什么是五步抑扬格？
英诗简析
音步(feet)
音步是诗行中按一定规律出现的轻音节和重音节的不同组合成的韵律最小单位。
英语文字是重音----音节型语言，因此有轻读音节兴重音节之分，它们是形成英语特有的抑扬顿挫声韵节律的决定性因素。这是英文和英语在语音方面的区别之一。法语是音节型语言，音节没有轻重之分，法语韵律的最小单位就是音节，而非音步。
据统计﹕英诗中这种轻重音组音步﹔其余各种音步可以看作是从这五种衍生而出来的。
这五个音步是﹕抑扬格，扬抑格，抑抑扬格，扬抑抑格和扬扬格。现述如下﹕
1.抑格格音步(iambic foot, iambus) ，即轻格或短长格﹕一轻读音节后跟一个重读音节即构成抑扬格。它是英语本身最基本的节奏单位，也是英诗的最重要、最常用的音步。
随便说一句话，其基本音步就是抑扬格，如﹕
It’s time︱the chil︱dren went︱to bed. 这句话有四个抑扬格音步。
We’ll learn︱a poem︱by Keats, 有三个抑扬格音步。
The sym︱bols used︱in scan︱sion are︱the breve(ˇ)︱and the︱macron(ˋ)。︱这句话共七个音步，有五个抑扬格。
一些著名英诗体都是抑扬格，如民遥体，十四行诗，双韵体，哀歌等。
例诗：
The Eagle : A Fragment
He clasps the crag with crooked hands ;
Close to the sun in lonely lands ,
Ringed with the azure world , he stands .
The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls :
He watches from his mountain walls ,
And like a thunderbolt he falls .
2.扬抑格音步(trochaic foot, trochee ），即重轻格或长短格，由一个重读音节后跟一个轻读音节构成。如,
Never, happy, heartless, topsy-turvy
William︱Morris︱taught him︱English.︱
Would you︱hear what︱man can︱say?︱
又如﹕
Double,︱double,︱toil and︱trouble,︱
Fire︱burns and︱cauldron︱bubble.︱
--- Shakespeare(1564-1616)
不惮劳苦不惮烦，
釜中沸沫已成烂。
---莎士比亚
这种音步是十六世纪以后才出现的;后是主要在无六韵体和
其它诗体中与抑扬格配合使用，使全诗韵律有所变化，表现动作的突然性，或起强调作用。在句首的扬抑格常使读者感到突然与骇异，有振聋发聩的效果。如丁尼先生的《鹰》诗，绝大多数音步是抑扬格，而第2行和第3行的两个扬抑格短语“Close to”和“Ringed with”更显得十分故出，强调了鹰居高临下的雄伟姿态。
3. 抑抑扬格( anapaestic foot, anapaest)，由两个轻音节后跟一个重音节组成。如，
Intervene
We will go.
I’ve been wor︱king in Chi︱na for for︱ty years.︱﹝例诗﹞﹕
Song for the Luddites
As the Lib︱erty lads︱o’er the sea︱
Bought their free︱dom, and cheap︱ly with blood,︱So we,︱boys, we︱
Will die︱fighting,︱or live gree,︱
And down with︱all kings︱but King Ludd!︱When the web︱that we weave︱is complete,︱
And the shut︱tle exchanged︱for the sword,︱
We will fling︱the wind︱ing sheet︱
O’er the des︱pot at︱our feet,︱
And dye︱it deep︱in the gore︱he has pour’d.︱Though black︱as his heart︱its hue,︱
Since his veins︱are corrup︱ted to mud,︱
Yet this is︱the dew︱
Which the tree︱shall renew︱
Of Lib︱erty, plant︱ed by Ludd!︱
---George Gordon Byron(1788-1824)
