParliament in 1265.Henry refused to confirm to the Provisions of Oxford put forward by barons. A civil war broke out between the king’s supporters and the baronial army. In 1264, the king was defeated. Simon de Montfort summoned in 1265 the Great Council to meet at Westminster, together with two knights from each county and two burgesses from each town, a meeting which has been seen as that of the earliest parliament.The origin of Parliament is Witan, with the development of Grand Council. Grand Council later developed into the Lords (baron and bishop) and the Commons (knight and citizen, can present petitions), which known as a parliament.4.1284 the Statute of Wales.The Statute of Wales in 1284 placed the country under English law and EdwardⅠpresented his new-born son to the Welsh people as Prince of Wales, a title held by the heir to the throne ever since.Ⅵ.100 year’s war1.Reason:The causes were partly territorial and partly economic. The territorial causes were the large duchy of Aquitaine. The economic causes were connected with Flanders.England’s desire to stop France from giving aid to the Scots and a growing sense of national consciousness. The French refused to recognize EdwardⅢ’s claim of French Crown.2.Process:a.At first English (EdwardⅢ) were successful;b.After a long peaceful lull, French (HenryⅤ) won victory;c.After French King’s death, Joan of Arc drove the English out of France.The expulsion of the English from France is regarded as a blessing for both countries;had they remained, the superior size and wealth of France would certainly have hindered the development of a separate English national identity, while French national identity was hindered so long as a foreign power occupied so much French territory.Ⅶ.Black death 1348-13491.Definition:Black Death was the modern name given to the deadly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread by rat fleas. It spread through Europe in the 14th century, particularly in 1347-50.2.Result:It killed between 1/2 and 1/3 of the population of England. As a result, much land was left untended and there was a terrible shortage of labor.Ⅷ.Uprising1.Reason:a.unfair treatment by government and land owner (Two Statute: In 1351 the governmentissued a Statute of Labourers which made it a crime for peasants to ask for more wages;A later statute proposed that any labourer who left his place of work to seek higher wagesshould be branded with the letter F on his forehead as a sign of falsehood.);b.imposition of a series of taxes known as poll taxes, which caused deep and widespreaddiscontent;c.the Lollards (They refer to Poor priests and itinerant preachers who were John Wyclif’sfollowers. They went about preaching to the equality of men before God. They served as mental encouragement and stimulation and play an important role in the Peasant Uprising of 1381.).2.Processes:a.In 1381, army led by Wat Tyler and Jack Straw occupied London;b.They present the demands (abolition of villeinage, reduction of rent, free access to allfairs and markets, general pardon) which were granted by king;c.Finally, they were suppressed.3.Significance:The rebellion was a truly social one, directed against the rich clergy and the lawyers as well as against the landowners. The uprising dealt a telling blow to villeinage, and a whole new class of yeomen farmers emerged, paving the way for the development of capitalism.。
