对外贸易外文原文

中华人民共和国对外贸易法（中英文对照）2004年4月6日第十届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第八次会议修订中华人民共和国主席令第十五号《中华人民共和国对外贸易法》已由中华人民共和国第十届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第八次会议于2004年4月6日修订通过，现将修订后的《中华人民共和国对外贸易法》公布，自2004年7月1日起施行。

中华人民共和国主席胡锦涛2004年4月6日目录第一章总则第二章对外贸易经营者第三章货物进出口与技术进出口第四章国际服务贸易第五章与对外贸易有关的知识产权保护第六章对外贸易秩序第七章对外贸易调查第八章对外贸易救济第九章对外贸易促进第十章法律责任第十一章附则第一章总则第一条为了扩大对外开放，发展对外贸易，维护对外贸易秩序，保护对外贸易经营者的合法权益，促进社会主义市场经济的健康发展，制定本法。

第二条本法适用于对外贸易以及与对外贸易有关的知识产权保护。

本法所称对外贸易，是指货物进出口、技术进出口和国际服务贸易。

第三条国务院对外贸易主管部门依照本法主管全国对外贸易工作。

第四条国家实行统一的对外贸易制度，鼓励发展对外贸易，维护公平、自由的对外贸易秩序。

第五条中华人民共和国根据平等互利的原则，促进和发展同其他国家和地区的贸易关系，缔结或者参加关税同盟协定、自由贸易区协定等区域经济贸易协定，参加区域经济组织。

第六条中华人民共和国在对外贸易方面根据所缔结或者参加的国际条约、协定，给予其他缔约方、参加方最惠国待遇、国民待遇等待遇，或者根据互惠、对等原则给予对方最惠国待遇、国民待遇等待遇。

第七条任何国家或者地区在贸易方面对中华人民共和国采取歧视性的禁止、限制或者其他类似措施的，中华人民共和国可以根据实际情况对该国家或者该地区采取相应的措施。

第二章对外贸易经营者第八条本法所称对外贸易经营者，是指依法办理工商登记或者其他执业手续，依照本法和其他有关法律、行政法规的规定从事对外贸易经营活动的法人、其他组织或者个人。

国际贸易英文说明International Trade ExplanationInternational trade refers to the exchange of goods and services between countries. It involves the buying and selling of goods and services across national borders. International trade is a vital component of the global economy and plays a significant role in promoting economic growth and development.There are several reasons why countries engage in international trade. Firstly, countries often have different resources and capabilities, leading to the production of different goods and services at varying costs. International trade allows countries to specialize in producing goods and services in which they have a comparative advantage, meaning they can produce them at a lower opportunity cost than other countries. This leads to increased efficiency and allows for the production and consumption of a wider range of goods and services.International trade also allows countries to access goods and services that they cannot produce or produce efficiently themselves. For example, a country may import natural resources that are not available within its borders or purchase advanced technology from another country. By participating in international trade, countries can benefit from a wider variety of goods and services, improving the standard of living for their citizens.Another benefit of international trade is the opportunity for economies of scale. When countries engage in international trade, they can increase production and take advantage of economies ofscale, leading to lower production costs. This can result in lower-priced goods and services for consumers.International trade can take place through various channels, including the export and import of physical goods, as well as the provision and receipt of services. Trade can occur through bilateral agreements between two countries or multilateral agreements involving multiple countries. There are also international organizations, such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), that promote and regulate international trade.However, international trade is not without challenges and risks. Trade barriers, such as tariffs, quotas, or regulations, can hinder trade flows and limit the potential benefits of international trade. Additionally, fluctuations in currency exchange rates, political instability, and protectionist measures can also impact international trade.Overall, international trade is essential for global economic growth and prosperity. It allows countries to specialize in the production of goods and services in which they have a comparative advantage, increases competition, and promotes innovation. By fostering cooperation and interdependence among countries, international trade plays a crucial role in fostering economic development and improving living standards worldwide.。

China's Foreign Trade (English Edition) China has emerged as a global economic powerhouse,largely due to its robust foreign trade activities. As the world's secondlargest economy, China plays a pivotal role in international trade, exporting a vast array of goods and importing resources and technology to fuel its growth.The Foundations of China's Trade SuccessMajor Export CategoriesMachinery: Ranging from construction equipment to industrial machinery, China's machinery exports are in high demand globally.Textiles and Apparel: Known for its quality and variety, China's textile and apparel industry is a significant contributor to the country's export revenue.ImportDependenciesWhile China is a major exporter, it also relies heavilyon imports, particularly for raw materials and advanced technology. The country's top import categories include: Oil and Minerals: To meet the energy needs of itsgrowing economy, China imports significant amounts of oil, coal, and various minerals.Agricultural Products: China imports a variety of agricultural goods, including soybeans, grains, and meat, to supplement its domestic production.Trade PartnersChina has a wide range of trade partners, with itslargest being the United States, European Union, and ASEAN countries. Despite occasional trade tensions, these relationships are crucial for China's economic health. The country's participation in regional trade agreements, such as the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), further solidifies its trade network.Challenges and OpportunitiesChina's foreign trade faces several challenges, including trade disputes, currency fluctuations, and the need to upgrade its manufacturing base to highervalue industries. However, there are also significant opportunities. The push for digital transformation, the development of green energy technologies, and the expansion of services trade present new avenues for growth.(To be continued)China's Foreign Trade (English Edition) ContinuationTrade Policies and InitiativesChina has implemented various policies and initiatives to promote its foreign trade. The "Belt and Road Initiative"aims to enhance regional connectivity and trade investing in infrastructure projects across Asia, Africa, and Europe. Additionally, China has been streamlining customs procedures and reducing tariffs to facilitate trade.Sustainable Trade PracticesRecognizing the importance of environmental sustainability, China is gradually integrating green trade practices. This includes promoting the export of environmentally friendly products and technologies, as well as adopting stricter standards for imports that could harm the environment.The Role of Free Trade ZonesFree Trade Zones (FTZs) in China are designed to attract foreign investment and promote international trade. These zones offer tax incentives, relaxed customs regulations, and a more businessfriendly environment. FTZs are also testing grounds for new trade policies and reforms.Cultural and Service ExportsBeyond physical goods, China is also expanding its exports of services and cultural products. The country's film industry, for example, is gaining global recognition, with Chinese movies and series finding audiences worldwide. Additionally, China's tourism sector is a significantcontributor to service exports, as the country attracts millions of international visitors annually.Navigating Trade DisputesTrade disputes, particularly with major trading partners like the United States, have posed challenges for China's foreign trade. The country has been working to resolve these disputes through negotiations and diversifying its trade relationships to reduce dependency on any single market.The Future of China's Foreign Trade(To be continued)China's Foreign Trade (English Edition) ContinuationThe Shift Towards Services and Intellectual PropertyTrade Balance and Currency DynamicsThe Role of Multinational CorporationsPromoting Made in China 2025Responding to Global Trade ChallengesThe global trade landscape is fraught with challenges, including protectionism and trade barriers. China has been proactive in responding to these challenges engaging in bilateral and multilateral negotiations, seeking to lower trade barriers and promote a more open international trading system.The Impact of Trade on SocietyTrade has a profound impact on society, affecting jobs, living standards, and cultural exchange. In China, the growth of foreign trade has led to the creation of millions of jobs and has been a driving force behind the country's economic growth. However, it has also brought about the need for continuous skills development among the workforce to adapt to changing market demands.Conclusion。