莎士比亚十四行诗第十八首 Sonnet 18 铁冰译文 1 Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? 我该不该把你比作怡人的夏天？ 2 Thou art more lovely and more temperate: 你却比她更加可爱更加温情。 3 Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, 五月的娇蕊总是被狂风吹断， 4 And summer's lease hath all too short a date: 夏天也只是一道短暂的美景。 5 Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, 苍穹的目光有时会过于灼热， 6 And often is his gold complexion dimm'd; 那金色的脸庞也常黯淡无光。 7 And every fair from fair sometime declines, 人间一切瑰丽终将失去秀色， 8 By chance, or nature's changing course, untrimm'd; 湮没于不测风云和世事沧桑。 9 But thy eternal summer shall not fade, 但是，你常青的夏季永不消逝，10 Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest; 你拥有的美丽也将永不折损， 11 Nor shall Death brag thou wander'st in his shade, 或许死神的阴影会笼罩着你， 12 When in eternal lines to time thou growest; 你却和这不朽的诗句千古长存。 13 So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, 只要人类还在呼吸、眼睛还在欣赏， 14 So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. 我的诗就会活着，令你生命绽放。 译注： 原诗每行10个音节，非常整齐。前人翻译时总喜欢使译文每行保持字数相同，这其实是一种作茧自缚，强求形式上的绝对整齐，往往限制了内容的完美。前人的译文常常有凑韵（为了押韵，用词勉强）、不流畅和用词搭配不当的毛病，其原因在此。更重要的是，英文原诗有着非常讲究的格律，每行都含有相同数量的重音节和轻音节，朗诵时每行所用时间基本一致；而对每行字数相同的中译文进行朗诵时，每行所用的时间则不尽相同，因为每行译文中所含有的虚词（如“的”、“地”、“了”，朗读时较轻声、短促）个数未必相同。因此，笔者的译文不强求每行字数相同，这样便将内容从形式中解放出来，得以更好地协调，且更利于押韵和用词的搭配。 此诗的翻译中，值得注意的几处是： 第3行：darling buds of May有人译为“五月宠爱的嫩蕊”，其实darling是“可爱的”之意，所以还是译为“五月的娇蕊”更好。 第4行：lease前人经常译成“租赁的期限”，令人费解，应该是“持续的时间”之意。此行的意思是“夏天持续的时间实在太短”，这样的陈述缺乏诗味。笔者将该行意译为“夏天也只是一道极短的美景”，化用了中文的习语“好景不长”，不但忠实原文，颇有诗味，而且于与第二行译文押韵自然。 第5行：一般认为该行中的eye of heaven是“太阳”的妙喻，因此前人常将此行译为“有时候天空的眼睛照得太灼热（或酷烈）”，这样保留了“眼睛”的意向，似乎很好，但从字面上看，
克里斯蒂娜·吉奥尔吉娜·罗塞蒂Christina Georgina Rossetti （1830－1894）在题材范围和作品质量方面均为最重要的英国的女诗人之一，被认为与布朗宁夫人齐名。她的诗歌表现出一种双重的自相矛盾的感情，一方面它们表达感官上的审美情趣，另一方面又含有神秘圣洁的宗教信仰。她个人爱情婚姻不顺也终身未嫁，两次无果而终的恋爱反映在她的许多诗歌中。失去爱情的哀伤常常和一种摆脱不了的死亡纠缠在一起，成为她不少诗歌的主题。 诗歌选辑（一） A Birthday My heart is like a singing bird Whose nest is in a watered shoot; My heart is like an apple-tree Whose boughs bent with thickest fruit; My heart is like a rainbow shell, That paddles in a halcyon sea; My heart is gladder than all these Because my love is come to me. Raise me a dais of silk and down； Hang it with vair and purple dyes； Carve it in doves and pomegranates， And peacocks with a hundred eyes； Work it in gold and silver grapes, In leaves and silver fleurs-de-lys； Because the birthday of my life Is come, my love is come to me.
莎士比亚十四行诗第十八首赏析 摘要：莎士比亚是英国文学史上泰斗级人物。他创作的的154首十四行一向为时人推崇。十四行诗达到了登峰造极的程度，成为英诗史上璀璨的明珠。这理所要赏析的是莎翁十四行诗的第十八首，其热烈的情怀，精致的措辞和美妙的比喻，，不知令多少学者和诗人叹服，赏析文字者莫不称颂其妙。 关键词：莎士比亚十四行诗第18首 诗人一开头就把他的爱友比作美好的“夏天”，其中“夏天”一词颇有争论，很多学者认为应该翻译成春天，但以我个人的观点，还是应该译成夏天。因为英国的夏天相当于我国的春天或春末夏初，这是一年中最美好的季节，风和日暖，枝头绿叶冒新芽，百花含苞待开放，大地充满一派生机活力，迷人可爱。开篇第一句便直入主题，用一问一答得方式毫不含蓄的点名她的美。虽然夏天如此美丽，但仍然不及她之美。作者意不在提出疑问，而是通过疑问句，引出第二句肯定的回答，恰如其分地达到赞赏的目的，诗人如此煞费，说明她的美丽不仅令他赞赏，而且还令他崇敬。这比开篇便用一陈述句更有说服力。 接着第3456句，诗人进一步解释为什么“你比它可爱也比它温婉”，那是因为“狂风”会把“五月的嫩芽摧残”，“夏天的期限”太过于短暂，阳光过于“强烈”，有时却也会被“遮掩”。这一系列的意象，为我们勾勒出一副副夏景图，引人遐想。其中不难看出，作者对这一副副图景产生的是一种怜惜之情，这时让我们不禁思考，那诗人对她的怜爱，该有多么深沉。 后接着的两句：“世上娇艳之物都会凋零，受机缘或大自然的局限”，为我们阐释这样一个哲理：世界上所有美丽的事物都会有遵循着大自然的规律，随着时间的流逝而消失。这虽为一个众所周知的事实，却令古今多少文人墨客所感叹。 接着，诗人用一个转折，说“你的长夏永远不会消逝，永不会失去迷人的光彩；不会在死神阴影中漂泊”这的用暗喻的手法，将她的美丽比作“长夏”，意为有夏天的美丽，而且比夏天更长，有取夏天之长，补夏天之短的意味。后面接着补充，他的美丽不会时间而失去光泽，永远留存。 “这诗将与你同在，只要人活着，眼睛还能看。这诗将永存，赋予你生命。”到最后，诗人转向写诗歌，说诗歌是永存的。从这里我们不难看出，诗人内心是矛盾的，他大肆笔墨去描写他的美，去高歌他的美是永存的，事实上他只是在欺骗他自己，他深知“世上娇艳之物都会凋零，受机缘或大自然的局限”，当然他的美丽也属于“世上娇艳之物”，可是诗人不愿意承认，他无法说服他自己去接受这个事实，于是他想把他的美丽长存于他的心中，但是每个人都会到死神那里报到，怎么办呢?这时，他知道了，永存的，只有诗歌，他只有将他的美丽写入诗歌，才能永恒。 本诗的主题思想为：爱和美。这首诗以夏天的意象展开了想象，我们的脑海会立即浮现出绿荫的繁茂，娇蕾的艳丽。夏日既表示诗人的友人可爱，让人感到可意，又暗指他的友人正处于年轻、精力旺盛的时期，因为夏天总是充满了生机和活力。万物在春季复苏，夏天旺盛，所以夏天是生命最旺盛的季节，诗歌前六句，诗人歌颂了诗中的主人公“你”作为美的存在，却把“夏天”、“娇蕾”和“烈日”都比下去，因为它们不够“温婉”、“太短暂”、“会被遮暗”，所以“你”的魅力远远胜于夏天。第七和第八两句指出每一种美都会转瞬即逝，禁不住风吹雨打，而第九句到第十二句指出“你”的美将永驻，连死神都望而却步，与时间同长的美才是永恒的美。因为“你”在诗歌中永恒，千百年来天地间只要有诗歌艺术的存在，诗歌和“你”就能够永生。所以“你”的美永不枯凋，这是一种生命的美，艺术的美，永驻人间。 这首诗语言优美，不仅体现在用词的精确上，而且还体现在表达方法的多变上，
Sonnet: A fourteen-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter. There are generally two kinds of sonnets: the Petrarchan sonnet and the Shakespearean sonnet. The Shakespearean sonnet consists of 3 quatrains and one couplet. The three quatrains are devoted to the different aspects of one subject, paralleling in structure. The concluding couplet is actually the summary or comments made by the poet. One telling example is Sonnet 18 by Shakespeare. Soliloquy: It refers to an extended speech delivered by a character alone onstage. The character reveals his or her innermost thoughts and feelings directly to the audience, as if thinking aloud. One of the most famous soliloquies is the part of Shakespeare’s Hamlet, beginning with the line “To be, or not to be: that is the question.” Conceit: Conceit is actually an extended metaphor. It refers to the comparison drawn between two startlingly different objects. The leading figure of the “Metaphysical School”, John Donne, makes a high use of c onceits in his poetic creation. For instance, he compares the souls of lovers to compasses. Imagery：A general term that covers the use of language to represent sensory experience. It refers to the words that create pictures or images in the reader’s mind. Images are primarily visual and can appeal to other senses as well, touch, taste, smell and hearing. Ode： A complex and often lengthy lyric poem, written in a dignified formal style on some lofty or serious subject. Odes are often written for a special occasion, to honor a person or a season or to commemorate an event. Two famous odes are Percy Shelley’s “Ode to the West Wind” and John Keats’s “Ode on a Grecian Urn”. 莎士比亚十四行诗第18首 William Shakespeare - Sonnet #18 Shall I compare thee to a Summer's day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And Summer's lease hath all too short a date: Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, And oft' is his gold complexion dimm'd; And every fair from fair sometime declines, By chance or nature's changing course untrimm'd: But thy eternal Summer shall not fade Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest; Nor shall Death brag thou wanderest in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou growest:
什么是五步抑扬格？ 英诗简析 音步(feet) 音步是诗行中按一定规律出现的轻音节和重音节的不同组合成的韵律最小单位。 英语文字是重音----音节型语言，因此有轻读音节兴重音节之分，它们是形成英语特有的抑扬顿挫声韵节律的决定性因素。这是英文和英语在语音方面的区别之一。法语是音节型语言，音节没有轻重之分，法语韵律的最小单位就是音节，而非音步。 据统计﹕英诗中这种轻重音组音步﹔其余各种音步可以看作是从这五种衍生而出来的。 这五个音步是﹕抑扬格，扬抑格，抑抑扬格，扬抑抑格和扬扬格。现述如下﹕
1.抑格格音步(iambic foot, iambus) ，即轻格或短长格﹕一轻读音节后跟一个重读音节即构成抑扬格。它是英语本身最基本的节奏单位，也是英诗的最重要、最常用的音步。 随便说一句话，其基本音步就是抑扬格，如﹕ It’s time︱the chil︱dren went︱to bed. 这句话有四个抑扬格音步。 We’ll learn︱a poem︱by Keats, 有三个抑扬格音步。 The sym︱bols used︱in scan︱sion are︱the breve(ˇ)︱and the︱macron(ˋ)。︱这句话共七个音步，有五个抑扬格。 一些著名英诗体都是抑扬格，如民遥体，十四行诗，双韵体，哀歌等。 例诗： The Eagle : A Fragment
He clasps the crag with crooked hands ; Close to the sun in lonely lands , Ringed with the azure world , he stands . The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls : He watches from his mountain walls , And like a thunderbolt he falls . 2.扬抑格音步(trochaic foot, trochee ），即重轻格或长短格，由一个重读音节后跟一个轻读音节构成。如, Never, happy, heartless, topsy-turvy William︱Morris︱taught him︱English.︱ Would you︱hear what︱man can︱say?︱ 又如﹕ Double,︱double,︱toil and︱trouble,︱
我是否可以把你比喻成夏天？Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?虽然你比夏天更可爱更温和：Thou art more lovely and more temperate:狂风会使五月娇蕾红消香断，Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,夏天拥有的时日也转瞬即过；And summer's lease hath all too short a date:有时天空之巨眼目光太炽热，Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,它金灿灿的面色也常被遮暗；And often is his gold complexion dimmed,而千芳万艳都终将凋零飘落，And every fair from fair sometime declines,被时运天道之更替剥尽红颜；By chance, or nature's changing course untrimmed: 但你永恒的夏天将没有止尽，But thy eternal summer shall not fade,你所拥有的美貌也不会消失，Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st,死神终难夸口你游荡于死荫，Nor shall death brag thou wander'st in his shade,当你在不朽的诗中永葆盛时；When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st,只要有人类生存，或人有眼睛，So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,我的诗就会流传并赋予你生命。So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.注：第11行语出《旧约?诗篇》第23篇第4节：“虽然我穿行于死荫之幽谷，但我不怕罹祸，因为你与我同在……”英文赏析：This is one of the most famous of all the sonnets, justifiably so. But it would be a mistake to take it entirely in isolation, for it links in with so many of the other sonnets through the themes of the descriptive power of verse; the ability of the poet to depict the fair youth adequately, or not; and the immortality conveyed through being hymned in these 'eternal lines'. It is noticeable that here the poet is full of confidence that his verse will live as long as there are people drawing breath upon the earth, whereas later he apologises for his poor wit and his humble lines which are inadequate to encompass all the youth's excellence. Now, perhaps in the early days of his love, there is no such self-doubt and the eternal summer of the youth is preserved forever in the poet's lines. The poem also works at a rather curious level of achieving its objective through dispraise. The summer's day is found to be lacking in so many respects (too short, too hot, too rough, sometimes too dingy), but curiously enough one is left with the abiding impression that 'the lovely boy' is in fact like a summer's day at its best, fair, warm, sunny, temperate, one of the darling buds of May, and that all his beauty has been wonderfully highlighted by the comparison。