2.1 Your company has been introduced to us by Messrs. Freeman&Co. Ltd., London, England, asa prospective buyer of Chinese cotton piece goods. As this item falls within the business scope of our corporation, we shall be pleased to enter into business relations with you at an early date.To give you a general idea of the various kinds of cotton piece goods now available for export,we enclose a brochure and a sample-cutting booklet. Quotations will follow upon receipt of your specific enquiry.We look forward to hearing from you soon.2.2 Having had your name and address from the Commercial Counsellor's Office of our Embassy in Pakistan, we avail ourselves of this opportunity to write to you and see if we can establish business relations with you.We are a state-owned corporation specializing in the export of table-cloths,and are in a position to accept orders against customers' samples specifying design, specifications and packaging requirements. We are also prepared to accept orders for goods with customers' own trade marks or band names.In order to give you a rough idea of our various table-cloths, we are airmailling you under separate cover a copy of our latest catalogue for your reference. If you find any of the items interesting, please let us know as soon as possible. We shall be glad to send you quotations and samples upon receipt of your concrete enquiries.We await your early reply.3.1 As we are on thr point of executing a considerable order from Messrs. J.A.Hussain&Co.,P.O.Box 386,Karachi, we should be much obliged if you would inform us,in confidence, of their financial standing and modes of business.The reference they have given us is the Standard Chartered Bank, Karachi Branch. Will you please be good enough to approach the said bank for all possible information we require.It goes without saying that any information you may obtain for us will be treated as strictly confidential and without any responsibility on your part.We thank you in advance.3.2 In reply to your letter of 25th March,we wish to inform you that we have now areceived from the Standard Chartered Bank, Karachi Branch, the information you require.Messrs.J.A.Hussain&Co.,P.O.Box 386,Karachi, was established in 1979 with a capital of Stg.10,000. Their chief line is in the import and export of machine tools and electric goods. Their suppliers' business with them is reported to have been satisfactory. We consider them good for small business engagement up to an amount of Stg.3,000. For large transactions we suggest payment by sight L/C.The above information is strictly confidential and is given without any responsibility on this bank.4.1 We have been informed by the Bank of Canada, Vancouver, that you are one of the leading exporters of textiles in Shanghai and that you wish to extend export business to our market.You will be pleased to note that we are importers of bedsheets and other home textile product, having over 20 years',experience in this particular line of business.At present,we are keenly interested in bed-sheets and shall be glad if you will kindly send us your latest price list for bed-sheets in various colors specifying sizes and designs. If possible, please also send us a sample-cutting book for our reference.In the meantime, we think it necessary to stress the importance of the material of the bed-sheets used. Here in Vancouver only all-cotton bed-sheets are salable an+ any synthetic fibre is not indemand. If you are in a position to meet our demand we think your products will enjoy popular sales in our market.For your information, we would like to state that we usually pay for our imports by sight L/C which, we feel sure,will be agreeable to you.We anticipate your early reply.4.2 In response to your letter of 15th January enquiring for bed-sheets, we wish to inform you that the sample-cutting book,price list and catalogue asked for in your above letter have been airmailed you separately. We are confident that these will give you all the details you require. However, if you are in need of any other information not contained therein, please feel free to let us know. We shall satisfy you to the best of our ability.Your payment terms by L/C at sight are acceptable to us. In order to ensure punctual shipment of the goods to be ordered, please see that the covering L/C reaches us at least 30 days before the stipulated time of shipment.By the way,we wish to inform you that,our all-cotton bed-sheets have become very popular on the world market because of their durability and reasonable prices and it has been difficult for us to meet the increasing demand. However, if you place your orders before the10th February we assure you of our prompt shipment.We look forward to receiving your orders soon.5.1 We thank you for your letter of 10th November, enquiring for Forever Brand Bicycles.We are exporting bicycles of various brands among which Forever Brand and Phoenix Brand are the most famous ones. They are in great demand abroad and our stocks are running down quickly. They are popular not only for their light weight, but also for the reasonable prices. We are confident that once you have tried our bikes you will place repeat orders with us in large quantities.Based on your requirement,we are pquoting as follows:Forever Brand Bicycles:/20"Men's Style at US$25 per setPayment Terms: By L/C at sight to be opened through a bank to be approved by the sellers. Shipment: January/February,20..provided the covering L/C reaches the sellers by the end of this year.The above prices are understood to be on CI Karachi basis net. Please note that we do not allow any commission on our bicycles, but a discount of 5% may be allowed if the quantity for each specification is more than 1,000 sets.The above quotation is made without engagement and is subject to our final confirmation. Meanwhile, we would like to take this opportunity of introducing to you our Phoenix Brand Bicycles which enjoy the same popularity as Forever Brand. Enclosed please find a copy of our illustrative catalogue which will give you all the details. We hope you will find them interesting and let us have your orders.We look forward to your early reply.5.2 We are glad to have received your letter of 10th November in connection with your enquiry for Forever Brand Bicycles.In reply,we would like to offer,subject to your reply reaching us before the end of this month, the following:(…)It is understood that the above prices are net,without any commission.However, if the quantity to be ordered for each individual item exceeds 1,000 sets we may grantyou a 5% discount. Meanwhile,please be informed that we require the payment to be made by sight L/C which should be established through a bank approved by us.Shipment will be made in January,next year.Owing to the durability and competitive prices,our Forever Brand Bicycles have own popularity all over the world. We suggest your placing orders without delay,so that we may guarantee the supply,and you would not miss the chance.We suppose you are also interested in our Phoenix Bicycles which are of the same excellent quality as Forever. Besides,the prices are quite competitive as compared with those of other manufacturers’. For detailed specifications,please refer to the catalogue enclosed. We hope that you will place a trail order with us.We anticipate your prompt reply.5.3 Re:Forever Brand BicyclesWe thank you for your letter of 19th November quoting us for the captioned Bicycles.While appreciating the quality of your bicycles,we find your prices are too high to be acceptable. May we refer you to S/C No.89-7542 against which we booked with you 1,000 Bicycles of the same brand at the prices about 10% lower than those you now quote us. Ever since then,the prices of raw materials have dropped considerably and the retail prices of your bicycles here have also fallen by 5%. To accept your present quotation would mean a heavy loss to us,not to speak of profit.We would,however,very much like to place further orders with you if you could bring down your prices at least by 15%. Otherwise we can only switch our requirements to other suppliers.It is hoped that you would seriously take this matter into consideration and let us have your reply soon.。

外文翻译原文Foreign T rade o f ChinaMaterial Source:W anfang Database Author:Hitomi Iizaka1.IntroductionOn December11,2001,China officially joined the World T rade Organization(WTO)and be c a me its143rd member.China’s presence in the worl d economy will continue to grow and deepen.The foreign trade sector plays an important andmultifaceted role in China’s economic development.At the same time, China’s expanded role in the world economy is beneficial t o all its trading partners. Regions that trade with China benefit from cheaper and mor e varieties of imported consumer goods,raw materials and intermediate products.China is also a large and growing export market.While the entry of any major trading nation in the global trading system can create a process of adjustment,the o u t c o me is fundamentally a win-win situation.In this p aper we would like t o provide a survey of the various institutions,laws and characteristics of China’s trade.Among some of the findings, we can highlight thefollowing:•In2001,total trade to gross domestic pr oduct(GDP)ratio in China is44%•In2001,47%of Chinese trade is processed trade1•In2001,51%of Chinese trade is conduct ed by foreign firms in China2•In2001,36%of Chinese exports originate from Gu an gdon g province•In2001,39%of China’s exports go through Hong Kong to be re-exported elsewhere2.Evolution of China’s Trade RegimeEqually remarkable are the changes in the commodity composition of China’s exports and imports.Table2a shows China’s annu al export volumes of primary goods and manufactured goods over time.In1980,primary goods accounted for 50.3%of China’s exports and manufactured goods accounted for49.7%.Although the share of primary good declines slightly during the first half of1980’s,it remains at50.6%in1985.Since then,exports of manufactured goods have grown at a muchfaster rate than exports of primary goods.As a result,the share of manufactur ed goods increased t o90.1%,and that of primary good decr eased to9.9%by2001.Also shown in those tables are five subgr oups for manufactur ed goods and primary goods.China’s export was highly dependent on its exports of coal, petroleum,and petr oleum products until mid-80s.The large export volume of petr oleum was also support ed by a sharp rise in oil prices during the period.In1985, the share of mineral fuels is26.1%.In1986,the su d d en decline in the share of primary goods in total exports occurs,which is largely associated with the decline in the export volume of mineral fuels.The price reforms coupled with the declined world petr oleum price areattributable t o the decline.Domestic agriculture production expanded during the1980’s in response to the higher prices thr ough the price reforms and mo r e opportunities given t o the producers to market their products.Although the share of food and live animals in total exports has declined over time,China has become a net exporter of such products since1984.T urning to the manufactur ed goods,the large increase in the share of the manufactur ed goods in the total exports since mid-80s is largely accounted for by the increase in the export in the textile category and the miscellaneous products category.These two gr oups include labor-intensive products such as textiles,apparel, footwear,and toys and sporting goods.During the1990s,the category that exhibited the mos t significant surge in exports is machinery and transport equipment.Its share exp anded from9.0%in1990t o35.7%in2001.3.China’s Processing Trade and Trade by For eign Invested FirmsChina established the legal framework for processing and assembly arrangements in1979.Since then,China has built up considerable strengths in assembling and processing of industrial parts and components.It covers a wide range of industries such as electric machinery,automobile,aerospace,and shipbuilding.T able3a and T able3b demonstrate the amount of processing exports and imports and the importance of stateowned enterprises(SOEs)and foreign-invested enterprises(FIEs)in such forms of trade for1995-2001. Throughout the period from1995to2001,the shares of these two types of processing exports exceed more than half of China’s total exports.In2001，processing exports account for55.4%of the total exports.As is seen in T able3a, process&assembling was dominat ed by SOEs in1995.However,the tr end has been changing.The share of SOEs in process&assembling has been steadilydeclining over the years from84%in1995to62%in2001.The other type of trade, process with imported materials was largely conducted by FIEs and their shares have been gradually increasing from81%in1995to88%in2001.In China’s imports(see T able3b),processing trade is relatively small comp a r ed to exports. After it peak ed at49%in1997,processed imports decline to39%in2001.The decreasing importance of SOEs can be seen in China’s imports as well.Shares by SOEs decr eased from81%in1995t o58%in2001for process&assembling,and from18%to7%for process with imported materials.The decr eased role for SOEs in processing trade may reflect the inefficiency in conducting their business.Since 1997,the Chinese government decided t o implement the shareholding system and t o sell a large numbe r of medium-and small-sized SOEs to the private sector.A n u mbe r of larger enterprise gr oups will be established in various industries thr ough mergers,acquisitions,and leasing and contracting.The restructuring of SOEs is intended to increase profits and to improve their competitive edge.4.China’s Tr ade by Provinces and RegionsA regional breakdown of exports and imports reveals important characteristics of the foreign trade in China.In1997,89.1%of the total exports came from the Eastern region of China(Beijing,Tianjin,Heibei,Lioaning,Guangxi,Shanghai, Jiangsu,Zhejiang,Fujian,Shangdong,Guandong and Hainan).Within the East,the Southeast region accounts for76.3%of China's exports in1997.4Gu ang dong alone pr oduces41.6%of the total exports for the sa me year.Such regional imbalances