这是整体赏析 1. Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? This is taken usually to mean 'What if I were to compare thee etc?' The stock comparisons of the loved one to all the beauteous things in nature hover in the background throughout. One also remembers Wordsworth's lines: We'll talk of sunshine and of song,And summer days when we were young, Sweet childish days which were as longAs twenty days are now.Such reminiscences are indeed anachronistic, but with the recurrence of words such as 'summer', 'days', 'song', 'sweet', it is not difficult to see the permeating influence of the Sonnets on Wordsworth's verse. 2. Thou art more lovely and more temperate: The youth's beauty is more perfect than the beauty of a summer day. more temperate - more gentle, more restrained, whereas the summer's day might have violent excesses in store, such as are about to be described. 3. Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, May was a summer month in Shakespeare's time, because the calendar in use lagged behind the true sidereal calendar by at least a fortnight. darling buds of May - the beautiful, much loved buds of the early summer; favourite flowers. 4. And summer's lease hath all too short a date: Legal terminology. The summer holds a lease on part of the year, but the lease is too short, and has an early termination (date). 5. Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, Sometime = on occasion, sometimes; the eye of heaven = the sun. 6. And often is his gold complexion dimmed, his gold complexion = his (the sun's) golden face. It would be dimmed by clouds and on overcast days
2011—2012第一学期 实践教学
William Shakespeare William Shakespeare (26 April 1564- 23 April 1616) was an English poet and playwright. He was widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. His surviving works, including some collaboration, consist of about 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and several other poems. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright. Shakespeare was born and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith. Between 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in London as an actor, writer, and part owner of a playing company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known as the King's Men. Shakespeare produced most of his known work between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were mainly comedies and histories, genres he raised to the peak of sophistication and artistry by the end of the 16th century. He then wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet, King Lear, Othello, and Macbeth, considered some of the famous works. Shakespeare was a respected poet and playwright in his own day, but his reputation did not rise to its present heights until the 19th century. In the 20th century, his work was repeatedly adopted and rediscovered by new movements in scholarship and performance. His plays remain highly popular today and are constantly studied, performed and reinterpreted in diverse cultural and political contexts throughout the world. （Sonnet1 和sonnet5的相关资料由张文瑞提供） Sonnet 1
Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer’s lease hath all too short a date: Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, And often is his gold complexion dimm’d; And every fair from fair sometime declines, By chance or nature’s changing course untrimm’d But thy eternal summer shall not fade Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest; Nor shall Death brag thou wander’st in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou growest: So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, So long lives this and this gives life to thee. The brevity of natural beauty The eternity beauty of poems 译文1： 让我如何来把你比作夏天？ 你比夏天还要可爱，而且柔软： 暴风的五月摧残了鲜嫩的蓓蕾，
英语诗歌中国古诗翻译法浅探 来源：DJ嗨嗨网https://www.doczj.com/doc/414548232.html, 著名翻译家，曾翻译了《莎士比亚十四行诗集》、《济慈诗选》等作品的屠岸先生说：“要做好文学翻译，需要深刻掌握两种语言的精髓，而这其中，更重要的是掌握本国的语言和文化。因为好的文学翻译要把自己完全投入到翻译对象中，体会原作作者的创作情绪，最终用母语再表现出来，这要求译者必须打下深厚的中文基本功底，领悟汉语言文学的精髓，使之融入血液中才行。” 在中国，莎士比亚的十四行诗被翻译的乱七八糟。既然用汉语无法保持原作中的面貌，比如格式，韵律和字数，最起码要换成另外一种具有典型中国特色的有韵律的文学样式，比如按照整齐的格律诗的要求或自由一点的拟古体诗来翻译，一方面可以使整首诗整齐有韵律，便与记忆和背诵，另外又可以保持原诗的风味，古色古香，可以在汉语里保持它原来的韵味。译诗重译味。这个“味”不仅仅是指原诗当中的境界和词语间要表达的内在韵律和节奏，同时还有原诗形式上的韵味，那就是诗句内的抑扬韵律和句末的韵脚规律，即诗歌的外在节奏，同时还有原诗所富含的“古味”。把英语古体诗译成汉语古体诗，正可以对以上所述的各种韵味进行满足，在展示英语诗歌内外韵味的同时，展示汉语古诗的独特魅力。下边举一莎士比亚十四行诗的例子： William Shakespear Sonnets Sonnet 18
Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May，And summer's lease hath all too short a date; Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines， And often is his gold complexion dimm'd， And every fair from fair sometime declines， By chance or nature's changing course untrimm'd: But thy eternal summer shall not fade Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st， Nor shall Death brag thou wand'rest in his shade，When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st。 So long as men can breathe or eyes can see， So long lives this，and this gives life to thee。——莎士比亚的十四行诗，第十八首 原来的翻译： 我怎么能把你来比作夏天？ 你不独比她可爱也比她温婉； 狂风把五月宠爱的嫩蕊作践， 夏天出赁的期限又未免太短；
莎士比亚十四行诗第十八首的英文评论和赏析 18 18 我是否可以把你比喻成夏天？Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? 虽然你比夏天更可爱更温和：Thou art more lovely and more temperate: 狂风会使五月娇蕾红消香断，Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, 夏天拥有的时日也转瞬即过；And summer's lease hath all too short a date: 有时天空之巨眼目光太炽热，Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, 它金灿灿的面色也常被遮暗；And often is his gold complexion dimmed, 而千芳万艳都终将凋零飘落，And every fair from fair sometime declines, 被时运天道之更替剥尽红颜；By chance, or nature's changing course untrimmed: 但你永恒的夏天将没有止尽，But thy eternal summer shall not fade, 你所拥有的美貌也不会消失，Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st, 死神终难夸口你游荡于死荫，Nor shall death brag thou wander'st in his shade, 当你在不朽的诗中永葆盛时；When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st, 只要有人类生存，或人有眼睛，So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, 我的诗就会流传并赋予你生命。So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
莎士比亚十四行诗第十八首主题分析 莎士比亚十四行诗第十八首“我怎么能够把你来比作夏天”目前无一例外地被英国文学教材或读本选用，如吴伟仁的《英国文学史及选读》、王佐良的《英国文学名篇选注》、丁廷森的《英国文学选读》、李公昭的《英国文学选读》、张伯香的《英国文学教程》、桂扬清和吴翔林的《英美文学选读》、何其莘的《英国文学选集》、彭家海的《新编英国文学教程》、陈嘉的《英国文学作品选读》以及张伯香为自考生编的教材《英美文学选读》等，几乎成了所有涉及英国文学的大中学课堂的必讲篇目。 本文选取并结合该诗作的两篇名家译文及莎士比亚原文，详细分析了该诗的十四行诗体裁特征以及该诗的主题。 梁宗岱译文 我怎么能够把你来比作夏天？ 你不独比它可爱也比它温婉： 狂风把五月宠爱的嫩蕊作践， 夏天出赁的期限又未免太短： 天上的眼睛有时照得太酷烈， 它那炳耀的金颜又常遭掩蔽： 被机缘或无常的天道所摧折，
没有芳艳不终于凋残或销毁。 但是你的长夏永远不会雕落， 也不会损失你这皎洁的红芳， 或死神夸口你在他的影里漂泊， 当你在不朽的诗里与时同长。 只要一天有人类，或人有眼睛， 这诗将长存，并且赐给你生命。梁实秋译文 我可能把你和夏天相比拟？ 你比夏天更可爱更温和： 狂风会把五月的花苞吹落地， 夏天也嫌太短促，匆匆而过： 有时太阳照得太热， 常常又遮暗他的金色的脸； 美的事物总不免要凋落， 偶然的，或是随自然变化而流转。