in exporting activities persist to the present day.In2001,Guandong's share of the national exports is36.0%.For the Southeast and the East,the shares are respectively 79.0%and91.1%.This imbalance of the regional growth in foreign trade may partially be attributed t o the various geographic-specific and sequential o pen-d oo r policies China has exercised thr oughout the last twenty years.The strong growth of th e export sector in the coastal area has been support ed by the massive use of foreign direct investment(FDI).FDI was first attracted by the creation of the Special Economic Zones(SEZ).FDI was concentrated in the provinces of the Southeast coast,namely,Guandong and Fujian.The multinational enterprises that are export-oriented or use adv anced technologies are able to enjoy various preferential policies in the SEZs,such as r educed or ex empt e d corporate income tax,exemption from import tariffs on imported equipment and raw materials.In1984,fourteen coastal cities were opened and were grant ed similar policies as SEZs.Out of thosefourteen cities,ten are located in the Southeast coast regions and four are in the rest of the Eastern regions.Furthermore in1985,similar preferential policies were grant ed t o other coastal economic regions,Pearl River Delta,Y angtze River Delta and Minnan Delta which is t o the south of Fujian.In1990,Pu d o n g in Shanghai was opened and was grant ed extensive preferential policies.Since1984,the Chinese government established thirty-two national-level Economic and T echnological Development Zones(ETDZs).The share of exports in The Y angtze River Delta,the home of Shanghai and two provinces,Jiangsu and Zhejiang has grown steadily during the period1997to 2001.The share of those three regions grew to10.1%,11.0%,and9.1%in2001 from8.1%,7.9%and5.9%in1997,respectively.As the role of high-tech industry beco mes mo r e significant in China’s output and China’s comparative advantage in skilled-labor and capital-intensive industries beco mes higher,the Y angtze River Delta be co mes a new magnet for investment by foreign enterprises.These foreign investments in turn lead to mo r e export and trade.5.Foreign T rade by Major World RegionsUsing China’s official statistics,Table4a and4b highlight merchandise export s and imports t o and from major world regions for1993-2001:Asia,Africa,Europe, Latin America,North America and Oceania.As we see from Table4a,China’s most important export region has always been Asia,which absorbs53%of China’s exports in2001.However,their share of absorption declines from almost62%,their peak level of1995.The importance of North America and Europe in China’s exports, however,has been increasing since1998.In2001,North America takes in mo r e than22%of exports and Europe takes in mo r e than18%.6.China’s Merchandise Exports and Imports by Major Trading PartnersTable5a and Table5b document China’s merchandise exports to and imports from its major trading partners,using China’s official statistics.According to Tabl e 5a,the major exports markets for China in2001are:the United States(20.4%), Hong Kong(17.5%),Japan(16.9%)and the European Union(15.4%).It is well-known that a large proportion of Chinese exports to Hong Kong are re-exported elsewhere so that the true size of the Hong Kong export market has t o be estimated. T o save space for this paper,we will just rely on the official Chinese figures.6Even without adjusting for re-exports,the United States in2001is the largest export market for China.Thus,from an international trade perspective alone,the most important bilateral trade relationship for China is the relationship with the UnitedStates.T ogether t he United States,Hong Kong,Japan and the European Union take in70.2%of China’s exports in2001.Within ASEAN(Association of Southeast Asian Nations),Singapore has been the largest export market for China.In2001, 31.5%of China’s total exports to ASEAN is destined for Singapore.Within the European Union(EU),Germany is the largest market with23.8%of the total Chinese exports going to the EU.9.ConclusionIn the future,we see that there are at least two challenges facing China in the area of international trade.First,with China’s competitiveness growing,many countries will perceive that their producers will no t be able to c o mpe t e with the Chinese exports,either in the third market or in their own domestic market.The backlash will take the form of an increased use of anti-dumping duties and safeguards.W e have already seen the use of such trade instruments against China from a variety of countries,including Japan,the European Union and the United States.A relatively new development is that even developing countries such as India and Mexico are using anti-dumping measur es against Chinese exports to their countries.The difficulty with anti-dumping duties is that they are generally WT O-consistent.Thus joining the WTO d o es no t mean that other countries will reduce their use of anti-dumping duties against China.A second challenge facing China is how t o manage its trade relationship with the United States.The United States is the largest economy on earth.The United States is China’s largest export market.It is also a critical source of technology.A stable and healthy relationship with the United States is important for China’s economic development.It is always a difficult adjustment process for countries to accept a newly e mer gen t economic power.The United States as well as other countries may perceive China as a potential economic threat.Judging from the experience of the relationship betw een the United States and a rising Japan in the 1970s and the1980s,it will n o t be too har d to imagine that there will be difficulties in the trade relationship betw een the United States and China.Managing and smoothing such a relationship should be an important goal for China.译文中国的对外贸易资料来源:万方数据库作者：Hitomi Iizaka1、简介2001年12月11日，中国正式加入世界贸易组织（WTO），成为其第143个成员，中国在世界经济中的作用将继续增强和深化。

全球贸易规定文书（）英文版Global Trade Regulations Document (Full Version)In today's interconnected world, global trade regulations play a crucial role in shaping the international economy. These regulations govern the flow of goods, services, and investments across borders, ensuring fair competition and protecting the interests of all parties involved.The World Trade Organization (WTO) is a key player in establishing and enforcing global trade regulations. It sets the framework for international trade agreements and provides a platform for resolving disputes between member countries.Trade regulations cover a wide range of issues, including tariffs, quotas, intellectual property rights, and sanitary and phytosanitary measures. These regulations aim to promote transparency, predictability, and stability in international trade relations.Countries must comply with the rules and regulations set forth by the WTO and other international bodies to participate in global trade. Failure to adhere to these regulations can lead to sanctions, trade disputes, and other legal consequences.Overall, global trade regulations are essential for fostering a level playing field in the international marketplace and ensuring that trade benefits all parties involved. By following these regulations, countries can promote economic growth, create jobs, and improve living standards for their citizens.。

外文翻译原文Foreign Trade of ChinaMaterial Source: Wanfang Database Author: Hitomi Iizaka1. IntroductionOn December 11, 2001, China officially joined the World Trade Organization(WTO) and became its 143rd member. China’s presence in the worl d economy will continue to grow and deepen. The foreign trade sector plays an important andmultifaceted role in China’s economic development. At the same time, China’s expanded role in the world economy is beneficial to all its trading partners. Regions that trade with China benefit from cheaper and more varieties of imported consumer goods, raw materials and intermediate products. China is also a large and growing export market.While the entry of any major trading nation in the global trading system can create a process of adjustment, the outcome is fundamentally a win-win situation. In this paper we would like to provide a survey of the various institutions, laws and characteristics of China’s trade. Among some of the findings, we can highlight thefollowing:∙ In 2001, total trade to gross domestic product (GDP) ratio in China is 44%∙ In 2001, 47% of Chinese trade is processed trade1∙ In 2001, 51% of Chinese trade is conducted by foreign firms in China2∙ In 2001, 36% of Chinese exports originate from Guangdong province∙ In 2001, 39% of China’s exports go through Hong Kong to be re-exported elsewhere2. Evolution of China’s Trade RegimeEqually remarkable are the changes in the commodity composition of China’s exports and imports. Table 2a shows China’s annu al export volumes of primary goods and manufactured goods over time. In 1980, primary goods accounted for 50.3% of China’s exports and manufactured goods accounted for 49.7%. Although the share of primary good declines slightly during the first half of 1980’s, it remains at 50.6% in 1985. Since then, exports of manufactured goods have grown at a muchfaster rate than exports of primary goods. As a result, the share of manufactured goods increased to 90.1%, and that of primary good decreased to 9.9% by 2001.Also shown in those tables are five subgroups for manufactured goods and primary goods. China’s export was highly dependent on its exports of coal, petroleum, and petroleum products until mid-80s. The large export volume of petroleum was also supported by a sharp rise in oil prices during the period. In 1985, the share of mineral fuels is 26.1%. In 1986, the sudden decline in the share of primary goods in total exports occurs, which is largely associated with the decline in the export volume of mineral fuels. The price reforms coupled with the declined world petroleum price areattributable to the decline.Domestic agriculture production expanded during the 1980’s in response to the higher prices through the price reforms and more opportunities given to the producers to market their products. Although the share of food and live animals in total exports has declined over time, China has become a net exporter of such products since 1984.Turning to the manufactured goods, the large increase in the share of the manufactured goods in the total exports since mid-80s is largely accounted for by the increase in the export in the textile category and the miscellaneous products category. These two groups include labor-intensive products such as textiles, apparel, footwear, and toys and sporting goods. During the 1990s, the category that exhibited the most significant surge in exports is machinery and transport equipment. Its share expanded from 9.0% in 1990 to 35.7 % in 2001.3. China’s Processing Trade and Trade by For eign Invested FirmsChina established the legal framework for processing and assembly arrangements in 1979. Since then, China has built up considerable strengths in assembling and processing of industrial parts and components. It covers a wide range of industries such as electric machinery, automobile, aerospace, and shipbuilding. Table 3a and Table 3b demonstrate the amount of processing exports and imports and the importance of stateowned enterprises (SOEs) and foreign-invested enterprises (FIEs) in such forms of trade for 1995-2001. Throughout the period from 1995 to 2001, the shares of these two types of processing exports exceed more than half of China’s total exports. In 2001，processing exports account for 55.4% of the total exports. As is seen in Table 3a, process & assembling was dominated by SOEs in 1995. However, the trend has been changing. The share of SOEs in process & assembling has been steadilydeclining over the years from 84% in 1995 to 62% in 2001. The other type of trade, process with imported materials was largely conducted by FIEs and their shares have been gradually increasing from 81% in 1995 to 88% in 2001. In China’s imports (see Table 3b), processing trade is relatively small compared to exports. After it peaked at 49% in 1997, processed imports decline to 39% in 2001. The decreasing importance of SOEs can be seen in China’s imports as well. Shares by SOEs decreased from 81% in 1995 to 58% in 2001 for process & assembling, and from 18% to 7% for process with imported materials. The decreased role for SOEs in processing trade may reflect the inefficiency in conducting their business. Since 1997, the Chinese government decided to implement the shareholding system and to sell a large number of medium- and small-sized SOEs to the private sector. A number of larger enterprise groups will be established