但是你的永恒之夏不会退色； 你不会失去你的俊美的仪容； 死神不能夸说你在他的阴影里面走着， 如果你在这不朽的诗句里获得了永生； 只要人们能呼吸，眼睛能看东西， 此诗就会不朽，使你永久生存下去。 莎士比亚原文 Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer’s lease hath all too short a date. Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, And often is his gold complexion dimmed; And every fair from fair sometime declines, By chance, or nature’s changing course, untrimmed. But thy eternal summer shall not fade, Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st Nor shall death brag thou wand’rest in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st. So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,
英文诗歌的五步抑扬格 音步(feet) 音步是诗行中按一定规律出现的轻音节和重音节的不同组合成的韵律最小单位。英语文字是重音----音节型语言，因此有轻读音节兴重音节之分，它们是形成英语特有的抑扬顿挫声韵节律的决定性因素。这是英文和英语在语音方面的区别之一。法语是音节型语言，音节没有轻重之分，法语韵律的最小单位就是音节，而非音步。据统计﹕英诗中这种轻重音组音步﹔其余各种音步可以看作是从这五种衍生而出来的。这五个音步是﹕抑扬格，扬抑格，抑抑扬格，扬抑抑格和扬扬格。现述如下﹕ 1.抑格格音步 (iambic foot, iambus) ，即轻格或短长格﹕一轻读音节后跟一个重读音节即构成抑扬格。它是英语本身最基本的节奏单位，也是英诗的最重要、最常用的音步。随便说一句话，其基本音步就是抑扬格，如﹕ It’s time︱ the chil︱ dren went︱ to bed. 这句话有四个抑扬格音步。 We’ll learn︱a poem︱ by Keats, 有三个抑扬格音步。 The sym︱ bols used︱ in scan︱ sion are︱the breve(ˇ)︱and the︱macron(ˋ)。︱这句话共七个音步，有五个抑扬格。一些著名英诗体都是抑扬格，如民遥体，十四行诗，双韵体，哀歌等。 例诗： The Eagle : A Fragment He clasps the crag with crooked hands ; Close to the sun in lonely lands , Ringed with the azure world , he stands . The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls :
1. Epic (史诗) An extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, celebrating the feats of a legendary or traditional hero. 史诗：用严肃或庄重的语言写成的叙事长诗，歌颂传奇中或历史上英雄的丰功伟绩 2. Romance (传奇故事) An imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles between good and devil. 传奇故事：设定在想象世界中的以英雄冒险和善恶之间的斗争为题材的文学作品。 3. Humanism（人文主义） Humanism is the idea that man has a potential for culture which distinguishes him from lower orders of beings, and which he should strive constantly to fulfill. Rebellious spirit against the Medieval feudal value and blind faith in humbleness, servitude, and after-life. Belief in man’s divinity and capability of self-perfection. Emphasis of the importance of personal worth and enjoyment of the present life. 4. Sonnet (十四行诗) A 14-line verse form usually written in iambic pentameter. 十四行诗：一种由十四行组成的诗歌形式，通常以五步抑扬格为押韵形式。 5. Metaphysical Poetry (玄学派诗歌) The poems of 17th-century English poets, whose verse is characterized by an intellectually challenging style and extended metaphors comparing very dissimilar things. 玄学派诗歌：17世纪英国诗人的诗歌，这种诗歌的特点是风格极具智慧，引人深思，善用引申的暗喻来对比极其不同的事物. https://www.doczj.com/doc/414548232.html,ke Poets（湖畔诗人） A group of English romantic poets, including William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey. They came to be known as the Lake School or “Lakers”. 7.Byronic Hero（拜伦式英雄） A figure created by George Gordon Byron in his poems, (such as Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage and Don Juan). He is a passionate, moody, restless character, who has exhausted most of the world’s excitements and lives under the weight of some mysterious sin committed in the past. His proud and defiant individualism refuses to be limited by the normal, institutional and moral strictures of society. He is an “outsider” whose daring life both isolates him and makes him attractive. 8. Stream of consciousness (意识流) The style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character's thoughts, feelings reflections, and mental images as the character experiences them. 意识流：一种模仿作品中人物思想，思维，精神活动的自然过程的写作技巧。