in various industries through mergers, acquisitions, and leasing and contracting. The restructuring of SOEs is intended to increase profits and to improve their competitive edge.4. China’s Tr ade by Provinces and RegionsA regional breakdown of exports and imports reveals important characteristics of the foreign trade in China. In 1997, 89.1% of the total exports came from the Eastern region of China (Beijing, Tianjin, Heibei, Lioaning, Guangxi, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Shangdong, Guandong and Hainan). Within the East, the Southeast region accounts for 76.3% of China's exports in 1997.4 Guangdong alone produces 41.6% of the total exports for the same year. Such regional imbalances in exporting activities persist to the present day. In 2001, Guandong's share of the national exports is 36.0%. For the Southeast and the East, the shares are respectively 79.0% and 91.1%.This imbalance of the regional growth in foreign trade may partially be attributed to the various geographic-specific and sequential open-door policies China has exercised throughout the last twenty years. The strong growth of the export sector in the coastal area has been supported by the massive use of foreign direct investment (FDI). FDI was first attracted by the creation of the Special Economic Zones (SEZ). FDI was concentrated in the provinces of the Southeast coast, namely, Guandong and Fujian. The multinational enterprises that are export-oriented or use advanced technologies are able to enjoy various preferential policies in the SEZs, such as reduced or exempted corporate income tax, exemption from import tariffs on imported equipment and raw materials. In 1984, fourteen coastal cities were opened and were granted similar policies as SEZs. Out of thosefourteen cities, ten are located in the Southeast coast regions and four are in the rest of the Eastern regions. Furthermore in 1985, similar preferential policies were granted to other coastal economic regions, Pearl River Delta, Yangtze River Delta and Minnan Delta which is to the south of Fujian. In 1990, Pudong in Shanghai was opened and was granted extensive preferential policies. Since 1984, the Chinese government established thirty-two national-level Economic and Technological Development Zones (ETDZs) .The share of exports in The Yangtze River Delta, the home of Shanghai and two provinces, Jiangsu and Zhejiang has grown steadily during the period 1997 to 2001. The share of those three regions grew to 10.1%, 11.0%, and 9.1% in 2001 from 8.1%, 7.9% and 5.9% in 1997, respectively. As the role of high-tech industry becomes more significant in China’s output and China’s comparative advantage in skilled-labor and capital-intensive industries becomes higher, the Yangtze River Delta becomes a new magnet for investment by foreign enterprises. These foreign investments in turn lead to more export and trade.5. Foreign Trade by Major World RegionsUsing China’s official statistics, Table 4a and 4b highlight merchandise export s and imports to and from major world regions for 1993 - 2001: Asia, Africa, Europe, Latin America, North America and Oceania. As we see from Table 4a, China’s most important export region has always been Asia, which absorbs 53% of China’s exports in 2001. However, their share of absorption declines from almost 62%, their peak level of 1995. The importance of North America and Europe in China’s exports, however, has been increasing since 1998. In 2001, North America takes in more than 22% of exports and Europe takes in more than 18%.6. China’s Merchandise Exports and Imports by Major Trading PartnersTable 5a and Table 5b document China’s merchandise exports to and imports from its major trading partners, using China’s official statistics. According to Tabl e 5a, the major exports markets for China in 2001 are: the United States (20.4%), Hong Kong (17.5%), Japan (16.9%) and the European Union (15.4%). It is well-known that a large proportion of Chinese exports to Hong Kong are re-exported elsewhere so that the true size of the Hong Kong export market has to be estimated. To save space for this paper, we will just rely on the official Chinese figures.6 Even without adjusting for re-exports, the United States in 2001 is the largest export market for China. Thus, from an international trade perspective alone, the most important bilateral trade relationship for China is the relationship with the UnitedStates. Together the United States, Hong Kong, Japan and the European Union take in 70.2% of China’s exports in 2001. Within ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations), Singapore has been the largest export market for China. In 2001, 31.5% of China’s total exports to ASEAN is destined for Singapore. Within the European Union (EU), Germany is the largest market with 23.8% of the total Chinese exports going to the EU.9. ConclusionIn the future, we see that there are at least two challenges facing China in the area of international trade. First, with China’s competitiveness growing, many countries will perceive that their producers will not be able to compete with the Chinese exports, either in the third market or in their own domestic market. The backlash will take the form of an increased use of anti-dumping duties and safeguards. We have already seen the use of such trade instruments against China from a variety of countries, including Japan, the European Union and the United States. A relatively new development is that even developing countries such as India and Mexico are using anti-dumping measures against Chinese exports to their countries. The difficulty with anti-dumping duties is that they are generally WTO-consistent. Thus joining the WTO does not mean that other countries will reduce their use of anti-dumping duties against China.A second challenge facing China is how to manage its trade relationship with the United States. The United States is the largest economy on earth. The United States is China’s largest export market. It is also a critical source of technology. A stable and healthy relationship with the United States is important for China’s economic development. It is always a difficult adjustment process for countries to accept a newly emergent economic power. The United States as well as other countries may perceive China as a potential economic threat. Judging from the experience of the relationship between the United States and a rising Japan in the 1970s and the 1980s, it will not be too hard to imagine that there will be difficulties in the trade relationship between the United States and China. Managing and smoothing such a relationship should be an important goal for China.译文中国的对外贸易资料来源: 万方数据库作者：Hitomi Iizaka1、简介2001年12月11日，中国正式加入世界贸易组织（WTO），成为其第143个成员，中国在世界经济中的作用将继续增强和深化。

World Trade and International TradeIn today’s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of world trade and economic activity. As a result of this trade and activity, international finance and banking have evolved.For example, the United States is a major consumer of coffee, yet it does not have the climate to grow any or its own. Consequently, the United States must import coffee from countries (such as Brazil, Colombia and Guatemala) that grow coffee efficiently. On the other hand, the United States has large industrial plants capable of producing a variety of goods, such as chemicals and airplanes, which can be sold to nations that need them. If nations traded item for item, such as one automobile for 10,000 bags of coffee, foreign trade would be extremely cumbersome and restrictive. So instead of batter, which is trade of goods without an exchange of money, the United State receives money in payment for what it sells. It pays for Brazilian coffee with dollars, which Brazil can then use to buy wool from Australia, which in turn can buy textiles Great Britain, which can then buy tobacco from the United State.Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above is that no nation has all of the commodities that it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa and petroleum is recovered in the Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them.Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar.Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries. Japan has been able to export large quantities of radios and television sets because it can produce them more efficiently than other countries. It is cheaper for the United States to buy these from Japan than to produce them domestically. According to economic theory, Japan should produce and export those items from which it derives a comparative advantage. It should also buy and import what it needs from those countries that have a comparative advantage in the desired items.Finally, foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style. Even though the United States produces more automobiles than any other country, it still imports large numbers of autos from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there is a market for them in the United States.For most nations, exports and imports are the most important international activity. When nations export more than they import, they are said to have a favorable balance of trade. When they import more than they export, an unfavorable balance of trade exists. Nations try to maintain a favorable balance of trade, which assures them of the means to buy necessary imports.International trade is the exchange ofgoods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. There are several reasons for it.The distribution lf natural resources around the world is somewhat haphazard: some nations possess natural deposits in excess of their own requirements while other nations have none. For example, Britain has large reserves of coal but lacks many minerals such as nickel, copper, aluminum etc, whereas the Arab states have vast oil deposits but little else. In the cultivation of natural products climates whereas others, such as citrus fruits, require a Mediterranean climate. Moreover, some nations are unable to produce sufficient of a particular product to satisfy a large home demand, for example, Britain and wheat. These are the reasons why international trade first began.With the development of manufacturing and technology, there arose another incentive for nations to exchange their products. It was found that it made economic sense for a nation to specialize in certain activities and produce those goods for which it had the most advantages, and to exchange those goods for the products of other nations which and advantages in different fields. This trade is based on the principle of comparative advantage.The theory of comparative advantage, also called the comparative cost theory, was developed by David Ricardo, and other economists in the nineteenth century. It points out that trade between countries can be profitable for all, even if one of the countries can produce every commodity more cheaply. As long as there are minor, relative differences in the efficiency of producing a commodity even the poof country can have a comparative advantage in producing it. The paradox is best illustrated by this traditional example: the best lawyer in town is also the best typist in town. Since this lawyer cannot afford to give up precious time from legal and typing matters. But the typist’s comparative disadvantage is least in typing. Therefore, the typist has a relative comparative advantage in typing.This principle is the basis of specialization into trades and occupations. At the same time, complete specialization may never occur even when it is economically advantageous. For strategic or domestic reasons, a country may continue to produce goods for which it does not have an advantage. The benefits lf specialization may also be affecting by transport costs: goods and raw materials have to be transported around the world and the cost of the transport narrows the limits between which it will prove profitable to trade. Another impediment to the free flow of goods between nations is the possible introduction of artificial barriers to trade, such as tariffs or quotas.In addition to visible trade, which involves the import and export lf goods and merchandise, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations.Nations such as Greece and Norway have large marine fleets and provide transportation service. This is a kind of invisible trade. When an exporter arranges shipment, he rents space in the cargo compartment or a ship.The prudent e xporter purchases insurance for his cargo’s voyage. While at sea, a cargo is vulnerable to many dangers. Thus, insurance is another service in which some nations specialize. Great Britain, becauseof the development of Lloyd’s of London, is a leading expor ter of this service, earning fees for insuring other nations’ foreign trade.Some nations possess little in the way of exporter commodities or manufactured goods, but they have a mild and sunny climate. During the winter, the Bahamas attract large numbers of countries, who spend money for hotel accommodations, meals, taxis, and so on. Tourism, therefore, is another form of invisible trade.Invisible trade can be as important to some nations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to other. In both cases, the nations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to other. In both cases, the nations earn money to buy necessities.International trade today little resembles European commerce as it existed between the 16th century and the 19th century. Trade in earlier times was conducted largely between a mother country and its colonies. It was conducted according to strict mercantilist principles. The colonies were supposed to supply the mother country with raw materials, and they were expected to buy all finished goods from the mother country. Other forms of trade were forbidden to the colonies, but many of them evaded these restrictions.A result of the Industrial Revolution, which began in England in the 18th century, was the transformation of trade from a colonial exchange into a many sided international institution. Cottage industries gave way to mass production in factories. Railroads and steamships lowered the cost of transportation at the same time that new markets were being sought for the expanding output of goods.The Industrial Revolution also brought an end to mercantilist policies. The laissez-faire attitudes that emerged in their stead permitted businessmen to manufacture what they pleased and to trade freely with other nations. Trade was also stimulated by the growth of banking facilities, insurance companies, and improved commercial shipping and communications.The repeal of the Corn Laws by Great Britain in 1846 ended Britain’s longstanding policy of protectionism. During the 19th century, many European nations made commercial agreements with each other easing their tariff rates. Lower tariffs and the growth of population and industry caused trade to soar in the 19th century.In the 20th century two world wars and a major depression caused severe disturbances in international trade. Nations, sensing a threat to their domestic economies, sought to protect themselves from further disturbances by erecting various barriers to trade.The situation became even worse after Great Britain abandoned the gold standard. The nations that were closely related to Britain, including most of the members of the Commonwealth of gold standard. As the means of making international payments broke down and trade restrictions increased, some countries had to resort to barter to obtain foreign goods.International trade was in such severe straits during the depression that a World Economic Conference was held in 1933. This conference, however, was unable to halt a rash of currency devaluations, tariff increases, and quota arrangements.In 1934, U.S. Secretary of State Cordell Hull persuaded Congress to pass the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act. This law authorized the President to negotiate tariff cuts with other nations. The Reciprocal Trade Act provided for protection of U.S. industries in the event foreign imports increased to such a degree that U.S. businesses were injured. This protection included peril point and escape clauses under which tariff cuts could by refused of rescinded if a U.S. industry suffered economic hardship. Despite the protectionist clauses in the act, U.S. tariffs were substantially reduced.Shortly before the end of World War Ⅱ, members of the United Nations met at Bratton Woods, N.H. to discuss ways of reducing the financial barriers to international trade. The International Monetary Fund was established as a result of the conference. The fund was designed to encourage the growth of international trade by stabilizing currencies and their rate of foreign exchange.In the early postwar period, more than 20 nations met in Geneva, Switzerland, to negotiate tariff reductions. When any two nations reached an agreement to reduce tariffs on a product, the benefits were extended to all participating nations. This was an application of the so-called most favored nation clause.The Geneva tariff agreements were written into the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). GATT also established standards for the conduct of international trade. Fox example, the agreement prohibits nations from placing quotas of limits on imports, except under very special circumstances.After World War Ⅱ a number of free trade areas were formed to solve trade problems on a regional basis. Tariffs on goods moving within these areas were to be abolished. Some of the groups also erected a single tariff on the goods of outsiders coming into their common area. Such groups are called customs unions. The goal of all trade blocs was to merge small political units into large geographic entities in which goods could be freely manufactured and sold. A large market area greatly stimulates economic growth and prosperity. These trade blocs are: Benelux, The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), the European Economic Community (EEC or Common Market), the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECOM), the Latin American Free Trade Association (LAFTA), the Central American Common Market (CACM), the Caribbean Free Trade Area (CARIFTA), the Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM).世界贸易和国际贸易在当今复杂的经济世界个人和国家都不是自给自足。

最新口译篇章交传——对外贸易所属：沪江口译作者：新东方徐星海来源：沪江博客阅读：10760收藏3听歌学英语，轻松有趣，赶快注册一起交流吧！本文相关应用∙鼠标划词已启用∙挑错∙收藏∙评论∙打印在经济全球化不断发展的背景下，贸易自由化问题日益受到人们的关注。

正确认识和把握经济全球化和贸易自由化问题，对促进全球经济健康发展具有十分重要的意义。

如果经济全球化和贸易自由化朝着合理的方向发展，促进有效而公正地配置世界资源，促进各国生产力的发展，促进全球多边贸易体制和公正合理的国际经济新秩序的建立，从而造福各国人民。

我们认为，在国际贸易中，基本原则是平等互利，各国追求各自的利益是正常的，出现一些摩擦和纠纷也是难以完全避免的。

关键在于要以冷静而明智的态度正确对待和处理。

我们一贯主张，对于双边和多边经济贸易关系中出现的摩擦和争端，有关方面应当本着相互尊重的原则，通过友好协商谋求合理解决。

就中美贸易而言，互利共赢的经贸关系，给两国人民带来了实实在在的经济利益。

今天，美国在华投资设立企业超过4万家，实际投资额430亿美元。

美国500强企业中，已有400多家进入中国，大多数企业获利丰厚。

麦当劳、肯德基遍及中国大小城市。

微软、英特尔、摩托罗拉、宝洁、柯达、通用汽车等美国驰名品牌的商品畅销中国市场。

沃尔玛等零售企业在中国也有很大发展。

与此同时，在美国的市场上，许多中国商品受到美国消费者的青睐。

中国在美国投资设立企业已超过700家。

对待贸易方面的分歧和磨擦，诸如美中贸易逆差、人民币汇率问题、知识产权问题，我们要有一种高瞻远瞩的战略眼光。

有的分歧实际上是相互不了解。

通过对话与磋商，可以缩小我们之间的分歧，扩大我们之间的合作。

扩大中美经济贸易合作是中国方面真诚的愿望，也是美国的利益所在。

中美两国政府有责任为双边经济贸易的长期发展，提供一个良好、稳定的环境，切实改善双边经贸关系，为两国贸易的发展和平衡奠定坚实基础。

我们欢迎美国工商企业界积极参与中国市场的平等竞争。

对外贸易常用英语五篇范文第一篇：对外贸易常用英语对外贸易常用英语(1)They mainly trade with Japanese firms.他们主要和日本商行进行贸易。

For the past five years, we have done a lot of trade with your company.在过去的五年中，我们与贵国进行了罅康拿骋住?/P> Our trade is conducted on the basis of equality.我们是在平等的基础上进行贸易。

There has been a slowdown in the wool trade with you.和你们的羊毛贸易已有所减少。

Our foreign trade is continuously expanding.我们的对外贸易不断发展。

Trade in leather has gone up(down)3%.皮革贸易上升（下降）了百分之三。

Trade in general is improving.贸易情况正在好转。

Our company mainly trades in arts and crafts.我们公司主要经营手工艺品。

They are well-known in trade circles.他们在贸易界很有名望。

We trade with people in all countries on the basis of equality and mutual benefit.我们在平等互利的基础上和各国人民进行贸易。

To respect the local custom of the buying country is one important aspect of China's foreign policy.尊重买方国家的风俗习惯是我国贸易政策的一个重要方面。

Our purpose is to explore the possibilities of developing trade with you.我们的目的是和你们探讨一下发展贸易的可能性。